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early-industrializing countries started at different stages of growth, they followed more or less a similar format of change that led to their transformation. Marked by the shift from a subsistence/agrarian economy to more industrialised/mechanised modes of production, hallmarks of industrialization include technological advance, widespread investments into industrial infrastructure, and a dynamic movement of labor from agriculture into manufacturing (Lewis, 1978; Todaro, 1989; Rapley, 1994).
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275:
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2000:
3004:
72:
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80:
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1989:
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33:
342:, consisting of only parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous. One of the most important criticisms of industrialisation is that it caused children to stay away from home for many hours and to use them as cheap workers in factories.
491:
may represent more visceral reactions to industrial growth. Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc.) may make conventional industrialisation seem like an attractive or even natural path forward, especially
286:
As the
Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanisation and an increase in the population of towns. The concentration of labour in factories has
255:
living apart becoming more common. The movement into more dense urban areas from less dense agricultural areas has consequently increased the transmission of diseases. The place of women in society has shifted from primary caregivers to breadwinners, thus reducing the number of children per
739:
Contemporary notions of industrialization can be traced back to the experience of Great
Britain, Western Europe and North America during the 19th and early 20th centuries (Nzau, 2010). The literature that reviews the experiences of these countries seems to agree that, although the
186:
and North
America. Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labour, and financial investments in new industrial structures. Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution.
429:
by sector and labour force by occupation with the green, red, and blue components of the colours of the countries representing the percentages for the agriculture, industry, and services sectors, respectively
953:
Hugh
Cunningham; Pier Paolo Viazzo, eds. (1996). Child Labour in Historical Perspective: 1800-1985 (PDF). UNICEF. ISBN 978-88-85401-27-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2015
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both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial
247:
was accompanied by significant changes in the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory-related activities. This has resulted in the concept of
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and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century. It began in Great
Britain, spreading to Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France and eventually to other areas in
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1225:
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Griffin, Emma, A Short
History of the British Industrial Revolution. In 1850 over 50 percent of the British lived and worked in cities. London: Palgrave (2010)
442:
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Prügl, Elisabeth (1999). The Global
Construction of Gender - Home based work in Political Economy of 20th Century. Columbia University Press. pp. 25–31, 50–59
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Buchheim, Christoph: Industrielle
Revolutionen. Langfristige Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Großbritannien, Europa und in Übersee, München 1994, S. 11-104.
251:, i.e., hierarchical social status defined by an individual's economic power. It has changed the family system as most people moved into cities, with
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Henning, Friedrich-Wilhelm: Die
Industrialisierung in Deutschland 1800 bis 1914, 9. Aufl., Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 1995, S. 15-279.
626:
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500:
160:. Moreover, family structures tend to shift as extended families tend to no longer live together in one household, location or place.
1743:
1483:
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Jones, Eric: The
European Miracle: Environments, Economics and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, 3. ed. Cambridge 2003.
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2013:
2008:
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2003:
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structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the
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1992:
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825:
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2018:
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to accommodate both increased productivity and employment opportunities; more than 40% of the world's employees are "
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The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
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There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development.
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904:(A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran). Avaye Buf, Denmark. p 41
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Sampath, Padmashree Gehl (2016). "Sustainable Industrialization in Africa: Toward a New Development Agenda".
17:
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gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as the place of work.
75:
Industrialisation also means the mechanisation of traditionally manual economic sectors such as agriculture.
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1024:
588:
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169:
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475:(Third World countries) or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that they may only create
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1185:(Princeton Economic History of the Western World) by (Princeton University Press; New Ed edition, 2001)
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41:
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1911:
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194:" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the
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The effect of industrialisation shown by rising income levels in the 19th century, including
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increased urbanisation and the size of settlements, to serve and house the factory workers.
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1896:
1664:
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The effect of industrialisation on the family, Talcott Parsons, the isolated nuclear family
751:
Pollard, Sidney: Peaceful Conquest. The Industrialisation of Europe 1760–1970, Oxford 1981.
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48:
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8:
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1951:
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and the construction of canals, railways, and electric-power lines. The invention of the
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1973:
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The first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the
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1088:(A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran)
788:
Industry & Enterprise: A International Survey of Modernisation & Development
109:) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an
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Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don't we know, what should we know?
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underwent rapid industrialisation and maintained exceptionally high growth rates.
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do not consider contemporary industrialisation policies as being adequate to the
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335:
331:
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157:
95:
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527:", whose incomes fail to keep themselves and their families above the $ 2-a-day
67:
The effect of industrialisation is also shown by rising levels of CO2 emissions.
