Industrial wastewater treatment

2094: 2787: 2633:. This concept has been gaining traction in recent years, due to increased water discharges and recent advancement in membrane technology. Increasingly, there has been also greater efforts to increase the recovery of materials from brines, especially from mining, geothermal wastewater or desalination brines. Various literature demosntrates the vaibility of extraction of valuable materials like sodium bicarbonates, sodium chlorides and precious metals (like rubidium, cesium and lithium). The concept of ZLD/MLD encompasses the downstream management of wastewater brines, to reduce discharges and also derive valuable products from it. 22: 1475: 5941: 7017: 991: 2661:. Wastewater from industrial food processing often requires on-site treatment before it can be discharged to prevent or reduce sewer surcharge fees. The type of industry and specific operational practices determine what types of wastewater is generated and what type of treatment is required. Reducing solids such as waste product, organic materials, and sand is often a goal of industrial wastewater treatment. Some common ways to reduce solids include primary sedimentation (clarification), 2349: 7028: 5733: 1862: 2449: 2869: 1003: 52: 6445: 3301: 1821:) as they fabricate their final products. The industries include automobile, truck and aircraft manufacturing; tools and hardware manufacturing; electronic equipment and office machines; ships and boats; appliances and other household products; and stationary industrial equipment (e.g. compressors, pumps, boilers). Typical processes conducted at these plants include 3107:

industrial wastewater on the same site where it is generated and then discharging this treated industrial wastewater to a suitable surface water body. This effectively reduces wastewater treatment charges collected by municipal sewage treatment plants by pre-treating wastewaters to reduce concentrations of pollutants measured to determine user fees.

1097:. Recent trends have been to minimize such production or to recycle treated wastewater within the production process. Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants. Sources of industrial wastewater include battery manufacturing, chemical manufacturing, electric power plants, 1588: 2989:) are generally resistant to biological processes unless very dilute. Metals can often be precipitated out by changing the pH or by treatment with other chemicals. Many, however, are resistant to treatment or mitigation and may require concentration followed by landfilling or recycling. Dissolved organics can be 3004:

is a technology that has the potential to provide a system for the recyclable removal of lead and other ions from polluted sources. Nano-, micro- and milli- capsules, with sizes in the ranges 10 nm–1μm,1μm–1mm and >1mm, respectively, are particles that have an active reagent (core) surrounded

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of pipes and can, in extreme cases, cause the blockage of disposal pipes. A 1-metre diameter industrial marine discharge pipe serving a major chemicals complex was blocked by such salts in the 1970s. Treatment is by concentration of de-ionisation waste waters and disposal to landfill or by careful pH

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Wastewater from metal mines and ore recovery plants are inevitably contaminated by the minerals present in the native rock formations. Following crushing and extraction of the desirable materials, undesirable materials may enter the wastewater stream. For metal mines, this can include unwanted metals

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The activated sludge process for removing carbonaceous pollution begins with an aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected into the waste water. This is followed by a settling tank to allow the biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus separating the biological sludge from the clear

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The effective removal of oils and grease is dependent on the characteristics of the oil in terms of its suspension state and droplet size, which will in turn affect the choice of separator technology. Oil in industrial waste water may be free light oil, heavy oil, which tends to sink, and emulsified

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manufacturers specialize in fabricating small devices for electronics and portable equipment (e.g., power tools), or larger, high-powered units for cars, trucks and other motorized vehicles. Pollutants generated at manufacturing plants includes cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, cyanide, iron, lead,

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operate on the process where wastewater enters the cyclone chamber and is spun under extreme centrifugal forces more than 1000 times the force of gravity. This force causes the water and oil droplets (or solid particles) to separate. The separated materials is discharged from one end of the cyclone

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Textile dyeing plants generate wastewater that contain synthetic (e.g., reactive dyes, acid dyes, basic dyes, disperse dyes, vat dyes, sulphur dyes, mordant dyes, direct dyes, ingrain dyes, solvent dyes, pigment dyes) and natural dyestuff, gum thickener (guar) and various wetting agents, pH buffers

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difference between the oil and the wastewater because that difference is much smaller than the specific gravity difference between the suspended solids and water. The suspended solids settles to the bottom of the separator as a sediment layer, the oil rises to top of the separator and the cleansed

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sector covers a wide variety of products and processes, although an individual plant may produce a narrow range of products and pollutants. Products include aluminum compounds; calcium carbide and calcium chloride; hydrofluoric acid; potassium compounds; borax; chrome and fluorine-based compounds;

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and gold very often consist of sulphide-type ores. The processing entails grinding the rock into fine particles and then extracting the desired metal(s), with the leftover rock being known as tailings. These tailings contain a combination of not only undesirable leftover metals, but also sulphide

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Evaporation processes are the most widespread for brine treatment as they enable the highest degree of concentration, as high as solid salt. They also produce the highest purity effluent, even distillate-quality. Evaporation processes are also more tolerant of organics, hydrocarbons, or hardness

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Food processing activities such as plant cleaning, material conveying, bottling, and product washing create wastewater. Many food processing facilities require on-site treatment before operational wastewater can be land applied or discharged to a waterway or a sewer system. High suspended solids

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Most separator technologies will have an optimum range of oil droplet sizes that can be effectively treated. Each separator technology will have its own performance curve outlining optimum performance based on oil droplet size. the most common separators are gravity tanks or pits, API oil-water

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Industrial applications where oil enters the wastewater stream may include vehicle wash bays, workshops, fuel storage depots, transport hubs and power generation. Often the wastewater is discharged into local sewer or trade waste systems and must meet local environmental specifications. Typical

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may favor a situation where industrial wastewater (with pre-treatment or without treatment) is discharged to the sewer and then treated at a large municipal sewage treatment plant. Typically, trade waste charges are applied in that case. Or it might be more economical to have full treatment of

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A centralized waste treatment (CWT) facility processes liquid or solid industrial wastes generated by off-site manufacturing facilities. A manufacturer may send its wastes to a CWT plant, rather than perform treatment on site, due to constraints such as limited land availability, difficulty in

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Pharmaceutical plants typically generate a variety of process wastewaters, including solvents, spent acid and caustic solutions, water from chemical reactions, product wash water, condensed steam, blowdown from air pollution control scrubbers, and equipment washwater. Non-process wastewaters

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are slurries of rock particles in water. These arise from rainfall washing exposed surfaces and haul roads and also from rock washing and grading processes. Volumes of water can be very high, especially rainfall related arisings on large sites. Some specialized separation operations, such as

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Brine treatment systems are typically optimized to either reduce the volume of the final discharge for more economic disposal (as disposal costs are often based on volume) or maximize the recovery of fresh water or salts. Brine treatment systems may also be optimized to reduce electricity

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Loh, W.H.; Cai, Q.Q.; Li, R.; Jothinathan, L.; Lee, B.C.Y.; Ng, O.H.; Guo, J.; Ong, S.L.; Hu, J.Y. (December 2021). "Reverse osmosis concentrate treatment by microbubble ozonation-biological activated carbon process: Organics removal performance and environmental impact assessment".

2211:, lead, zinc, arsenic and nickel, in addition to copper, in their wastewater. Lead smelters discharge lead and zinc. Nickel and cobalt smelters discharge ammonia and copper in addition to the base metals. Zinc smelters discharge arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, selenium and zinc. 1375:

designing and operating an on-site system, or limitations imposed by environmental regulations and permits. A manufacturer may determine that using a CWT is more cost-effective than treating the waste itself; this is often the case where the manufacturer is a small business.

2769:. Problems can arise if the wastewater is excessively diluted with washing water or is highly concentrated such as undiluted blood or milk. The presence of cleaning agents, disinfectants, pesticides, or antibiotics can have detrimental impacts on treatment processes. 1798:. Wastewater include acidic rinse waters together with waste acid. Although many plants operate acid recovery plants (particularly those using hydrochloric acid), where the mineral acid is boiled away from the iron salts, there remains a large volume of highly acid 1699:

levels of organic particles increase BOD and can result in significant sewer surcharge fees. Sedimentation, wedge wire screening, or rotating belt filtration (microscreening) are commonly used methods to reduce suspended organic solids loading prior to discharge.

1559:) from power plant wastewater. This technology does not treat dissolved pollutants. Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on the particular wastestream in the plant. These include dry ash handling, closed-loop ash recycling, 2629:. In the recent years, there has been greater prevalence in brine management due to global push for zero liquid discharge (ZLD)/minimal liquid discharge (MLD). In ZLD/MLD techniques, a closed water cycle is used to minimize water discharges from a system for 1433:(BOD), which is a gross measurement of a range of organic pollutants, may be used to gauge the effectiveness of a biological wastewater treatment system, and is used as a regulatory parameter in some discharge permits. Metal pollutant discharges may include 1129:. Treatment processes include brine treatment, solids removal (e.g. chemical precipitation, filtration), oils and grease removal, removal of biodegradable organics, removal of other organics, removal of acids and alkalis, and removal of toxic materials. 3495:

Gatidou G, Kinyua J, van Nuijs AL, Gracia-Lor E, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, Stasinakis AS (September 2016). "Drugs of abuse and alcohol consumption among different groups of population on the Greek Island of Lesvos through sewage-based epidemiology".

