Sunscreen - Knowledge

2452:. These chemicals, based on different researches, have been found to negatively impact coral reefs. In sufficient concentrations, these compounds can damage coral DNA, induce deformities in juvenile corals, heighten the risk of viral infections, and make corals more vulnerable to bleaching. Such threats are even more concerning given that coral ecosystems are already compromised by climate change, pollution, and other environmental stressors. While there is ongoing debate regarding the real-world concentrations of these chemicals versus laboratory settings, an assessment in Kahaluu Bay in Hawaii showed oxybenzone concentrations to be 262 times higher than what the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designates as high-risk. Another study in Hanauma Bay found levels of the chemical ranging from 30 ng/L to 27,880 ng/L, noting that concentrations beyond 63 ng/L could induce toxicity in corals. 446:(GRASE), those which are non-GRASE due to safety issues, and those requiring further evaluation. As of 2021, only zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are recognized as GRASE. Two previously approved UV filters, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and trolamine salicylate, were banned in 2021 due to safety concerns. The remaining FDA approved active ingredients were put in the third category as their manufacturers have yet to produce sufficient safety data — despite the fact that some of the chemicals have sold in sunscreen products for more than 40 years. Some researchers argue that the risk of sun-induced skin cancer outweighs concerns about toxicity and mutagenicity, although environmentalists say this ignores "ample safer alternatives available on the market containing the active ingredient minerals zinc oxide or titanium dioxide", which are also safer for the environment. 461:. Independent laboratory testing carried out by Valisure found benzene contamination in 27% of the sunscreens they tested, with some batches having up to triple the FDA's conditionally restricted limit of 2 parts per million (ppm). This resulted in a voluntary recall by some major sunscreen brands that were implicated in the testing, as such, regulators also help publicise and coordinate these voluntary recalls. VOC's (Volatile Organic Compounds) such as benzene, are particularly harmful in sunscreen formulations as many active and inactive ingredients can increase permeation across the skin. Butane, which is used as a propellant in spray sunscreens, has been found to have benzene impurities from the refinement process. 2459:

damage phytoplankton. In 2002, research indicated that sunscreens might escalate virus abundance in seawater, compromising the marine environment in a manner akin to other pollutants. Further probing the matter, a 2008 investigation examining a variety of sunscreen brands, protective factors, and concentrations revealed unanimous bleaching effects on hard corals. Alarmingly, the degree of bleaching magnified with increasing sunscreen quantities. When assessing individual compounds prevalent in sunscreens, substances such as butylparaben, ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3, and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor induced complete coral bleaching at even minimal concentrations.

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absorbs, scatters, and reflects light before it can reach the skin, UV filters have been deemed an ideal “first line of defense” against sun damage when exposure can't be avoided. Antioxidants have been deemed a good “second line of defense” since they work responsively by decreasing the overall burden of free radicals that do reach the skin. The degree of the free radical protection from the entire solar spectral range that a sunscreen can offer has been termed the "radical protection factor" (RPF) by some researchers.

623: 619:(FDA) proposed a maximum SPF label of 50, to limit unrealistic claims. (As of August 2019, the FDA has not adopted the SPF 50 limit.) Others have proposed restricting the active ingredients to an SPF of no more than 50, due to lack of evidence that higher dosages provide more meaningful protection, despite a common misconception that protection directly scales with SPF; doubling when SPF is doubled. Different sunscreen ingredients have different effectiveness against UVA and UVB. 419: 2169: 551: 2014: 534: 238: 1001: 2149:

approximately 30 g (or 30 ml, approximately 1 oz) evenly to the uncovered body area. This can be more easily thought of as a "golf ball" size amount of product per body, or at least six teaspoonfuls. Larger or smaller individuals should scale these quantities accordingly. Considering only the face, this translates to about 1/4 to 1/3 of a teaspoon for the average adult face.

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dyspigmentation. Increasingly, a number of commercial sunscreens are being produced that have manufacturer claims regarding skin protection from blue light, infrared light and even air pollution. However, as of 2021 there are no regulatory guidelines or mandatory testing protocols that govern these claims. Historically, the American FDA has only recognized protection from sunburn

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protection from sunburn, early skin aging, and skin cancer. However, unlike other countries, the United States classifies sunscreen as an over-the-counter drug rather than a cosmetic product. As FDA approval of a new drug is typically far slower than for a cosmetic, the result is fewer ingredients available for sunscreen formulations in the US compared with many other countries.

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absorbed and distributed in the body. The human trials expand upon the animal trials, providing additional information on safety in the pediatric population, protection against UVA and UVB, and the potential for skin reactions after application. Two previously approved UV filters, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and trolamine salicylate, were reclassified as

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Some sunscreen active ingredients have been shown to cause toxicity towards marine life and coral, resulting in bans in different states, countries and ecological areas. Coral reefs, comprising organisms in delicate ecological balances, are vulnerable to even minor environmental disturbances. Factors

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It is known that SPF is affected by not only the choice of active ingredients and the percentage of active ingredients but also the formulation of the vehicle/base. Final SPF is also impacted by the distribution of active ingredients in the sunscreen, how evenly the sunscreen applies on the skin, how

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to measure absorption of UVA versus UVB; the difference stems from a requirement to pre-irradiate samples (where this was not previously required) to give a better indication of UVA protection and photostability when the product is used. With the current methodology, the lowest rating is three stars,

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people in Australia and required some of them to apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen every day for four and a half years. It found that people who did so had noticeably more resilient and smoother skin than those assigned to continue their usual practices. A study on 32 subjects showed that daily use of

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There is a risk of an allergic reaction to sunscreen for some individuals, as "Typical allergic contact dermatitis may occur in individuals allergic to any of the ingredients that are found in sunscreen products or cosmetic preparations that have a sunscreen component. The rash can occur anywhere on

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The environmental implications of sunscreen usage on marine ecosystems are multi-faceted and vary in severity. In a 2015 study, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, when introduced to water and subjected to ultraviolet light, were shown to amplify the production of hydrogen peroxide, a compound known to

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SPF 30 or above must be used to effectively prevent UV rays from damaging skin cells. This is the amount that is recommended to prevent against skin cancer. Sunscreen must also be applied thoroughly and re-applied during the day, especially after being in the water. Special attention should be paid

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of the sunscreen is measured, along with the degradation of the product due to being exposed to sunlight. In this case, the transmittance of the sunscreen must be measured over all wavelengths in sunlight's UVB–UVA range (290–400 nm), along with a table of how effective various wavelengths are

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Sunscreens are divided into therapeutic and cosmetic sunscreens. Therapeutic sunscreens are classified into primary sunscreens (SPF ≥ 4) and secondary sunscreens (SPF < 4). Therapeutic sunscreens are regulated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Cosmetic sunscreens are products that

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groups. This general structure allows the molecule to absorb high-energy ultraviolet rays and release the energy as lower-energy rays, thereby preventing the skin-damaging ultraviolet rays from reaching the skin. So, upon exposure to UV light, most of the ingredients (with the notable exception of

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As part of revised guidelines for sunscreens in the EU, there is a requirement to provide the consumer with a minimum level of UVA protection in relation to the SPF. This should be a UVA protection factor of at least 1/3 of the SPF to carry the UVA seal. The 1/3 threshold derives from the European

