Domain name - Knowledge

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for incorrect domain names, taking the user to VeriSign's search site. Other applications, such as many implementations of email, treat a lack of response to a domain name query as an indication that the domain does not exist, and that the message can be treated as undeliverable. The original VeriSign implementation broke this assumption for mail, because it would always resolve an erroneous domain name to that of Site Finder. While VeriSign later changed Site Finder's behaviour with regard to email, there was still widespread protest about VeriSign's action being more in its financial interest than in the interest of the Internet infrastructure component for which VeriSign was the steward.

898:. A registrant usually designates an administrative contact to manage the domain name. The administrative contact usually has the highest level of control over a domain. Management functions delegated to the administrative contacts may include management of all business information, such as name of record, postal address, and contact information of the official registrant of the domain and the obligation to conform to the requirements of the domain registry in order to retain the right to use a domain name. Furthermore, the administrative contact installs additional contact information for technical and billing functions. 29: 1221: 831:(ICANN), the organization charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Internet. In addition to ICANN, each top-level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced technically by an administrative organization operating a registry. A registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLD it administers. The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the corresponding TLD and publishes the information using a special service, the 1209: 376: 1433: 1195: 395: 107:(ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, create other publicly accessible Internet resources or run websites. The registration of a second- or third-level domain name is usually administered by a 904:. The technical contact manages the name servers of a domain name. The functions of a technical contact include assuring conformance of the configurations of the domain name with the requirements of the domain registry, maintaining the domain zone records, and providing continuous functionality of the name servers (that leads to the accessibility of the domain name). 1556:. In some cases, the owners of misspelled domain names may also attempt to sell the domain names to the owners of the legitimate domain names, or to individuals or organizations who are interested in capitalizing on the traffic generated by internet users who accidentally type in the misspelled domain names. 924:

to host a domain's resource records. The registrar's policies govern the number of servers and the type of server information required. Some providers require a hostname and the corresponding IP address or just the hostname, which must be resolvable either in the new domain, or exist elsewhere. Based

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providers that try to compete or complement ICANN's role of domain name administration, however, most of them failed to receive wide recognition, and thus domain names offered by those alternative roots cannot be used universally on most other internet-connecting machines without additional dedicated

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During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008, ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well as

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and other technical bodies, explained how they were surprised by VeriSign's changing the fundamental behavior of a major component of Internet infrastructure, not having obtained the customary consensus. Site Finder, at first, assumed every Internet query was for a website, and it monetized queries

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that could harm legitimate businesses. After a joint operation on February 15, 2011, the DOJ and the Department of Homeland Security claimed to have seized ten domains of websites involved in advertising and distributing child pornography, but also mistakenly seized the domain name of a large DNS

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Registries and registrars usually charge an annual fee for the service of delegating a domain name to a user and providing a default set of name servers. Often, this transaction is termed a sale or lease of the domain name, and the registrant may sometimes be called an "owner", but no such legal

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A few companies have offered low-cost, below-cost or even free domain registration with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the provider. These usually require that domains be hosted on their website within a framework or portal that includes advertising wrapped around the domain

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Domain names serve to identify Internet resources, such as computers, networks, and services, with a text-based label that is easier to memorize than the numerical addresses used in the Internet protocols. A domain name may represent entire collections of such resources or individual instances.

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attacks that depend on falsifying or misrepresenting an internet domain name. These are designed to persuade unsuspecting users into visiting a web site other than that intended, or opening an email that is not in reality from the address shown (or apparently shown). Although website and email

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To avoid being caught by a misspelled domain name, internet users should be careful to type in domain names correctly, and should avoid clicking on links that appear suspicious or unfamiliar. Additionally, individuals and organizations who own popular or well-known domain names should consider

1545:, are domain names that are intentionally or unintentionally misspelled versions of popular or well-known domain names. The goal of misspelled domain names is to capitalize on internet users who accidentally type in a misspelled domain name, and are then redirected to a different website. 929:

A domain name consists of one or more labels, each of which is formed from the set of ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens (a–z, A–Z, 0–9, -), but not starting or ending with a hyphen. The labels are case-insensitive; for example, 'label' is equivalent to 'Label' or 'LABEL'. In the textual

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a new application and implementation process. Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new top-level domains to be registered. In 2012, the program commenced, and received 1930 applications. By 2016, the milestone of 1000 live gTLD was reached.