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1963:
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The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy
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household. Furthermore, industrialisation contributed to increased cases of
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Theories of Industrial Modernisation & Enterprise Development: A Review
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had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world.
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Period of social and economic change from agrarian to industrial society
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1167:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
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153:
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677:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 472.
2730:
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
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2181:
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1941:
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279:
214:
126:
883:
Diamond, Jared (2012). The World Until Yesterday. ISBN 9780670024810
79:
71:
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2314:
Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
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is often the key sector in absorbing the resultant unemployment.
145:, with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies.
118:
55:, including Western Europe, United States, Canada and Japan, and
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The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business
483:
dominated political order which industrialisation has fostered.
2151:
1592:
456:
183:
2547:
2191:
443:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
330:
Family structure changes with industrialisation. Sociologist
2715:
History of the British canal system
2166:
2136:
2059:
928:
Black's Academy. Educational Database. Accessed April 2008.
496:
expectations rise and agricultural opportunities diminish.
459:, endorses development policies like water purification or
59:
nations of Europe, Southern Asia, Africa, and Latin America
32:
2725:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
1157:
industrialisation and Development: A comparative analysis
841:
2649:
History of the cooperative Movement
236:
depicting agitated workers facing a factory owner in a
1052:
Claire Melamed, Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011.
669:
2992:
1240:
1127:Hewitt, T., Johnson, H. and Wield, D. (Eds) (1992)
539:countries' transition to market economies, and the
334:noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an
141:practices, industrialisation increasingly includes
125:. Industrialisation is associated with increase of
1106:
501:economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction
117:. This involves an extensive reorganisation of an
345:
3040:
1086:Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood
1038:. Un.org (20 May 2008). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
902:Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood
820:, ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003.
612:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
2740:Timeline of materials technology
790:, ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003.
2525:Stockton and Darlington Railway
519:, whereby manufacturing is less able than the
313:
2803:
2045:
1226:
1113:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
1104:
465:co-operation amongst third world communities
389:. There might be a discussion about this on
708:
615:. University of Chicago Press. p. 95.
507:can sometimes lead to static or even lower
148:The reorganisation of the economy has many
2810:
2796:
2052:
2038:
1233:
1219:
1191:Industrialization as an Historical Process
602:
479:local industries unable to compete in the
2817:
1744:Environmental issues in the United States
842:"social effects of industrial revolution"
409:Learn how and when to remove this message
2359:John Kay (spinning frame)
2354:John Kay (flying shuttle)
2289:Thomas and George Cranege
1729:Effects of climate change on agriculture
1143:Historical Patterns of Industrialisation
869:"social effect of industrial revolution"
420:
317:
273:
227:
78:
70:
62:
31:
1048:
1046:
1044:
717:Sustainable Industrialization in Africa
714:
608:
350:Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the
14:
3041:
2745:Timeline of steam power
1734:Effects of climate change on livestock
1162:
1079:
866:
839:
629:from the original on 27 September 2022
223:
87:are all elements of industrialisation.
2791:
2460:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
2033:
1214:
894:
892:
2770:
1988:
1844:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1202:, 2010, retrieved: 29 February 2011.
1041:
1005:from the original on 17 January 2021
361:
357:
1877:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
1028:https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
659:from the original on 31 March 2024.
445:, many United Nations departments,
24:
1131:, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
1073:
889:
848:from the original on 17 March 2012
260:and thereafter education systems.
83:Factories, refineries, mines, and
25:
3085:
2957:History of electrical engineering
2274:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1524:pharmaceuticals and personal care
1206:
1129:industrialisation and Development
993:"development and the whole child"
990:
305:Exploitation of natural resources
3026:
3014:
3002:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2510:Portsmouth Block Mills
2235:
1999:
1998:
1987:
1675:decline in amphibian populations
1380:Deforestation and climate change
1105:Chandler Jr., Alfred D. (1993).
531:. There is also a phenomenon of
515:). There are differences across
366:
213:By the end of the 20th century,
129:industries heavily dependent on
3074:Secondary sector of the economy
2735:Timeline of invention
2710:History of technology
2573:Newcomen steam engine
2349:Joseph Marie Jacquard
1809:Land surface effects on climate
1266:Environmental impact assessment
1242:Human impact on the environment
1017:
984:
959:
945:
931:
910:
875:
860:
833:
810:
781:
675:Economics: Principles in Action
290:
263:
133:. With the increasing focus on
2830:History of technology cultures
2495:Derwent Valley Mills
2364:Francis Cabot Lowell
1065:Overseas Development Institute
772:
763:
754:
745:
699:
673:; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003).