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Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very high quality water for their processes. This might include pure chemical synthesis or boiler feed water. Also, some water treatment processes produce organic and mineral sludges from

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cadmium and zinc-based compounds. The pollutants discharged vary by product sector and individual plant, and may include arsenic, chlorine, cyanide, fluoride; and heavy metals such as chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc.

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residues in fleeces are a particular problem in treating waters generated in wool processing. Animal fats may be present in the wastewater, which if not contaminated, can be recovered for the production of tallow or further rendering.

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CWT plants often receive wastes from a wide variety of manufacturers, including chemical plants, metal fabrication and finishing; and used oil and petroleum products from various manufacturing sectors. The wastes may be classified as

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and/or other ions. Regeneration of ion-exchange columns with strong acids and alkalis produces a wastewater rich in hardness ions which are readily precipitated out, especially when in admixture with other wastewater constituents.

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plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.

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that will require treatment as a solid residue that may also be toxic. In some cases, gases may be evolved requiring treatment for the gas stream. Some other forms of treatment are usually required following neutralisation.

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vary widely from plant to plant, depending on the types of products manufactured, such as bulk organic chemicals, resins, pesticides, plastics, or synthetic fibers. Some of the organic compounds that may be discharged are

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where treated water is discharged through the opposite end for further treatment, filtration or discharge. Hydrocyclones can also be utilised in a variety of context from solid-liquid separation to oil-water separation.

2621:, environmental impact, recycling, handling and transport, containment, centralized compared to on-site treatment, avoidance and reduction, technologies, and economics. Brine management shares some issues with 2674:

oil, often referred to as soluble oil. Emulsified or soluble oils will typically required "cracking" to free the oil from its emulsion. In most cases this is achieved by lowering the pH of the water matrix.

1691:. Large quantities of fats, oil and grease ("FOG") may also be present, which in sufficient concentrations can clog sewer lines. Some municipalities require restaurants and food processing businesses to use 3755:

Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines, New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Organic Chemicals, Plastics And Synthetic Fibers Point Source Category; Volume

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and dye retardants or accelerators. Following treatment with polymer-based flocculants and settling agents, typical monitoring parameters include BOD, COD, color (ADMI), sulfide, oil and grease, phenol,

4340:"Application of a Multiobjective Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Industrial Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Treatment with a Fluidized Bed Fenton Process: Performance Prediction and Process Optimization" 1073:

plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into

2940:, chemical immobilisation or landfill disposal. Some materials such as some detergents may be capable of biological degradation and in such cases, a modified form of wastewater treatment can be used. 2093: 2861: 1635:

facilities (fish farms) often discharge large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as suspended solids. Some facilities use drugs and pesticides, which may be present in the wastewater.

3919:. Development Document for Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category (Report). EPA. 2002. pp. 7–1ff. EPA 821-R-02-004. 4295:

Cai, Q.Q.; Lee, B.C.Y.; Ong, S.L.; Hu, J.Y. (February 2021). "Fluidized-bed Fenton technologies for recalcitrant industrial wastewater treatment–Recent advances, challenges and perspective".

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The conversion of iron or steel into sheet, wire or rods requires hot and cold mechanical transformation stages frequently employing water as a lubricant and coolant. Contaminants include

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Reverse osmosis may not be viable for brine treatment, due to the potential for fouling caused by hardness salts or organic contaminants, or damage to the reverse osmosis membranes from

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Bletsou AA, Asimakopoulos AG, Stasinakis AS, Thomaidis NS, Kannan K (February 2013). "Mass loading and fate of linear and cyclic siloxanes in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece".

1090:. Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants (e.g., toxic compounds), and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system. 771: 2383:

are being used in an increasing number of cases as they provided high quality and productive on-site treatment. Other industrial processes that produce a lot of waste-waters such as

4088:. Development Document for Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Point Source Category (Report). EPA. July 1998. EPA 821-R-98-005. 950: 945: 1930:

components which eventually form sulphuric acid upon the exposure to air and water that inevitably occurs when the tailings are disposed of in large impoundments. The resulting

1853:(common heavy metal pollutants from these industries include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver and zinc), cyanide and various chemical solvents, oil, and grease. 3850:

EPA (2002-09-12). "Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Concentrated Aquatic Animal Production Point Source Category." Proposed rule.

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ions as from de-ionisation processes can readily lose the hardness ions in a buildup of precipitated calcium and magnesium salts. This precipitation process can cause severe

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gas, water and other products of the oxidation. As the slime layer thickens, it becomes difficult for the air to penetrate the layer and an inner anaerobic layer is formed.

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exist, industrial brine treatment may contain unique combinations of dissolved ions, such as hardness ions or other metals, necessitating specific processes and equipment.

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salts. However, energy consumption is high and corrosion may be an issue as the prime mover is concentrated salt water. As a result, evaporation systems typically employ

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Development Document for Interim Final Effuent Limitations Guidelines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards for the Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source Category

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Tylkowski, Bartosz; Jastrząb, Renata (2017). "Smart Capsules for Lead Removal from Industrial Wastewater". In Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K.O (eds.).

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plants generate conventional and toxic pollutants, including arsenic, COD, copper, chromium, abnormally high or low pH, phenols, suspended solids, oil and grease.

4631:"Towards a low-carbon society: A review of lithium resource availability, challenges and innovations in mining, extraction and recycling, and future perspectives" 4005:"Biosorption of Strontium from Simulated Nuclear Wastewater by Scenedesmus spinosus under Culture Conditions: Adsorption and Bioaccumulation Processes and Models" 4968: 4763: 2845:

treated water. Part of the waste sludge is recycled to the aeration tank and the remaining waste sludge is removed for further treatment and ultimate disposal.

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of organic compounds in the wastewater by the microbial slime layer, diffusion of air into the slime layer to provide the oxygen required for the biochemical

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An industrial wastewater treatment plant may include one or more of the following rather than the conventional treatment sequence of sewage treatment plants:

6931: 1082:. This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, 1053:

that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a

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Development Document for Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Ore Mining and Dressing Point Source Category

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George Tchobanoglous; Franklin L. Burton; H. David Stensel (2003). "Chapter 3: Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings".

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have created environmental concern, leading to development of processes to recycle water use within plants before they have to be cleaned and disposed.

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Ullmann, Grégori; Gonçalves, Suélen Mara; Kyriakidis, Yanne Novais; de Souza Barrozo, Marcos Antonio; Vieira, Luiz Gustavo Martins (15 August 2021).

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Fang, Dezhen; Lu, Miao; Wang, Yanping; Ma, Liang; Li, Kexin; Liu, Haining; Zhang, Huifang; Shi, Guosheng; Wu, Zhijian; Ye, Xiushen (1 October 2023).

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Tabelin, Carlito Baltazar; Dallas, Jessica; Casanova, Sophia; Pelech, Timothy; Bournival, Ghislain; Saydam, Serkan; Canbulat, Ismet (15 March 2021).

3729:. Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines for the Centralized Waste Treatment Industry (Report). EPA. August 2000. EPA 821-R-00-020. 2470: 3885:

Technical Development Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Meat and Poultry Products Point Source Category

3610:"Estimating Environmental Hazard and Risks from Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Outcome of a SETAC Focused Topic Meeting" 2370:

The various types of contamination of wastewater require a variety of strategies to remove the contamination. Most industrial processes, such as

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Arvaniti OS, Stasinakis AS (August 2015). "Review on the occurrence, fate and removal of perfluorinated compounds during wastewater treatment".

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Industrial wastewater plants may also reduce raw water costs by converting selected wastewaters to reclaimed water used for different purposes.

1489:-fired plants, are a major source of industrial wastewater. Many of these plants discharge wastewater with significant levels of metals such as 955: 4119:

Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category; Volume 1

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and gas platforms also generate deck drainage, domestic waste and sanitary waste. During the drilling process, well sites typically discharge

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production and so forth can be very difficult to treat. Treatment methods are often specific to the material being treated. Methods include

4883:"Considering hydrocyclone operation for tailings dewatering purpose and its effects on product specifications of paste backfill operations" 4205:

Byrd, J.F.; Ehrke, M.D.; Whitfield, J.I. (April 1984). "New Bleached Kraft Pulp Plant in Georgia: State of the Art Environmental Control".

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Muhammad Yaqub; Lee, Wontae (1 September 2019). "Zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) technology for resource recovery from wastewater: A review".

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Liu, Mingxue; Dong, Faqin; Kang, Wu; Sun, Shiyong; Wei, Hongfu; Zhang, Wei; Nie, Xiaoqin; Guo, Yuting; Huang, Ting; Liu, Yuanyuan (2014).

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Industrial wastewater could add the following pollutants to receiving water bodies if the wastewater is not treated and managed properly:

5256: 4136: 3773: 1033: 721: 6699: 6000: 5974: 4537:"Material extraction potential of desalination brines: A technical and economic evaluation of brines as a possible new material source" 3170: 2513: 1621:

Processing of food from raw materials requires large volumes of high grade water. Vegetable washing generates water with high loads of

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or sludge. Very fine solids and solids with densities close to the density of water pose special problems. In such case filtration or

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Sinclair GM, Long SM, Jones OA (November 2020). "What are the effects of PFAS exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations?".