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Chemical sunscreens, which use organic molecules as active ingredients. These products are sometimes referred to as petrochemical sunscreens since the active organic molecules are synthesized starting from building blocks typically derived from petroleum. Chemical sunscreen ingredients also mainly

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In Europe, sunscreens are considered a cosmetic product rather than an over-the-counter drug. These products are regulated by the Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, which was created in July 2013. The recommendations for formulating sunscreen products are guided by the Scientific Community on

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is an international group consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Regulation of sunscreen as a cosmetic product began in 2012, and is similar in structure to the European regulations. Sunscreens must meet specific standards including water resistance, sun protection factor, and a

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Water-resistant sunscreens were introduced in 1977, and recent development efforts have focused on overcoming later concerns by making sunscreen protection both longer-lasting and broader-spectrum (protection from both UVA & UVB rays), more environmentally friendly, more appealing to use and

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To be considered a GRASE active ingredient, the FDA requires it to have undergone both non-clinical animal studies as well as human clinical studies. The animal studies evaluate the potential for inducing carcinogenesis, genetic or reproductive harm, and any toxic effects of the ingredient once

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Sunscreen labeling standards have been evolving in the United States since the FDA first adopted the SPF calculation in 1978. The FDA issued a comprehensive set of rules in June 2011, taking effect in 2012–2013, designed to help consumers identify and select suitable sunscreen products offering

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Some studies have shown that people commonly apply only 1/4 to 1/2 of the amount recommended for achieving the rated sun protection factor (SPF), and in consequence the effective SPF should be downgraded to a 4th root or a square root of the advertised value, respectively. A later study found a

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to sunscreens efficaciously aids in reducing damage from the free radicals produced by exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, visible light, near infrared radiation and infrared-a radiation. Since sunscreen's active ingredients work preventatively by creating a shielding film on the skin that

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of the skin within 12 weeks and the amelioration continued until the end of the investigation period of one year. Sunscreen is inherently anti-ageing as the sun is the number one cause of premature ageing; it therefore may slow or temporarily prevent the development of wrinkles, dark spots, and

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High-SPF sunscreens filter out most UVB radiation, which triggers vitamin D production in the skin. However, clinical studies show that regular sunscreen use does not lead to vitamin D deficiency. Even high-SPF sunscreens allow a small amount of UVB to reach the skin, sufficient for vitamin D

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arising from prolonged use of sunscreen. The typical use of sunscreen does not usually result in vitamin D deficiency; however, extensive usage may. Sunscreen prevents ultraviolet light from reaching the skin, and even moderate protection can substantially reduce vitamin D synthesis. However,

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The dose used in FDA sunscreen testing is 2 mg/cm of exposed skin. If one assumes an "average" adult build of height 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) and weight 150 lb (68 kg) with a 32-inch (82-cm) waist, that adult wearing a bathing suit covering the groin area should apply

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UV filters need usually to be approved by local agencies (such as the FDA in the United States) to be used in sunscreen formulations. As of 2023, 29 compounds are approved in the European Union and 17 in the USA. No UV filters have been approved by the FDA for use in cosmetics since 1999.

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Asian brands, particularly Japanese ones, tend to use The Protection Grade of UVA (PA) system to measure the UVA protection that a sunscreen provides. The PA system is based on the PPD reaction and is now widely adopted on the labels of sunscreens. According to the Japan Cosmetic Industry

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work synergistically with UV light in contributing to oxidative stress, free radical generation, dermal cellular damage, suppressed skin healing, decreased immunity, erythema, inflammation, dryness, and several aesthetic concerns, such as: wrinkle formation, loss of skin elasticity and

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The above means that the SPF is not simply the inverse of the transmittance in the UVB region. If that were true, then applying two layers of SPF 5 sunscreen would always be equivalent to SPF 25 (5 times 5). The actual combined SPF may be lower than the square of the single-layer SPF.

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are also incorporated into commercially available sunscreens in addition to antioxidants since they also aid in protecting the skin from the detrimental effects of UVR. Examples include the osmolyte taurine, which has demonstrated the ability to protects against UVB-radiation induced

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The regulation of sunscreen for ASEAN countries closely follows European regulations. However, products are regulated by the ASEAN scientific community rather than the SCCS. Additionally, there are minor differences in the allowed phrasing printed on sunscreen packages.

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Regulation of sunscreen is dependent on the ingredient used; It is then classified and follows the regulations for either natural health products or drug product. Companies must complete a product licensing application prior to introducing their sunscreen on the market.

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as drug/medicinal sunscreen claims, so they do not have regulatory authority over sunscreen claims regarding protecting the skin from damage from these other environmental stressors. Since sunscreen claims not related to protection from ultraviolet light are treated as

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like polyester-8 and polycryleneS1 have the ability to protect the efficacy of older petrochemical UV filters by preventing them from destabilizing due to extended light exposure. These kinds of ingredients also increase the water resistance of sunscreen formulations.

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The first ultraviolet B filters were produced in 1928. Followed by the first sunscreen, invented in Australia by chemist H.A. Milton Blake, in 1932 formulating with the UV filter 'salol' (Phenyl salicylate) at a concentration of 10%. Its protection was verified by the

588:), which does not primarily cause reddening or pain. Conventional sunscreen blocks very little UVA radiation relative to the nominal SPF; broad-spectrum sunscreens are designed to protect against both UVB and UVA. According to a 2004 study, UVA also causes 176:

work by absorbing the UV rays. Over the years, some organic UV absorbers have been heavily scrutinised to assess their toxicity and a few of them have been banned in places such as Hawaii and Thailand for their impact on aquatic life and the environment.

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nanoparticles. These function by encapsulating commercially used UV filters, while being not only adherent to the skin but also non-penetrant. This strategy inhibits primary UV-induced damage as well as secondary free radicals. UV filters based on

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In 2019, the FDA proposed tighter regulations on sun protection and general safety, including the requirement that sunscreen products with SPF greater than 15 must be broad spectrum, and imposing a prohibition on products with SPF greater than 60.

976:, the PPD method uses UVA radiation to cause a persistent darkening or tanning of the skin. Theoretically, a sunscreen with a PPD rating of 10 should allow a person 10 times as much UVA exposure as would be without protection. The PPD method is an 2402:

Sunscreen is regulated as cosmetic product under the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). The list of approved filters is the same as it is in Europe. However, sunscreen in China requires safety testing in animal studies prior to approval.

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In August 2007, the FDA put out for consultation the proposal that a version of this protocol be used to inform users of American product of the protection that it gives against UVA; but this was not adopted, for fear it would be too confusing.

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of 2 milligrams per square centimeter (mg/cm). It is important to note that sunscreens with higher SPF do not last or remain effective on the skin any longer than lower SPF and must be continually reapplied as directed, usually every two hours.

453:), which can result in withdrawal of products from the consumer market. Regulators, such as the TGA and the FDA, have also been concerned with recent reports of contamination in sunscreen products with known possible human carcinogens such as 1071:

Association, PA+ corresponds to a UVA protection factor between two and four, PA++ between four and eight, and PA+++ more than eight. This system was revised in 2013 to include PA++++ which corresponds to a PPD rating of sixteen or above.

