1409:
2733:
2722:
1423:
1098:
2744:
25:
1301:
EAI enables users to have a localized address in a native language script or character set, as well as an ASCII form for communicating with legacy systems or for script-independent use. Applications that recognize internationalized domain names and mail addresses must have facilities to convert these
1199:
Formal and informal standards: RFC 3696 provides specific advice for validating
Internet identifiers, including email addresses. Some websites instead attempt to evaluate the validity of email addresses through arbitrary standards, such as by rejecting addresses containing valid characters, such as
1226:
Sender reputation: An email sender's reputation may be used to attempt to verify whether the sender is trustworthy or a potential spammer. Factors that may be incorporated into an assessment of sender reputation include the quality of past contact with or content provided by, and engagement levels
1195:
Verification links: Email address validation is often accomplished for account creation on websites by sending an email to the user-provided email address with a special temporary hyperlink. On receipt, the user opens the link, immediately activating the account. Email addresses are also useful as
527:
A local-part is either a Dot-string or a Quoted-string; it cannot be a combination. Quoted strings and characters, however, are not commonly used. RFC 5321 also warns that "a host that expects to receive mail SHOULD avoid defining mailboxes where the Local-part requires (or uses) the Quoted-string
466:
If quoted, it may contain Space, Horizontal Tab (HT), any ASCII graphic except
Backslash and Quote and a quoted-pair consisting of a Backslash followed by HT, Space or any ASCII graphic; it may also be split between lines anywhere that HT or Space appears. In contrast to unquoted local-parts, the
303:
The local-part of an email address has no significance for intermediate mail relay systems other than the final mailbox host. Email senders and intermediate relay systems must not assume it to be case-insensitive, since the final mailbox host may or may not treat it as such. A single mailbox may
1293:
The basic EAI concepts involve exchanging mail in UTF-8. Though the original proposal included a downgrading mechanism for legacy systems, this has now been dropped. The local servers are responsible for the local-part of the address, whereas the domain would be restricted by the rules of
595:
Some mail services support a tag included in the local-part, such that the address is an alias to a prefix of the local-part. Typically the characters following a plus and less often the characters following a minus, so fred+bah@domain and fred+foo@domain might end up in the same inbox as
208:
An email address consists of two parts, a local-part (sometimes a user name, but not always) and a domain; if the domain is a domain name rather than an IP address then the SMTP client uses the domain name to look up the mail exchange IP address. The general format of an email address is
572:"the local-part MUST be interpreted and assigned semantics only by the host specified in the domain of the address". This means that no assumptions can be made about the meaning of the local-part of another mail server. It is entirely up to the configuration of the mail server.
323:
The addresses found in the header fields of an email message are not directly used by mail exchanges to deliver the message. An email message also contains a message envelope that contains the information for mail routing. While envelope and header addresses may be equal,
545:
specify different mailboxes; however, many organizations treat uppercase and lowercase letters as equivalent. Indeed, RFC 5321 warns that "a host that expects to receive mail SHOULD avoid defining mailboxes where ... the Local-part is case-sensitive".
360:
may have a maximum of 255 octets. The formal definitions are in RFC 5322 (sections 3.2.3 and 3.4.1) and RFC 5321—with a more readable form given in the informational RFC 3696 (written by J. Klensin, the author of RFC 5321) and the associated errata.
1277:
The IETF's EAI Working group published RFC 6530 "Overview and
Framework for Internationalized Email", which enabled non-ASCII characters to be used in both the local-parts and domain of an email address. RFC 6530 provides for email based on the
829:
specifies that certain domains, for example those intended for documentation and testing, should not be resolvable and that as a result mail addressed to mailboxes in them and their subdomains should be non-deliverable. Of note for e-mail are
1208:, or enforcing arbitrary length limitations. Email address internationalization provides for a much larger range of characters than many current validation algorithms allow, such as all Unicode characters above U+0080, encoded as
391:
notation, in which the address was given in the form of a sequence of computers through which the message should be relayed. This was widely used for several years, but was superseded by the
Internet standards promulgated by the
160:
enclosed in brackets. Although the standard requires the local-part to be case-sensitive, it also urges that receiving hosts deliver messages in a case-independent manner, e.g., that the mail system in the domain
490:
are allowed with restrictions (they are only allowed inside a quoted string, as described in the paragraph below, and in that quoted string, any backslash or double-quote must be preceded once by a backslash);
2107:
891:
82:
box to which messages are delivered. While early messaging systems used a variety of formats for addressing, today, email addresses follow a set of specific rules originally standardized by the
1326:
now supplies a free email account on domain राजस्थान.भारत for every citizen of the state. A leading media house
Rajasthan Patrika launched their IDN domain पत्रिका.भारत with contactable email.