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Gatidou G, Arvaniti OS, Stasinakis AS (April 2019). "Review on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in Sewage Treatment Plants".

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Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003). "Chapter 3: Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings".

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Brine management examines the broader context of brine treatment and may include consideration of government policy and regulations,

2146: 2073:, phenol and toluene. Treatment technologies used include advanced biological treatment (e.g. activated sludge with nitrification), 1671:

Processing food for sale produces wastes generated from cooking which are often rich in plant organic material and may also contain

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wastewater to meet recent EPA discharge limits. The treatment approach is similar for other highly scaling industrial wastewaters.

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globally". One of the indicators for this target is the "proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flows safely treated".

2149:. For mills with high inorganic loadings like salt, tertiary treatments may be required, either general membrane treatments like 5763: 5336: 3614: 1294:, endocrine disrupting compounds, hormones, perfluorinated compounds, siloxanes, drugs of abuse and other hazardous substances 6862: 6709: 5331: 5177: 5009: 4175: 3806: 3792: 3444: 3381: 1618:

in effluents from vegetable, fruit, and meat products and due to the seasonal nature of food processing and post-harvesting.

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operations has distinctive characteristics that set it apart from common municipal wastewater managed by public or private

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separators or plate packs, chemical treatment via dissolved air flotations, centrifuges, media filters and hydrocyclones.

1614:(SS). The constituents of food and agriculture wastewater are often complex to predict, due to the differences in BOD and 1354:

The specific pollutants generated and the resultant effluent concentrations can vary widely among the industrial sectors.

7073: 1551:, a type of surface impoundment, are a widely used treatment technology at coal-fired plants. These ponds use gravity to 1340: 341: 261: 6719: 4054: 7042: 7037: 6076: 5617: 4936:. SPECIAL ISSUE: Selected papers from Ultrafine Grinding ’06 and Hydrocyclones ’06, held in Falmouth, UK in June 2006. 935: 849: 291: 2900:

conditions are maintained by forced air flowing through the bed or by natural convection of air. The process involves

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and the use of water in by-products separation. Contamination of waste streams includes gasification products such as

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Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Mineral Mining and Processing Category

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waste, paper fibers, plant material, etc.) discharge high concentrations of BOD, ammonia nitrogen and oil and grease.

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Biodegradable organic material of plant or animal origin is usually possible to treat using extended conventional

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is a device designed to separate gross amounts of oil and suspended solids from industrial wastewater produced at

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and particulate solids. Final treatment of iron and steel products before onward sale into manufacturing includes

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Wastewater from an industrial process can be converted at a treatment plant to solids and treated water for reuse.

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Illustration of wastewater streams discharged by typical coal-fired electric power plants in the United States

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and other industrial oily water sources. The API separator is a gravity separation device designed by using

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capacity for strontium of S. spinosus, suggesting that it may be appropriate for use of nuclear wastewater.

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Typical treatment processes used in the industry are chemical precipitation, sedimentation and filtration.

1336: 509: 361: 336: 131: 3944: 2606: 6966: 6936: 6789: 6684: 6674: 6669: 6519: 6337: 5848: 5492: 3754: 3740: 3726: 2698: 2691: 2257:). Pollutants generated by textile mills include BOD, SS, oil and grease, sulfide, phenols and chromium. 2141:. Increased BOD or COD loadings, as well as organic pollutants, may require biological treatment such as 1922:

containing very fine particles in where physical removal of contaminants becomes particularly difficult.

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Some facilities such as oil and gas wells may be permitted to pump their wastewater underground through

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and steam. Due to the ever increasing discharge standards, there has been an emergence of the use of

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Analyzing the oily water to determine droplet size can be performed with a video particle analyser.

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to be disposed of. Many steel industry wastewaters are contaminated by hydraulic oil, also known as

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Synthetic organic materials including solvents, paints, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, products from

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process), membrane systems, and evaporation-crystallization systems. Technological advancements in

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Processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product

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reactions in blast furnaces. Cooling waters are inevitably contaminated with products especially

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Guide for the Application of Effluent Limitations Guidelines for the Petroleum Refining Industry

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wastewater, pulp and paper mill effluent, and waste streams from food and beverage processing.

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Most solids can be removed using simple sedimentation techniques with the solids recovered as

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have been employed for degradation of recalcitrant compounds in brine from industrial plants.

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typically include cooling water and site runoff. Pollutants generated by the industry include

2000:, mercury, lead), salts, organic chemicals and solids. Some produced water contains traces of 6389: 6369: 6093: 6060: 5929: 4490:"Lithium enrichment optimization from Dead Sea end brine by chemical precipitation technique" 3930: 2431: 2222: 1568: 1174: 884: 726: 592: 504: 201: 5130:

Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

4584:"Systematic review of lithium extraction from salt-lake brines via precipitation approaches" 1177:, generated both by manufacturing facilities, service industries and energy and mining sites 6991: 6739: 6584: 6489: 6231: 6161: 6151: 6088: 6024: 5838: 5808: 5658: 5469: 5060: 4438: 4395: 4152: 3670: 3566: 3503: 3453: 3408: 3373: 3317: 3148: 2803: 2371: 1066: 1050: 426: 159: 5033: 2892:, or plastic media over which wastewater flows downward and contacts a layer (or film) of 1934:, which is often rich in heavy metals (because acids dissolve metals), is one of the many 1061:

in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in

8: 7093: 6951: 6539: 6459: 6404: 6302: 6289: 6257: 6242: 6216: 6211: 6166: 6125: 6055: 5572: 5557: 5512: 5311: 5214: 2835: 2823: 2752: 2583: 2548: 2380: 2230: 1146: 761: 706: 671: 597: 524: 474: 469: 454: 111: 5064: 4678:"Flotation of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate salts from their saturated brines" 4442: 4399: 4100:

Permit Guidance Document: Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Manufacturing Point Source Category

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and evaporation to manage these wastes, with no need to routinely discharge wastewater.

1925:

Additionally, the geologic formations that harbour economically valuable metals such as

21: 7021: 6996: 6941: 6847: 6636: 6606: 6322: 6034: 6016: 6005: 5969: 5924: 5894: 5698: 5663: 5607: 5527: 5502: 5271: 5251: 5049:"Human-induced seismicity and large-scale hydrocarbon production in the USA and Canada" 4910: 4863: 4816: 4744: 4658: 4611: 4564: 4517: 4470: 4367: 4339: 4320: 4214: 4031: 4004: 3858: 3694: 3636: 3609: 3590: 3537: 3477: 3181: 3103: 3092: 2622: 2567: 2544: 2066: 1981: 1931: 1838: 1708: 1692: 1462: 1181: 1154: 1106: 995: 756: 632: 394: 176: 116: 86: 33: 4789:"Element based ball mill and hydrocyclone modelling for a copper ore grinding circuit" 4693: 3682: 3233: 1474: 7078: 6900: 6830: 6825: 6810: 6601: 6569: 6564: 6544: 6484: 6409: 6081: 5958: 5737: 5522: 5419: 5266: 5173: 5111: 5101: 5078: 5015: 5005: 4974: 4949: 4914: 4902: 4867: 4855: 4820: 4808: 4769: 4748: 4736: 4697: 4662: 4650: 4615: 4603: 4568: 4556: 4535:

Lundaev, Vitalii; Solomon, A. A.; Caldera, Upeksha; Breyer, Christian (1 July 2022).

4521: 4509: 4474: 4462: 4454: 4411: 4371: 4359: 4324: 4312: 4278: 4253: 4243: 4237: 4171: 4036: 3698: 3686: 3641: 3582: 3529: 3524: 3469: 3424: 3377: 3348: 3338: 3290: 3249: 3239: 3214: 3078:, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic or industrial heating purposes. 3030: 2420: 2337: 2250: 1948: 1791: 1657: 1494: 1401: 1383:, have high pollutant concentrations or otherwise be difficult to treat. In 2000 the 1329: 1303: 1228: 1224: 1168: 1122: 644: 567: 560: 514: 381: 171: 166: 76: 4928:

Husveg, Trygve; Rambeau, Odile; Drengstig, Tormod; Bilstad, Torleiv (1 April 2007).

4450: 4407: 4338:

Cai, Qinqing; Lee, Brandon Chuan Yee; Ong, Say Leong; Hu, Jiangyong (9 April 2021).

3594: 3515: 3481: 3420: 2864:

A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickling filter

1946:

The waste production from the nuclear and radio-chemicals industry is dealt with as

6884: 6815: 6656: 6626: 6616: 6574: 6549: 6529: 6524: 6364: 6332: 6327: 6307: 6281: 6176: 6130: 6097: 6071: 6045: 5995: 5979: 5833: 5828: 5798: 5653: 5612: 5597: 5497: 5477: 5170:

Industrial Wastewater Management, Treatment & Disposal; Manual of Practice FD-3

5068: 4997: 4941: 4894: 4847: 4800: 4728: 4689: 4642: 4595: 4548: 4501: 4446: 4403: 4351: 4304: 4026: 4016: 3855: 3678: 3631: 3623: 3574: 3541: 3519: 3511: 3461: 3416: 3280: 3010: 2933: 2855: 2799: 2779: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2726: 2626: 2409: 2348: 2142: 1883: 1834: 1803: 1799: 1752: 1661: 1645: 1622: 1603: 1564: 1362: 1241: 1062: 904: 801: 741: 627: 580: 529: 489: 464: 449: 431: 406: 346: 231: 181: 5940: 4787:

Göktaş, İbrahim; Altun, Okay; Alper Toprak, Nurettin; Altun, Deniz (1 July 2023).