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Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Krutmann J (January 2015). "Effective photoprotection of human skin against infrared A radiation by topically applied antioxidants: results from a vehicle controlled, double-blind, randomized study".

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may help protect from visible and infrared light to some degree, but these sunscreens are often unacceptable to consumers due to leaving an obligatory opaque white cast on the skin. Further research has shown that sunscreens with added

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The persistent pigment darkening (PPD) method is a method of measuring UVA protection, similar to the SPF method of measuring sunburn protection. Originally developed in Japan, it is the preferred method used by manufacturers such as

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In 1974, Greiter adapted earlier calculations from Friedrich Ellinger and Rudolf Schulze and introduced the "sun protection factor" (SPF), which has become the global standard for measuring UVB protection. It has been estimated that

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Mitchelmore CL, He K, Gonsior M, Hain E, Heyes A, Clark C, et al. (June 2019). "Occurrence and distribution of UV-filters and other anthropogenic contaminants in coastal surface water, sediment, and coral tissue from Hawaii".

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Chatelain E, Gabard B (September 2001). "Photostabilization of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter".

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One-star products provide the lowest ratio of UVA protection, five-star products the highest. The method was revised in light of the Colipa UVA PF test and the revised EU recommendations regarding UVA PF. The method still uses a

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Schalka S, dos Reis VM, Cucé LC (August 2009). "The influence of the amount of sunscreen applied and its sun protection factor (SPF): evaluation of two sunscreens including the same ingredients at different concentrations".

8140: 5315: 8415: 8036:"Press Announcements - Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on new FDA actions to keep consumers safe from the harmful effects of sun exposure, and ensure the long-term safety and benefits of sunscreens" 1091:

Sunscreen formulations contain UV absorbing compounds (the active ingredients) dissolved or dispersed in a mixture of other ingredients, such as water, oils, moisturizers, and antioxidants. The UV filters can be either:

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adequate amounts of vitamin D can be obtained via diet or supplements. Vitamin D overdose is impossible from UV exposure due to an equilibrium the skin reaches in which vitamin D degrades as quickly as it is created.

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can work synergistically to affect the overall SPF value positively. Furthermore, adding antioxidants to sunscreen can amplify its ability to reduce markers of extrinsic photoaging, grant better protection from

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used extracts of rice, jasmine, and lupine plants whose products are still used in skin care today. Zinc oxide paste has also been popular for skin protection for thousands of years. Among the nomadic sea-going

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claims rather than drug/medicinal claims, the innovative technologies and additive ingredients used to allegedly reduce the damage from these other environmental stressors may vary widely from brand to brand.

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Studies have shown that sunscreen with a high UVA protection factor enabled significantly higher vitamin D synthesis than a low UVA protection factor sunscreen, likely because it allows more UVB transmission.

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Carlotti ME, Ugazio E, Gastaldi L, Sapino S, Vione D, Fenoglio I, Fubini B (August 2009). "Specific effects of single antioxidants in the lipid peroxidation caused by nano-titania used in sunscreen lotions".

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Sunscreen is considered a cosmetic product, and is regulated under the Japan Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA). Products are regulated mostly for the type of UV filter and SPF. SPF may range from 2 to 50.

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and aid in DNA repair post-UVB damage, thus enhancing the efficiency and safety of sunscreens. Compared with sunscreen alone, it has been shown that the addition of antioxidants has the potential to suppress

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Nepalia A, Singh A, Mathur N, Kamath R, Pareek S, Agarwal M (February 2021). "Skincare Products as Sources of Mutagenic Exposure to Infants: An Imperative Study Using a Battery of Microbial Bioassays".

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Sunblock and sunscreen are often used as synonyms. However, the term "sunblock" is controversial and banned in the EU and USA as it might lead consumers to overestimate the effectiveness of products so

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Randhawa M, Wang S, Leyden JJ, Cula GO, Pagnoni A, Southall MD (December 2016). "Daily Use of a Facial Broad Spectrum Sunscreen Over One-Year Significantly Improves Clinical Evaluation of Photoaging".

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Stege H, Budde M, Grether-Beck S, Richard A, Rougier A, Ruzicka T, Krutmann J (2002). "Sunscreens with high SPF values are not equivalent in protection from UVA induced polymorphous light eruption".

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Moyal DD, Fourtanier AM (May 2008). "Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide better protection from solar ultraviolet-simulated radiation and natural sunlight-induced immunosuppression in human beings".

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formation by an additional 1.7-fold for SPF 4 sunscreens and 2.4-fold for SPF 15-to-SPF 50 sunscreens, but the efficacy depends on how well the sunscreen in question has been formulated. Sometimes

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probably gives good protection but does not completely cover the UVA spectrum, with early 2000s research suggesting that zinc oxide is superior to titanium dioxide at wavelengths 340–380 nm.

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The SPF can be measured by applying sunscreen to the skin of a volunteer and measuring how long it takes before sunburn occurs when exposed to an artificial sunlight source. In the US, such an

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A set of final US FDA rules effective from summer 2012 defines the phrase "broad spectrum" as providing UVA protection proportional to the UVB protection, using a standardized testing method.

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Commission recommendation 2006/647/EC. This Commission recommendation specifies that the UVA protection factor should be measured using the PPD method as modified by the French health agency

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was discovered to have significant synergistic effects with UVR filters when formulated in sunscreens, in that it can notably increase the formula's ability to protect the wearer from HEVL.

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Benech-Kieffer F, Meuling WJ, Leclerc C, Roza L, Leclaire J, Nohynek G (November–December 2003). "Percutaneous absorption of Mexoryl SX in human volunteers: comparison with in vitro data".

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and various other photostabilisers. Most organic compounds in sunscreens slowly degrade and become less effective over the course of several years even if stored properly, resulting in the

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Kim SJ, Bae J, Lee SE, Lee JB, Park CH, Lim DH, et al. (November 2019). "A novel in vivo test method for evaluating the infrared radiation protection provided by sunscreen products".

5989: 8896:"Sunscreen use and awareness of chemical toxicity among beach goers in Hawaii prior to a ban on the sale of sunscreens containing ingredients found to be toxic to coral reef ecosystems" 7229:

Shokri J, Hasanzadeh D, Ghanbarzadeh S, Dizadji-Ilkhchi M, Adibkia K (November 2013). "The effect of Beta-cyclodextrin on percutaneous absorption of commonly used Eusolex® sunscreens".

6540: 2283:"Water resistance" claims on the front label must indicate how long the sunscreen remains effective and specify whether this applies to swimming or sweating, based on standard testing. 925: 6984: 4806: 5781:

Pantelic MN, Wong N, Kwa M, Lim HW (March 2023). "Ultraviolet filters in the United States and European Union: A review of safety and implications for the future of US sunscreens".

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Zastrow L, Groth N, Klein F, Kockott D, Lademann J, Ferrero L (April 2009). "" [UV, visible and infrared light. Which wavelengths produce oxidative stress in human skin?].

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Echoing Hawaii's initiative, other regions including Key West, Florida, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Bonaire, and Palau have also instituted bans on these harmful sunscreen chemicals.

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has been worn for sun protection, as well as decoration and insect repellent, since the 18th century, and is ubiquitous in the Northwest coastal regions of the island to this day.