1670:. This type of attack depends on registering a domain name that is similar to the 'target' domain, differing from it only because its spelling includes one or more characters that come from a different alphabet but look the same to the naked eye. For example, the 1340:

Business Constituency (BC) has spent decades trying to make IDN variants work at the second level, and in the last several years at the top level. Domain name variants are domain names recognized in different character encodings, like a single domain presented in

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domains and others, use a registry-registrar model consisting of hundreds of domain name registrars (see lists at ICANN or VeriSign). In this method of management, the registry only manages the domain name database and the relationship with the registrars. The

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TLD, which as of December 21, 2014, had 115.6 million domain names, including 11.9 million online business and e-commerce sites, 4.3 million entertainment sites, 3.1 million finance related sites, and 1.8 million sports sites. As of July 15, 2012, the

241:), which mapped computer hostnames to numerical addresses. The rapid growth of the network made it impossible to maintain a centrally organized hostname registry and in 1983 the Domain Name System was introduced on the ARPANET and published by the 211:, although domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the domain name, only an exclusive right of use for a particular duration of time. The use of domain names in commerce may subject them to 577:

During the growth of the Internet, it became desirable to create additional generic top-level domains. As of October 2009, 21 generic top-level domains and 250 two-letter country-code top-level domains existed. In addition, the

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ICANN publishes the complete list of TLD registries and domain name registrars. Registrant information associated with domain names is maintained in an online database accessible with the WHOIS protocol. For most of the 250

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Next are third-level domains, which are written immediately to the left of a second-level domain. There can be fourth- and fifth-level domains, and so on, with virtually no limitation. Each label is separated by a

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A generic domain is a name that defines a general category, rather than a specific or personal instance, for example, the name of an industry, rather than a company name. Some examples of generic names are

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Hostnames impose restrictions on the characters allowed in the corresponding domain name. A valid hostname is also a valid domain name, but a valid domain name may not necessarily be valid as a hostname.

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holder's content, revenue from which allows the provider to recoup the costs. Domain registrations were free of charge when the DNS was new. A domain holder may provide an infinite number of

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relationship is actually associated with the transaction, only the exclusive right to use the domain name. More correctly, authorized users are known as "registrants" or as "domain holders".

1360:, an expert on Internet related topics, "Unfortunately, variants don't work. The problem isn't putting them in the DNS, it's that once they're in the DNS, they don't work anywhere else." 1018:

is often used to emphasize the meaning of a domain name, because DNS names are not case-sensitive. Some names may be misinterpreted in certain uses of capitalization. For example:

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For special purposes, such as network testing, documentation, and other applications, IANA also reserves a set of special-use domain names. This list contains domain names such as

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In the process of registering a domain name and maintaining authority over the new name space created, registrars use several key pieces of information connected with a domain:

2399: 2893: 1128:(ICANN) threatened to revoke its contract to administer the root name servers. ICANN published the extensive set of letters exchanged, committee reports, and ICANN decisions. 224: 2725: 56:

services and more. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name identifies a

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Domain names are used to establish a unique identity. Organizations can choose a domain name that corresponds to their name, helping Internet users to reach them easily.

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Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the address topology of the network, globally or locally in an

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which they process on the basis of breach of terms and conditions. Around 16,000 domains are suspended annually, and about 80% of the requests originate from PIPCU.