549:
Despite the wide range of special characters which are technically valid, organisations, mail services, mail servers and mail clients in practice often do not accept all of them. For example,
364:
An email address also may have an associated "display-name" (Display Name) for the recipient, which precedes the address specification, now surrounded by angled brackets, for example:
371:. Email spammers and phishers will often use "Display Name spoofing" to trick their victims, by using a false Display Name, or by using a different email address as the Display Name.
222:. The SMTP client transmits the message to the mail exchange, which may forward it to another mail exchange until it eventually arrives at the host of the recipient's mail system.
304:
receive mail for multiple email addresses, if configured by the administrator. Conversely, a single email address may be the alias to a distribution list to many mailboxes.
1322:
for use by
Gujrati, Marathi, Bangali, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi and Urdu speakers. Indian company XgenPlus.com claims to be the world's first EAI mailbox provider, and the
535:
is treated specially—it is case-insensitive, and should be forwarded to the domain email administrator. Technically all other local-parts are case-sensitive, therefore
1150:
Email addresses are often requested as input to website as validation of user existence. Other validation methods are available, such as cell phone number validation,
2023:
2313:
2099:
1578:
877:
1305:
Significant demand for such addresses is expected in China, Japan, Russia, and other markets that have large user bases in a non-Latin-based writing system.
2445:
320:
addresses, the latter being mailboxes that receive messages regardless of the local-part, are common patterns for achieving a variety of delivery goals.
2525:
897:
1851:
43:
2487:
340:, and many other Internet-based scams. This has led to several initiatives which aim to make such forgeries of fraudulent emails easier to spot.
950:
1298:, though still transmitted in UTF-8. The mail server is also responsible for any mapping mechanism between the IMA form and any ASCII alias.
2725:
1564:"...you can add or remove the dots from a mail address without changing the actual destination address; and they'll all go to your inbox..."
579:
may distinguish mailboxes differing only in capitalization of characters of the local-part, although this is not very common. For example,
517:
1215:
Algorithmic tools: Large websites, bulk mailers and spammers require efficient tools to validate email addresses. Such tools depend upon
2136:
797:) allow for presentation of non-ASCII domains. In mail systems compliant with RFC 6531 and RFC 6532 an email address may be encoded as
633:
Addresses of this form, using various separators between the base name and the tag, are supported by several email services, including
1934:
968:
871:
598:
2078:
269:
177:. Mail systems often limit the users' choice of name to a subset of the technically permitted characters; with the introduction of
816:
810:
505:
500:
367:
139:
1230:
Browser-based verification: HTML5 forms implemented in many browsers allow email address validation to be handled by the browser.
2257:
1011:
902:
459:
524:, though even mail systems that support SMTPUTF8 and 8BITMIME may restrict which characters to use when assigning local-parts.
2366:
1068:
1060:
910:
603:
575:
Interpretation of the local-part is dependent on the conventions and policies implemented in the mail server. For example,
2338:
865:
219:
1172:
exists. Thus many mail servers use other techniques and check the mailbox existence against relevant systems such as the
2031:
1365:
1052:
978:
927:
542:
537:
931:
2187:
972:
521:
2710:
Update to
Internet Message Format to Allow Group Syntax in the "From:" and "Sender:" Header Fields (Updates RFC 5322)
1250:
conducts a technical and standards working group devoted to internationalization issues of email addresses, entitled
1235:
1137:
457:, provided that it is not the first or last character and provided also that it does not appear consecutively (e.g.,
192:
by many websites and services that provide a user profile or account. For example, if a user wants to login to their
61:
262:
2736:
1770:
1730:
1616:
1180:
to check if the mailbox exists. Callback verification is an imperfect solution, as it may be disabled to avoid a
393:
83:
1044:
1036:
884:
2748:
1375:
1119:
1115:
225:
The transmission of electronic mail from the author's computer and between mail hosts in the
Internet uses the
1071:(even if escaped (preceded by a backslash), spaces, quotes, and backslashes must still be contained by quotes)
1868:
1295:
790:
226:
178:
2446:"2011-01-25 - Approval of Delegation of the seven top-level domains representing India in various languages"
1551:
However, exploiting the case sensitivity of mailbox local-parts impedes interoperability and is discouraged.
285:
725:
416:
1848:
1811:. However, the phrase is hidden, thus one has to either check the availability of an invalid ID, e.g.,
1456:
1063:(spaces, quotes, and backslashes may only exist when within quoted strings and preceded by a backslash)
375:
200:
in the form of an email address as the username ID, even though the service in this case is not email.