2005:, allowing them to longer maintain the protection factor of sunscreens with UV filters that are highly unstable and/or easily permeate to the lower layers of the skin. Similarly, 405:

A 2013 study concluded that the diligent, everyday application of sunscreen could slow or temporarily prevent the development of wrinkles and sagging skin. The study involved 900

125:, sprays, gels, foams (such as an expanded foam lotion or whipped lotion), sticks, powders and other topical products. Sunscreens are common supplements to clothing, particularly 9303:

Tortini, Guido; Ziosi, Paola; Cesa, Elena; Molesini, Sonia; Baldini, Erika; De Lucia, Daniela; Rossi, Caterina; Durini, Elisa; Vertuani, Silvia; Manfredini, Stefano (June 2022).

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contain a sunscreen ingredient, but do not protect from the sun. These products are regulated by the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS).

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Sunscreens must include standardized "Drug Facts" information on the container. However, there is no regulation that deems it necessary to mention whether the contents contain

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Tian L, Huang L, Cui H, Yang F, Li Y (October 2021). "The toxicological impact of the sunscreen active ingredient octinoxate on the photosynthesis activity of Chlorella sp".

2280:" or "sweatproof" are prohibited, while the terms "sunblock" and "instant protection" and "protection for more than 2 hours" are all prohibited without specific FDA approval. 5349: 323:

The US military was an early adopter of sunscreen. In 1944, as the hazards of sun overexposure became apparent to soldiers stationed in the Pacific tropics at the height of

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Sunscreening agents are used in some hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners and styling agents to protect against protein degradation and color loss. Currently,

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The sun protection factor (SPF rating, introduced in 1974) is a measure of the fraction of sunburn-producing UV rays that reach the skin. For example, "SPF 15" means that

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to areas like the ears and nose, which are common spots of skin cancer. Dermatologists may be able to advise about what sunscreen is best to use for specific skin types.

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are the two sunscreens most commonly used in hair products. The common sunscreens used on skin are rarely used for hair products due to their texture and weight effects.

888: 855: 288:, which was made from water weeds, rice and spices. It is used most commonly by women to protect the face and exposed skin areas from the harsh tropical sun at sea. In 7523: 2294:

In 2021, the FDA introduced an additional administrative order regarding the safety classification of cosmetic UV filters, to categorize a given ingredient as either:

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Numerous methods have been devised for evaluation of UVA and UVB protection. The most-reliable spectrophotochemical methods eliminate the subjective nature of grading

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Sunscreen is classified as a cosmetic product, and closely follows EU regulations. However, New Zealand has a more extensive list of approved UV filters than Europe.

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Pinnell SR, Fairhurst D, Gillies R, Mitchnick MA, Kollias N (April 2000). "Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide".

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UV sunlight spectrum (on a summer day in the Netherlands), along with the CIE Erythemal action spectrum. The effective spectrum is the product of the former two.

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can produce ample vitamin D, but this exposure also risks significant DNA damage and skin cancer. To avoid these risks, vitamin D can be obtained safely through

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Yang J, Wiley CJ, Godwin DA, Felton LA (June 2008). "Influence of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on transdermal penetration and photostability of avobenzone".

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well it dries down on the skin and the pH value of the product among other factors. Changing any inactive ingredient may potentially alter a sunscreen's SPF.

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are also under study. Sunscreens with natural and sustainable connotations are increasingly being developed, as a result of increased environmental concern.

6612: 4840: 5196: 7612: 5539: 4098:"State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Testimony Commenting on hb1519, Relating to Sunscreen, House Committee on Energy & Environmental Protection" 3596: 2248:. The decision was taken to protect the local coral reef and sea life. Those compounds are known or suspected to be harmful to coral or other sea life. 1142:. A chemical stabilizer is included in some sunscreens containing avobenzone to slow its breakdown. The stability of avobenzone can also be improved by 6683: 3649: 4366:"Fundamental questions to sun protection: A continuous education symposium on vitamin D, immune system and sun protection at the University of Zürich" 2615: 2441:

like temperature changes, invasive species, pollution, and detrimental fishing practices have previously been highlighted as threats to coral health.

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Owing to consumer confusion over the real degree and duration of protection offered, labelling restrictions are enforced in several countries. In the

7965: 6254: 5934: 5607: 2017:“Advanced Protection” sunscreens from around the world, all utilizing different additives to protect the wearer beyond the ultraviolet spectral range 1994:

immunosuppression and the osmolyte ectoine, which aids in counteracting cellular accelerated aging & UVA-radiation induced premature photoaging.

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significant exponential relation between SPF and the amount of sunscreen applied, and the results are closer to linearity than expected by theory.

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Consumer Safety (SCCS). The regulation of cosmetic products in Europe requires the producer to follow six domains when formulating their product:

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Danovaro R, Corinaldesi C (February 2003). "Sunscreen products increase virus production through prophage induction in marine bacterioplankton".

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and/or pigmentary titanium dioxide can provide the wearer with a substantial amount of HEVL protection. Cosmetic chemists have found that other

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method used to describe the ratio of UVA to UVB protection offered by sunscreen creams and sprays. Based on original work by Brian Diffey at

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Lyons AB, Trullas C, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW (May 2021). "Photoprotection beyond ultraviolet radiation: A review of tinted sunscreens".

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Scheele A, Sutter K, Karatum O, Danley-Thomson AA, Redfern LK (March 2023). "Environmental impacts of the ultraviolet filter oxybenzone".

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Lademann J, Meinke MC, Schanzer S, Albrecht S, Zastrow L (May 2017). "" [New aspects in the development of sunscreening agents].

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Wu Y, Matsui MS, Chen JZ, Jin X, Shu CM, Jin GY, et al. (March 2011). "Antioxidants add protection to a broad-spectrum sunscreen".

3458: 1049:, the Boots Company in Nottingham, UK, developed a method that has been widely adopted by companies marketing these products in the UK. 9458: 5244: 4919: 3311: 2299: 1838: 1756: 1603: 1573: 1218: 443: 367:

addressing the safety concerns of petrochemical sunscreens, i.e. FDA studies showing their systematic absorption into the bloodstream.

207: 4163: 5531: 5273: 2532: 4679:

Holick MF (February 2002). "Vitamin D: the underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health".

4208:"Edgewell Personal Care Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Banana Boat Hair & Scalp Sunscreen Due to the Presence of Benzene" 8959: 8697: 5948: 4116:"Food and Drug Administration's proposed sunscreen final administrative order: How does it affect sunscreens in the United States?" 4097: 554:

Two photographs showing the effect of applying sunscreens in visible light and in UVA. The photograph on the right was taken using

8640: 4421: 1625:

Other ingredients approved within the EU and other parts of the world, that have not been included in the current FDA Monograph:

7943: 5004:"Sunscreens inadequately protect against ultraviolet-A-induced free radicals in skin: implications for skin aging and melanoma?" 4289: 3082: 2978: 1138:) do not undergo significant chemical change, allowing these ingredients to retain the UV-absorbing potency without significant 1980:, improve the photostability of the active ingredients, neutralize reactive oxygen species formed by irradiated photocatalysts 1103:

and phenylene bis-diphenyltriazine) also partially reflect incident light. These are also referred to as "chemical" UV filters.