4170:. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. 4168:

Handbook of Textile and Industrial Dyeing: Principles, Processes and Types of Dyes

3578: 2283:

contaminants can include solvents, detergents, grit, lubricants and hydrocarbons.

6986: 6910: 6646: 6641: 6611: 6509: 6494: 6399: 6394: 6354: 6196: 6171: 6039: 6029: 5688: 5562: 5276: 5128:

United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

4945: 4898: 4851: 4804: 4732: 4646: 4599: 4552: 4505: 4308: 4139: 3839: 3776: 3367: 3152: 3144: 3140: 2658: 2646: 2563: 2555: 2554:

Brine treatment technologies may include: membrane filtration processes, such as

2540: 2254: 2154: 2150: 2082: 1599: 1572: 1380: 1325: 1291: 1249: 1160: 1126: 689: 649: 519: 484: 416: 356: 284: 221: 121: 4355: 2977:

Toxic materials including many organic materials, metals (such as zinc, silver,

1101:, iron and steel industry, metal working, mines and quarries, nuclear industry, 7032: 6905: 6579: 6559: 6469: 6429: 6317: 6250: 6120: 6102: 5873: 5853: 5818: 5713: 5693: 5683: 5678: 5668: 5648: 5587: 5482: 5414: 5356: 5341: 5286: 5146: 3320:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 11 August 2021. 3305: 3175: 3088: 2909: 2877: 2860: 2815: 2710: 2528: 2360: 2356: 2229:

manufacturers, generate wastewater from a wide variety of processes, including

2196: 2184: 2009: 1985: 1842: 1626: 1426: 1317: 1253: 1185: 1110: 1054: 1007: 811: 711: 666: 659: 654: 411: 106: 5001: 2527:

Brine treatment is commonly encountered when treating cooling tower blowdown,

1587: 1153:

pollutants (e.g. solvents, heavy metals), and other harmful compounds such as

1137:

Industrial facilities may generate the following industrial wastewater flows:

7067: 7016: 6971: 6631: 6379: 5858: 5823: 5371: 5296: 5082: 4953: 4906: 4859: 4812: 4740: 4701: 4654: 4607: 4560: 4513: 4458: 4363: 3294: 3136: 3070: 3054: 3022: 2831: 2706: 2375: 2058: 2029: 1795: 1783: 1763: 1728: 1653: 1607: 1592: 1307: 1297: 1164: 1098: 1070: 1058: 990: 826: 316: 311: 306: 64: 4021: 3352: 3253: 6915: 6621: 6499: 6479: 6424: 6221: 6140: 5748: 5718: 5602: 5552: 5424: 5381: 5115: 5019: 4466: 4415: 4316: 4257: 4040: 3690: 3645: 3586: 3533: 3473: 3428: 3387: 3127:

has defined the treatment of industrial wastewater as an important part of

3075: 3037: 3005:

by a carrier (shell).There are three types of capsule under investigation:

2937: 2929: 2839: 2739: 2702: 2650: 2594: 2559: 2517: 2516:

from the waste stream. Although similarities to seawater or brackish water

2301: 2122: 2074: 2025: 2013: 2005: 1850: 1542: 1321: 1313: 1189: 1118: 859: 821: 806: 637: 602: 547: 266: 126: 4833: 3807:"Lowering Cost and Waste in Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Treatment" 3285: 2897: 6946: 6596: 6434: 6349: 6312: 6156: 5708: 5703: 5627: 5582: 5542: 5439: 5346: 5073: 5048: 3905:. Laurel, MD: Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission. 29 September 2021. 3661: 3332: 3066: 3041: 2921: 2630: 2536: 2258: 2062: 1970: 1961: 1891: 1865:

Mine wastewater effluent in Peru, with neutralized pH from tailing runoff

1736: 1724: 1632: 1414: 781: 479: 459: 96: 4282: 4218: 7001: 6359: 6344: 5673: 5537: 5237: 3768:

EPA (1982). "Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category."

3652: 3441: 3062: 3058: 3045: 2961: 2901: 2822:. It is one of several biological wastewater treatment alternatives in 2718: 2364: 2293: 2114: 2078: 1740: 1676: 1534: 1410: 1245: 1094: 831: 587: 91: 3465: 1919: 1861: 6981: 6534: 6273: 6226: 5949: 5507: 5454: 5306: 4131:

EPA (1984). "Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category."

3627: 3049: 2905: 2893: 2889: 2402: 2313: 2309: 2238: 1956: 1887: 1846: 1826: 1545:

typically transfer the captured pollutants to the wastewater stream.

1300:

such as polyethylene and polypropylene beads, polyester and polyamide

1285: 1277: 1259: 1194:

Wastestreams that are by-products of treatment or cooling processes:

899: 854: 816: 766: 701: 607: 71: 41: 5147:

Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 6

4488:

Alsabbagh, Ahmad; Aljarrah, Sewar; Almahasneh, Majdi (August 2021).

2794:, UK. The white bubbles are due to the diffused air aeration system. 2730:

wastewater is the middle layer between the oil layer and the solids.

2448: 1817:

Many industries perform work on metal feedstocks (e.g. sheet metal,

6504: 6464: 6384: 5434: 5326: 5261: 4930:"Performance of a deoiling hydrocyclone during variable flow rates" 3006: 2986: 2982: 2819: 2811: 2602: 2423:

plant, to remove toxic dissolved organic compounds from wastewater.

2325: 2321: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2172: 2070: 1997: 1779: 1548: 1538: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1434: 1236: 1150: 1075: 271: 5200: 5133: 3608:

Johnson MS, Buck RC, Cousins IT, Weis CP, Fenton SE (March 2021).

2985:, etc.) acids, alkalis, non-metallic elements (such as arsenic or 2952:

under controlled conditions. Neutralisation frequently produces a

2157:

or treatments to remove specific contaminants, such as nutrients.

1774:

in strong mineral acid to remove rust and prepare the surface for

6474: 6050: 5361: 4057:(Report). EPA. September 1976. pp. 41–45. EPA 440/1-76/055a. 3026: 2978: 2868: 2722: 2305: 2208: 2180: 2176: 2118: 2054: 2050: 1993: 1989: 1907: 1830: 1732: 1720: 1716: 1665: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1506: 1498: 1422: 1406: 1267: 1087: 51: 6444: 4978: 4773: 4755: 3898: 3494: 1648:

and processing produces organic waste from body fluids, such as

6419: 6374: 5376: 5366: 2881: 2827: 2807: 2642: 2317: 2242: 2226: 2204: 2126: 1969:) in simulated wastewater. The study claims a highly selective 1926: 1915: 1874: 1870: 1767: 1748: 1744: 1688: 1610:

and non-toxic, but has high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and

1446: 1438: 1418: 1387:

published wastewater regulations for CWT facilities in the US.

1281: 1273: 909: 889: 796: 786: 494: 5172:(3rd ed.). Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation. 3236:

Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse

3211:

Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering: treatment and reuse

6414: 6277: 5281: 5206: 5034:

Profile of the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry

4996:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. pp. 61–78. 4927: 3304:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

3300: 2665:(DAF), belt filtration (microscreening), and drum screening. 2587: 2509: 2246: 1966: 1818: 1787: 1712: 1680: 1649: 1199: 1079: 919: 864: 256: 5167: 5036:(Report). EPA. September 1997. p. 24. EPA/310-R-97-007. 4786: 3548: 2570:; or evaporation processes, such as brine concentrators and 1541:

mercury control. Plants with air pollution controls such as

4628: 4582:

Zhang, Ye; Hu, Yuehua; Wang, Li; Sun, Wei (1 August 2019).

4534: 4487: 3488: 3435: 3394: 3359: 2885: 2721:

to define the rise velocity of oil droplets based on their

2654: 2271: 2234: 2097:

Wastewater discharge from a paper mill in the United States

1911: 1903: 1879: 1684: 1672: 1490: 1486: 1450: 1442: 1263: 1232: 894: 141: 136: 101: 6272: 5194: 3601: 3330: 3208: 2582:

for the treatment of brine. Some notable examples such as

2207:, as well as aluminum. Copper smelters typically generate 1886:, can produce wastewater contaminated by fine particulate 1591:

Seafood processing waste discharged to the town harbor in

1366:

manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc, oil and grease.

3554: 2993:

within the wastewater by the advanced oxidation process.

1895: 1849:. Wastewater generated from these industries may contain 1775: 3833:"Indicator: Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers (2001)." 2019: 5429: 4881:

Toprak, Nurettin Alper; Altun, Okay (1 November 2021).