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There is also significant disquiet regarding the United States Government's political influence over ICANN. This was a significant issue in the attempt to create a

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that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such as

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Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the

118:(FQDN) is a domain name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS, having no parts omitted. Traditionally a FQDN ends in a dot ( 2145: 1081:, on the other hand, run servers that are typically assigned only one or a few addresses while serving websites for many domains, a technique referred to as 2504: 2214: 707:

could be an email server, each intended to perform only the implied function. Modern technology allows multiple physical servers with either different (cf.

672:, e.g., 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa, which is the reverse DNS resolution domain name for the IP address of a 1125: 828: 384: 1353:

problem. Under Domain Name Variants, the different encodings of the domain name (in simplified and traditional Chinese) would resolve to the same host.

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domain names, like sought-after real estate, tend to carry significant value, usually due to their online brand-building potential, use in advertising,

1706:. Most web browsers warn of 'mixed alphabet' domain names, Other services, such as email applications, may not provide the same protection. Reputable 1282: 181:. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource and the corresponding translation of this IP address to and from its domain name. 1026:, which can be misread. In such situations, the proper meaning may be clarified by placement of hyphens when registering a domain name. For instance, 143:

is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system, usually without further subordinate domain name space. Hostnames appear as a component in

3075: 2482: 1624:. Should a user accidentally enter an incorrect domain name, they may be led to any URL (including an alternative website owned by a cybersquatter). 126:, and may therefore be written in any desired capitalization method, but most commonly domain names are written in lowercase in technical contexts. 1946: 1149:, whereby registrars, when given whois queries, automatically register the domain name for themselves. Network Solutions has been accused of this. 2806: 1372:

is a domain name used in a work of fiction or popular culture to refer to a domain that does not actually exist, often with invalid or unofficial

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Second-level (or lower-level, depending on the established parent hierarchy) domain names are often created based on the name of a company (e.g.,

1007:. Various factors influence the perceived value or market value of a domain name. Most of the high-prize domain sales are carried out privately. 3835: 3584: 2347: 1237:

of domain names, based on the legal theory that domain names constitute property used to engage in criminal activity, and thus are subject to

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Many desirable domain names are already assigned and users must search for other acceptable names, using Web-based search features, or

715:) to serve a single hostname or domain name, or multiple domain names to be served by a single computer. The latter is very popular in 2955: 3544: 2690: 2407: 233:

era, before the advent of today's commercial Internet. In the early network, each computer on the network retrieved the hosts file (

3539: 3433: 2368: 640:(SLD) names. These are the names directly to the left of .com, .net, and the other top-level domains. As an example, in the domain 451:

The hierarchy of domains descends from the right to the left label in the name; each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or

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tools which search domain name databases and suggest available alternative domain names related to keywords provided by the user.

920:. Most registrars provide two or more name servers as part of the registration service. However, a registrant may specify its own 2721: 2646: 2191: 1298: 2993: 2594: 1262: 1085:. Such IP address overloading requires that each request identifies the domain name being referenced, for instance by using the 1075:

to provide server redundancy for the services offered, a feature that is used to manage the traffic of large, popular websites.

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When the Domain Name System was devised in the 1980s, the domain name space was divided into two main groups of domains. The

71:(DNS). Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the 3154: 1108:

system which redirected all unregistered .com and .net domains to a VeriSign webpage. For example, at a public meeting with

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The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a host's numerical address on a computer network dates back to the

2747: 1505: 691:.com). Below these levels, the next domain name component has been used to designate a particular host server. Therefore, 3594: 3264: 2235: 1714:

registrars will not accept applications to register a deceptive name but this policy cannot be presumed to be infallible.

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registering common misspellings of their domain names in order to prevent others from using them for malicious purposes.

1326: 998: 590: 483:. The empty label is reserved for the root node and when fully qualified is expressed as the empty label terminated by a 1477: 3096: 1992: 1839: 1582: 1270: 1253: 1243: 2776: 534:(gTLD) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations. These were the domains 2628: 1885: 1524: 616:. Other top-level domain names containing trade marks are registered for corporate use. Cases include brands such as 3213: 2142: 1462: 406:

of domain names. Each node in the tree holds information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into

1484: 1412: 847:(ccTLDs), the domain registries maintain the WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.) information. 3177: 2565: 2260: 1325:

has ruled that the exclusive right to a domain name is protected as property under article 1 of Protocol 1 to the

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and does not allow the representation of names and words of many languages in their native scripts or alphabets.