4500: 3856: 8981:

Sánchez-Quiles D, Tovar-Sánchez A (August 2014). "Sunscreens as a source of hydrogen peroxide production in coastal waters".

8527: 7151:

Buenger J, Driller H (September 2004). "Ectoin: an effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature photoaging".

3257: 3230: 3125: 3065: 2290:

of mineral ingredients. Furthermore, US products do not require the expiration date of products to be displayed on the label.

7638:"Labeling and Effectiveness Testing: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-The-Counter Human Use — Small Entity Compliance Guide" 7419:"Radical-Scavenging Activity of a Sunscreen Enriched by Antioxidants Providing Protection in the Whole Solar Spectral Range" 4864:"Optimal sunscreen use, during a sun holiday with a very high ultraviolet index, allows vitamin D synthesis without sunburn" 596:. Even some products labeled "broad-spectrum UVA/UVB protection" have not always provided good protection against UVA rays. 195:. To effectively protect against all the potential damages of UV light, the use of broad-spectrum sunscreens (covering both 7712:"Impact of Iron-Oxide Containing Formulations Against Visible Light-Induced Skin Pigmentation in Skin of Color Individuals" 6316: 5218: 5189:"Commission Recommendation of 22 September 2006 on the efficacy of sunscreen products and the claims made relating thereto" 3480: 2559: 8166:"Questions and Answers: FDA announces new requirements for over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen products marketed in the U.S." 8100: 6105:"The sensitization of near-ultraviolet radiation killing of mammalian cells by the sunscreen agent para-aminobenzoic acid" 5832: 5378: 3922: 3218: 2585:"Questions and Answers: FDA announces new requirements for over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen products marketed in the U.S." 172:) as active ingredients. These ingredients primarily work by absorbing UV rays but also through reflection and refraction. 8816: 6244:"Sunscreen Use in Hawaii - AN ASSESSMENT OF BEACH-GOER USE OF SUNSCREEN PRIOR TO IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2021 CHEMICAL BAN" 2030: 488:) found that they could be detected on the skin, in blood, in breast milk and in urine samples weeks after a single use. 376: 6763: 5564:

Faurschou A, Wulf HC (April 2007). "The relation between sun protection factor and amount of suncreen applied in vivo".

5509: 580:

The SPF is an imperfect measure of skin damage because invisible damage and skin malignant melanomas are also caused by

8382: 7466:

Michalski B, Olasz E (July 2020). "What You Didn't Know About the Sun: Infrared Radiation and Its Role in Photoaging".

6844:"Sunscreens Containing Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Enhanced Efficiency: A Strategy for Skin Cancer Prevention" 6502: 5858: 4234:"Occurrence of and dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene in sunscreen products marketed in the United States" 3671: 3040: 2013: 8323: 6503:"Amending Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products" 4317:"Effect of Sunscreen Application on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients: A Randomized Clinical Trial" 521:, fortified milk, and orange juice, along with supplements, provide necessary vitamin D without harmful sun exposure. 9389: 7273: 6571: 5655: 3521: 2001:

have demonstrated the ability to reduce photodecomposition, protect antioxidants and limit skin penetration past the

1260: 6459:

Fourtanier A (October 1996). "Mexoryl SX protects against solar-simulated UVR-induced photocarcinogenesis in mice".

4953: 4522:

Norval M, Wulf HC (October 2009). "Does chronic sunscreen use reduce vitamin D production to insufficient levels?".

6732: 6645: 6563: 4567:"Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease" 4181: 1491:

2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid, 3-Benzoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid, Benzophenone-4

612: 8514:. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 94. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 15–35. 2366:

Labels of European sunscreens must disclose the use of nanoparticles in addition to the shelf life of the product.

2098: 5123: 4832: 4364:

Schlumpf M, Reichrath J, Lehmann B, Sigmundsdottir H, Feldmeyer L, Hofbauer GF, Lichtensteiger W (January 2010).

5904: 5188: 2470:) as safe ultraviolet filters, and for those concerned with coral bleaching, they should use non-nano ZnO or TiO 2021:

In the 2010s and 2020s, there has been increasing interest in sunscreens that protect the wearer from the sun's

9665: 9374: 3687:

Azoury SC, Lange JR (October 2014). "Epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, and early detection of melanoma".

2126: 1951:

Many of the ingredients awaiting approval by the FDA are relatively new, and developed to absorb UVA. The 2014

7761:"Iron oxides in novel skin care formulations attenuate blue light for enhanced protection against skin damage" 1948:

Time and Extent Application (TEA), Proposed Rule on FDA approval originally expected 2009, now expected 2015.

893: 9305:"Criticisms in the Development of High-Protection and Broad-Spectrum "Natural/Organic" Certifiable Sunscreen" 5970: 3359: 9357: 6679: 251:

Early civilizations used a variety of plant products to help protect the skin from sun damage. For example,

9660: 9410: 9382: 8169: 8035: 6730: 5278: 3952:"Sunscreens: UV filters to protect us: Part 1: Changing regulations and choices for optimal sun protection" 3765:

Kütting B, Drexler H (December 2010). "UV-induced skin cancer at workplace and evidence-based prevention".

2588: 2380:

ASEAN (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam)

1760: 1607: 1577: 1222: 616: 439: 8065: 7969: 6243: 5615: 5078:

Berneburg M, Plettenberg H, Medve-König K, Pfahlberg A, Gers-Barlag H, Gefeller O, Krutmann J (May 2004).

2466:

summarized the situation as the US FDA currently approving only zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO

426:

Minimizing UV damage is especially important for children and fair-skinned individuals and those who have

8719: 6898:"Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants" 3108:

Randrianarivony TN, Rakotoarivelo NH, Randriamalala JR (November 15, 2022), "Ethnobotany of Madagascar",

1654: 1162: 2208:

banned the manufacturing and selling of sun cream products containing any of the following ingredients:

2156:

Claims that substances in pill form can act as sunscreen are false and disallowed in the United States.

9085:

Danovaro R, Bongiorni L, Corinaldesi C, Giovannelli D, Damiani E, Astolfi P, et al. (April 2008).

6595:"Questions and Answers: FDA posts deemed final order and proposed order for over-the-counter sunscreen" 6153:"Questions and Answers: FDA posts deemed final order and proposed order for over-the-counter sunscreen" 4001:"Questions and Answers: FDA posts deemed final order and proposed order for over-the-counter sunscreen" 3345: 3014:"Questions and Answers: FDA posts deemed final order and proposed order for over-the-counter sunscreen" 427: 17: 4071: 3274:"7 Wonders of South Australia winners: Innovations - ABC (none) - Australian Broadcasting Corporation" 2432:

UVA/UVB ratio of 1/3. The list of approved sunscreen ingredients is greater than in Europe or the US.

442:(FDA) started classifying already approved UV filter molecules into three categories: those which are 8595:

Downs CA, Kramarsky-Winter E, Segal R, Fauth J, Knutson S, Bronstein O, et al. (February 2016).

8236: 8195: 8121: 5456: 5296: 2036: 2022: 6706: 6011:

Flindt-Hansen H, Thune P, Larsen TE (1990). "The inhibiting effect of PABA on photocarcinogenesis".