1615: 5047:

van der Baan, Mirko; Calixto, Frank J. (1 July 2017).

4970:

Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants

4765:

Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants

4102:(Report). EPA. 2000. pp. 4–1ff. EPA-821-B-00-003. 3607: 3306:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

1695:

and regulate the disposal of FOG in the sewer system.

1141:

Manufacturing process wastestreams, which can include

5316: 3787: 3785: 3040:, engineered bodies of water designed for cooling by 1266:, grit, metal particles, rubber residues from tires, 1214:

Water pollution § Pollutants in industrial wastewater

3269:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal" 2746: 2524:

consumption, chemical usage, or physical footprint.

1456: 5201:

Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Database

5046: 4384: 3091:. However, wastewater injection has been linked to 2908:of the organic compounds. The end products include 6932:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 4966: 4761: 4204: 3951: 3945:"Metal Products and Machinery Effluent Guidelines" 3831:European Environment Agency. Copenhagen, Denmark. 3782: 3400: 3135:. Target 6.3 of this goal is to "By 2030, improve 2398:, for removing separate phase oil from wastewater. 1955:Researchers have looked at the bioaccumulation of 1629:. It may also contain surfactants and pesticides. 1395: 4991: 4428: 3984: 3982: 3973:Development Document for the Coal Mining Category 3741:"Centralized Waste Treatment Effluent Guidelines" 3658: 2838:organic pollutants, producing a waste sludge (or 1898:and hydraulic oils are also common contaminants. 1575:systems has enabled high efficiency treatment of 1180:Wastestreams from the energy and mining sectors: 7065: 4192:"Timber Products Processing Effluent Guidelines" 3975:(Report). EPA. September 1982. EPA 440/1-82/057. 3143:, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of 3098: 1882:washing to separate coal from native rock using 1782:plating or for other surface treatments such as 1656:contents. Pollutants generated include BOD, SS, 4836:"Optimization study of thickener hydrocyclones" 3992:(Report). EPA. November 1982. EPA 440/1-82/061. 3965: 3871:"Dairy Products Processing Effluent Guidelines" 3209:Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003). 3016: 2943: 2316:ions from water, typically replacing them with 2277: 2043: 4581: 4061: 4002: 3979: 3758:(Report). EPA. October 1987. EPA 440/1-87/009. 2053:, ammonia, benzene, BOD, chloroform, cyanide, 1369: 6258: 5764: 5222: 4092: 3909: 2972: 1988:, which may contain oils, toxic metals (e.g. 1027: 5778: 4714: 4231: 4229: 4207:Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation) 4121:(Report). EPA. May 1989. EPA 440/1-89/019.1. 3961:(Report). EPA. July 1979. EPA 440/1-76/059b. 3266: 3165:Best management practice for water pollution 3021:To remove heat from wastewater generated by 2915: 2237:manufacturing and fabric finishing (such as 2040:), ammonia, chromium, phenols and sulfides. 4994:Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health 4880: 4675: 4337: 4294: 4113: 4111: 4109: 3713:"Battery Manufacturing Effluent Guidelines" 3334:Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse 3151:and substantially increasing recycling and 2849: 2772: 2684: 2477:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1869:The principal waste-waters associated with 1598:Wastewater generated from agricultural and 6265: 6251: 5771: 5757: 5229: 5215: 3213:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company. 3171:List of waste water treatment technologies 2872:A typical complete trickling filter system 2668: 2304:using natural or synthetic resins removes 2088: 1910:. Extraction of high value metals such as 1702: 1034: 1020: 50: 5072: 4269: 4267: 4235: 4226: 4030: 4020: 3903:Special Wastewater Discharge Requirements 3747: 3635: 3523: 3284: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3147:and materials, halving the proportion of 3082: 2497:Learn how and when to remove this message 1976: 1727:from coal in coking plants also requires 1390: 5864:Environmentally healthy community design 4676:Ozcan, O; Miller, J. D (1 August 2002). 4165: 4106: 3727:"Chapter 4. Description of the Industry" 2876:A trickling filter consists of a bed of 2867: 2859: 2785: 2347: 2171:The pollutants discharged by nonferrous 2147:upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors 2092: 2002:naturally occurring radioactive material 1860: 1586: 1473: 1469: 1357: 20: 6962:High-level radioactive waste management 4973:(1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 4960: 4768:(1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 4242:. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science. 3369:Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text 3033:, the following technologies are used: 2969:management of the released wastewater. 7066: 5145:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. " 5095: 4277:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 4264: 3887:(Report). EPA. 2004. EPA 821-R-04-011. 3615:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 3445:Environmental Science & Technology 3195: 3113: 2512:treatment involves removing dissolved 2405:, for removing solids from wastewater. 1751:together with a range of more complex 1400:The specific pollutants discharged by 6246: 5752: 5210: 5168:Water Environment Federation (2020). 3931:"Metal Finishing Effluent Guidelines" 3337:(4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. 3238:(4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. 2725:and size. The design is based on the 2020:Petroleum refining and petrochemicals 1856: 1349: 1065:. Most industrial processes, such as 6977:Sewage regulation and administration 5053:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4071:(Report). EPA. June 1985. p. 5. 3499:The Science of the Total Environment 3404:The Science of the Total Environment 3365: 2842:) containing the oxidized material. 2475:adding citations to reliable sources 2442: 2343: 1385:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 4153:"Textile Mills Effluent Guidelines" 3318:"Pollution Prevention Case Studies" 2612: 1941: 1606:plants throughout the world: it is 1563:, biological treatment (such as an 1341:per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances 1335:Some industrial discharges include 262:Radium and radon in the environment 13: 6001:waste-water treatment technologies 5618:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation 5160: 2438: 2332: 2286: 1790:. The two acids commonly used are 14: 7105: 5986:agricultural wastewater treatment 5488:Agricultural wastewater treatment 5188: 4236:Patterson, James William (1975). 3683:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127340 2996: 2948:Acids and alkalis can usually be 2790:Activated sludge tank at Beckton 2747:Removal of biodegradable organics 2636: 1638:Dairy processing plants generate 1457:Inorganic chemicals manufacturing 1049:describes the processes used for 7027: 7026: 7015: 6957:Extended producer responsibility 6443: 5939: 5732: 5731: 5098:Water and waste-water technology 4431:Science of the Total Environment 4388:Science of the Total Environment 3917:"7. Wastewater Characterization" 3299: 2810:or industrial wastewaters using 2802:process is a type of biological 2778:This section is an excerpt from 2690:This section is an excerpt from 2447: 2217: 1812: 1757:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1711:from its ores involves powerful 1582: 1555:large particulates (measured as 1212:This section is an excerpt from 1113:, pharmaceutical manufacturing, 1001: 989: 6515:Mechanical biological treatment 6067:List of energy storage projects 5991:industrial wastewater treatment 5844:Environmental impact assessment 5814:Environmental impact assessment 5548:Industrial wastewater treatment 5518:Decentralized wastewater system 5139: 5122: 5089: 5040: 5026: 4985: 4921: 4874: 4827: 4780: 4708: 4669: 4622: 4575: 4528: 4481: 4451:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.062 4422: 4408:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149289 4378: 4331: 4288: 4239:Wastewater treatment technology 4198: 4184: 4159: 4145: 4125: 4075: 4047: 4009:Int J Environ Res Public Health 3996: 3937: 3923: 3891: 3877: 3863: 3844: 3825: 3799: 3762: 3733: 3719: 3705: 3516:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.130 3421:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.023 3118: 2734: 2576:mechanical vapour recompression 2545:acid mine or acid rock drainage 2533:steam-assisted gravity drainage 1936:environmental impacts of mining 1396:Organic chemicals manufacturing 1206: 1047:Industrial wastewater treatment 82:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5236: 3558:Journal of Hazardous Materials 3324: 3310: 3260: 3227: 3133:Sustainable Development Goal 6 2896:slime covering the bed media. 2175:vary with the base metal ore. 2113:for paper making may generate 1525:). Wastewater streams include 1402:organic chemical manufacturers 951:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 5568:Rotating biological contactor 4694:10.1016/S0892-6875(02)00087-0 3579:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.081 3372:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: 3188: 3099:Costs and trade waste charges 2926:advanced oxidation processing 2715:natural gas processing plants 2191:smelters typically discharge 2162:Environmental impact of paper 1337:persistent organic pollutants 1244:matter and nutrients such as 1196:backwashing (water treatment) 1188:from oil and gas extraction, 1093:Most industries produce some 422:Electrical resistance heating 5195:Water Environment Federation 4946:10.1016/j.mineng.2006.12.002 4899:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107176 4852:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107066 4805:10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108090 4733:10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108161 4647:10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106743 4600:10.1016/j.mineng.2019.105868 4553:10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107652 4506:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107038 4309:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116692 4133:Code of Federal Regulations, 3813:. Electric Power. March 2017 3770:Code of Federal Regulations, 3017:Removal of thermal pollution 2944:Removal of acids and alkalis 2535:(SAGD), produced water from 2278:Industrial oil contamination 2270:and heavy metals (chromium, 2077:, cyanide destruction (e.g. 2044:Pharmaceutical manufacturing 1906:and other materials such as 1835:chemical etching and milling 1310:and industrial manufacturers 132:Persistent organic pollutant 56:Air pollution from a factory 7: 6967:History of waste management 5849:Environmental impact design 4967:Beychok, Milton R. (1967). 