147:
442:
130:
An epicontinental sea is synonymous with an epeiric sea. The term "epicontinental sea" may also refer to the waters above a continental shelf. This is a legal, not geological, term. Epeiric, epicontinental, and inland seas occur on a continent, not adjacent to it.
1068:
Encinas, Alfonso; PĂ©rez, Felipe; Nielsen, Sven; Finger, Kenneth L.; Valencia, Victor; Duhart, Paul (2014). "Geochronologic and paleontologic evidence for a
Pacific–Atlantic connection during the late Oligocene–early Miocene in the Patagonian Andes (43–44°S)".
401:
before finding its present eastward outlet into the South
Atlantic. Gradually this inland sea became a vast freshwater lake and wetlands where sediment flattened its profiles and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater. Over 20 species of
119:(e.g., where bottom sediments are no longer stirred by the wave above), as one with limited connection to an ocean, and as simply shallow. An inland sea is only an epeiric sea when a continental interior is flooded by marine transgression due to
397:, originally emptying into the Pacific, as South America rifted from Africa, found its exit blocked by the rise of the Andes about 15 million years ago. A great inland sea developed, at times draining north through what is now
490:
Geologist
Richard A. Matzner defines shallow as usually under 250 metres (820 ft) in depth. Rydén, Migula, and Andersson do not define shallow, but cite examples of inland seas with a depth of 100 metres (330 ft) or
529:, it enjoyed little support among the other explorers, most of whom were more inclined to believe in the existence of a Great River which discharged into the ocean in the north-west corner of the continent.
1116:
Nielsen, S.N. (2005). "Cenozoic
Strombidae, Aporrhaidae, and Struthiolariidae (Gastropoda, Stromboidea) from Chile: their significance to biogeography of faunas and climate of the south-east Pacific".
525:
Also in
Australia the promise of an inland sea is often said to have been one of the prime motives of inland exploration during the 1820s and 1830s. Although this theory was championed by the explorer
1153:
Guillame, Benjamin; Martinod, Joseph; Husson, Laurent; Roddaz, Martin; Riquelme, Rodrigo (2009). "Neogene uplift of central eastern
Patagonia: Dynamic response to active spreading ridge subduction?".
364:. The transgression might have temporarily linked the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, as inferred from the findings of marine invertebrate fossils of both Atlantic and Pacific affinity in
386:
At the same time, much of the low plains of modern-day northern France and northern
Germany were inundated by an inland sea, where the chalk was deposited that gave the
289:) and has some characteristics of the sea, like being composed of at least a good portion of saltwater. However, it is also considered the largest lake in the world.
551:
876:
Galletti, Florence (2015). "Transformations in
International Law of the Sea: Governance of the Space or Resource". In Monaco, André; Prouzet, Patrick (eds.).
96:
Geologic engineers
Heinrich Ries and Thomas L. Watson say an inland sea is merely a very large lake. Rydén, Migula, and Andersson and Deborah Sandler of the
921:Ĺ liaupa, Salius; Hoth, Peer (2011). "Geological Evolution and Resources of the Baltic Sea Area from the Precambrian to the Quaternary". In Harff, Jan;
1261:
903:
406:, most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean, can be found today in the freshwaters of the Amazon, which is also home to a
980:
1071:
556:
1209:
959:
938:
93:
defined it as "a body of water nearly or completely surrounded by land, especially if very large or composed of salt water".
100:
add that an inland sea is "more or less" cut off from the ocean. It may be semi-enclosed, or connected to the ocean by a
1242:
887:
860:
833:
803:
776:
745:
717:
685:
612:
301:, have been referred to as resembling or having characteristics like inland seas from a USGS management perspective.
90:
930:
467:
414:, estimated to have been 46 ft (14 m) in length, were discovered in the northern rainforest of Amazonian
1041:
1131:
577:
1011:
336:
At various times in the geologic past, inland seas covered central areas of continents during periods of high
255:
during the
Quaternary glaciations. However, the origin of both depressions is unrelated to glacier erosion.