249:. The mailboxes may be accessed and managed by applications on personal computers, mobile devices or
1691:
2610:
Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (Obsoletes RFC 821, Updates RFC 1123, Obsoleted by RFC 5321) (Errata)
2275:
1196:
means of delivering messages from a website, e.g., user messages, user actions, to the email inbox.
1181:
712:
part of an email address has to conform to strict guidelines: it must match the requirements for a
697:
2379:
1764:
292:) contains the name of the recipient's mailserver. In absence of an MX record, an address record (
2590:
Requirements for
Internet Hosts, Application and Support (Updated by RFC 2821, RFC 5321) (Errata)
1323:
1108:
981:(local-part ending with non-alphanumeric character from the list of allowed printable characters)
565:). Common advice is to avoid using some special characters to avoid the risk of rejected emails.
309:
2526:"देश में पहला, प्रदेश के हर नागरिक के लिए मुफ्त ई-वॉल्ट और ई-मेल की सुविधा शुरू - वसुन्धरा राजे"
1606:
1165:), although technical specification detailed in RFC 822 and subsequent RFCs are more extensive.
987:(IP addresses are allowed instead of domains when in square brackets, but strongly discouraged)
666:
2239:
1191:
Several validation techniques may be utilized to validate a user email address. For example,
1177:
512:
In addition to the above ASCII characters, international characters above U+007F, encoded as
2214:
2128:
1647:
1562:
1523:
1482:
1907:
1667:
1630:
1543:
1502:
1451:
1436:
550:
404:
The local-part of the email address may be unquoted or may be enclosed in quotation marks.
258:
2463:
8:
1983:
1461:
1387:
1381:
1216:
678:
277:
188:
Due to the ubiquity of email in today's world, email addresses are often used as regular
2511:
2287:
2070:
2570:
Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages (Obsoleted by RFC 2822) (Errata)
1173:
1047:(none of the special characters in this local-part are allowed outside quotation marks)
682:
281:
39:
1055:(quoted strings must be dot separated or be the only element making up the local-part)
1428:
1314:
1220:
665:(plus and Subdomain Addressing), postale.io (plus), Pobox (plus), MeMail (plus), and
353:
197:
1408:
1312:
top-level domain, the government of India in 2011 got approval for ".bharat", (from
2703:
2693:
2690:
Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email (Obsoletes RFC 4952, 5504, 5825)
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
1897:
1774:
1734:
1657:
1620:
1533:
1492:
1342:
1330:
1255:
920:
822:
607:
576:
242:
230:
87:
2052:
1286:. RFC 6531 provides a mechanism for SMTP servers to negotiate transmission of the
2680:
A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation (Updates RFC 4291) (Errata)
1855:
1800:
1414:
1319:
720:
labels, each label being limited to a length of 63 characters and consisting of:
317:
273:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2577:
1910:
1887:
1724:
1670:
1651:
1633:
1610:
1546:
1527:
1505:
1486:
1350:
1346:
1334:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
826:
611:
246:
238:
234:
95:
91:
2764:
2567:
2557:
1959:
1369:
1357:
634:
325:
2423:
1829:
1254:(EAI, also known as IMA, Internationalized Mail Address). This group produced
1075:
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234+x@example.com
804:
Comments are allowed in the domain as well as in the local-part; for example,
2758:
2732:
2721:
2650:
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoletes RFC 2821, Updates RFC 1123) (Errata)
493:
Comments are allowed with parentheses at either end of the local-part; e.g.,
482:
The maximum total length of the local-part of an email address is 64 octets.
2367:
Verification & Validation Techniques for Email Address Quality Assurance
1157:
An email address is generally recognized as having two parts joined with an
2620:
Internet Message Format (Obsoletes RFC 822, Obsoleted by RFC 5322) (Errata)
2191:
1760:
1720:
1602:
1441:
1234:
Some companies offer services to validate an email address, often using an
630:. This can be useful for tagging emails for sorting, and for spam control.
2660:
Internet Message Format (Obsoletes RFC 2822, Updated by RFC 6854) (Errata)
2148:
Pobox supports the use of "+anystring" (plus extensions) with any address.
957:"very.(),:;<>\".VERY.\"very@\\ \"very\".unusual"@strange.example.com
2004:
1168:
Syntactically correct, verified email addresses do not guarantee that an
1151:
709:
658:
654:
646:
357:
305:
297:
153:
2630:
Application Techniques for Checking and Transformation of Names (Errata)
2314:"How Domino formats the sender's Internet address in outbound messages"
1393:
1361:
1122: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
786:
771:
689:
allow configuring an arbitrary separator from the legal character set.