687:, UPF ~30+ is typical for protective fabrics, while UPF ~20 is typical for standard summer fabrics. 9570: 7102:

Rockel N, Esser C, Grether-Beck S, Warskulat U, Flögel U, Schwarz A, et al. (September 2007).

5401: 5080:"Induction of the photoaging-associated mitochondrial common deletion in vivo in normal human skin" 4445:"Vitamin D Deficiency, Its Role in Health and Disease, and Current Supplementation Recommendations" 2780: 2110: 1952: 1773: 188: 8406:"Majority of sunscreens could flunk proposed FDA standards for safety and efficacy, report to say" 7371:

Krutmann J, Berneburg M (January 2021). "" [Sun-damaged skin (photoaging): what is new?].

6221: 296:, a yellow-white cosmetic paste made of ground bark, is traditionally used for sun protection. In 9632: 8750: 8238: 8197: 4649: 1986: 1418: 864: 831: 678: 555: 481: 391: 206:

As of 2021, only zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are generally recognized as safe and effective (

184: 134: 7516:"Synergy of mica and inorganic UV filters maximizes Blue Light Protection as first defense line" 4862:

Young AR, Narbutt J, Harrison GI, Lawrence KP, Bell M, O'Connor C, et al. (November 2019).

2180: 1117:), which reflect, scatter, and absorb UV light. These are also referred to as "mineral" filters. 9514: 9453: 9238:

Horbury MD, Holt EL, Mouterde LM, Balaguer P, Cebrián J, Blasco L, et al. (October 2019).

6731:

Australian Government Department of Health Therapeutic Goods Administration (August 30, 2019).

5608:"Method for the in vitro determination of uva protection provided by sunscreen products, 2007a" 2213: 1720: 485: 450: 309: 8444:"Sunscreen products: Rationale for use, formulation development and regulatory considerations" 5825:"Nanotechnology Information Center: Properties, Applications, Research, and Safety Guidelines" 5429: 3273: 2913:

Chatzigianni M, Pavlou P, Siamidi A, Vlachou M, Varvaresou A, Papageorgiou S (November 2022).

2265:

To be classified as "broad spectrum", sunscreen products must provide protection against both

930: 607:, sunscreen labels can only go up to SPF 50+ (initially listed as 30 but soon revised to 50). 572:

of the burning radiation will reach the skin, assuming sunscreen is applied evenly at a thick

59: 5928: 5299:"Revised Effectiveness Determination; Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use" 3836: 3643: 3450: 2079:

There is a growing amount of research demonstrating that adding various vitamer antioxidants

1546:

EU, AUS (US: approved in certain formulations up to 3% via New Drug Application (NDA) Route)

492:

the body where the substance has been applied and sometimes may spread to unexpected sites."

42: 4315:

Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, Pilli NR, Patel V, Volpe DA, et al. (January 2020).

3511: 3303: 2357:

The critical wavelength is at least 370 nanometers (indicating that it is "broad-spectrum").

2059:

Some studies show that mineral sunscreens primarily made with substantially large particles

677:

The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) is a similar scale developed for rating fabrics for

331:

produced Red Vet Pet (for red veterinary petrolatum) for the US military. Sales boomed when

9539: 9468: 9251: 9194: 9043: 8990: 8907: 8852: 8762: 8608: 8291: 7905: 4245: 4028: 3774: 3553: 2926: 2819: 1741: 1380: 1046: 501: 399: 351:(Glacier Cream), subsequently became the basis for the company Piz Buin, named in honor of 7417:

Souza C, Maia Campos P, Schanzer S, Albrecht S, Lohan SB, Lademann J, et al. (2017).

5283: 2992: 2536: 8: 9499: 9489: 8122:

Department of Health and Human Services: Food and Drug Administration (August 25, 1978).

7104:"The osmolyte taurine protects against ultraviolet B radiation-induced immunosuppression" 6343: 3413: 2703: 1816: 1203: 1106: 9255: 9198: 9047: 8994: 8951: 8911: 8856: 8766: 8689: 8612: 8295: 8198:"Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Final Rules and Proposed Rules" 7909: 6296: 4266: 4249: 4233: 4032: 3778: 3722:

Burnett ME, Wang SQ (April 2011). "Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review".

3557: 2930: 2866:"The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review" 2823: 2341:

V. The product must adhere to the approved list of preservatives for cosmetic products.

317: 9670: 9285: 9272: 9239: 9215: 9182: 9163: 9111: 9086: 9067: 8933: 8876: 8786: 8632: 8533: 8468: 8443: 8374: 8315: 8196:

Department of Health and Human Services: Food and Drug Administration (June 17, 2011).

8017: 7877: 7833: 7785: 7760: 7741: 7692: 7578: 7491: 7448: 7396: 7353: 7254: 7176: 7133: 7079: 7052: 6976: 6927: 6870: 6843: 6821: 6561: 6484: 6472: 6441: 6398: 6308: 6198: 6171: 6085: 6036: 5916: 5806: 5756: 5589: 5406: 5297:

Department of Health and Human Services: Food and Drug Administration (June 17, 2011).

5170: 4901: 4888: 4863: 4788: 4740: 4715: 4696: 4631: 4547: 4474: 4390: 4365: 4341: 4316: 4145: 4052: 3976: 3951: 3903: 3848: 3798: 3747: 3577: 3192: 2947: 2914: 2890: 2865: 2843: 2739: 2684: 2090: 2006: 1977: 1437:

Octyl-methoxycinnamate, Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2-Ethylhexyl-paramethoxycinnamate

593: 161: 149: 8596: 8237:

Department of Health and Human Services: Food and Drug Administration (May 11, 2012).

7710:

Dumbuya H, Grimes PE, Lynch S, Ji K, Brahmachary M, Zheng Q, et al. (July 2020).

6386: 4413: 2444:

In 2018, Hawaii passed a legislation that prohibits the sale of sunscreens containing

2338:

IV. The product must adhere to the approved list of colourants for cosmetic products.

9360:– illustrated explanation of how UV light is absorbed by chemicals in sunscreen from 9336: 9289: 9277: 9220: 9167: 9155: 9116: 9059: 9016: 8937: 8925: 8868: 8790: 8778: 8751:"Examine all available evidence before making decisions on sunscreen ingredient bans" 8624: 8574: 8537: 8523: 8473: 8378: 8366: 8319: 8307: 8009: 8005: 7939: 7921: 7917: 7881: 7869: 7837: 7825: 7790: 7745: 7733: 7696: 7684: 7582: 7570: 7495: 7483: 7440: 7400: 7388: 7357: 7345: 7258: 7246: 7211: 7168: 7125: 7084: 7030: 6968: 6919: 6875: 6813: 6809: 6476: 6433: 6402: 6390: 6300: 6203: 6126: 6077: 6028: 5964: 5908: 5828: 5810: 5798: 5748: 5581: 5577: 5162: 5158: 5101: 5096: 5079: 5060: 5025: 5020: 5003: 4984: 4905: 4893: 4780: 4745: 4731: 4692: 4623: 4588: 4539: 4535: 4466: 4395: 4346: 4271: 4149: 4137: 4056: 4044: 3981: 3895: 3840: 3790: 3739: 3735: 3704: 3667: 3631: 3581: 3569: 3517: 3417: 3353: 3253: 3226: 3196: 3184: 3121: 3061: 3036: 2952: 2895: 2847: 2835: 2761: 2731: 2723: 2676: 2668: 1126: 1096: 1054: 261: 9071: 8880: 8864: 8774: 8021: 7180: 7137: 6980: 6931: 6825: 6646:"Docs rally for better sun protection — Advances still unavailable in United States" 6488: 6445: 6312: 6089: 5920: 5760: 5727:"Metal oxide sunscreens protect skin by absorption, not by reflection or scattering" 5593: 5174: 4792: 4700: 4635: 4551: 4478: 4257: 3950:

Sabzevari, Nina; Qiblawi, Sultan; Norton, Scott A.; Fivenson, David (May 26, 2020).