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97:
20:
677:
Environmental Science: Understanding, Protecting, and Managing the Environment in the Baltic Sea Region
552:"Tidal circulation patterns in Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Cretaceous epeiric and mioclinal shelf seas"
1174:
995:
189:
inland sea, arguably the largest body of brackish water in the world. Other possibilities include the
202:
150:
This 1827 map of Australia depicts a 'Great River' and a 'Supposed Sea' that both proved nonexistent.
954:
1281:
1118:
376:
368:. Connection would have occurred through narrow epicontinental seaways that formed channels in a
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166:
located in modern-day Turkey is surrounded by land all around, except where it connects the two
1179:
81:. As with other seas, inland seas experience tides governed by the orbits of the Moon and Sun.
907:
740:. St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada: Geological Association of Canada. p. 1.
281:
is a very large, inland body of water at least hundreds of miles from the nearest part of the
1080:
996:"Transport and Mixing Between the Coastal and Offshore Waters in the Great Lakes: a Review"
968:
565:
407:
365:
341:
124:
8:
1155:
115:
in 1917. He defined an epeiric sea as a shallow body of water whose bottom is within the
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Modern examples might also include the recently (less than 10,000 years ago) reflooded
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What constitutes an "inland sea" is complex and somewhat necessarily vague. The
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is not clear as there are differing views on the role of erosion and tectonics.
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344:. Inland seas have been greater in extent and more common than at present.
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10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199703)22:3<297::AID-ESP758>3.0.CO;2-R
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in Japan is not a true inland sea but rather a body of water separating
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Period. It covered large swaths of the eastern half of the continent.
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which is very large in area and is either completely surrounded by
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709:
Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge
331:
228:
101:
58:
712:. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute. p. 45.
104:
or "arm of the sea". An inland sea is distinguishable from a
62:
54:
50:
1152:
852:
The Changing Law of the Sea: Western Hemisphere Perspectives
642:. Washington, D.C.: Supintendent of Documents. p. 189.
1132:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1120:csaasg]2.0.co;2
415:
1235:
The Water Dreamers: How Water and Silence Shaped Australia
578:
10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<1050:TCPIPP>2.0.CO;2
1067:
1012:
10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[202:TAMBTC]2.0.CO;2
105:
828:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Aldine Transaction. p. 124.
239:
in the south. The bay shares some similarities with the
472:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1042:"Great Lakes and Inland Seas | U.S. Geological Survey"
957:(1997). "A long-term perspective on glacial erosion".
674:
Rydén, Lars; Migula, Pawel; Andersson, Magnus (2003).
550:
Klein, George Devries; Ryer, Thomas A. (1 July 1978).
768:
Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy
673:
437:
795:
Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology
383:
deep into present-day Canada during the Cretaceous.
1262:Geology Project - Inland Sea Movement Through Time
1063:
1061:
994:Rao, Yerubandi R.; Schwab, David J. (2007-01-01).
108:in that a bay is directly connected to the ocean.
1197:Prehistoric marine life in Australia's inland sea
1146:
680:. Uppsala: Baltic University Press. p. 123.
458: – Closed drainage basin that has no outflow
1268:
953:
512:that includes the Granitic Group islands of the
1058:
855:. Leiden, Netherlands: Sijthoff. p. 109.
731:
729:
607:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. p. 286.
504:that covers much of the sunken "continent" of
1175:"Peru finds giant crocodile fossil in Amazon"
332:Former epicontinental seas in Earth's history
817:
815:
735:
596:
594:
920:
726:
798:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 757.
636:United States Hydrographic Office (1956).
601:Ries, Heinrich; Watson, Thomas L. (1947).
600:
274:, three of the four main islands of Japan.
1237:. Melbourne: Text Publishing. chapter 7.
1100:
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410:. In 2005, fossilized remains of a giant
16:Shallow sea within continental land areas
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1072:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
875:
736:Pratt, Brian R.; Holmden, Chris (2007).
305:is the only Great Lake connected to the
215:at its southern end, reaches within the
158:are low, and there are few inland seas.
154:In modern times, continents stand high,
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771:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 156.
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557:Geological Society of America Bulletin
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960:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
141:
111:The term "epeiric sea" was coined by
654:
65:". An inland sea will generally be
13:
14:
1293:
1255:
792:Morris, Christopher, ed. (1992).