333:
157:
1902:
1779:
1739:
1662:
1625:
1538:
1497:
1446:
1169:
642:
387:
289:
193:
189:
1097:
2640:
IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture (Updated by RFC 5952) (Errata)
1287:
1238:, but there is no guarantee that it will provide accurate results.
794:
713:
662:
337:
293:
288:(RR) for the recipient's domain. A mail exchanger resource record (
1422:
553:
only allows creation of email addresses using alphanumerics, dot (
1283:
1158:
960:
692:
The text of the tag may be used to apply filtering, or to create
250:
2397:
1184:, or callbacks may be reported as spam and lead to listing on a
16:
Identifier of the destination where email messages are delivered
2743:
2700:
SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email (Obsoletes RFC 5336)
2600:
Mailbox Names for Common Services, Roles and Functions (Errata)
2560:
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoleted by RFCs 2821 and 5321)
650:
1510:
The local-part of a mailbox MUST BE treated as case sensitive.
596:
fred+@domain or even as fred@domain. For example, the address
1337:
based servers without an extension, but are permitted by the
1279:
1209:
1185:
1015:
798:
770:(letters, digits, hyphen). In addition, the domain may be an
674:
638:
580:
513:
408:
379:
182:
79:
1353:. Servers compliant with this will be able to handle these:
923:, although ICANN highly discourages dotless email addresses)
98:. The term email address in this article refers to just the
1893:
1247:
755:, provided that top-level domain names are not all-numeric;
686:
670:
383:
254:
2160:
587:
address for the purposes of determining account identity.
1309:
793:(which are encoded to comply with the requirements for a
717:
1274:, and continues to work on additional EAI-related RFCs.
1081:
i.like.underscores@but_they_are_not_allowed_in_this_part
2580:
Domain names, Implementation and specification (Errata)
880:(case is always ignored after the @ and usually before)
2346:
Messaging, Malware and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group
1003:
762:, provided that it is not the first or last character.
2464:"Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In"
1579:"How a simple email address makes things complicated"
173:; some mail systems even treat them as equivalent to
2258:"Exim Configuration Parameters, "local_part_suffix""
2024:"Outlook.com supports simpler "+" email aliases too"
1404:
1329:
The example addresses below would not be handled by
376:
email addresses for other networks than the Internet
378:included other notations, such as that required by
34:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2188:"Dot-Qmail, Control the delivery of mail messages"
1830:"Characters in the local part of an email address"
1524:"General Syntax Principles and Transaction Model"
1483:"General Syntax Principles and Transaction Model"
2756:
2339:"M3AAWG Sender Best Common Practices, Version 3"
913:(slashes are a printable character, and allowed)
1935:"Send emails from a different address or alias"
1282:encoding, which permits the full repertoire of
1039:(only one @ is allowed outside quotation marks)
2402:Email Address Internationalization (Active WG)
1087:
801:, both a local-part as well as a domain name.
1815:, or resort to alternative displaying, e.g.,
1227:of, the sender's IP address or email address.
2286:
959:(include non-letters character AND multiple
953:(bangified host route used for uucp mailers)
102:in Section 3.4 of RFC 5322. The RFC defines
1889:Sieve Email Filtering: Subaddress Extension
196:video gaming profile, they would use their
2424:"Email Address Internationalization (eai)"
2288:"New gTLD Dotless Domain Names Prohibited"
2182:
2180:
2071:"Plus addressing and subdomain addressing"
1960:"An Overview of the Andrew Message System"
1521:
1480:
1083:(underscore is not allowed in domain part)
1022:
2369:by Jan Hornych 2011, University of Oxford
1901:
1885:
1778:
1738:
1715:
1713:
1661:
1624:
1537:
1496:
1138:Learn how and when to remove this message
1077:(local-part is longer than 64 characters)
785:, although this is rarely seen except in
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
46:, without removing the technical details.
1929:
1927:
1576:
999:(begin with underscore different syntax)
858:
583:ignores all dots in the local-part of a
181:, efforts are progressing to permit non-
2404:. IETF. March 17, 2006 – March 18, 2013
2177:
1759:
1719:
1601:
1241:
774:literal, surrounded by square brackets
352:, where the local-part may be up to 64
2757:
2488:"Now, get your email address in Hindi"
2021:
1753:
1710:
1924:
601:denotes the same delivery address as
516:, are permitted by RFC 6531 when the
407:If unquoted, it may use any of these
44:make it understandable to non-experts
2276:"Instant disposable Gmail addresses"
2100:"postale.io's FAQ on sub-addressing"
2005:"Disposable addresses in Yahoo Mail"
1819:or source view, in order to read it.
