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487:, which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV-B light, reactive chemical species can travel through the body and affect other areas—possibly even inner organs. The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact that the
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The molecule that originally absorbs the UV-photon is called a "chromophore". Bimolecular reactions can occur either between the excited chromophore and DNA or between the excited chromophore and another species, to produce
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Ribeiro, D. T.; Madzak, C.; Sarasin, A.; Mascio, P. Di; Sies, H.; Menck, C. F. M. (January 1992). "Singlet Oxygen
Induced DNA Damage and Mutagenicity in a Single-Stranded Sv40-Based Shuttle Vector".
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Xu, C.; Green, Adele; Parisi, Alfio; Parsons, Peter G (2001). "Photosensitization of the
Sunscreen Octyl p-Dimethylaminobenzoate b UVA in Human Melanocytes but not in Keratinocytes".
168:
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Armeni, Tatiana; Damiani, Elisabetta; et al. (2004). "Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes".
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159:). It is important to note that, unlike direct DNA damage which causes sunburn, indirect DNA damage does not result in any warning signal or pain in the human body.
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Knowland, John; McKenzie, Edward A.; McHugh, Peter J.; Cridland, Nigel A. (1993). "Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient".
723:"Light-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of a Sunscreen Agent, 2-Phenylbenzimidazol in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 and HaCaT Keratinocytes"
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that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly. Molecules that do not have this ability have a long-lived
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is 1,000 to 1,000,000 times longer than that of melanin, and therefore they may cause damage to living cells that come in contact with them.
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have extremely short excited state lifetimes in the range of a few femtoseconds (10s). The excited state lifetime of compounds used in
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Indirect DNA damage: The chromophore absorbs UV-light (* denotes an excited state), and the energy of the excited state is creating
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155:. These reactive chemical species can reach DNA by diffusion and the bimolecular reaction damages the DNA (
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314:{\displaystyle \mathrm {(Chromophore)^{*}+{}^{3}O_{2}\ {\xrightarrow {}}\ Chromophore+{}^{1}O_{2}} }
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leads to a high probability for reactions with other molecules—so-called bimolecular reactions.
468:{\displaystyle \mathrm {{}^{1}O_{2}+intact\ DNA\ {\xrightarrow {}}\ {}^{3}O_{2}+damaged\ DNA} }
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The bimolecular reactions that cause the indirect DNA damage are illustrated in the figure:
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can occur in places that are not directly illuminated by the sun—in contrast to
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Cantrell, Ann; McGarvey, David J (2001). "3(Sun
Protection in Man)".
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International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0600:POTSOP>2.0.CO;2
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Mosley, C N; Wang, L; Gilley, S; Wang, S; Yu, H (2007).
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45:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
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96:(•OH), which then damages DNA through oxidation.
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65:Learn how and when to remove this message
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41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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16:Theory of damage from ultraviolet light
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609:"Ultrafast internal conversion of DNA"
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591:Comprehensive Series in Photosciences
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479:Location of the damage
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115:. This long
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840:Sun tanning
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109:chromophore
824:Categories
635:Toxicology
619:2008-02-13
525:References
141:padimate O
137:avobenzone
129:sunscreens
55:April 2020
794:0031-8655
519:Sunscreen
215:∗
105:UV-photon
43:talk page
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503:See also
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131:such as
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