765:Matzner, Richard A., ed. (2020).
516:could not be considered "inland".
91:United States Hydrographic Office
468:Mediterranean sea (oceanography)
440:
77:but usually lower salinity than
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1194:Clode, Danielle (August 2015).
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1000:Journal of Great Lakes Research
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604:Elements of Engineering Geology
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138:does not apply to inland seas.
822:Monkhouse, Francis J. (2008).
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629:
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203:origin of the Baltic Sea basin
1:
882:. London: Wiley. p. 31.
879:Governance of Seas and Oceans
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247:; it lies in the middle of a
193:and the northern half of the
84:
1093:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.008
251:and it was the centre of an
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297:, despite being completely
98:Environmental Law Institute
10:
1298:
1233:Cathcart, Michael (2009).
508:and the largely submerged
324:that presently covers the
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825:A Dictionary of Geography
706:Sandler, Deborah (1994).
738:Dynamics of Epeiric Seas
477:
217:North American continent
1119:Journal of Paleontology
955:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
377:Western Interior Seaway
375:A vast inland sea, the
925:; Hoth, Peter (eds.).
849:Zaklin, Ralph (1974).
151:
910:on 22 September 2009.
639:Navigation Dictionary
342:marine transgressions
149:
1183:. 12 September 2005.
927:The Baltic Sea Basin
379:, extended from the
370:dissected topography
366:La Cascada Formation
362:marine transgression
125:epeirogenic movement
19:For other uses, see
1085:2014JSAES..55....1E
973:1997ESPL...22..297L
904:"Baltic Sea Portal"
570:1978GSAB...89.1050K
425:existed during the
156:eustatic sea levels
49:or connected to an
1277:Historical geology
421:In Australia, the
408:freshwater dolphin
360:were subject to a
152:
142:Modern inland seas
36:epicontinental sea
30:(also known as an
1211:978-1-921833-16-8
940:978-3-642-17219-9
510:Mascarene Plateau
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260:Seto Inland Sea
241:Gulf of Bothnia
176:the Dardanelles
168:Turkish Straits
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75:freshwater lake
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462:Marginal sea
423:Eromanga Sea
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318:Persian Gulf
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303:Lake Ontario
292:
287:Persian Gulf
245:Fennoscandia
211:, including
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1180:Daily Times
412:crocodilian
348:During the
326:Sunda Shelf
299:fresh water
295:Great Lakes
283:World Ocean
279:Caspian Sea
164:Marmara Sea
40:continental
32:epeiric sea
1271:Categories
1051:2023-02-06
537:References
514:Seychelles
427:Cretaceous
388:Cretaceous
320:, and the
209:Hudson Bay
199:Tethys Sea
183:Baltic Sea
85:Definition
28:inland sea
21:Inland Sea
1220:895759221
1156:Tectonics
1140:130207579
1020:0380-1330
506:Zealandia
399:Venezuela
358:Patagonia
350:Oligocene
338:sea level
253:ice sheet
213:James Bay
195:Black Sea
191:White Sea
117:wave base
1079:: 1–18.
1028:53538578
931:Springer
583:21 April
434:See also
404:stingray
237:Manitoba
187:brackish
79:seawater
71:salinity
67:brackish
47:dry land
1081:Bibcode
969:Bibcode
648:3040490
566:Bibcode
268:Shikoku
233:Ontario
225:Nunavut
201:). The
73:than a
38:) is a
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395:Amazon
309:below
272:Kyūshū
270:, and
264:Honshū
249:shield
229:Quebec
102:strait
59:strait
34:or an
1136:S2CID
1024:S2CID
491:less.
478:Notes
219:from
185:is a
55:river
53:by a
51:ocean
1239:ISBN
1216:OCLC
1206:ISBN
1016:ISSN
935:ISBN
884:ISBN
857:ISBN
830:ISBN
800:ISBN
773:ISBN
742:ISBN
714:ISBN
682:ISBN
644:OCLC
619:OCLC
609:ISBN
585:2023
500:The
416:Peru
393:The
352:and
293:The
277:The
258:The
235:and
181:The
174:and
162:The
134:The
61:or "
1128:doi
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1008:doi
977:doi
574:doi
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