1120:adding citations to reliable sources
1091:
963:, the first one being double quoted)
300:) directly specifies the mail host.
203:
86:(IETF) in the 1980s, and updated by
18:
2129:"Can I use with my Pobox account?"
1849:Are Email Addresses Case Sensitive?
1004:Valid email addresses with SMTPUTF8
313:
13:
2547:
2240:"Postfix Configuration Parameters"
1532:. p. 15. sec. 2.4.
1491:. p. 15. sec. 2.4.
1252:Email Address Internationalization
932:List of Internet top-level domains
348:The format of an email address is
14:
2776:
2714:
1236:application programming interface
590:
2742:
2731:
2720:
2212:
1421:
1407:
1308:For example, in addition to the
1154:validation, and fax validation.
1096:
263:Internet Message Access Protocol
23:
2518:
2512:"Universal Acceptance in India"
2504:
2480:
2456:
2438:
2416:
2390:
2372:
2360:
2331:
2306:
2280:
2268:
2250:
2232:
2206:
2153:
2139:from the original on 2020-10-03
2121:
2110:from the original on 2020-10-06
2092:
2081:from the original on 2020-10-06
2063:
2045:
2015:
1997:
1984:"Subaddressing/Plus Addressing"
1976:
1952:
1879:
1869:"Receiving someone else's mail"
1861:
1842:
1822:
1793:
1107:needs additional citations for
1018:are only allowed with SMTPUTF8)
905:inbox depending on mail server)
806:john.smith@(comment)example.com
495:john.smith(comment)@example.com
394:Internet Engineering Task Force
185:characters in email addresses.
143:
84:Internet Engineering Task Force
1684:
1640:
1595:
1570:
1556:
1515:
1474:
1376:Traditional Chinese characters
1296:internationalized domain names
993:(IPv6 uses a different syntax)
791:Internationalized domain names
179:internationalized domain names
1:
2022:Rivera, Rafael (2013-09-17).
1612:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
1577:Morrison, Sara (2021-09-06).
1529:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
1488:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
1467:
614:refers to this convention as
568:According to RFC 5321 2.3.11
486:Space and special characters
399:
227:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2215:"4.1.5. extension addresses"
7:
1522:J. Klensin (October 2008).
1481:J. Klensin (October 2008).
1400:
1088:Validation and verification
919:(local domain name with no
853:
270:transmitting email messages
148:
10:
2781:
2670:Internet Mail Architecture
1801:"Sign up for Windows Live"
1607:"Size Limits and Minimums"
1457:Non-Internet email address
1372:: δοκιμή@παράδειγμα.δοκιμή
940:(space between the quotes)
766:This rule is known as the
716:, a list of dot-separated
698:disposable email addresses
618:, but it is also known as
137:An email address, such as
2380:"4.10 Forms — HTML5"
1390:: медведь@с-балалайкой.рф
971:(% escaped mail route to
703:
366:John Smith <
343:
241:, and extensions such as
106:more broadly as either a
1182:directory harvest attack
1176:for the domain or using
724:Uppercase and lowercase
449:!#$ %&'*+-/=?^_`{|}~
415:uppercase and lowercase
310:electronic mailing lists
257:protocol and either the
2053:"Addresses and Aliases"
1773:. sec. 4.5.3.1.1.
1653:Internet Message Format
1648:"Address Specification"
1324:Government of Rajasthan
1043:a"b(c)d,e:f;g<h>i
1023:Invalid email addresses
944:"john..doe"@example.org
887:(one-letter local-part)
649:Plus (hyphen), Apple's
637:(plus), Runbox (plus),
503:are both equivalent to
477:"John..Doe"@example.com
473:"John.Doe."@example.com
469:".John.Doe"@example.com
330:spoofed email addresses
328:addresses (also called
2726:Validate Email Address
2532:(in Hindi). 2017-08-18
1886:Murchison, K. (2008).
1858:by Heinz Tschabitscher
146:, the symbol @, and a
118:value can be either a
1692:"Spotting a Spoofing"
1619:. sec. 4.5.3.1.
1396:: संपर्क@डाटामेल.भारत
1394:Devanagari characters
1178:callback verification
859:Valid email addresses
447:printable characters
130:, or the more common
2751:at Wikimedia Commons
2318:IBM Knowledge Center
2274:Gina Trapani (2005)
1452:Email authentication
1437:Anti-spam techniques
1318:), written in seven
1242:Internationalization
1217:heuristic algorithms
1116:improve this article
570:Mailbox and Address,
551:Windows Live Hotmail
332:) are often seen in
278:mail transfer agents
259:Post Office Protocol
142:, is made up from a
2514:. 15 February 2017.
1698:. November 19, 2020
1462:International email
1388:Cyrillic characters
1382:Japanese characters
946:(quoted double dot)
679:Courier Mail Server
284:(DNS) to look up a
229:(SMTP), defined in
122:, which contains a
2492:The Economic Times
2450:features.icann.org
2398:"Eai Status Pages"
2194:on 26 January 2012
2133:helpspot.pobox.com
1854:2016-06-03 at the
1221:statistical models
1174:Domain Name System
1067:this\ still\"not\\
900:(may be routed to
814:are equivalent to
282:domain name system
2747:Media related to
1723:(February 2004).
1656:. sec. 3.4.
1429:technology portal
1320:different scripts
1302:representations.
1148:
1147:
1140:
624:tagged addressing
374:Earlier forms of
350:local-part@domain
253:sites, using the
204:Message transport
198:Microsoft account
169:as equivalent to
152:, which may be a
72:
71:
64:
2772:
2746:
2735:
2724:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2190:. Archived from
2184:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2075:www.fastmail.com
2067:
2061:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2030:. Archived from
2019:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1905:
1903:10.17487/RFC5233
1883:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1780:10.17487/RFC5321
1763:(October 2008).
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1740:10.17487/RFC3696
1717:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1663:10.17487/RFC5322
1644:
1638:
1637:
1628:
1626:10.17487/RFC5321
1605:(October 2008).
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1539:10.17487/RFC5321
1519:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1498:10.17487/RFC5321
1478:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1315:Bhārat Gaṇarājya
1143:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1100:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1031:(no @ character)
1030:
1013:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:via example.org)
970:
958:
952:
945:
939:
929:
918:
912:
904:
899:
893:
886:
879:
873:
867:
818:
813:
807:
784:
780:
776:
761:
754:
750:
743:
739:
735:
731:
577:case sensitivity
564:
560:
556:
544:
539:
534:
507:
502:
496:
489:
478:
474:
470:
462:is not allowed).
461:
456:
450:
444:
440:
434:
430:
426:
422:
274:mail user agents
217:, e.g. jsmith@,
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
27:
26:
19:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2755:
2754:
2717:
2550:
2548:Further reading
2545:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2348:. February 2015
2341:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2219:Life with qmail
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1884:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1856:Wayback Machine
1847:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1718:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1520:
1516:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1427:
1420:
1415:internet portal
1413:
1406:
1403:
1244:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1113:
1101:
1090:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1029:abc.example.com
1028:
1025:
1009:
1006:
996:
990:
984:
977:
966:
956:
949:
943:
938:" "@example.org
937:
926:
916:
908:
901:
896:
890:
883:
876:
870:
864:
861:
856:
815:
809:
805:
782:
778:
775:
759:
752:
748:
741:
737:
733:
729:
706:
628:mail extensions
620:plus addressing
593:
562:
558:
557:), underscore (
554:
541:
536:
532:
531:The local-part
504:
498:
494:
488:"(),:;<>@
487:
476:
472:
468:
458:
454:
448:
442:
438:
432:
428:
424:
420:
402:
346:
286:Resource Record
280:(MTAs) use the
206:
68:
57:
51:
48:
40:help improve it
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2737:Best Practices
2729:
2716:
2715:External links
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2517:
2503:
2479:
2455:
2437:
2415:
2389:
2371:
2359:
2330:
2305:
2279:
2267:
2249:
2231:
2205:
2176:
2165:www.memail.com
2152:
2120:
2091:
2062:
2044:
2028:Within Windows
2014:
1996:
1975:
1951:
1923:
1878:
1860:
1841:
1821:
1792:
1752:
1709:
1683:
1639:
1594:
1569:
1555:
1514:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1370:Greek alphabet
1367:
1358:Latin alphabet
1243:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1213:
1197:
1146:
1145:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
975:
964:
954:
947:
941:
935:
924:
914:
906:
894:
888:
881:
874:
868:
860:
857:
855:
852:
764:
763:
756:
745:
705:
702:
635:Andrew Project
592:
591:Sub-addressing
589:
561:) and hyphen (
510:
509:
491:
464:
463:
451:
445:
435:
401:
398:
345:
342:
314:sub-addressing
205:
202:
78:identifies an
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2777:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2749:Email address
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2531:
2530:वसुन्धरा राजे
2527:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2425:
2419:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2293:
2292:www.icann.org
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2034:on 2014-02-20
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1961:
1955:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1802:
1796:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:extension of
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1142:
1139:
1131:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1105:This section
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
995:
989:
983:
979:
976:
973:
969:
965:
962:
955:
951:
948:
942:
936:
933:
928:
925:
922:
917:admin@example
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:
817:
811:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
773:
769:
757:
746:
727:
723:
722:
721:
719:
715:
711:
701:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:subaddressing
613:
609:
605:
604:
600:
599:
588:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
566:
552:
547:
543:
538:
529:
525:
523:
519:
515:
506:
501:
492:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:are allowed.
460:
452:
446:
436:
418:
414:
413:
412:
410:
405:
397:
395:
390:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
368:
362:
359:
356:long and the
355:
351:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Email aliases
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
261:(POP) or the
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
220:
216:
212:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:email address
66:
63:
55:
45:
41:
35:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2739:at Wikibooks
2728:at Wikibooks
2534:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2506:
2495:. Retrieved
2491:
2482:
2471:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2430:November 30,
2428:. Retrieved
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2345:
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:
2213:Sill, Dave.
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:the original
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2147:
2141:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2112:. Retrieved
2103:
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2027:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1914:. Retrieved
1888:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1844:
1833:. Retrieved
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:. Retrieved
1795:
1784:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1744:. Retrieved
1725:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:cyber.nj.gov
1695:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1652:
1642:
1611:
1597:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:
1572:
1567:, Google.com
1563:
1558:
1550:
1528:
1517:
1509:
1487:
1476:
1442:Email client
1338:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1276:
1251:
1245:
1233:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1134:
1125:
1114:Please help
1109:verification
1106:
1059:this is"not\
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
821:
803:
767:
765:
707:
693:
691:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
602:
597:
594:
584:
574:
569:
567:
548:
530:
526:
511:
481:
465:
411:characters:
406:
403:
386:
373:
365:
363:
349:
347:
329:
326:forged email
322:
302:
267:
224:
218:
214:
210:
207:
187:
174:
170:
166:
162:
147:
138:
136:
131:
127:
124:display-name
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
75:
73:
58:
49:
33:
2468:registry.in
2244:postfix.org
1944:13 December
1916:February 9,
1761:Klensin, J.
1721:Klensin, J.
1603:Klensin, J.
1384:: 二ノ宮@黒川.日本
1152:postal mail
991:postmaster@
985:postmaster@
848:example.org
844:example.net
840:example.com
710:domain name
659:Proton Mail
655:Outlook.com
647:Yahoo! Mail
276:(MUAs) and
163:example.com
154:domain name
2536:2017-08-20
2497:2016-10-17
2473:2016-10-17
2224:27 January
2198:27 January
2170:2020-10-06
2143:2020-10-03
2114:2020-10-06
2104:postale.io
2085:2020-10-06
2038:2023-12-04
2009:Yahoo Help
1939:Gmail Help
1873:google.com
1835:2016-03-30
1806:2008-07-26
1786:2019-08-01
1746:2017-08-01
1588:2024-07-15
1468:References
1378:: 我買@屋企.香港
1362:diacritics
787:email spam
777:, such as
772:IP address
694:single-use
681:(hyphen).
673:(equals),
585:@gmail.com
533:postmaster
520:specifies
467:addresses
400:Local-part
382:, and the
211:local-part
171:john.smith
167:John.Smith
158:IP address
144:local-part
2057:proton.me
1989:1 January
1676:March 14,
1447:Email box
1290:content.
1170:email box
1128:July 2019
1051:just"not"
930:(see the
812:(comment)
643:Rackspace
499:(comment)
388:bang path
318:catch-all
290:MX record
194:Xbox Live
190:usernames
175:johnsmith
132:addr-spec
128:addr-spec
120:name-addr
100:addr-spec
52:July 2024
2759:Category
2408:July 26,
2298:23 March
2262:exim.org
2161:"MeMail"
2137:Archived
2108:Archived
2079:Archived
1968:17 April
1852:Archived
1817:no-style
1766:RFC 5321
1726:RFC 3696
1702:17 April
1401:See also
1339:UTF8SMTP
1288:SMTPUTF8
854:Examples
795:hostname
768:LDH rule
728:letters
714:hostname
663:Fastmail
661:(plus),
657:(plus),
653:(plus),
645:(plus),
641:(plus),
522:SMTPUTF8
419:letters
396:(IETF).
338:phishing
265:(IMAP).
2352:23 July
2323:23 July
2294:. ICANN
2135:. n.d.
1284:Unicode
1159:at-sign
961:at sign
836:invalid
832:example
783:jsmith@
779:jsmith@
758:Hyphen
747:Digits
683:Postfix
528:form".
437:digits
251:webmail
134:alone.
116:mailbox
108:mailbox
104:address
38:Please
2706:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2556:
2426:. IETF
2384:w3.org
1345:
1333:
1258:
997:_test@
846:, and
825:
704:Domain
651:iCloud
610:
358:domain
354:octets
344:Syntax
316:, and
245:
233:
215:domain
165:treat
156:or an
149:domain
90:
2765:Email
2342:(PDF)
1963:(PDF)
1364:: élé
1360:with
1280:UTF-8
1210:UTF-8
1186:DNSBL
1016:emoji
967:user%
909:name/
799:UTF-8
726:Latin
696:, or
675:Qmail
669:like
639:Gmail
581:Gmail
514:UTF-8
417:Latin
409:ASCII
380:X.400
268:When
183:ASCII
112:group
80:email
2708:6854
2698:6531
2688:6530
2678:5952
2668:5598
2658:5322
2648:5321
2638:4291
2628:3696
2618:2822
2608:2821
2598:2142
2588:1123
2578:1035
2432:2010
2410:2008
2354:2019
2325:2019
2300:2020
2226:2012
2200:2012
1991:2024
1970:2023
1946:2023
1918:2019
1911:5233
1894:IETF
1813:me#1
1771:IETF
1731:IETF
1704:2023
1678:2023
1671:5322
1634:5321
1617:IETF
1547:5321
1506:5321
1351:6531
1349:and
1347:6530
1335:5321
1272:6533
1270:and
1268:6532
1264:6531
1260:6530
1248:IETF
1246:The
1219:and
1204:and
1035:a@b@
827:2606
808:and
736:and
708:The
687:Exim
685:and
677:and
671:MMDF
667:MTAs
612:5233
540:and
518:EHLO
497:and
475:and
453:dot
427:and
384:UUCP
369:>
334:spam
298:AAAA
255:SMTP
247:6531
239:5322
237:and
235:5321
126:and
114:. A
96:6854
94:and
92:5322
2704:RFC
2694:RFC
2684:RFC
2674:RFC
2664:RFC
2654:RFC
2644:RFC
2634:RFC
2624:RFC
2614:RFC
2604:RFC
2594:RFC
2584:RFC
2574:RFC
2568:822
2564:RFC
2558:821
2554:RFC
1908:RFC
1898:doi
1775:doi
1735:doi
1668:RFC
1658:doi
1631:RFC
1621:doi
1583:Vox
1544:RFC
1534:doi
1503:RFC
1493:doi
1343:RFC
1331:RFC
1310:.in
1256:RFC
1118:by
1010:I❤️
921:TLD
823:RFC
781:or
751:to
740:to
732:to
718:DNS
626:or
608:RFC
441:to
431:to
423:to
296:or
243:RFC
231:RFC
110:or
88:RFC
74:An
42:to
2761::
2528:.
2490:.
2466:.
2448:.
2400:.
2382:.
2344:.
2316:.
2290:.
2260:.
2242:.
2217:.
2179:^
2163:.
2146:.
2131:.
2106:.
2102:.
2077:.
2073:.
2055:.
2026:.
2007:.
1937:.
1926:^
1906:.
1896:.
1892:.
1871:.
1769:.
1733:.
1729:.
1712:^
1694:.
1666:.
1650:.
1629:.
1615:.
1609:.
1581:.
1549:.
1542:.
1526:.
1508:.
1501:.
1485:.
1266:,
1262:,
1188:.
850:.
842:,
838:,
834:,
819:.
789:.
700:.
622:,
606:.
471:,
336:,
312:,
308:,
272:,
2539:.
2500:.
2476:.
2452:.
2434:.
2412:.
2386:.
2356:.
2327:.
2302:.
2264:.
2246:.
2228:.
2202:.
2173:.
2117:.
2088:.
2059:.
2041:.
2011:.
1993:.
1972:.
1948:.
1920:.
1900::
1875:.
1838:.
1809:.
1789:.
1777::
1749:.
1737::
1706:.
1680:.
1660::
1636:.
1623::
1591:.
1536::
1495::
1223:.
1212:.
1206:/
1202:+
1163:@
1161:(
1141:)
1135:(
1130:)
1126:(
1112:.
1014:(
934:)
760:-
753:9
749:0
744:;
742:z
738:a
734:Z
730:A
563:-
559:_
555:.
508:.
455:.
443:9
439:0
433:z
429:a
425:Z
421:A
294:A
213:@
65:)
59:(
54:)
50:(
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.