4762:Beychok, Milton R. (1967). 4356:10.1021/acsestwater.0c00192 3158: 2580:advance oxidation processes 2355:systems are widely used at 2166: 1982:Oil and gas well operations 1370:Centralized waste treatment 1248:: Certain industries (e.g. 10: 7110: 7074:Waste treatment technology 6555:fluorescent lamp recycling 6207:High-performance buildings 5633:Wastewater treatment plant 5400:Adsorbable organic halides 3899:"Fats, Oils, & Grease" 2973:Removal of toxic materials 2853: 2777: 2750: 2689: 2649:may be required. Although 2547:, reverse osmosis reject, 2159: 2085:and wastewater recycling. 1483:Fossil-fuel power stations 1211: 1159:Non-process wastestreams: 1084:volatile organic compounds 7010: 6924: 6893: 6803: 6655: 6452: 6441: 6288: 6202:Heat recovery ventilation 6187:Environmental remediation 6112: 6015: 5948: 5937: 5804:Climate smart agriculture 5786: 5727: 5641: 5468: 5405:Biochemical oxygen demand 5390: 5244: 5002:10.1515/9783110434330-004 4273:Kemmer, Frank N. (1979). 3795:. EPA. 30 September 2015. 3525:10067/1345920151162165141 3273:Water Intelligence Online 3267:Von Sperling, M. (2007). 2916:Removal of other organics 2818:composed of bacteria and 2657:salts or the addition of 2568:weak acid cation exchange 2414:biochemical oxygen demand 2385:paper and pulp production 2300:which require treatment. 2024:Pollutants discharged at 1431:Biochemical oxygen demand 1078:or into rivers, lakes or 677:War and environmental law 297:Health effects from noise 147:Volatile organic compound 6937:China's waste import ban 6192:Glass in green buildings 6136:sustainable architecture 5780:Environmental technology 5151:SDG-Tracker.org, website 5096:Hammer, Mark J. (1975). 4275:The Nalco Water Handbook 3873:. EPA. 30 November 2018. 2934:ozonation, vitrification 2850:Trickling filter process 2773:Activated sludge process 2685:API oil-water separators 2619:corporate sustainability 2428:electrodialysis reversal 1577:flue-gas desulfurization 1527:flue-gas desulfurization 1175:Industrial site drainage 1145:(i.e. controllable with 1132: 302:Marine mammals and sonar 6298:Agricultural wastewater 5593:Sewage sludge treatment 5533:Fecal sludge management 5493:API oil–water separator 5460:Wastewater surveillance 4022:10.3390/ijerph110606099 3743:. EPA. 24 January 2022. 3129:sustainable development 3125:international community 3002:Molecular encapsulation 2740:Hydrocyclone separators 2699:API oil–water separator 2692:API oil–water separator 2669:Oils and grease removal 2663:dissolved air flotation 2543:, frac flowback water, 2396:API oil-water separator 2353:Dissolved air flotation 2255:retardant flameproofing 2139:dissolved air flotation 2103:pulp and paper industry 2089:Pulp and paper industry 2034:conventional pollutants 1703:Iron and steel industry 1640:conventional pollutants 1143:conventional pollutants 1115:pulp and paper industry 1086:) or nutrients such as 1063:sewage treatment plants 777:Freshwater salinization 697:Agricultural wastewater 7022:Environment portal 6700:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6590:water recycling shower 6182:Environmental movement 5879:Sustainability science 5869:Public interest design 5794:Appropriate technology 5450:Total suspended solids 5445:Total dissolved solids 5410:Chemical oxygen demand 5197:- Professional society 4166:M. Clark, ed. (2011). 3083:Other disposal methods 2960:Waste streams rich in 2873: 2865: 2795: 2792:sewage treatment plant 2607:duplex stainless steel 2432:ion-exchange membranes 2367: 2131:chemical oxygen demand 2098: 2036:(BOD, oil and grease, 1977:Oil and gas extraction 1866: 1755:known collectively as 1595: 1569:ion-exchange membranes 1561:chemical precipitation 1557:total suspended solids 1479: 1391:Chemical manufacturing 1125:, water treatment and 1103:oil and gas extraction 996:Environment portal 26: 6390:Municipal solid waste 6370:Industrial wastewater 6061:hydrogen technologies 5975:Solid waste treatment 5317:Industrial wastewater 4194:. EPA. 13 March 2018. 3374:John Wiley & Sons 3286:10.2166/9781780402086 3029:, and thus to reduce 2871: 2863: 2806:process for treating 2789: 2751:Further information: 2351: 2109:and BOD. Plants that 2105:is generally high in 2096: 2075:multimedia filtration 1864: 1590: 1477: 1470:Electric power plants 1358:Battery manufacturing 737:Industrial wastewater 505:Municipal solid waste 427:Soil guideline values 24: 7084:Industrial processes 6585:water heat recycling 6490:Garden waste dumping 6232:Water heat recycling 6162:Efficient energy use 6152:Conservation biology 6089:Sustainable lighting 6025:Efficient energy use 5839:Environmental Design 5809:Environmental design 5659:Groundwater recharge 5074:10.1002/2017gc006915 4934:Minerals Engineering 4887:Minerals Engineering 4840:Minerals Engineering 4793:Minerals Engineering 4721:Minerals Engineering 4682:Minerals Engineering 4635:Minerals Engineering 4588:Minerals Engineering 4541:Minerals Engineering 4494:Minerals Engineering 4155:. EPA. 30 June 2017. 3947:. EPA. 13 July 2021. 3715:. EPA. 12 June 2017. 3184:(for drinking water) 3178:(for industrial use) 3149:untreated wastewater 3027:manufacturing plants 2836:biologically oxidize 2804:wastewater treatment 2707:petrochemical plants 2471:improve this section 2381:Constructed wetlands 2372:petroleum refineries 2026:petroleum refineries 1962:Scenedesmus spinosus 1743:, cyanide, ammonia, 1171:and other pollutants 1067:petroleum refineries 946:Most polluted cities 598:Overhead power lines 6952:Eco-industrial park 6540:appliance recycling 6460:Anaerobic digestion 6405:Post-consumer waste 6303:Biodegradable waste 6217:Nature conservation 6212:Land rehabilitation 6167:Energy conservation 6056:carbon-neutral fuel 5964:dispersion modeling 5573:Secondary treatment 5558:Membrane bioreactor 5513:Constructed wetland 5312:Infiltration/Inflow 5100:. New York: Wiley. 5065:2017GGG....18.2467V 4443:2019ScTEn.681..551Y 4400:2021ScTEn.798n9289L 3933:. EPA. 5 July 2019. 3675:2020Chmsp.25827340S 3571:2019JHzM..367..504G 3508:2016ScTEn.563..633G 3502:. 563–564: 633–40. 3458:2013EnST...47.1824B 3413:2015ScTEn.524...81A 3145:hazardous chemicals 3131:by including it in 3114:Society and culture 2824:secondary treatment 2753:Secondary treatment 2653:may be used, using 2623:leachate management 2539:extraction such as 1693:grease interceptors 1625:and some dissolved 1463:inorganic chemicals 1147:secondary treatment 1051:treating wastewater 762:Ocean acidification 672:Unexploded ordnance 593:Advertising clutter 525:Post-consumer waste 470:Foam food container 455:Biodegradable waste 112:Global distillation 6997:Waste minimisation 6942:Cleaner production 6607:Reusable packaging 6520:Mechanical sorting 6323:Construction waste 6035:Energy development 6017:Sustainable energy 6006:water purification 5970:Industrial ecology 5738:Category: Sewerage 5699:Septic drain field 5664:Infiltration basin 5608:Stabilization pond 5528:Facultative lagoon 5392:Quality indicators 5272:Blackwater (waste) 5252:Acid mine drainage 4344:ACS ES&T Water 3838:2006-09-18 at the 3407:. 524–525: 81–92. 3182:Water purification 3104:Economies of scale 3093:induced seismicity 2874: 2866: 2796: 2761:processes such as 2584:Fenton's oxidation 2562:processes such as 2430:(EDR) system with 2368: 2183:but typically use 2179:smelters generate 2101:Effluent from the 2099: 2067:methylene chloride 2016:(drilling fluid). 1932:acid mine drainage 1867: 1857:Mines and quarries 1839:solvent degreasing 1709:production of iron 1660:, oil and grease, 1623:particulate matter 1596: 1480: 1350:Industrial sectors 1262:particles such as 1182:acid mine drainage 1107:petroleum refining 1008:Ecology portal 633:Herbicidal warfare 177:Introduced species 117:Indoor air quality 87:Chlorofluorocarbon 27: 7061: 7060: 6992:Waste legislation 6901:Sanitation worker 6875:London Convention 6811:Bamako Convention 6602:Resource recovery 6570:textile recycling 6565:plastic recycling 6545:battery recycling 6485:Ecological design 6410:Radioactive waste 6240: 6239: 6077:commercialization 5746: 5745: 5523:Extended aeration 5470:Treatment options 5420:Oxygen saturation 5267:Blackwater (coal) 5245:Sources and types 5179:978-1-57278-369-0 5011:978-3-11-043433-0 4177:978-1-84569-695-5 3852:Federal Register, 3466:10.1021/es304369b 3383:978-1-119-30450-0 3057:, which transfer 3031:thermal pollution 3009:-based capsules, 2814:and a biological 2625:and more general 2507: 2506: 2499: 2421:carbon filtration 2344:Treatment methods 2274:, lead, copper). 1949:Radioactive waste 1884:density gradients 1792:hydrochloric acid 1753:organic compounds 1658:coliform bacteria 1330:radioactive waste 1328:, or disposal of 1304:Thermal pollution 1169:thermal pollution 1123:oil contamination 1044: 1043: 979: 978: 645:Nuclear holocaust 568:Urban heat island 382:Radioactive waste 167:Biological hazard 77:Air quality index 7101: 7030: 7029: 7020: 7019: 6885:OSPAR Convention 6816:Basel Convention 6627:Waste collection 6617:Sewage treatment 6575:timber recycling 6550:bottle recycling 6530:Reclaimed lumber 6525:Photodegradation 6447: 6365:Industrial waste 6333:Electronic waste 6328:Demolition waste 6308:Biomedical waste 6282:waste management 6267: 6260: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6177:Energy recycling 6098:electric vehicle 6072:Renewable energy 6046:alternative fuel 5996:sewage treatment 5980:Waste management 5943: 5834:Energy recycling 5829:Electric vehicle 5799:Clean technology 5773: 5766: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5735: 5734: 5654:Evaporation pond 5642:Disposal options 5613:Trickling filter 5598:Sewage treatment 5498:Carbon filtering 5478:Activated sludge 5231: 5224: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5183: 5154: 5143: 5137: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5059:(7): 2467–2485. 