3907: 3852: 3802: 3751: 3597:"An update on sunscreen requirements: The deemed final order and the proposed order" 3565: 3400:

Maceachern WN, Jillson OF (January 1964). "A Practical Sunscreen -- "RED VET PET"".

2831: 2743: 2688: 2647:"Metal oxide sunscreens protect skin by absorption, not by reflection or scattering" 1997:

Other inactive ingredients can also assist in photostabilizing unstable UV filters.

9608: 9519: 9361: 9326: 9316: 9267: 9259: 9210: 9202: 9147: 9106: 9098: 9051: 9006: 8998: 8915: 8860: 8770: 8636: 8616: 8564: 8515: 8463: 8455: 8358: 8299: 8239:"Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Delay of Compliance Dates" 8131: 8001: 7913: 7861: 7817: 7780: 7772: 7723: 7676: 7562: 7475: 7452: 7430: 7380: 7337: 7238: 7203: 7160: 7115: 7074: 7064: 7020: 6958: 6909: 6865: 6855: 6805: 6468: 6425: 6382: 6292: 6193: 6183: 6116: 6067: 6040: 6020: 5900: 5790: 5738: 5573: 5501: 5434: 5306: 5154: 5091: 5052: 5015: 4883: 4875: 4772: 4735: 4727: 4688: 4615: 4578: 4531: 4492: 4456: 4385: 4377: 4336: 4328: 4261: 4253: 4127: 4036: 3971: 3963: 3887: 3832: 3820: 3782: 3731: 3696: 3623: 3561: 3409: 3176: 3113: 2942: 2934: 2885: 2877: 2827: 2715: 2658: 2122: 2086: 1559: 1463: 1346:

Banned in Hawaii since 2018 - "harmful to coral reefs, fish, and other ocean life"

1139: 1114: 858: 683: 615:

increased the upper limit to 50+ in 2012. In its 2007 and 2011 draft rules, the US

597: 514: 284: 278: 179:

Hybrid sunscreens, which contain a combination of organic and inorganic UV filters.

169: 153: 35: 9181:

Deng Y, Ediriwickrema A, Yang F, Lewis J, Girardi M, Saltzman WM (December 2015).

3614:

Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR (December 2011). "Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma".

3141: 589: 200: 196: 9628: 9534: 8920: 8895: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7479: 6121: 6104: 5680: 3891: 3247: 2002: 1881: 1080: 1036: 336: 222: 106: 31: 9404: 7120: 7103: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 5342:"Status of OTC Rulemakings - Rulemaking History for OTC Sunscreen Drug Products" 5222: 3488: 9560: 9263: 9151: 8459: 8090: 7821: 7384: 7207: 7025: 7008: 6963: 6280: 5824: 5794: 5374: 5056: 4132: 4115: 4040: 3967: 3933: 3627: 2938: 2488: 2245: 2209: 2118: 2069: 1794: 1158: 1005: 604: 340: 252: 218: 9055: 8620: 7589: 7566: 7555:

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und Verwandte Gebiete

7373:

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und Verwandte Gebiete

7341: 7330:

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und Verwandte Gebiete

6860: 5649:"N° 23 IMPORTANT USAGE AND LABELLING INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUN PROTECTION PRODUCTS" 4619: 4583: 4566: 4164:"Sunscreens - ensuring products are effective and safe for the 2021-22 summer" 3786: 3700: 2335:

III. The product must not contain substances restricted for cosmetic products

1408:

Eusolex OCR, Parsol 340, 2-Cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylic acid, 2-ethylhexylester

1217:

Protects against skin tumors in mice. Shown to increase DNA defects, and not

9654: 9590: 9368: 9340: 9321: 9304: 9159: 9135: 8929: 7069: 6914: 6897: 6188: 6137: 5505: 5489: 2727: 2672: 2287: 2266: 2229: 2114: 2052: 1486: 982:

test like SPF. In addition, the European Cosmetic and Perfumery Association (

947:. The MPF is roughly the inverse of the transmittance at a given wavelength. 647: 581: 256: 9136:"Sunscreen Safety: a Review of Recent Studies on Humans and the Environment" 6222:"Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) - OPINION on Benzophenone-3" 4332: 3117: 966: 622: 449:

Regulators can investigate and ban UV filters over safety concerns (such as

9598: 9575: 9565: 9555: 9281: 9224: 9120: 9063: 9020: 8872: 8782: 8628: 8578: 8477: 8370: 8346: 8311: 8279: 8013: 7925: 7873: 7829: 7794: 7737: 7728: 7711: 7688: 7574: 7487: 7444: 7392: 7349: 7250: 7242: 7228: 7215: 7172: 7129: 7088: 7034: 6972: 6879: 6817: 6437: 6394: 6339:"Hawaii is about to ban your favorite sunscreen to protect its coral reefs" 6304: 6207: 6072: 6055: 5912: 5802: 5752: 5585: 5166: 5105: 5064: 5029: 4988: 4897: 4784: 4749: 4627: 4592: 4543: 4470: 4399: 4381: 4350: 4275: 4141: 4048: 3985: 3899: 3844: 3794: 3743: 3708: 3635: 3573: 3421: 3188: 2956: 2915:"Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review" 2899: 2839: 2735: 2680: 2317:

due to safety concerns and have consequently been removed from the market.

2237: 2233: 2102: 1998: 1859: 1698: 1676: 1308: 1143: 1100: 1024:"or an equivalent degree of protection obtained with any in vitro method". 643: 510: 458: 324: 8819:. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. April 1, 2019. 6923: 6480: 6373:

Lautenschlager S, Wulf HC, Pittelkow MR (August 2007). "Photoprotection".

6130: 6081: 6032: 5119: 4606:

Sayre RM, Dowdy JC (2007). "Darkness at noon: sunscreens and vitamin D3".

4461: 4444: 690:

Mathematically, the SPF (or the UPF) is calculated from measured data as:

418: 9636: 9580: 9423: 9331: 8519: 6281:"Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin" 4776: 3107: 2483: 2332:

II. The product must not contain substances banned for cosmetic products

2217: 2099:

ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, ascorbyl palmitate, sodium ascorbyl phosphate

1968: 1403: 1147: 1122: 473: 395: 265: 118: 9011: 6842:

Dahabra L, Broadberry G, Le Gresley A, Najlah M, Khoder M (March 2021).