663:
641:
346:Industrialisation in East Asia
47:between 1750 and 1900 in 1990
13:
1:
2977:History of nuclear technology
2952:History of computing hardware
2930:History of technology domains
1680:decline in insect populations
1200:Institute of European History
595:
163:
3069:Late modern economic history
2962:History of materials science
1025:Millennium Development Goals
589:Newly industrialised country
192:Second Industrial Revolution
170:History of industrialisation
7:
2720:Industrial archaeology
2623:Watt steam engine
2309:Abraham Darby III
971:Corporate Finance Institute
725:10.1007/978-1-137-56112-1_1
546:
314:Changes in family structure
10:
3090:
2588:Reverberatory furnace
2515:Quarry Bank Mill
2304:Abraham Darby II
2217:Economies of agglomeration
1163:Landes, David. S. (1969).
294:
267:
200:internal combustion engine
167:
143:technological leapfrogging
2925:
2825:
2753:
2702:
2631:
2533:
2452:
2299:Abraham Darby I
2244:
2233:
2129:
2072:
1982:
1917:Environmental engineering
1867:
1764:Environmental degradation
1655:
1541:fishing down the food web
1318:
1248:
435:international development
2942:History of communication
2937:History of biotechnology
2613:Stephenson's Rocket
1922:Environmental mitigation
1779:Greenhouse gas emissions
1739:Environmental insecurity
924:20 November 2010 at the
503:are complex, and higher
499:The relationships among
309:Exploitation colonialism
2429:Richard Trevithick
1969:Sustainable consumption
1310:Social ecology (ethics)
1196:European History Online
1134:Hobsbawm, Eric (1962):
719:. Springer. p. 6.
198:, the invention of the
174:Proto-industrialisation
150:unintended consequences
139:green industrial policy
135:sustainable development
42:purchasing power parity
2967:History of measurement
2837:Prehistoric technology
2684:Rochdale Pioneers
2669:Industrial unrest
2475:Bridgewater Canal
2419:Robert Stephenson
2414:George Stephenson
2389:William Radcliffe
2344:Benjamin Huntsman
2319:William Fairbairn
2279:Edmund Cartwright
2254:Richard Arkwright
2157:Industry/Manufacturing
1912:Ecological engineering
1692:runaway climate change
1136:The Age of Revolution.
1090:. Denmark: Avaye Buf.
649:"Annual CO₂ emissions"
609:Bairoch, Paul (1995).
467:. Some members of the
430:
327:
297:Exploitation of labour
283:
240:
88:
76:
68:
60:
38:gross national product
2912:Industrial Revolution
2819:History of technology
2654:Cottage industry
2339:Eaton Hodgkinson
2324:James Hargreaves
2259:Thomas Boulsover
1295:List of global issues
492:as populations grow,
424:
322:Child coal miners in
321:
277:
245:Industrial Revolution
231:
180:Industrial Revolution
168:Further information:
82:
74:
66:
35:
3054:Economic development
2982:History of transport
2947:History of computing
2593:Sheffield plate
2394:Richard Roberts
2374:Thomas Newcomen
2294:Samuel Crompton
2264:Matthew Boulton
2222:Economies of density
1897:Community resilience
1697:in the United States
1665:Biodiversity threats
1338:cannabis cultivation
1305:Planetary boundaries
1271:Environmental issues
1261:Ecological footprint
1181:Pomeranz, Ken (2001)
991:Child, development.
900:Ahmady, Kameel 2021:
867:revolution, social.
840:revolution, social.
469:economic communities
379:confusing or unclear
232:An 1886 portrait by
202:, the harnessing of
2972:History of medicine
2603:Spinning jenny
2598:Spinning frame
2568:Flying shuttle
2558:Crucible steel
2439:John Wilkinson
2424:Thomas Telford
2269:James Brindley
1959:Restoration ecology
1892:Climate engineering
1829:Ocean acidification
1819:Loss of green belts
1789:Holocene extinction
1784:Habitat destruction
1459:Environmental crime
1188:Tilly, Richard H.:
1159:, UCL Press:London.
1145:, Longman: London.