5044: 5038: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5023: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4292: 4286: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4104: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4034: 4024: 4015:(6): 6099–6118. 4000: 3994: 3993: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3861: 3848: 3842: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3639: 3628:10.1002/etc.4784 3605: 3599: 3598: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3527: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3366:Laws EA (2018). 3363: 3357: 3356: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3288: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3206: 3011:carbon nanotubes 2856:Trickling filter 2800:activated sludge 2780:Activated sludge 2767:trickling filter 2763:activated sludge 2759:sewage treatment 2727:specific gravity 2659:polyelectrolytes 2627:waste management 2613:Brine management 2502: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2451: 2443: 2412:, to reduce the 2143:activated sludge 2111:bleach wood pulp 2107:suspended solids 2038:suspended solids 1942:Nuclear industry 1804:ferrous chloride 1723:. Production of 1662:organic nitrogen 1646:Animal slaughter 1612:suspended solids 1604:sewage treatment 1565:activated sludge 1326:nuclear reactors 1167:, which produce 1036: 1029: 1022: 1006: 1005: 1004: 994: 993: 925: 924: 628:Chemical warfare 530:Waste management 490:Industrial waste 465:Electronic waste 450:Advertising mail 432:Phytoremediation 407:Land degradation 347:Depleted uranium 232:Overillumination 182:Invasive species 54: 44: 29: 28: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7089:Water pollution 7064: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7033:Category: Waste 7014: 7006: 6987:Waste hierarchy 6920: 6911:Waste collector 6889: 6880:Oslo Convention 6799: 6651: 6647:Waste-to-energy 6642:Waste treatment 6612:Right to repair 6510:Landfill mining 6495:Illegal dumping 6448: 6439: 6400:Packaging waste 6395:Open defecation 6355:Hazardous waste 6284: 6271: 6241: 6236: 6197:Green computing 6172:Energy recovery 6108: 6040:Energy recovery 6030:Electrification 6011: 5957:Air pollution ( 5944: 5935: 5782: 5777: 5747: 5742: 5723: 5689:Reclaimed water 5637: 5563:Reverse osmosis 5464: 5386: 5352:Reverse osmosis 5277:Boiler blowdown 5240: 5235: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5163: 5161:Further reading 5158: 5157: 5144: 5140: 5127: 5123: 5108: 5094: 5090: 5045: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5012: 4990: 4986: 4965: 4961: 4926: 4922: 4879: 4875: 4832: 4828: 4785: 4781: 4760: 4756: 4713: 4709: 4674: 4670: 4627: 4623: 4580: 4576: 4533: 4529: 4486: 4482: 4427: 4423: 4383: 4379: 4336: 4332: 4293: 4289: 4272: 4265: 4250: 4234: 4227: 4203: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3849: 3845: 3840:Wayback Machine 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3657: 3653: 3606: 3602: 3553: 3549: 3493: 3489: 3440: 3436: 3399: 3395: 3384: 3364: 3360: 3345: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3265: 3261: 3246: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3207: 3196: 3191: 3161: 3121: 3116: 3101: 3089:injection wells 3085: 3019: 2999: 2975: 2946: 2918: 2858: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2783: 2775: 2755: 2749: 2737: 2732: 2731: 2711:chemical plants 2695: 2687: 2671: 2647:ultrafiltration 2639: 2615: 2564:electrodialysis 2556:reverse osmosis 2503: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2468: 2452: 2441: 2439:Brine treatment 2410:roughing filter 2374:, chemical and 2361:chemical plants 2346: 2338:Wood preserving 2335: 2333:Wood preserving 2289: 2287:Water treatment 2280: 2233:and finishing, 2220: 2185:settling basins 2169: 2164: 2155:reverse osmosis 2151:ultrafiltration 2091: 2083:steam stripping 2046: 2032:plants include 2022: 1979: 1944: 1859: 1815: 1800:ferrous sulfate 1705: 1600:food processing 1585: 1573:electrodialysis 1485:, particularly 1472: 1459: 1398: 1393: 1372: 1360: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1292:Pharmaceuticals 1250:food processing 1217: 1209: 1161:boiler blowdown 1135: 1127:wood preserving 1069:, chemical and 1040: 1002: 1000: 988: 981: 980: 880: 872: 871: 845: 837: 836: 772:Pharmaceuticals 752:Nonpoint source 692: 682: 681: 650:Nuclear fallout 623: 613: 612: 583: 573: 572: 563: 553: 552: 543: 535: 534: 520:Packaging waste 485:Hazardous waste 445: 437: 436: 397: 387: 386: 357:Nuclear fallout 352:Nuclear fission 332: 322: 321: 287: 277: 276: 252: 244: 243: 217: 215:Electromagnetic 207: 206: 197: 189: 188: 162: 152: 151: 122:Ozone depletion 67: 57: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7107: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7024: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6906:Street sweeper 6903: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6790:United Kingdom 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6580:tire recycling 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6560:land recycling 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6470:Biodegradation 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6430:Surface runoff 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6318:Chemical waste 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6247: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6103:hybrid vehicle 6100: 6094:Transportation 6091: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5876: 5874:Sustainability 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5854:Green building 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5819:Eco-innovation 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5714:Surface runoff 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5694:Sanitary sewer 5691: 5686: 5684:Marine outfall 5681: 5679:Marine dumping 5676: 5671: 5669:Injection well 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649:Combined sewer 5645: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5588:Settling basin 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5483:Aerated lagoon 5480: 5474: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5415:Coliform index 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5357:Sanitary sewer 5354: 5349: 5344: 5342:Produced water 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5287:Combined sewer 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5198: 5190: 5189:External links 5187: 5185: 5184: 5178: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5138: 5121: 5106: 5088: 5039: 5025: 5010: 4984: 4959: 4940:(4): 368–379. 4920: 4873: 4826: 4779: 4754: 4707: 4688:(8): 577–584. 4668: 4621: 4574: 4527: 4480: 4421: 4377: 4350:(4): 847–858. 4330: 4297:Water Research 4287: 4263: 4248: 4225: 4213:(4): 378–385. 4197: 4183: 4176: 4158: 4144: 4124: 4105: 4091: 4083:"Chapters 5–7" 4074: 4060: 4046: 3995: 3978: 3964: 3950: 3936: 3922: 3908: 3890: 3876: 3862: 3843: 3824: 3798: 3781: 3761: 3746: 3732: 3718: 3704: 3651: 3622:(3): 543–549. 3600: 3547: 3487: 3452:(4): 1824–32. 3434: 3393: 3382: 3358: 3343: 3323: 3309: 3259: 3244: 3226: 3219: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3179: 3176:Purified water 3173: 3168: 3160: 3157: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3100: 3097: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3073: 3055:cooling towers 3052: 3018: 3015: 2998: 2997:Smart capsules 2995: 2974: 2971: 2945: 2942: 2932:, adsorption, 2917: 2914: 2910:carbon dioxide 2854:Main article: 2851: 2848: 2832:microorganisms 2784: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2748: 2745: 2736: 2733: 2703:oil refineries 2696: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2670: 2667: 2638: 2637:Solids removal 2635: 2614: 2611: 2529:produced water 2505: 2504: 2455: 2453: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2424: 2417: 2416:of wastewater. 2406: 2399: 2357:oil refineries 2345: 2342: 2334: 2331: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2219: 2216: 2197:benzo(a)pyrene 2168: 2165: 2129:, phenols and 2090: 2087: 2045: 2042: 2021: 2018: 2010:drill cuttings 1986:produced water 1978: 1975: 1943: 1940: 1858: 1855: 1843:electroplating 1833:and painting, 1814: 1811: 1764:hydraulic oils 1704: 1701: 1627:organic matter 1584: 1581: 1471: 1468: 1458: 1455: 1427:vinyl chloride 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1371: 1368: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1333: 1318:uranium mining 1311: 1308:power stations 1301: 1295: 1289: 1271: 1257: 1254:slaughterhouse 1239: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1192: 1186:produced water 1178: 1172: 1157: 1134: 1131: 1111:petrochemicals 1055:sanitary sewer 1042: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 998: 983: 982: 977: 976: 975: 974: 966: 965: 961: 960: 959: 958: 953: 948: 943: 941:Law by country 938: 930: 929: 923: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 881: 878: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 868: 867: 862: 852: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 835: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 812:Surface runoff 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 712:Eutrophication 709: 704: 699: 693: 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 667:Scorched earth 664: 663: 662: 660:Nuclear winter 657: 655:Nuclear famine 652: 642: 641: 640: 630: 624: 619: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 584: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 564: 559: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 544: 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 412:Bioremediation 409: 404: 398: 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 342:Bioremediation 339: 333: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 292:Transportation 288: 283: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 269: 264: 259: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 239:Radio spectrum 236: 235: 234: 229: 218: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 185: 184: 174: 169: 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 107:Global dimming 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 68: 63: 62: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7106: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7054: 