242: 2871: 854:(NIC), also function as registrars to end-users. The major generic top-level domain registries, such as for the 803:

In the first quarter of 2015, 294 million domain names had been registered. A large fraction of them are in the

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Critics often claim abuse of administrative power over domain names. Particularly noteworthy was the VeriSign

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are domains subordinate to their parent domain. An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the

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An important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically

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Domain names used in works of fiction have often been registered in the DNS, either by their creators or by

1220: 1165:, forbids the use of a misleading domain name with the intention of attracting Internet users into visiting 387:(ICANN) manages the top-level development and architecture of the Internet domain name space. It authorizes 2664: 2109: 1849: 1454: 660:. 'sos' is said to be a sub-domain of 'state.oh.us', and 'state' a sub-domain of 'oh.us', etc. In general, 487:. The full domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 ASCII characters in its textual representation. 3067: 2478: 1285:

in 2010. Consumer Electronics Association vice president Michael Petricone was worried that seizure was a

3820: 3331: 3182: 167: 155: 115: 1938: 1757: – System to prevent email fraud ("Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance") 1473: 3789: 3456: 2802: 1760: 951: 708: 200:. Companies have created brands based on generic names, and such generic domain names may be valuable. 3524: 3429: 3284: 1158: 1146: 1086: 982: 921: 45: 1208: 3691: 3609: 3326: 2428: 2344: 2166: 1844: 1630: 1443: 1047: 764:

strings used in application user interfaces into the valid DNS character set by an encoding called

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centers, where service providers host the websites of many organizations on just a few servers.

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The hierarchical domain name system, organized into zones, each served by domain name servers

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is a domain name that has at least one associated IP address. For example, the domain names

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Evangelista, Benny. 2010. "25 years of .com names." San Francisco Chronicle. March 15, p. 1

1667: 1241:. For example, in the seizure of the domain name of a gambling website, the DOJ referenced 1200: 1166: 1139: 1078: 879: 769: 2698: 1194: 8: 3336: 3313: 2364: 2048: 1824: 1769: – Electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key (SSL certificate) 1732: – Creating email spam or phishing messages with a forged sender identity or address 1609: 1498: 1162: 1082: 716: 637: 566:(TLDs) are the highest level of domain names of the Internet. Top-level domains form the 403: 1301:(PIPCU) has been attempting to seize domain names from registrars without court orders. 28: 3419: 2989: 2941: 2187: 1869: 1234: 1004: 925:

on traditional requirements (RFC 1034), typically a minimum of two servers is required.

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in that domain names are foundations on which a website can be built, and the highest

3731: 2985: 2624: 2590: 2043: 1988: 1881: 1274: 656:(dot). An example of an operational domain name with four levels of domain labels is 480: 238: 135:

Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, also called

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PIPCU and other UK law enforcement organisations make domain suspension requests to

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As of December 31, 2023, 359.8 million domain names had been registered.

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domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Name System.

3354: 3194: 3150: 2936: 2834: 2650: 2351: 2218: 2149: 1785: 1782: – Technique for making a Web page available under more than one URL address 1779: 1265: 1247: 1226: 3255:, Domain Names — Implementation and Specification, an Internet Protocol Standard 3252: 3245: 1902: 3686: 3574: 3369: 2863: 1877: 1829: 1729: 1726: – Creating a website, as a hoax, with the intention of misleading readers 1679: 1601: 1415:. O'Brien subsequently created a website based on the concept and used it as a 1396: 1357: 1294: 700: 57: 2231: 3814: 3794: 3346: 3236: 3189: 2894:"Comment on ICANN Recommendations for Managing IDN Variant Top-Level Domains" 2569: 1621: 1600:, also called "URL hijacking", a "sting site", or a "fake URL", is a form of 1597: 1542: 1538: 1177: 1124:

Despite widespread criticism, VeriSign only reluctantly removed it after the

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or components of domain names are separated in a fully qualified name by the

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In the early 21st century, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) pursued the

122:) to denote the top of the DNS tree. Labels in the Domain Name System are 3746: 3529: 3451: 3394: 3384: 3233:, public information regarding Internet domain name registration services 1799: 1617: 1416: 1385: 1113: 1105: 943: 428: 159: 2256: 1751: – Simple email-validation system designed to detect email spoofing 1640:

A common misspelling, or foreign language spelling, of the intended site

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by Symbolics Inc., a computer systems firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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This article is about domain names in the Internet. For other uses, see

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Internet Grows to 294 Million Domain Names in the First Quarter of 2015

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Misspelled domain names are often used for malicious purposes, such as

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used in film and other media. The canonical fictitious domain name is "

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domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the

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provider, temporarily replacing 84,000 websites with seizure notices.

3756: 3716: 3711: 3651: 3476: 3471: 3414: 3409: 3269: 2867: 2722:"Past Congressional Attempts to Combat Online Copyright Infringement" 2620: 2294: 2282: 1912: 1834: 1763: – Email authentication method designed to detect email spoofing 1695: 959: 931: 727: 723: 677: 661: 653: 609: 526:(ccTLD) were primarily based on the two-character territory codes of 484: 452: 2846:

ECHR 18 September 2007, no. 25379/04, 21688/05, 21722/05, 21770/05,

2479:"Choose A Top Domain Registrar Of Your Choice Using Our Search Tool" 1432: 510:, may indeed have an IP address, and if so, they are also hostnames. 375: 3721: 3706: 3641: 3619: 3219: 1671: 1581:

spoofing attacks are more widely known, any service that relies on

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Arends, R.; Austein, R.; Larson, M.; Massey, D.; Rose, S. (2005).

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The business of resale of registered domain names is known as the

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Below the top-level domains in the domain name hierarchy are the

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The character set allowed in the Domain Name System is based on

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A domain name consists of one or more parts, technically called

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representation of a domain name, the labels are separated by a

621: 605: 593:(IANA) maintains an annotated list of top-level domains in the 391:, through which domain names may be registered and reassigned. 163: 506:

domain is not. However, other top-level domains, particularly

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Top Level Domain Bias in Search Engine Indexing and Rankings

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There are a number of better-known types of domain spoofing:

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List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names

88: 53: 3046:"Example Screenshots of Strider URL Tracer With Typo-Patrol" 2081:"Domain names - Implementation and specification (RFC 1035)" 2044:"Defining Domain: Higher Education's Battles for Cyberspace" 1576:) is used generically to describe one or more of a class of 812:

TLD had more registrations than all of the ccTLDs combined.

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ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Top-level Domains

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RFC 4034 – Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions

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and deceptive use of names and trademarks in domain names.

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Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the

2956:"Canadian banks hit by two-year domain name spoofing scam" 2777:"U.S. Government Shuts Down 84,000 Websites, 'By Mistake'" 207:

and domain name registrants are frequently referred to as

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operating system tools. Many registrars have implemented

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that would be beyond the control of any single country.

574:. Every domain name ends with a top-level domain label. 398:

The hierarchy of labels in a fully qualified domain name

3068:"Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) in Google Chrome" 2365:"Thirty years of .COM domains - and the numbers are up" 1788: – Technique for Internet censorship circumvention 1399:

attempting to profit from it. This phenomenon prompted

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The Truth in Domain Names Act follows the more general

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The first commercial Internet domain name, in the TLD

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country abbreviations. In addition, a group of seven

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Internet Domain Names: Background and Policy Issues

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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

455:of the domain to the right. For example: the label 385:

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

1283:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act 2041: 1321:Because of the economic value it represents, the 737: 3812: 3126:"About Safari International Domain Name support" 2280: 1145:Additionally, there are numerous accusations of 3261:, Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy 3214:Icann New gTLD Program Factsheet - October 2009 2945:, December 12, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2008. 823:The right to use a domain name is delegated by 789:, was registered on 15 March 1985 in the name 252:domains with the dates of their registration: 3285: 3016:"Mass Spoofing Campaign Abuses Walmart Brand" 1774:Legitimate technologies that may be subverted 203:Domain names are often simply referred to as 2837:, 1 November 2016 – 31 October 2017, Nominet 2748:"Tech industry wary of domain name seizures" 2566:"VeriSign fends off critics at ICANN confab" 2281:Cheshire, S.; Krochmal, M. (February 2013). 1643:A misspelling based on a typographical error 1152: 2803:"Whatever Happened to "Due Process" ?" 2321:"Executive Summary - dot brand observatory" 2274: 2106:"Introduction to Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)" 2078: 2014:"The first ever 20 domain names registered" 1874:TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols 1461:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 962:in their domain. For example, the owner of 775: 3292: 3278: 3013: 1971:, J.C. Klensin, J. Klensin (February 2003) 1720: – Cyberattack using corrupt DNS data 1660:(ccTLD) (.cm, .co, or .om instead of .com) 1422: 1380:", a usage exactly analogous to the dummy 1174:Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act 1041: 1022:, a database of artists and agents, chose 942:Domain names are often seen in analogy to 850:Some domain name registries, often called 2858: 2856: 2662: 2656: 2560: 2163:"32nd International Public ICANN Meeting" 1525:Learn how and when to remove this message 1363: 992: 248:The following table shows the first five 3198:) is being considered for deletion. See 2800: 2591:"Verisign's Wildcard Service Deployment" 2532:"'Slurls': Most Outrageous Website URLs" 2502: 1612:made by Internet users when inputting a 1010: 393: 374: 27: 2930:So This Manatee Walks Into the Internet 2868:"Domain Name Variants Still Won't Work" 2719: 2614: 1939:"Why are generic domains so expensive?" 1868: 1633:will usually be one of five kinds, all 1563: 1537:Misspelled domain names, also known as 1299:Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit 1099: 1030:, a programmers' discussion site, used 83:(gTLDs), such as the prominent domains 3813: 3299: 2862: 2853: 2745: 2072: 2035: 1961: 1743:Domain Name System Security Extensions 1058:URL: http://www.example.net/index.html 479:. Each label may contain from 1 to 63 147:(URLs) for Internet resources such as 111:who sell its services to the public. 3836:Domain name seizures by United States 3273: 3026:from the original on November 6, 2021 2739: 2713: 2323:. observatory.domains. Archived from 2301:from the original on 13 November 2020 2232:"About the Program - ICANN New gTLDs" 1682:alphabets each have their own letter 1351:Internationalization and localization 417: 32:An annotated example of a domain name 16:Identification string in the Internet 2966:from the original on 6 November 2021 2809:from the original on 5 December 2014 2653:, NSI Registers Every Domain Checked 2404:TLD larger than all ccTLDs combined" 2283:"RFC6761 - Special-Use Domain Names" 1969:Role of the Domain Name System (DNS) 1459:adding citations to reliable sources 1426: 1071:A domain name may point to multiple 1046:The domain name is a component of a 632:Second-level and lower level domains 517: 402:The domain name space consists of a 370: 2688: 2503:Courtney, Curzi (14 October 2014). 