1059:20 May 2011 at the
967:"Four Asian Tigers"
804:11 May 2016 at the
559:Deindustrialisation
535:, as in the former
533:deindustrialisation
387:clarify the article
326:, late 19th century
224:Social consequences
121:for the purpose of
3064:Industrial history
2694:Industrial warfare
2543:Blast furnace
2404:Samuel Slater
2399:Thomas Savery
2369:Lunar Society
2227:Economies of scale
1974:Waste minimization
1932:Mitigation banking
1927:Industrial ecology
1887:Cleaner production
1839:Resource depletion
1375:Corporate behavior
1333:animal agriculture
1034:4 May 2007 at the
671:O'Sullivan, Arthur
564:Division of labour
541:agriculture sector
431:
328:
284:
241:
115:industrial society
89:
77:
69:
61:
3049:Industrialisation
2990:
2989:
2785:
2784:
2659:Factory Acts
2644:Child labour
2608:Steam engine
2520:Soho Foundry
2409:John Smeaton
2334:Thomas Highs
2329:Hawks family
2027:
2026:
1849:Water degradation
1724:Ecological crisis
1670:biodiversity loss
1469:Industrialisation
1454:Genetic pollution
1300:Impact assessment
1141:Kemp, Tom (1993)
826:978-0-906321-26-3
816:Lewis F. Abbott,
796:978-0-906321-27-0
734:978-1-349-57360-8
653:Our World in Data
622:978-0-226-03463-8
461:primary education
419:
418:
411:
358:Current situation
352:Four Asian Tigers
103:industrialization
92:Industrialisation
16:(Redirected from
3081:
3031:
3030:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2907:Great Divergence
2812:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2760:
2664:Great Divergence
2618:Water frame
2553:Cotton mill
2379:Robert Owen
2239:
2207:Water power
2187:Steam power
2142:Coal mining
2120:Potential future
2054:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1824:Phosphorus cycle
1804:Land consumption
1799:Land degradation
1774:Freshwater cycle
1573:Overexploitation
1546:marine pollution
1353:cocoa production
1235:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1178:
1155:Kiely, R (1998)
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1112:
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1640:urban sprawl
1635:Urbanization
1583:Particulates
1568:Overdrafting
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1256:Anthropocene
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529:poverty line
525:working poor
505:productivity
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473:global south
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385:Please help
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301:Child labour
291:Exploitation
285:
270:Urbanisation
264:Urbanisation
258:child labour
249:Social class
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131:fossil fuels
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49:U.S. dollars
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2897:Renaissance
2679:Proletariat
2639:Bourgeoisie
1754:Externality
1749:Coral reefs
1709:Defaunation
1578:Overgrazing
1551:overfishing
1531:Marine life
1405:electricity
1328:Agriculture
494:consumerist
477:inefficient
437:community (
204:electricity
57:Third World
53:First World
3043:Categories
2536:technology
2534:Invention/
2500:Ironbridge
2197:Technology
2177:Metallurgy
2067:revolution
2061:Industrial
2019:mitigation
2014:assessment
2009:by country
1907:Decoupling
1869:Mitigation
1598:Reservoirs
1519:pesticides
1464:Explosives
1442:reservoirs
1343:irrigation
976:27 January
596:References
554:Automation
509:employment
481:free-trade
439:World Bank
399:March 2008
381:to readers
164:Background
154:investment
45:per capita
2882:Byzantine
2842:Neolithic
2703:Reference
2470:Bethlehem
2465:Allentown
2212:Workforce
2182:Sociology
2172:Machinery
2162:Invention
1942:Recycling
1608:Transport
1593:Quarrying
1588:Pollution
1447:transport
1437:petroleum
1432:oil shale
1395:biodiesel
280:Guangzhou
215:East Asia
127:polluting
2764:Category
2490:Cromford
2480:Broseley
2202:Textiles
2004:Category
1628:shipping
1613:aviation
1499:plastics
1489:concrete
1474:Land use
1390:biofuels
1358:palm oil
1198:, Main:
1083:(2021).
1063:London:
1057:Archived
1032:Archived
1000:Archived
922:Archived
846:Archived
802:Archived
693:50237774
657:Archived
627:Archived
547:See also
113:into an
51:for the
3021:History
3009:Society
2995:Portals
2902:Ottoman
2872:Chinese
2776:Commons
2674:Luddite
2583:Railway
2563:Factory
2245:People/
1993:Commons
1769:Erosion
1719:Ecocide
1657:Effects
1603:Tourism
1536:fishing
1494:fashion
1417:fashion
1370:Bitcoin
1249:General
1138:Abacus.
852:1 April
517:sectors
377:may be
324:Prussia
282:at dusk
119:economy
3033:Energy
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2877:Indian
2453:Places
2247:groups
2152:Cotton
2130:Themes
2106:Fourth
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1623:roads
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729:ISBN
689:OCLC
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635:2021
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537:USSR
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