7053:Organizations 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7025: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6972:Landfill fire 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6821:EU directives 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6795:United States 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632:Waste sorting 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6380:Marine debris 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6146:New Classical 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5920:refurbishment 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883:Sustainable ( 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859:Green vehicle 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824:Ecotechnology 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5578:Sedimentation 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5372:Sewage sludge 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297:Cooling water 5295: 5293: 5292:Cooling tower 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:Ballast water 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5107:0-471-34726-4 5103: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4249:0-250-40086-3 4245: 4241: 4240: 4232: 4230: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4187: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4095: 4084: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3932: 3926: 3918: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3880: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3736: 3728: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3344:0-07-041878-0 3340: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3245:0-07-041878-0 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3220:0-07-041878-0 3216: 3212: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3137:water quality 3134: 3130: 3126: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3071:heat transfer 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038:cooling ponds 3036: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2862: 2857: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2744: 2741: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:crystallizers 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541:coal seam gas 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2498: 2490: 2487:February 2020 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2456:This section 2454: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2376:petrochemical 2373: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298:sedimentation 2295: 2284: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2251:waterproofing 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223:Textile mills 2218:Textile mills 2215: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135:sedimentation 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:ethyl acetate 2056: 2052: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:petrochemical 2027: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1918:may generate 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813:Metal working 1810: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:sulfuric acid 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784:galvanisation 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729:water cooling 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683:material and 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608:biodegradable 1605: 1601: 1594: 1593:Sitka, Alaska 1589: 1583:Food industry 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1543:wet scrubbers 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505:, as well as 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1467: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1367: 1364: 1355: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1320:, processing 1319: 1315: 1314:Radionuclides 1312: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298:Microplastics 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1190:radionuclides 1187: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165:cooling water 1162: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1121:, industrial 1120: 1119:textile mills 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099:food industry 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1071:petrochemical 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:surface water 1056: 1052: 1048: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1009: 999: 997: 992: 987: 986: 985: 984: 973: 970: 969: 968: 967: 963: 962: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 931: 927: 926: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 876: 875: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 841: 840: 833: 830: 828: 827:Water quality 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 691: 686: 685: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 646: 643: 639: 636: 635: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 622: 617: 616: 609: 606: 604: 603:Traffic signs 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 582: 577: 576: 569: 566: 565: 562: 557: 556: 549: 546: 545: 539: 538: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 510:Nanomaterials 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 441: 440: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 396: 391: 390: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 372:Radioactivity 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 331: 326: 325: 318: 317:Soundproofing 315: 313: 312:Noise control 310: 308: 307:Noise barrier 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 286: 281: 280: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 248: 247: 240: 237: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 211: 210: 203: 200: 199: 193: 192: 183: 180: 179: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 161: 156: 155: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 66: 61: 60: 53: 49: 48: 45: 40: 39: 35: 31: 30: 23: 19: 6925:Other topics 6916:Waste picker 6843:incineration 6622:Urban mining 6500:Incineration 6480:Durable good 6425:Sharps waste 6385:Mining waste 6222:Permaculture 6141:New Urbanism 6113:Conservation 5990: 5905:food systems 5890:architecture 5719:Vacuum sewer 5603:Sewer mining 5553:Ion exchange 5547: 5503:Chlorination 5425:Heavy metals 5382:Urban runoff 5322:Ion exchange 5302:Fecal sludge 5169: 5150: 5141: 5134:A/RES/71/313 5124: 5097: 5091: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5028: 4993: 4987: 4969: 4962: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4764: 4757: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4274: 4238: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4186: 4167: 4161: 4147: 4132: 4127: 4094: 4077: 4063: 4049: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3967: 3953: 3939: 3925: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3879: 3865: 3851: 3846: 3827: 3815:. Retrieved 3810: 3801: 3769: 3764: 3749: 3735: 3721: 3707: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3619: 3613: 3603: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3497: 3490: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3402: 3396: 3388:Google Books 3386:– via 3368: 3361: 3333: 3326: 3312: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3235: 3229: 3210: 3139:by reducing 3122: 3119:Global goals 3109: 3102: 3086: 3076:cogeneration 3023:power plants 3020: 3000: 2990: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2947: 2938:incineration 2930:distillation 2919: 2875: 2797: 2756: 2738: 2735:Hydrocyclone 2680: 2676: 2672: 2651:flocculation 2640: 2616: 2599: 2595:hydrocarbons 2592: 2560:ion-exchange 2553: 2549:chlor-alkali 2526: 2522: 2518:desalination 2508: 2493: 2484: 2469:Please help 2457: 2426:An advanced 2389: 2369: 2336: 2302:Ion exchange 2290: 2281: 2264: 2225:, including 2221: 2213: 2170: 2123:2,3,7,8-TCDD 2100: 2047: 2023: 2014:drilling mud 2006:Offshore oil 1980: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1924: 1900: 1868: 1851:heavy metals 1816: 1808:soluble oil. 1807: 1771: 1761: 1706: 1697: 1670: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1620: 1597: 1547: 1481: 1460: 1399: 1377: 1373: 1361: 1353: 1324:, operating 1322:nuclear fuel 1227:, including 1225:Heavy metals 1219: 1207:Contaminants 1136: 1117:, smelters, 1092: 1046: 1045: 915:Point source 860:Heavy metals 822:Urban runoff 807:Sulfur water 782:Septic tanks 736: 638:Agent Orange 548:Space debris 402:Agricultural 267:Volcanic ash 127:Particulates 18: 6947:Downcycling 6894:Occupations 6863:waste water 6760:Switzerland 6750:South Korea 6740:New Zealand 6665:Afghanistan 6637:Waste trade 6597:Repurposing 6435:Toxic waste 6415:Scrap metal 6350:Green waste 6313:Brown waste 6290:Major types 6157:Ecoforestry 5915:procurement 5900:development 5885:agriculture 5709:Storm drain 5704:Sewage farm 5628:Vermifilter 5583:Septic tank 5543:Imhoff tank 5440:Temperature 5347:Return flow 5337:Papermaking 4437:: 551–563. 4137:40 CFR 3774:40 CFR 3662:Chemosphere 3565:: 504–512. 3067:evaporation 3042:evaporation 2991:incinerated 2954:precipitate 2950:neutralised 2631:water reuse 2609:materials. 2537:natural gas 2365:paper mills 2259:Insecticide 2249:treatment, 2121:(including 2063:isopropanol 1971:biosorption 1892:surfactants 1737:naphthalene 1677:flavourings 1642:(BOD, SS). 1633:Aquaculture 1517:compounds ( 1415:naphthalene 885:Area source 727:Groundwater 480:Green waste 460:Brown waste 444:Solid waste 202:Information 97:Exhaust gas 7094:Sanitation 7068:Categories 7002:Zero waste 6804:Agreements 6735:Kazakhstan 6690:Bangladesh 6475:Composting 6360:Heat waste 6345:Food waste 6338:by country 6126:insulation 6119:Building ( 6082:transition 5925:technology 5910:industries 5674:Irrigation 5538:Filtration 5238:Wastewater 4893:: 107176. 4846:: 107066. 4799:: 108090. 4727:: 108161. 4641:: 106743. 4594:: 105868. 4547:: 107652. 4500:: 107038. 4394:: 149289. 4303:: 116692. 3669:: 127340. 3189:References 3153:safe reuse 3063:atmosphere 3059:waste heat 3046:convection 2902:adsorption 2719:Stokes Law 2574:employing 2294:filtration 2160:See also: 2115:chloroform 2079:hydrolysis 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