5077: 2168: 9613: 9585: 9529: 9524: 9509: 9504: 9448: 9084: 8569: 8552: 8362: 8303: 7776: 7602:"Advanced Sun protection with Titanium Dioxides and Functional Fillers" 6150: 6024: 5743: 5726: 5339: 4290:"What is benzene, and why does it keep causing beauty product recalls?" 4205: 3998: 3180: 2719: 2663: 2646: 2449: 2445: 2277: 2221: 2065: 1973: 1589: 1510: 1432: 1357: 1332: 1234: 1151: 1135: 1110: 550: 477: 469: 465: 411: 406: 332: 328: 313: 301: 297: 230: 226: 165: 126: 110: 9102: 9002: 7865: 7680: 7435: 7418: 7164: 6837: 6835: 6429: 4879: 4363: 2881: 2859: 2857: 2029:

as well as ultraviolet light. This is due to newer research revealing

1172:

The following are the FDA allowable active ingredients in sunscreens:

80: 9484: 9206: 6056:"The effect of short-term application of PABA on photocarcinogenesis" 5696:"Is sunscreen from last year still good? When does sunscreen expire?" 2997: 2329:

I. Cosmetic safety report must be conducted by a qualified personnel

2225: 2130: 2094: 1903: 927:

the monochromatic protection factor, all functions of the wavelength

608: 585: 518: 273: 9371:– A survey conducted about the sunscreen habits of modern Americans. 7984: 1703:

Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenol triazine, BEMT, anisotriazine

187:

recommend the use of sunscreen because it aids in the prevention of

9494: 9463: 8095: 6947:"Silymarin: An interesting modality in dermatological therapeutics" 6832: 3167:

Ma Y, Yoo J (April 2021). "History of sunscreen: An updated view".

2854: 2428: 2026: 1990: 1535: 1284: 1211:

15% (USA), (EU: banned from sale to consumers from 8 October 2009)

1130: 1041: 988: 973: 671: 656: 638: 533: 464:

Recent research by the FDA on six common petrochemical UV filters (

387: 352: 316:

released its first sunscreen product, formulated by French chemist

269: 192: 138: 8817:"New study measures UV-filters in seawater and corals from Hawaii" 7850: 4308: 3543: 2762:"Failure to Protect: Do Sunscreens Prevent Skin Cancer in Humans?" 2704:"A review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide" 233:, a traditional sunscreen whose use dates back to the 18th century 160:

Mineral sunscreens (also referred to as physical), which use only

9640: 6841: 6176:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3437:

Sunscreens: Regulations and Commercial Development, Third Edition

2082: 978: 632: 538: 454: 344: 293: 289: 243: 114: 9087:"Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections" 8280:"Sunscreen: FDA regulation, and environmental and health impact" 7968:. Cosmetic, Toiletry & Perfumery Association. Archived from 7416: 7101: 6415: 5144: 2912: 2781:""Physical" vs. "chemical" sunscreens and other sunscreen myths" 1011: 986:) has introduced a method that, it is claimed, can measure this 237: 8594: 3767:

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

3246:

Rigel DS, Weiss RA, Lim HW, Dover JS, eds. (January 30, 2004).

1799:

CAS 3121-60-6, Sodium Dihydroxy Dimethoxy Disulfobenzophenone

1447: 130: 122: 30:"Sunblock" redirects here. For the electronic music group, see 9240:"Towards symmetry driven and nature inspired UV filter design" 8551:

Raffa RB, Pergolizzi JV, Taylor R, Kitzen JM (February 2019).

7327: 6593:

Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (December 16, 2022).

5490:"How to measure UVA protection afforded by sunscreen products" 4920:"Sunscreen: The comprehensive guide to sunscreen in Australia" 3949: 3595:

Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (December 16, 2022).

3012:

Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (November 16, 2021).

1908:

Isopentyl-4-methoxycinnamate, Isoamyl p-Methoxycinnamate, IMC

398:. There is little evidence that it is effective in preventing 6151:

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (December 16, 2022).

4974: 4716:"Sunlight and vitamin D: both good for cardiovascular health" 3999:

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (November 16, 2021).

2491: 2205: 1451: 7894: 6053: 4861: 4206:

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (January 30, 2023).

3821:"Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: a randomized trial" 2971:"Skin Cancer - Skin Cancer Facts - Common Skin Cancer Types" 2645:

Cole, Curtis; Shyr, Thomas; Ou-Yang, Hao (October 2, 2015).

2482:

New products are in development such as sunscreens based on

2344:

VI. The product must contain UV filters approved in Europe.

1926:

Methoxypropylamino cyclohexenylidene ethoxyethylcyanoacetate

191:. The routine use of sunscreens may also reduce the risk of 9237: 8980: 8550: 7644:. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. March 22, 2018. 6372: 5905:

10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0401:POBMAA>2.0.CO;2

5274:"Questions and Answers on the 2007 Sunscreen Proposed Rule" 4314: 2702:

Schneider, Samantha L.; Lim, Henry W. (November 16, 2018).

2347:

According to the EC, sunscreens at a minimum must exhibit:

2073: 1000: 558:

shortly after application of sunscreen to half of the face.

9459:

Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (Uvinul A Plus)

9180: 7524:

International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists

7006: 5340:

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (April 23, 2019).

5001: 3666:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.14. 3031:

Nadim S (2005). "Sunscreen Evolution". In Shaath N (ed.).

1681:

Methylene Bis-Benzotriazolyl Tetramethylbutylphenol, MBBT

1622:

Zinc oxide was approved as a UV filter by the EU in 2016.

1517:

phenyl)propane-1,3-dione, Butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane,

8952:"Coral: Palau to ban sunscreen products to protect reefs" 8664:"Some Sunscreens May Kill Corals. Should They Be Banned?" 8410: 7304:"Hallstar develops photostabilizer for sun care products" 7274:"Polycrylene for Photostabilization and Water Resistance" 5002:

Haywood R, Wardman P, Sanders R, Linge C (October 2003).

2864:

Suh S, Pham C, Smith J, Mesinkovska NA (September 2020).

2270: 73:

Sun screen, sunblock, sunburn cream, sun cream, block out

9302: 8841: 8124:"Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use" 7807: 7552: 6951:

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

6733:"Australian Regulatory Guidelines for Sunscreens (ARGS)" 6010: 4017: 3818: 3033:

Sunscreens : regulations and commercial development

1099:

which absorb ultraviolet light. Some organic compounds (

1083:—a date indicating when they may become less effective. 8510:

Pirotta G (2020). "Sunscreen Regulation in the World".

6895: 6170:

Mosley CN, Wang L, Gilley S, Wang S, Yu H (June 2007).

3819:

Hughes MC, Williams GM, Baker P, Green AC (June 2013).

3035:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Fl.: Taylor & Francis. 2863: 422:

A tube of SPF 30 sunscreen on sale in the United States

27:

Topical skin product that helps protect against sunburn

8601:

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

8091:"Palau is first country to ban 'reef toxic' sun cream" 7898:

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology

7196:

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

6764:"Sunscreen Formulas With Multilayer Lamella Structure" 4681:

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity

4493:"Sunscreen may cause vitamin D deficiency, says study" 4072:"Sunscreen: What science says about ingredient safety" 4021:

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

3877: 3342:"Quantum Leaps: New, Improved Sunscreens Have Arrived" 2363:

Evidence the sunscreen meets UVA and SPF requirements.

592:

to cells deep within the skin, increasing the risk of

144:

Sunscreens may be classified according to the type of

7994: