Email - Knowledge

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from home, whether they are across town or across the world. Alerts can also be sent to the smartphone or other devices to notify them immediately of new messages. This has given email the ability to be used for more frequent communication between users and allowed them to check their email and write messages throughout the day. As of 2011, there were approximately 1.4 billion email users worldwide and 50 billion non-spam emails that were sent daily.

1724: 1471: 50: 544:. These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product's Internet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system. 1799:, and Internet service providers implement various limitations on the size of files, or complete email – typically to 25MB or less. Furthermore, due to technical reasons, attachment sizes as seen by these transport systems can differ from what the user sees, which can be confusing to senders when trying to assess whether they can safely send a file by email. Where larger files need to be shared, various 410: 1815:" in dealing with increasing volumes of email. With the growth in mobile devices, by default employees may also receive work-related emails outside of their working day. This can lead to increased stress and decreased satisfaction with work. Some observers even argue it could have a significant negative economic effect, as efforts to read the many emails could reduce 1190:. Several prominent email clients use their own proprietary format and require conversion software to transfer email between them. Server-side storage is often in a proprietary format but since access is through a standard protocol such as IMAP, moving email from one server to another can be done with any 2857:

The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body. If the content conforms to other contemporary standards, the header section is a collection of header fields, each consisting of a header name, a colon, and data, structured as in the message

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invisibly embedded in HTML content can alert the sender of any email whenever an email is rendered as HTML (some e-mail clients do this when the user reads, or re-reads the e-mail) and from which IP address. It can also reveal whether an email was read on a smartphone or a PC, or Apple Mac device via

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are increasingly used to check email while traveling and to make brief replies, larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually, the

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Unlike a telephone or in-person conversation, email by its nature creates a detailed written record of the communication, the identity of the sender(s) and recipient(s) and the date and time the message was sent. In the event of a contract or legal dispute, saved emails can be used to prove that an

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Also known as "email fatigue", email bankruptcy is when a user ignores a large number of email messages after falling behind in reading and answering them. The reason for falling behind is often due to information overload and a general sense there is so much information that it is not possible to

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now largely mitigate the impact of spam by filtering or rejecting it for most users, but the volume sent is still very high—and increasingly consists not of advertisements for products, but malicious content or links. In September 2017, for example, the proportion of spam to legitimate email

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accounts, making email the most popular activity for users to do on their smartphones. 78% of the respondents in the study revealed that they check their email on their phone. It was also found that 30% of consumers use only their smartphone to check their email, and 91% were likely to check their

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and on all types of computers. Mobile "apps" for email increase accessibility to the medium for users who are out of their homes. While in the earliest years of email, users could only access email on desktop computers, in the 2010s, it is possible for users to check their email when they are away

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Upon reception of email messages, email client applications save messages in operating system files in the file system. Some clients save individual messages as separate files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is

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such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters and information using message header fields. The body contains the message, as unstructured text, sometimes containing a

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The original SMTP mail service provides limited mechanisms for tracking a transmitted message, and none for verifying that it has been delivered or read. It requires that each mail server must either deliver it onward or return a failure notice (bounce message), but both software bugs and system

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Today it can be important to distinguish between the Internet and internal email systems. Internet email may travel and be stored on networks and computers without the sender's or the recipient's control. During the transit time it is possible that third parties read or even modify the content.

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methods typically use spoofing to mislead the recipient about the true message origin. Email spoofing may be done as a prank, or as part of a criminal effort to defraud an individual or organization. An example of a potentially fraudulent email spoofing is if an individual creates an email that

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by sending raw non-ASCII text and several encoding schemes co-exist; as a result, by default, the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form (the only exception is a coincidence if the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme). Therefore, for international

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email at least once per day on their smartphone. However, the percentage of consumers using email on a smartphone ranges and differs dramatically across different countries. For example, in comparison to 75% of those consumers in the US who used it, only 17% in India did.

843:, which may be extracted from the header content. The "To:" field is similar to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter delivered according to the address on the outer envelope. In the same way, the "From:" field may not be the sender. Some mail servers apply 1528:

Email has been widely accepted by businesses, governments and non-governmental organizations in the developed world, and it is one of the key parts of an 'e-revolution' in workplace communication (with the other key plank being widespread adoption of highspeed

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Originally Internet email was completely ASCII text-based. MIME now allows body content text and some header content text in international character sets, but other headers and email addresses using UTF-8, while standardized have yet to be widely adopted.

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It is possible for an exchange of emails to form a binding contract, so users must be careful about what they send through email correspondence. A signature block on an email may be interpreted as satisfying a signature requirement for a contract.

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scheme for SMTP email addresses. Though its use is not strictly defined, URLs of this form are intended to be used to open the new message window of the user's mail client when the URL is activated, with the address as defined by the URL in the

770:: commonly with values "bulk", "junk", or "list"; used to indicate automated "vacation" or "out of office" responses should not be returned for this mail, e.g. to prevent vacation notices from sent to all other subscribers of a mailing list. 647:. It ends with the separator character ":". The separator is followed by the field value (the "field body"). The value can continue onto subsequent lines if those lines have space or tab as their first character. Field names and, without 2370: 1170:

When opening an email, it is marked as "read", which typically visibly distinguishes it from "unread" messages on clients' user interfaces. Email clients may allow hiding read emails from the inbox so the user can focus on the unread.

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appears to be an invoice from a major company, and then sends it to one or more recipients. In some cases, these fraudulent emails incorporate the logo of the purported organization and even the email address may appear legitimate.

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apply only to email. RFC 5322 replaced the earlier RFC 822 in 2008, then RFC 2822 in 2001 replaced RFC 822 – the standard for Internet email for decades. Published in 1982, RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET.

4229: 1619:" is often successfully used to send special sales offerings and new product information. Depending on the recipient's culture, email sent without permission—such as an "opt-in"—is likely to be viewed as unwelcome " 667:

characters; for encoding characters in other sets, a syntax specified in RFC 2047 may be used. In some examples, the IETF EAI working group defines some standards track extensions, replacing previous experimental extensions so

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can be inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Email provides a method of exchanging information between two or more people with no set-up costs and that is generally far less expensive than a physical meeting or phone

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have been developed. However, these are often seen as underhand or raising privacy concerns, and only work with email clients that support rendering of HTML. Many mail clients now default to not showing "web content".

2117:), then the innocent email address that was used can be flooded with NDRs from the many invalid email addresses the spammer may have attempted to mail. These NDRs then constitute spam from the ISP to the innocent user. 1938:

many Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of email messages on their mail servers before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for up to several months on their server, despite deletion from the

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characters may be used within the header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such addresses are supported by Google and Microsoft products, and promoted by some government agents.

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Email "spam" is unsolicited bulk email. The low cost of sending such email meant that, by 2003, up to 30% of total email traffic was spam, and was threatening the usefulness of email as a practical tool. The US

1389:. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's). POP3 allows downloading messages on a local computer and reading them even when offline. 774:

uses this field to affect prioritization of queued email, with "Precedence: special-delivery" messages delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks, delivery priority is less of an issue than it was.

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In practice, some accepted messages may nowadays not be delivered to the recipient's InBox, but instead to a Spam or Junk folder which, especially in a corporate environment, may be inaccessible to the

2726: 2429: 374:(GOSIP), would predominate. However, once the final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic over the Internet ended in 1995, a combination of factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP, 2366: 3494:

SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content. ... The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body.

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As of 2010, the number of Americans visiting email web sites had fallen 6 percent after peaking in November 2009. For persons 12 to 17, the number was down 18 percent. Young people preferred

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is the intentional sending of large volumes of messages to a target address. The overloading of the target email address can render it unusable and can even cause the mail server to crash.

1323:) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory. 4767: 3535:

A message comprises a transit-handling envelope and the message content. The envelope contains information used by the MHS. The content is divided into a structured header and the body.

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read it all. As a solution, people occasionally send a "boilerplate" message explaining that their email inbox is full, and that they are in the process of clearing out all the messages.

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Email header fields can be multi-line, with each line recommended to be no more than 78 characters, although the limit is 998 characters. Header fields defined by RFC 5322 contain only

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Individuals often check emails on smartphones for both personal and work-related messages. It was found that US adults check their email more than they browse the web or check their

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Much of the business world relies on communications between people who are not physically in the same building, area, or even country; setting up and attending an in-person meeting,

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communication by meetings or phone calls, participants must work on the same schedule, and each participant must spend the same amount of time in the meeting or call. Email allows

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is often treated as a basic and necessary part of many processes in business, commerce, government, education, entertainment, and other spheres of daily life in most countries.

4898: 720:: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below. 4688: 4513: 1795:

documents, and scanned images of paper documents. In principle, there is no technical restriction on the size or number of attachments. However, in practice, email clients,

637:("header fields"). Each field has a name ("field name" or "header field name"), followed by the separator character ":", and a value ("field body" or "header field body"). 355:

HPMAIL (later HP DeskManager) were released in 1982; development work on the former began in the late 1970s and the latter became the world's largest selling email system.

4312: 1855:. This is often achieved by attaching malicious programs to the message and persuading potential victims to open the file. Types of malware distributed via email include 1128:(MDAs, also sometimes called local delivery agents, LDAs). Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver it, and when a message cannot be delivered, that MTA must send a 570:. This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable. However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by originators of 4999: 5751: 5451: 4673: 1935:

email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination, meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages.

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accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect, typically to a

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Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolf, Stephen (1999).

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S. Kiesler; D. Zubrow; A.M. Moses; V. Geller (1985). "Affect in computer-mediated communication: an experiment in synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion".

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is Dave Crocker's attempt at capturing the sequence of 'significant' occurrences in the evolution of email; a collaborative effort that also cites this page.

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field, many email clients fill this in automatically before sending. The recipient's client may display the time in the format and time zone local to them.

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email systems emerged in the mid 1980s. For a time in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it seemed likely that either a proprietary commercial system or the

5069: 4491: 3914: 4712: 2566: 1566:: each participant may control their schedule independently. Batch processing of incoming emails can improve workflow compared to interrupting calls. 1385:

3 (POP3) is a mail access protocol used by a client application to read messages from the mail server. Received messages are often deleted from the

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smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP. This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final

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to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not downloaded to the web client, so it cannot be read without a current Internet connection.

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was orignally the form favored in edited published American English and British English writing, and was formerly preferred by some style guides.

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field may be unrelated to the addresses to which the message is delivered. The delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol,

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field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and HTTP, and referencing relevant RFCs. Common header fields for email include:

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used in-house mail systems in the 1970s; CompuServe sold a commercial intraoffice mail product in 1978 to IBM and to Xerox from 1981. DEC's

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Delivery Reports can be used to verify whether an address exists and if so, this indicates to a spammer that it is available to be spammed.

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occurs when a person sends a message (or many messages) with angry or antagonistic content. The term is derived from the use of the word

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field. Many clients also support query string parameters for the other email fields, such as its subject line or carbon copy recipients.

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Email messages may have one or more attachments, which are additional files that are appended to the email. Typical attachments include

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Internet email messages consist of two sections, "header" and "body". These are known as "content". The header is structured into

797:: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies to reply messages. 6497: 5980: 560:

Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail even if the primary is not available.

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Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service.

4166:[How to Prevent the Winmail.dat File from Being Sent to Internet Users]. Microsoft Support. July 2, 2010. Archived from 4304: 3779: 1989:/Secure Sockets Layer can be used to encrypt communications for a single mail hop between the SMTP client and the SMTP server. 590:, with encoding of non-ASCII data and multimedia content attachments defined in RFC 2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called 2875: 5522: 4996: 4033: 3744: 3383: 2984: 592: 301: 146: 5574: 1996:

do not protect logins and passwords, making them easy to intercept by an attacker. Encrypted authentication schemes such as

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the "Received:"-fields and other information in the email can often identify the sender, preventing anonymous communication.

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Many email providers have a web-based email client. This allows users to log into the email account by using any compatible

687:: The email address, and, optionally, the name of the author(s). Some email clients are changeable through account settings. 564:

Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are called

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standard introduced character set specifiers and two content transfer encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII data:

5448: 3939: 2240: 809:: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc. 702: 2106:

Many ISPs now deliberately disable non-delivery reports (NDRs) and delivery receipts due to the activities of spammers:

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As well pre-processing of customer's orders or addressing the person in charge can be realized by automated procedures.

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personnel and others whose function may involve monitoring or managing may be accessing the email of other employees.

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Internal mail systems, in which the information never leaves the organizational network, may be more secure, although

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The ubiquity of email for knowledge workers and "white collar" employees has led to concerns that recipients face an "

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Many current email users do not run MTA, MDA or MUA programs themselves, but use a web-based email platform, such as

886:: after a server verifies authentication, it can save the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents. 433:

The MSA determines the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header)—in this case,

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to describe particularly heated email discussions. The ease and impersonality of email communications mean that the

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occurs when the email message header is designed to make the message appear to come from a known or trusted source.

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systems to messages relayed. Data pertaining to the server's activity is also part of the header, as defined below.

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and as a consequence open mail relays have become rare, and many MTAs do not accept messages from open mail relays.

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Catarina, Jessica; Feitel, Jesse (2019). "Inadvertent Contract Formation via Email under New York Law: An Update".

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A complete Message Tracking mechanism was also defined, but it never gained traction; see RFCs 3885 through 3888.

2294: 2092: 825:: Address of the sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From: field (secretary, list manager, etc.). 791:: Also an automatic-generated field to prevent multiple deliveries and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below). 4977: 4939: 3400: 3350: 861:: after an SMTP server accepts a message, it inserts this trace record at the top of the header (last to first). 744:; Many email clients mark email in one's inbox differently depending on whether they are in the To: or Cc: list. 57:; users can see new emails and take actions, such as reading, deleting, saving, or responding to these messages. 6592: 2456: 1745: 1492: 439: 305: 5094: 2695: 6687: 6682: 6582: 6502: 4460: 1117: 840: 651:, field bodies are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Some non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME 419: 359: 6597: 6231: 6216: 5796: 4923: 4709: 4138: 3902: 2096: 1839: 1573: 1012:

Advantages of HTML include the ability to include in-line links and images, set apart previous messages in

731: 727: 222: 5714: 754:; addresses are usually only specified during SMTP delivery, and not usually listed in the message header. 261:. The conventions for fields within emails—the "To", "From", "CC", "BCC" etc.—began with RFC-680 in 1975. 6656: 6612: 5973: 5909: 2160: 1075: 640:

Each field name begins in the first character of a new line in the header section, and begins with a non-

455: 166: 5510: 5423: 1093:(RTF), but this should be avoided unless the recipient is guaranteed to have a compatible email client. 960:

extensions were introduced to allow transmission of mail without the need for these encodings, but many

435: 6130: 6075: 5696: 3576:"MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text" 3447: 1703: 903: 1267:

format, containing the email header and body, including attachments in one or more of several formats.

5806: 5691: 5356:"Made In India 'Datamail' Empowers Russia With Email Address In Russian Language - Digital Conqueror" 3836: 2546: 1422: 1244: 1160: 776: 710: 706: 541: 3019: 6165: 5866: 5295: 4783: 3408: 2170: 2005: 1986: 1457:

where vendors have added MAPI support to allow their products to be accessed directly via Outlook.

634: 609: 2578: 2080: 6120: 6090: 5819: 2951: 2574: 2464: 2180: 1962: 1734: 1481: 893: 3299: 1401:(IMAP) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple devices. Small portable devices like 6651: 6542: 6452: 6374: 6369: 5966: 5791: 5786: 5781: 4439: 4402: 3210: 2040:

that encourage civility in person or via telephone do not exist and civility may be forgotten.

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The MUA formats the message in email format and uses the submission protocol, a profile of the

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Computer-based messaging between users of the same system became possible after the advent of

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individual was advised of certain issues, as each email has the date and time recorded on it.

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Crocker, D.; Hansen, T.; Kucherawy, M. (2011). Crocker, D; Hansen, T; Kucherawy, M (eds.).

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prevent this. Finally, the attached files share many of the same hazards as those found in

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RFC 2368 section 3 : by Paul Hoffman in 1998 discusses operation of the "mailto" URL.

4105: 8: 6547: 6527: 6482: 6359: 6319: 6293: 6288: 6191: 6125: 6115: 5884: 2998: 2567:"What is the correct way to spell 'e' words such as 'email', 'ecommerce', 'egovernment'?" 2076: 1974: 1559: 1256: 1125: 1121: 1110: 1060: 1052: 601: 150: 38: 3191: 6211: 5605: 4571: 3591: 3346: 3273: 3177: 2660: 2165: 2140: 2056: 2029: 1796: 1683: 1386: 1227: 1179: 1175: 1055:

for all the above reasons, and because they have a significant number of readers using

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In addition to this example, alternatives and complications exist in the email system:

463: 363: 127: 119: 103:). Email is a ubiquitous and very widely used communication medium; in current use, an 4118:

When posting to a RootsWeb mailing list, your message should be sent as "plain text."

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styles. Disadvantages include the increased size of the email, privacy concerns about

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From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995

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developed similar, but generally incompatible, mail applications. In 1971 the first

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makes changes to image files, the uploader receives an email about the changes made.

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Rich Kawanagh. The top ten email spam list of 2005. ITVibe news, 2006, January 02,

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applications that can serve as a remedy to one or more of the above. For example,

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has been in use with its modern meaning since 1975, and variations of the shorter

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Many users access their personal emails from friends and family members using a

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Users can retrieve their messages from servers using standard protocols such as

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SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content.

2285: 2220: 2155: 2114: 2009: 1877: 1872: 1788: 1544: 1129: 940:, but must assume it will communicate with 7-bit servers and mail readers. The 6395: 4479: 2121:

In the absence of standard methods, a range of system based around the use of

2103:(return receipts); however, these are not universally deployed in production. 1969:

can be used to encrypt traffic from the user machine to a safer network while

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Email privacy, without some security precautions, can be compromised because:

1063:. Various informal conventions evolved for marking up plain text in email and 875:

Other fields added on top of the header by the receiving server may be called

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rose to 59.56%. The percentage of spam email in 2021 is estimated to be 85%.

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Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as

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network mail was sent, introducing the now-familiar address syntax with the '

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Martin, Brett A. S.; Van Durme, Joel; Raulas, Mika; Merisavo, Marko (2003).

4164:"Verhindern, dass die Datei "Winmail.dat" an Internetbenutzer gesendet wird" 4049: 701:

RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the

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IBM's system was available on request to customers prior to formal release.

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3.5 times as much as those over 45, and were far less likely to use email.

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The following is a typical sequence of events that takes place when sender

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is sometimes used. The original usage in June 1979 occurred in the journal

199:(RFC) and working groups. This spelling also appears in most dictionaries. 54: 4167: 3245: 1101: 1040:. Some e-mail clients interpret the body as HTML even in the absence of a 906:(DKIM) decryption to verify the message was not changed after it was sent. 6339: 6278: 6206: 6135: 5771: 5593: 2215: 2150: 2063:

is credited with coining this term, but he may only have popularized it.

1536:

It has some key benefits to business and other organizations, including:

1442: 1370: 1248: 1210: 1202: 1156: 1144: 1013: 937: 741: 554:

Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1.

534: 451: 189: 85: 5625:

Electronic Mail: An Introduction to the X.400 Message Handling Standards

5238:"UK court ruling says email signature blocks can sign binding contracts" 2937: 2924:

Gardner, P. C. (1981). "A system for the automated office environment".

2387: 652: 229:, which was developed in the late 1970s and operated in the early 1980s. 6517: 6344: 6334: 6025: 6020: 5844: 5099: 3261: 3063: 2275: 2265: 2250: 2225: 1903: 1898: 1881: 1860: 1828: 1748: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1707: 1649: 1620: 1495: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1402: 1338: 1320: 1312: 1304: 1276: 1260: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 787: 571: 547:

Alice may not have an MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a

470: 344: 340: 238: 6160: 5266: 5174: 3966: 3802: 3663: 3622: 3575: 3548: 1838:

and similar laws elsewhere had some impact, and a number of effective

948:

for mostly 7-bit content with a few characters outside that range and

779:

respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the

6607: 6552: 6467: 6462: 6364: 6298: 6268: 6263: 6201: 6196: 6145: 6140: 6040: 5856: 5839: 5175:

SMEmail – A New Protocol for the Secure E-mail in Mobile Environments

5151:"LockBit ransomware spread in millions of emails via Phorpiex botnet" 4417: 4380: 3975: 3879: 3810: 3775: 3740: 3675: 3635: 3587: 3556: 3522: 3481: 3412: 3149:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era" 2844: 2800: 2210: 2185: 1581: 1572:

Sending an email is much less expensive than sending postal mail, or

1086: 1017: 538: 482: 309: 66: 4130: 1723: 1470: 936:

Internet email was designed for 7-bit ASCII. Most email software is

831:: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message. 49: 6532: 6512: 6457: 6405: 6400: 6283: 6236: 6155: 6095: 6080: 6070: 5916: 3938:

This extensible field is defined by RFC 7001, this also defines an

3182: 2719:"Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email" 2687: 2245: 1885: 1657: 1530: 1079: 1067:

posts, which later led to the development of formal languages like

1033: 953: 771: 664: 617:

at the end. The header is separated from the body by a blank line.

447: 348: 1213:, from any computer, rather than relying on a local email client. 964:

may not support them. In some countries, e-mail software violates

760:: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a 6537: 6442: 6324: 6273: 6226: 6085: 6060: 6055: 5824: 2290: 2127: 2122: 1945: 1852: 1674: 1364: 1206: 1183: 1037: 1029: 1021: 978: 854:

of a message saved in the header using the following two fields:

673: 548: 324:' symbol designating the user's system address. Over a series of 321: 317: 135: 5958: 5705:

is a personal memoir by the implementer of an early email system

4920: 3664:"RFC 6531, SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email Addresses" 2382: 2380: 1182:

side, or in both places. Standard formats for mailboxes include

1089:

email clients may allow rich formatting using their proprietary

485:

listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case

145:

text-only communications medium, Internet email was extended by

6390: 6170: 5894: 5829: 3434: 2175: 1978: 1454: 1438: 1434: 1426: 1332: 1226:

format. The specific format used is often indicated by special

1068: 1064: 949: 680:

The message header must include at least the following fields:

626: 582:

The basic Internet message format used for email is defined by

5640:

Programmer's Guide to Internet Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and LDAP

1209:

interfaces allow users to access their mail with any standard

328:, conventions were refined for sending mail messages over the 249:

is a traditional form used in RFCs for the "Author's Address".

6100: 5507: 4891:"Seeing Spam? How To Take Care of Your Google Analytics Data" 4458: 2377: 2304: 1577: 1308: 1198: 871:

of a message, it inserts this field at the top of the header.

669: 367: 226: 154: 142: 5559:

Essential Email Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical

4666:"Set Message Size Limits in Exchange 2010 and Exchange 2007" 3694: 2558: 2422:"Why the first use of the word 'e-mail' may be lost forever" 2091:

failures can cause messages to be lost. To remedy this, the

693:: The local time and date the message was written. Like the 6617: 6065: 5947: 5937: 5726:, a 2021 article attempting to summarize more than 100 RFCs 3702:"Now, get your email address in Hindi - The Economic Times" 3243: 2999:"Sept. 24, 1979: First Online Service for Consumers Debuts" 2130:

providers can also disrupt web bugs by pre-caching images.

1414: 1264: 1187: 1140: 1025: 941: 761: 379: 375: 193: 93: 84:) is a method of transmitting and receiving messages using 335:

Proprietary electronic mail systems soon began to emerge.

88:

devices. It was conceived in the late–20th century as the

5718: 5399:"Software That Tracks E-Mail Is Raising Privacy Concerns" 5127: 2956: 2564: 2270: 1792: 1688: 1124:(MTAs); and delivered to a mail store by programs called 1051:

recommend all posts be made in plain text, with 72 or 80

531: 3244:

Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013).

1600:

Possibility of auto-processing and improved distribution

409: 5711:

is a short, yet vivid recap of the key historical facts

5529:

Internet e-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation

4978:"Google Says Its AI Catches 99.9 Percent of Gmail Spam" 4689:"Google updates file size limits for Gmail and YouTube" 1425:—and to a range of other email server products such as 1259:, and Postbox. The files contain the email contents as 5715:

Business E-Mail Compromise - An Emerging Global Threat

4258: 4256: 3964: 3218:(Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick. 3042:"Tech before its time: Xerox's shooting Star computer" 1016:, wrap naturally on any display, use emphasis such as 138:

interface to send or receive messages or download it.

5326:"Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In" 4461:"E-mail Marketing: Exploratory Insights from Finland" 3246:"The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives" 450:

of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a

300:

in the early 1960s, with a notable implementation by

257:, and a single piece of electronic mail is called a 5759: 4253: 3171: 2113:

If the spammer uses a forged sender email address (

1985:message encryption, and SMTP STARTTLS or SMTP over 1664: 241:

starting in April 1981, which popularized the term.

4599: 4564: 3547:P. Resnick, Ed. (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.). 2749: 1851:Emails are a major vector for the distribution of 1706:users showed that persons 13 to 24 used messaging 1523: 1096: 896:checks in more detail than Authentication-Results. 454:. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the 4793:, Chris Hoffman, December 21, 2012, makeuseof.com 4449:" September 22, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010. 4102:"Problem Solving: Sending Messages in Plain Text" 819:: Address should be used to reply to the message. 422:(SMTP), to send the message content to the local 37:"Reply all" redirects here. For the podcast, see 6669: 4327: 3766:Resnick, Pete (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.). 3731:Resnick, Pete (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.). 3401:"Allowing Relaying in SMTP: A Series of Surveys" 2415: 2413: 1001:for the message body at the option of the user. 514:Bob's MUA picks up the message using either the 5188:"When Email Exchanges Become Binding Contracts" 4546:"The ultimate mobile email statistics overview" 4262: 3927:there are many more trace fields than those two 3546: 2513:"AP Removes Hyphen From 'Email' In Style Guide" 1699:—no longer cool and something older people do. 1116:Messages are exchanged between hosts using the 1044:header field; this may cause various problems. 912:: is used to mark automatic-generated messages. 803:: HTTP link to unsubscribe from a mailing list. 726:: A brief summary of the topic of the message. 372:Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile 362:(SMTP) was implemented on the ARPANET in 1983. 153:, with internationalized email addresses using 5655:X.400 and SMTP: Battle of the E-mail Protocols 5216: 4635:"Email is dying among mobile's youngest users" 4230:"Free Email Providers in the Yahoo! Directory" 2982: 2634:, Table of decisions on consistent use in RFC" 1005:messages often include an automatic-generated 629:of the email header. Each email message has a 5974: 5745: 5575:"The Technical Development of Internet Email" 5544:Internet Email Protocols: A Developer's Guide 5508:Inbox Detox and The Habit of Email Excellence 5449:"Outlook: Web Bugs & Blocked HTML Images" 4001:Defined in RFC 3834, and updated by RFC 5436. 3433:The Internet message format is also used for 3378:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 164. 3371: 3020:"They could have owned the computer industry" 2985:"CompuServe pins hopes on MicroNET, InfoPlex" 2410: 1776: 167:History of email § Terminology and usage 53:This screenshot shows the "Inbox" page of an 3855: 3668:IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test 3661: 3627:IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test 3158:, Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich, 2996: 2596: 1406:mail is left in folders in the mail server. 1132:back to the sender, indicating the problem. 730:are commonly used in the subject, including 5374:SMTP Service Extension for Message Tracking 4371:DISTRIBUTED ELECTRONIC MAIL MODELS IN IMAP4 4275:. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. p. 245. 3900: 3623:"RFC 6532, Internationalized Email Headers" 3620: 2917: 2591:We recommend email, this is the common form 2457:"From E-mail to Email: Is the Sky Falling?" 1932:email messages are generally not encrypted. 1415:Messaging Application Programming Interface 1341:, as registered with the IANA, defines the 867:: after the delivery SMTP server makes the 253:The service is often simply referred to as 188:is now the common form, and recommended by 5981: 5967: 5752: 5738: 5396: 5095:"When are email attachments safe to open?" 4990: 4019: 3505: 3464: 1590:Much faster than most of the alternatives. 308:project in 1965. Most developers of early 157:, is standardized but not widely adopted. 5572: 5120: 5067: 4686: 4416: 4379: 3974: 3878: 3835:Microsoft, Auto Response Suppress, 2010, 3634: 3521: 3480: 3181: 2896: 2869: 2843: 2799: 2419: 2333:Not using Internationalized Email or MIME 2081:Email address § Internationalization 1764:Learn how and when to remove this message 1681:. Technology writer Matt Richtel said in 1511:Learn how and when to remove this message 5017:"Kaspersky Lab Spam and Phishing report" 4938:How Microsoft is losing the war on spam 4861:"Struggling to Evade the E-Mail Tsunami" 4601:"Why Are Young People Abandoning Email?" 3768:"RFC 5322, 3.6.4. Identification Fields" 3392: 2688:"Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email?" 2085: 1100: 493:(MTA) server run by the recipient's ISP. 408: 60: 48: 5582:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5477:, Ron Amadeo, Dec 13 2013, Ars Technica 5386:Message Tracking Model and Requirements 5293: 4817:from the original on September 1, 2011. 4728: 4676:from the original on February 12, 2013. 4597: 4562: 4516:from the original on November 10, 2016. 4354:from the original on December 26, 2016. 3765: 3730: 3690:from the original on February 18, 2015. 3651:from the original on February 18, 2015. 3563:from the original on February 22, 2015. 3445: 3398: 2993:. Vol. 13, no. 42. p. 69 2952:"IBM100 - The Networked Business Place" 2923: 2716: 2543:from the original on December 28, 2013. 2505: 2361: 2359: 2066: 1806: 122:. Today's email systems are based on a 14: 6698:Computer-related introductions in 1971 6670: 5709:A Look at the Origins of Network Email 5426:. Email.about.com. December 19, 2013. 5148: 4858: 4710:"Maximum attachment size", Gmail Help. 4663: 4497:from the original on October 21, 2012. 4210:from the original on November 13, 2021 3782:from the original on December 30, 2013 3747:from the original on December 30, 2013 3331: 3208: 3130:from the original on September 9, 2016 3030:from the original on February 27, 2021 2747: 2685: 2640:from the original on December 28, 2013 2610:from the original on December 16, 2013 2489:. Styleguide.yahoo.com. Archived from 2451: 2449: 2447: 2373:from the original on October 22, 2016. 1216: 1032:, abuse of HTML email as a vector for 984: 5962: 5733: 5692:IANA's list of standard header fields 5248:from the original on October 17, 2019 4901:from the original on November 7, 2017 4840:from the original on October 23, 2015 4827: 4664:Suneja, Bharat (September 10, 2007). 4632: 4452: 4333: 4141:from the original on February 8, 2014 4080:"Email policies that prevent viruses" 4060:from the original on January 31, 2022 3800: 3602:from the original on January 14, 2012 3573: 3454:from the original on October 6, 2008. 3375:Information Technology for Management 3225:from the original on October 10, 2022 3198:from the original on August 11, 2015. 3017: 2878:from the original on December 2, 2017 2729:from the original on January 27, 2022 1409: 1392: 1376: 1239:Used by many email clients including 1205:, that performs the same tasks. Such 593:Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions 440:fully qualified domain address (FQDA) 147:Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions 5573:Partridge, Craig (April–June 2008). 5468:"Gmail blows up e-mail marketing..." 5430:from the original on August 27, 2016 5294:Barrett, Grant (December 23, 2007). 5235: 5049:from the original on October 5, 2021 4987:, Cade Metz, July 09 2015, wired.com 4802: 4687:Humphries, Matthew (June 29, 2009). 4534:from the original on April 29, 2014. 4315:from the original on August 18, 2019 4305:"Creating hyperlinks § E-mail links" 3983:from the original on October 1, 2018 3958: 3917:from the original on August 11, 2012 3712:from the original on August 28, 2016 3104:from the original on January 3, 2017 2863: 2748:Pexton, Patrick B. (March 1, 2012). 2356: 1746:adding citations to reliable sources 1717: 1631: 1493:adding citations to reliable sources 1464: 1326: 442:. The part before the @ sign is the 5362:from the original on March 5, 2017. 5306:from the original on April 17, 2009 4871:from the original on April 17, 2009 4784:"8 ways to email large attachments" 4563:Richtel, Matt (December 20, 2010). 4552:from the original on July 11, 2014. 4507: 4104:. RootsWeb HelpDesk. Archived from 3549:"RFC 5322, Internet Message Format" 3308:from the original on June 11, 2017. 3202: 3116: 3086: 3052:from the original on April 18, 2022 2997:Dylan Tweney (September 24, 1979). 2983:Connie Winkler (October 22, 1979). 2964:from the original on August 2, 2020 2698:from the original on April 17, 2022 2444: 2241:List of email subject abbreviations 2043: 1909: 1143:, or, as is more likely in a large 931: 24: 5484: 5198:from the original on June 19, 2019 5023:from the original on July 17, 2018 4859:Stross, Randall (April 20, 2008). 4765:"Send large files to other people" 4645:from the original on April 5, 2018 4614:from the original on April 5, 2018 4598:Gustini, Ray (December 21, 2010). 4579:from the original on April 5, 2018 4432: 4151:Plain text, 72 characters per line 3817:from the original on July 25, 2014 3801:Dürst, Martin J. (December 2007). 3733:"RFC 5322, 3.6. Field Definitions" 3448:"An update to the email standards" 3074:from the original on July 18, 2011 3011: 2976: 2710: 2679: 2667:from the original on April 3, 2012 2658: 2525:from the original on May 12, 2015. 2432:from the original on April 7, 2023 2398:from the original on April 6, 2023 2015: 1607: 1358: 382:email protocols the standard (see 25: 6709: 5988: 5685: 5336:from the original on May 13, 2016 5068:Waichulis, Arin (April 5, 2024). 4913: 4830:"Happy Information Overload Day!" 4566:"E-Mail Gets an Instant Makeover" 3399:Hoffman, Paul (August 20, 2002). 3250:Journal of Information Technology 3174:"A Brief History of the Internet" 2901:. Openmap.bbn.com. Archived from 2762:from the original on May 19, 2022 2751:"Origins of e-mail: My mea culpa" 2521:. New York City. March 18, 2011. 2420:Ohlheiser, Abby (July 28, 2015). 2101:Message Disposition Notifications 1866: 1803:are available and commonly used. 1078:, the most popular of them being 620: 577: 264:An Internet email consists of an 6488:Microsoft Internet Mail and News 5461: 5442: 5416: 5397:Amy Harmon (November 22, 2000). 5390: 5378: 5366: 5348: 5318: 5287: 5260: 5229: 5210: 5180: 5121:Griffiths, James (May 2, 2020). 4828:Gross, Doug (October 20, 2010). 4729:Walther, Henrik (January 2009). 3901:John Levine (January 14, 2012). 3662:J. Yao; W. Mao (February 2012). 3446:Simpson, Ken (October 3, 2008). 3018:Ollig, Mark (October 31, 2011). 2872:"The History of Electronic Mail" 2336: 2261:Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail 1892: 1722: 1665:Declining use among young people 1469: 1399:Internet Message Access Protocol 658: 520:Internet Message Access Protocol 27:Mail sent using electronic means 5761:Computer-mediated communication 5724:Explained from first principles 5546:, Addison-Wesley Professional, 5168: 5142: 5114: 5087: 5061: 5035: 5009: 5006:, May 12, 2016, securelist.com 4971: 4951: 4932: 4883: 4852: 4821: 4805:"Email Statistics Report, 2010" 4796: 4777: 4758: 4722: 4703: 4680: 4657: 4633:Perez, Sarah (March 24, 2016). 4626: 4591: 4556: 4538: 4520: 4501: 4468:Journal of Advertising Research 4395: 4358: 4297: 4273:Encyclopedia of social networks 4263:Hansen, Derek; Smith, Marc A.; 4244: 4222: 4192: 4182: 4156: 4123: 4094: 4072: 4042: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3949: 3944:Email Authentication Parameters 3932: 3894: 3849: 3829: 3794: 3759: 3724: 3655: 3614: 3567: 3540: 3499: 3458: 3439: 3427: 3365: 3349:. July 19, 2004. Archived from 3312: 3292: 3237: 3165: 3142: 2890: 2818: 2774: 2741: 2652: 2622: 2565:AskOxford Language Query team. 2327: 2318: 2295:Comparison of webmail providers 1733:needs additional citations for 1626: 1524:Business and organizational use 1480:needs additional citations for 1097:Servers and client applications 952:for arbitrary binary data. The 926: 92:version of, or counterpart to, 5703:The History of Electronic Mail 5149:French, Laura (May 14, 2024). 4997:"Spam and phishing in Q1 2016" 4366:"Implementation and Operation" 4340:. Prentice Hall. p. 192. 4271:. In Barnett, George A (ed.). 2717:Masnick, Mike (May 22, 2019). 2529: 2479: 2388:"email noun earlier than 1979" 1120:with software programs called 160: 13: 1: 6232:Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups 5043:"2021 Email Usage Statistics" 4510:"Spam culture, part 1: China" 4508:Lev, Amir (October 2, 2009). 4022:TCP/IP Network Administration 3866:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 3621:A Yang, Ed. (February 2012). 3472:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 2831:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 2787:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 2349: 2097:Delivery Status Notifications 2004:. Attached files may contain 1640:in their house or apartment. 1574:long distance telephone calls 1118:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 420:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 360:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 192:. It is the form required by 179:have been in use since 1979: 5797:Virtual learning environment 3162:, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996 2661:"How do you spell "e-mail"?" 2606:. Dictionary.reference.com. 1555:Helping with synchronization 398:transmits a message using a 389: 272:; the content consists of a 223:United States Postal Service 30:For the former company, see 7: 5910:Voice chat in online gaming 5531:, Artech House Publishers, 4440:Is Email a Curse or a Boon? 4200:"View only unread messages" 3465:J. Klensin (October 2008), 3450:. MailChannels Blog Entry. 3304:. howstuffworks.com. 2008. 2161:Comparison of email clients 2133: 1593:Creating a "written" record 503:The MDA delivers it to the 456:fully qualified domain name 10: 6714: 5281:10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3 5269:Human-Computer Interaction 4408:Internet Mail Architecture 3574:Moore, K (November 1996). 3513:Internet Mail Architecture 3098:DIGITAL Computing Timeline 2074: 2047: 2024: 1913: 1896: 1870: 1846: 1826: 1780: 1777:Attachment size limitation 1362: 1330: 1174:Mail can be stored on the 1161:Microsoft Exchange Servers 1036:attacks and the spread of 981:is growing in popularity. 904:DomainKeys Identified Mail 446:of the address, often the 370:email system, part of the 289: 283: 164: 36: 29: 6647: 6626: 6575: 6435: 6419: 6383: 6312: 6256: 6249: 6179: 6003: 5996: 5930: 5865: 5807:Asynchronous conferencing 5805: 5767: 5670:Programming Internet Mail 5561:, John Wiley & Sons, 4715:October 15, 2011, at the 4480:10.1017/s0021849903030265 2899:"The First Network Email" 2663:. Alt-usage-english.org. 2545:This is suggested by the 2392:Oxford English Dictionary 1713: 1648:Email has become used on 1643: 1423:Microsoft Exchange Server 1315:based on the mbox format. 1245:Microsoft Outlook Express 1194:supporting the protocol. 6325:Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail 6106:Mailx (Heirloom Project) 5867:Synchronous conferencing 3506:D. Crocker (July 2009), 3409:Internet Mail Consortium 2547:RFC Document Style Guide 2311: 2171:Disposable email address 2099:(delivery receipts) and 2002:peer-to-peer filesharing 1987:Transport Layer Security 1963:Virtual Private Networks 1687:that email was like the 1353: 1319:Some applications (like 1289:Microsoft Office Outlook 1057:text-based email clients 1009:copy for compatibility. 993:allow the use of either 781:X-Auto-Response-Suppress 6693:History of the Internet 5820:Electronic mailing list 5517:", Acanthus Publishing 3319:"MX Record Explanation" 3209:Rutter, Dorian (2005). 2575:Oxford University Press 2537:"RFC Editor Terms List" 2465:Chicago Manual of Style 2181:Electronic mailing list 1822: 1460: 625:RFC 5322 specifies the 402:(MUA) addressed to the 5792:Social network service 5787:Collaborative software 5782:Communication software 4753:Exchange Queue & A 4438:By Om Malik, GigaOm. " 3372:Ch Seetha Ram (2010). 1923:information technology 1540:Facilitating logistics 1113: 884:Authentication-Results 572:unsolicited bulk email 498:message delivery agent 491:message transfer agent 414: 330:File Transfer Protocol 110:Email operates across 70: 58: 5852:Bulletin board system 5513:May 20, 2016, at the 5493:Introduction to X.400 4699:on December 19, 2011. 4334:Allen, David (2004). 4204:support.microsoft.com 3339:"What is open relay?" 3048:. February 15, 2012. 2206:Email hosting service 2086:Tracking of sent mail 2075:Further information: 1801:file hosting services 1293:OfficeLogic Groupware 1151:protocol specific to 1104: 962:mail transport agents 728:Certain abbreviations 424:mail submission agent 412: 197:Requests for Comments 165:Further information: 64: 52: 6688:Electronic documents 6683:Internet terminology 6576:Related technologies 6508:Netscape Messenger 9 5697:The History of Email 5594:10.1109/mahc.2008.32 5358:. December 7, 2016. 4403:"Message Store (MS)" 4108:on February 19, 2014 3475:, sec. 2.3.1., 3124:"HP Computer Museum" 3100:. January 30, 1998. 2858:format specification 2394:. October 25, 2012. 2231:Information overload 2191:Email authentication 2146:Anti-spam techniques 2067:Internationalization 1840:anti-spam techniques 1836:CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 1813:information overload 1807:Information overload 1742:improve this article 1489:improve this article 1383:Post Office Protocol 1147:environment, with a 1126:mail delivery agents 1122:mail transfer agents 1105:The interface of an 989:Most modern graphic 902:: stores results of 892:: stores results of 845:email authentication 600:. The extensions in 516:Post Office Protocol 481:) responds with any 426:(MSA), in this case 221:in reference to the 6483:Microsoft Entourage 6360:Outlook for Windows 6192:Beonex Communicator 6116:Mozilla Thunderbird 5885:Internet Relay Chat 5296:"All We Are Saying" 5219:Syracuse Law Review 5045:. October 5, 2021. 4411:. sec. 4.2.2. 4020:Craig Hunt (2002). 3861:"Trace Information" 3837:Microsoft reference 3415:on January 18, 2007 3192:1999cs........1011L 2938:10.1147/sj.203.0321 2926:IBM Systems Journal 2838:. sec. 2.3.1. 2794:. sec. 2.3.1. 2487:"Yahoo style guide" 2077:International email 1992:Additionally, many 1257:Mozilla Thunderbird 1228:filename extensions 1217:Filename extensions 1053:characters per line 985:Plain text and HTML 645:printable character 602:International email 151:International email 120:local area networks 5473:2017-06-07 at the 5454:2015-02-18 at the 5403:The New York Times 5300:The New York Times 5236:Corfield, Gareth. 5002:2016-08-09 at the 4983:2016-09-16 at the 4964:2006-09-11 at the 4945:2008-06-29 at the 4926:2008-07-20 at the 4865:The New York Times 4789:2016-07-02 at the 4770:2016-08-07 at the 4572:The New York Times 4530:. March 28, 2013. 4445:2010-12-04 at the 4170:on January 9, 2014 4135:BSD Mailing Lists" 4084:Advosys Consulting 4050:"What is unicode?" 3842:2011-04-07 at the 3805:. Tools.ietf.org. 3770:. Tools.ietf.org. 3735:. Tools.ietf.org. 3706:The Economic Times 3516:, sec. 4.1., 3353:on August 24, 2007 3347:Indiana University 3324:2015-01-17 at the 3262:10.1057/jit.2013.4 3154:2016-01-01 at the 2960:. August 2, 2020. 2552:2015-04-24 at the 2467:. October 11, 2017 2166:Dark Mail Alliance 2141:Anonymous remailer 2057:Harvard University 1684:The New York Times 1427:Axigen Mail Server 1421:to communicate to 1417:(MAPI) is used by 1410:MAPI email servers 1393:IMAP email servers 1377:POP3 email servers 1114: 1042:Content-Type: html 1038:malicious software 777:Microsoft Exchange 705:; it provides for 464:Domain Name System 415: 406:of the recipient. 225:initiative called 71: 65:When a "robot" on 59: 6665: 6664: 6639:Unicode and email 6571: 6570: 6563:Windows Messaging 6558:Windows Live Mail 6355:Microsoft Outlook 6257:Freeware/Freemium 6245: 6244: 5956: 5955: 5900:Videoconferencing 5880:Instant messaging 5875:Data conferencing 5777:Online discussion 5527:Lawrence Hughes, 5523:978-0-9815589-8-1 4374:. sec. 4.5. 4035:978-0-596-00297-8 3873:. sec. 4.4. 3385:978-81-8450-267-1 2632:"RFC Style Guide" 2281:Unicode and email 1951:user agent string 1774: 1773: 1766: 1702:A 2015 survey of 1671:instant messaging 1638:personal computer 1632:Personal computer 1521: 1520: 1513: 1419:Microsoft Outlook 1327:URI scheme mailto 852:trace information 850:SMTP defines the 752:Blind carbon copy 353:Hewlett-Packard's 124:store-and-forward 112:computer networks 16:(Redirected from 6705: 6365:Novell GroupWise 6254: 6253: 6001: 6000: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5960: 5959: 5922:Web conferencing 5857:Online guestbook 5754: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5620: 5619:on June 2, 2016. 5618: 5612:. Archived from 5579: 5495:, Artech House, 5478: 5465: 5459: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5019:. May 26, 2021. 5013: 5007: 4994: 4988: 4975: 4969: 4957:Spam Bill 2003 ( 4955: 4949: 4936: 4930: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4809: 4803:Radicati, Sara. 4800: 4794: 4781: 4775: 4762: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4736:TechNet Magazine 4726: 4720: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4695:. Archived from 4684: 4678: 4677: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4603: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4568: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4420: 4418:10.17487/RFC5598 4399: 4393: 4392: 4383: 4381:10.17487/RFC1733 4362: 4356: 4355: 4337:Windows to Linux 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4260: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4240:on July 4, 2014. 4236:. Archived from 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4090:on May 12, 2007. 4086:. 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Archived from 3396: 3390: 3389: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3335: 3329: 3328:, it.cornell.edu 3316: 3310: 3309: 3301:How E-mail Works 3296: 3290: 3289: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3185: 3169: 3163: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3064:"The Xerox Star" 3060: 3059: 3057: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2994: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2948: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2847: 2845:10.17487/RFC5321 2822: 2816: 2815: 2803: 2801:10.17487/RFC5321 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2753: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2577:. Archived from 2562: 2556: 2544: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2417: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2363: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2300:X-Originating-IP 2201:Email encryption 2050:Email bankruptcy 2044:Email bankruptcy 1994:mail user agents 1981:can be used for 1910:Privacy concerns 1783:Email attachment 1769: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1726: 1718: 1587:Increasing speed 1516: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1473: 1465: 1344: 1300: 1284: 1272: 1241:Novell GroupWise 1236: 1165:mail user agents 1153:Novell Groupwise 1091:Rich Text Format 1043: 946:quoted printable 932:Content encoding 817: 816: 801:List-Unsubscribe 567:open mail relays 292:History of email 114:, primarily the 21: 6713: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6643: 6622: 6567: 6523:Outlook Express 6431: 6415: 6379: 6308: 6241: 6175: 6031:Cleancode eMail 5992: 5987: 5957: 5952: 5926: 5861: 5801: 5763: 5758: 5688: 5683: 5627:, Mcgraw-Hill, 5623:Sara Radicati, 5616: 5577: 5542:Kevin Johnson, 5515:Wayback Machine 5491:Cemil Betanov, 5487: 5485:Further reading 5482: 5481: 5475:Wayback Machine 5466: 5462: 5458:, slipstick.com 5456:Wayback Machine 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5292: 5288: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5234: 5230: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5004:Wayback Machine 4995: 4991: 4985:Wayback Machine 4976: 4972: 4966:Wayback Machine 4956: 4952: 4947:Wayback Machine 4937: 4933: 4928:Wayback Machine 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4897:. May 4, 2015. 4895:sitepronews.com 4889: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4791:Wayback Machine 4782: 4778: 4774:, Microsoft.com 4772:Wayback Machine 4763: 4759: 4741: 4739: 4727: 4723: 4717:Wayback Machine 4708: 4704: 4685: 4681: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4561: 4557: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4447:Wayback Machine 4437: 4433: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4283: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4144: 4142: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3918: 3903:"Trace headers" 3899: 3895: 3854: 3850: 3844:Wayback Machine 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 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6711: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6627:Related topics 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6493:Microsoft Mail 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6448:Claris Emailer 6445: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6350:Mail (Windows) 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 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2153: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2115:email spoofing 2111: 2087: 2084: 2068: 2065: 2059:law professor 2048:Main article: 2045: 2042: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2014: 1977:, SMEmail, or 1955: 1954: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1914:Main article: 1911: 1908: 1897:Main article: 1894: 1891: 1878:Email spoofing 1873:Email spoofing 1871:Main article: 1868: 1867:Email spoofing 1865: 1857:computer worms 1848: 1845: 1827:Main article: 1824: 1821: 1808: 1805: 1789:Microsoft Word 1781:Main article: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1730: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1666: 1663: 1645: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1570: 1567: 1556: 1553: 1545:telephone call 1541: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1477: 1475: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1411: 1408: 1394: 1391: 1378: 1375: 1363:Main article: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1331:Main article: 1328: 1325: 1317: 1316: 1301: 1296: 1285: 1280: 1273: 1268: 1237: 1218: 1215: 1130:bounce message 1098: 1095: 986: 983: 975:character sets 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 923: 913: 910:Auto-Submitted 907: 900:DKIM-Signature 897: 887: 873: 872: 869:final delivery 862: 833: 832: 826: 820: 810: 804: 798: 792: 784: 765: 755: 745: 735: 721: 699: 698: 688: 660: 657: 622: 621:Message header 619: 579: 576: 562: 561: 558: 555: 552: 545: 524: 523: 518:(POP3) or the 512: 501: 494: 467: 431: 391: 388: 290:Main article: 285: 282: 251: 250: 242: 230: 208: 200: 162: 159: 141:Originally an 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6710: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6503:Netscape Mail 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 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6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5997:Free software 5995: 5991: 5990:Email clients 5984: 5979: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943:Microblogging 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5905:Voice over IP 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890:LAN messenger 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5679: 5678:1-56592-479-7 5675: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5663:1-55558-165-X 5660: 5656: 5653:John Rhoton, 5652: 5649: 5648:1-55558-212-5 5645: 5641: 5638:John Rhoton, 5637: 5634: 5633:0-07-051104-7 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5568: 5567:0-471-34597-0 5564: 5560: 5557:Pete Loshin, 5556: 5553: 5552:0-201-43288-9 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5537:0-89006-939-5 5534: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501:0-89006-597-7 5498: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4670:Exchangepedia 4667: 4660: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4330: 4319:September 30, 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4282:9781412994170 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4265:Heer, Jeffrey 4259: 4257: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4234:dir.yahoo.com 4231: 4225: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4119: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3952: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907:email message 3904: 3897: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3846:, 2010 Sep 22 3845: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3221: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3051: 3047: 3046:New Scientist 3043: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2990:Computerworld 2986: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2744: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2625: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2471:September 18, 2466: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2414: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2317: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2256:Posting style 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1917: 1916:Email privacy 1907: 1905: 1904:Email bombing 1900: 1893:Email bombing 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1768: 1765: 1757: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1731:This section 1729: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1693:vinyl records 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1569:Reducing cost 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1515: 1512: 1504: 1501:November 2007 1494: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1478:This section 1476: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:Kerio Connect 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1351: 1349: 1340: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:mailing lists 1045: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024:, and change 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991:email clients 982: 980: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 921: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 901: 898: 895: 891: 888: 885: 882: 881: 880: 878: 870: 866: 863: 860: 857: 856: 855: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 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Email 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 106: 105:email address 102: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 68: 63: 56: 51: 47: 43: 41: 33: 32:Email Limited 19: 6633: 6436:Discontinued 6427:Pegasus Mail 6420:Donationware 6304:Vivaldi Mail 6180:Discontinued 6151:SquirrelMail 5814: 5672:, O'Reilly, 5669: 5668:David Wood, 5657:, Elsevier, 5654: 5642:, Elsevier, 5639: 5624: 5614:the original 5585: 5581: 5558: 5543: 5528: 5492: 5463: 5444: 5432:. Retrieved 5418: 5406:. Retrieved 5402: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5350: 5338:. Retrieved 5329: 5320: 5310:December 24, 5308:. Retrieved 5299: 5289: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5250:. Retrieved 5242:The Register 5241: 5231: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5200:. Retrieved 5191: 5182: 5170: 5158:. Retrieved 5154: 5144: 5132:. Retrieved 5126: 5116: 5104:. Retrieved 5098: 5089: 5077:. Retrieved 5073: 5063: 5051:. Retrieved 5037: 5025:. Retrieved 5011: 4992: 4973: 4953: 4934: 4915: 4905:September 5, 4903:. Retrieved 4894: 4885: 4873:. Retrieved 4864: 4854: 4842:. Retrieved 4833: 4823: 4798: 4779: 4760: 4746:– via 4740:. Retrieved 4734: 4724: 4705: 4697:the original 4692: 4682: 4669: 4659: 4647:. Retrieved 4638: 4628: 4616:. Retrieved 4607:The Atlantic 4605: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4570: 4558: 4540: 4522: 4503: 4471: 4467: 4454: 4434: 4407: 4397: 4370: 4360: 4336: 4329: 4317:. Retrieved 4309:MDN Web Docs 4308: 4299: 4272: 4246: 4238:the original 4233: 4224: 4214:November 13, 4212:. Retrieved 4203: 4194: 4184: 4172:. Retrieved 4168:the original 4158: 4150: 4143:. Retrieved 4132: 4125: 4117: 4110:. Retrieved 4106:the original 4096: 4088:the original 4083: 4074: 4062:. Retrieved 4053: 4044: 4021: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3985:. Retrieved 3960: 3951: 3942:registry of 3934: 3926: 3919:. Retrieved 3906: 3896: 3865: 3857:John Klensin 3851: 3831: 3819:. Retrieved 3796: 3784:. Retrieved 3761: 3749:. Retrieved 3726: 3714:. Retrieved 3705: 3696: 3667: 3657: 3626: 3616: 3604:. Retrieved 3569: 3542: 3534: 3512: 3501: 3493: 3471: 3460: 3441: 3435:network news 3429: 3417:. Retrieved 3413:the original 3404: 3394: 3374: 3367: 3355:. Retrieved 3351:the original 3342: 3333: 3314: 3300: 3294: 3256:(1): 18–33. 3253: 3249: 3239: 3229:December 23, 3227:. Retrieved 3211: 3204: 3167: 3159: 3144: 3134:November 10, 3132:. Retrieved 3118: 3106:. Retrieved 3097: 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3067: 3054:. Retrieved 3045: 3034:February 26, 3032:. Retrieved 3023: 3013: 3002: 2988: 2978: 2968:September 7, 2966:. Retrieved 2955: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2907:. Retrieved 2903:the original 2892: 2880:. Retrieved 2865: 2856: 2830: 2820: 2812: 2786: 2776: 2764:. Retrieved 2755: 2743: 2733:September 5, 2731:. Retrieved 2722: 2712: 2702:September 5, 2700:. Retrieved 2691: 2681: 2669:. Retrieved 2654: 2642:. Retrieved 2631: 2624: 2612:. Retrieved 2598: 2590: 2585:September 4, 2583:. Retrieved 2579:the original 2570: 2560: 2531: 2516: 2507: 2495:. Retrieved 2491:the original 2481: 2469:. 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Retrieved 2391: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2236:Internet fax 2196:Email digest 2120: 2105: 2089: 2070: 2053: 2038:social norms 2033: 2028: 2019: 1991: 1959:cryptography 1956: 1927: 1919: 1902: 1876: 1850: 1832: 1817:productivity 1810: 1786: 1760: 1754:October 2016 1751: 1740:Please help 1735:verification 1732: 1701: 1697:film cameras 1682: 1679:social media 1668: 1655: 1647: 1635: 1627:Personal use 1611: 1535: 1527: 1507: 1498: 1487:Please help 1482:verification 1479: 1413: 1396: 1380: 1368: 1347: 1336: 1318: 1253:Windows Mail 1223: 1220: 1196: 1173: 1169: 1134: 1115: 1107:email client 1084: 1071: 1046: 1014:block quotes 1011: 988: 935: 927:Message body 922:whitelisting 915: 909: 899: 890:Received-SPF 889: 883: 877:trace fields 876: 874: 868: 864: 858: 851: 849: 836: 834: 828: 822: 812: 806: 800: 794: 786: 780: 767: 758:Content-Type 747: 737: 723: 717: 700: 694: 690: 684: 679: 662: 639: 624: 607: 597: 591: 581: 565: 563: 525: 508: 486: 478: 474: 443: 438:—which is a 434: 427: 393: 357: 334: 298:time-sharing 295: 287: 277: 273: 269: 265: 263: 258: 254: 252: 245: 244: 237:was used by 233: 232: 216: 211: 210: 203: 202: 190:style guides 184: 183: 176: 172: 170: 140: 109: 97: 81: 77: 73: 72: 55:email client 46: 39: 6396:Forté Agent 6250:Proprietary 6207:Columbia MM 6136:OfflineIMAP 5772:Online chat 5588:(2): 3–29. 5424:"About.com" 5408:January 13, 5340:October 17, 5330:registry.in 5252:December 6, 5202:December 6, 4742:November 7, 4137:. OpenBSD. 4064:January 31, 3987:January 28, 3921:January 16, 3716:October 17, 3606:January 21, 3405:IMC Reports 2216:Email storm 2095:introduced 1967:Tor network 1791:documents, 1650:smartphones 1443:HP OpenMail 1403:smartphones 1371:web browser 1249:Lotus notes 1211:web browser 1203:Yahoo! Mail 1157:Lotus Notes 1149:proprietary 1111:Thunderbird 1076:many others 938:8-bit clean 865:Return-Path 829:Archived-At 795:In-Reply-To 742:Carbon copy 711:provisional 535:Lotus Notes 460:mail server 452:domain name 218:Electronics 161:Terminology 132:mail server 118:, and also 6672:Categories 6657:Comparison 6518:Opera Mail 6345:Apple Mail 6335:HCL Domino 6026:Claws Mail 6021:Citadel/UX 5931:Publishing 5845:Imageboard 5434:January 9, 5384:RFC 3888, 5372:RFC 3885, 5275:: 77–104. 5100:Cloudflare 5053:October 5, 4921:ITvibe.com 4639:TechCrunch 4174:January 9, 4145:January 9, 4112:January 9, 3821:January 9, 3803:"RFC 5064" 3786:January 9, 3751:January 9, 3343:WhatIs.com 3183:cs/9901011 3160:ConneXions 3094:"ALL-IN-1" 2909:October 5, 2671:January 9, 2644:January 9, 2614:January 9, 2497:January 9, 2350:References 2276:Telegraphy 2266:Push email 2251:Netiquette 2226:HTML email 2034:incendiary 1983:end-to-end 1957:There are 1899:Email bomb 1882:Email spam 1861:ransomware 1829:Email spam 1621:email spam 1564:asynchrony 1339:URI scheme 1321:Apple Mail 1313:Apple Mail 1305:Opera Mail 1277:Apple Mail 1261:plain text 1018:underlines 1007:plain text 1003:HTML email 995:plain text 807:References 788:Message-ID 768:Precedence 642:whitespace 483:MX records 471:DNS server 444:local part 428:smtp.a.org 341:CompuServe 310:mainframes 239:CompuServe 86:electronic 6608:Push-IMAP 6553:WebSpyder 6468:Embrowser 6463:Cyberjack 6384:Shareware 6299:TouchMail 6269:EmailTray 6264:eM Client 6217:FossaMail 6202:Classilla 6197:BlitzMail 6146:SeaMonkey 6141:Roundcube 6041:fetchmail 6036:Evolution 5840:Textboard 5610:206442868 5602:1934-1547 4940:Salon.com 4844:March 24, 4488:0021-8499 4291:959670912 4189:recipient 4054:Konfinity 4010:RFC 5518. 3967:"RFC6376" 3955:RFC 7208. 3684:2070-1721 3645:2070-1721 3596:264604077 3419:April 13, 3270:0268-3962 3108:April 20, 3078:April 18, 3056:April 18, 2946:0018-8670 2882:March 23, 2766:April 18, 2211:Email hub 2186:Email art 1582:telegrams 1560:real time 1178:, on the 1145:corporate 1087:Microsoft 1072:(c. 1992) 918:: claims 707:permanent 539:Microsoft 390:Operation 171:The term 67:Knowledge 42:(podcast) 40:Reply All 6652:Category 6548:Turnpike 6533:Pocomail 6513:NeXTMail 6458:Cyberdog 6406:The Bat! 6401:GyazMail 6340:InScribe 6284:Mailbird 6279:i.Scribe 6237:Nylas N1 6156:Sylpheed 6131:nmh / MH 6121:Mulberry 6096:Mailpile 6091:Mahogany 6081:K-9 Mail 6071:Gnuzilla 5917:Web chat 5511:Archived 5471:Archived 5452:Archived 5428:Archived 5360:Archived 5334:Archived 5304:Archived 5246:Archived 5196:Archived 5155:SC Media 5047:Archived 5027:July 17, 5021:Archived 5000:Archived 4981:Archived 4962:Archived 4943:Archived 4924:Archived 4899:Archived 4869:Archived 4838:Archived 4812:Archived 4787:Archived 4768:Archived 4713:Archived 4693:Geek.com 4674:Archived 4649:April 4, 4643:Archived 4618:April 4, 4612:Archived 4583:April 4, 4577:Archived 4550:Archived 4532:Archived 4514:Archived 4492:Archived 4443:Archived 4352:Archived 4313:Archived 4269:"E-Mail" 4267:(2011). 4208:Archived 4139:Archived 4058:Archived 3981:Archived 3915:Archived 3840:Archived 3815:Archived 3780:Archived 3745:Archived 3710:Archived 3688:Archived 3670:. 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