2406:. Royal.pingdom.com. Archived from 1686:, each of which has its own binary 1572:(or simply though less accurately, 1411:spoke the name while ad-libbing on 1327:European Convention on Human Rights 1176:passed in 1999 aimed at preventing 999:List of most expensive domain names 711:) or even identical addresses (cf. 591:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority 13: 2874:from the original on July 29, 2020 2529: 2371:from the original on April 7, 2016 1949:from the original on 20 March 2019 1840:List of Internet top-level domains 1736: 1646:A plural of a singular domain name 1316: 937: 887:Technical requirements and process 687:.co.uk), product or service (e.g. 14: 3847: 3202:to help reach a consensus. › 3171: 2828:Tackling online criminal activity 2801:Jeftovic, Mark (8 October 2013). 2720:Gabriel, Jeffrey (18 June 2020). 2433:Domain Name Industry Brief (DNIB) 2079:Mockapetris, P. (November 1987). 1981:Cricket Liu, Paul Albitz (2006). 1608:which relies on mistakes such as 1264:In 2013 the US government seized 1161:of 2003, in combination with the 1116:, numerous people, active in the 1034:, but changed its domain name to 966:could provide subdomains such as 818: 436:The right-most label conveys the 3220:IANA Two letter Country Code TLD 2542:from the original on 31 May 2019 2530:Ki, Mae Heussner (2 June 2010). 2511:from the original on 8 July 2019 1431: 1219: 1207: 1193: 1138:and sparked greater interest in 1112:to air technical concerns about 502:are also hostnames, whereas the 444:belongs to the top-level domain 3157:from the original on 2016-01-31 3143: 3132:from the original on 2014-06-17 3118: 3107:from the original on 2020-08-08 3089: 3078:from the original on 2020-11-01 3060: 3038: 3007: 2996:from the original on 2021-11-04 2978: 2948: 2922: 2910:from the original on 2022-10-09 2886: 2840: 2821: 2794: 2783:from the original on 2018-12-25 2758:from the original on 2011-04-10 2728:from the original on 2020-06-20 2682: 2637: 2608: 2597:from the original on 2008-12-02 2583: 2554: 2523: 2496: 2485:from the original on 2015-09-04 2471: 2460:from the original on 2019-05-19 2446: 2429:"DNIB Quarterly Report Q4 2023" 2421: 2392: 2383: 2357: 2313: 2287:Internet Engineering Task Force 2263:from the original on 2019-05-04 2249: 2238:from the original on 2016-11-03 2224: 2205: 2194:from the original on 2011-09-10 2180: 2169:from the original on 2009-03-08 2155: 2136: 2123: 2112:from the original on 2009-06-15 2060:from the original on 2018-11-07 2024:from the original on 2020-08-08 1995:from the original on 2011-09-05 1936: 1919:from the original on 2018-09-20 1332: 440:; for example, the domain name 243:Internet Engineering Task Force 3240:Congressional Research Service 2746:Jerome, Sarah (6 April 2011). 2098: 2006: 1974: 1930: 1894: 1862: 1323:European Court of Human Rights 1304: 845:country code top-level domains 827:, which are accredited by the 738:Internationalized domain names 524:country code top-level domains 508:country code top-level domains 237:) from a computer at SRI (now 162:used to verify DNS domains in 105:country code top-level domains 1: 3782:Web content management system 3187: 3014:Tara Seals (August 6, 2019). 2689:Dia, Miaz (4 February 2010). 2454:"ICANN-Accredited Registrars" 1856: 1658:Country Code Top-Level Domain 1653:: (i.e. .com instead of .org) 1281:The U.S. Congress passed the 800:domains had been registered. 758:Internationalized domain name 744:Internationalized domain name 1876:. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). 1850:Reverse domain name notation 1403:to purchase the domain name 1064:Second-level domain: example 780: 648:is the second-level domain. 168:Uniform Resource Identifiers 7: 2663:FBI / DOJ (15 April 2011). 2568:. CNET News. Archived from 1792: 1382:555 telephone number prefix 1183: 954:, and many other criteria. 914:and paying applicable fees. 878:There are also a few other 852:network information centers 796:By 1992, fewer than 15,000 166:systems, and in many other 156:Session Initiation Protocol 116:fully qualified domain name 10: 3852: 3790:Document management system 3457:Domain Technologie Control 3430:Web hosting control panels 2367:. Geekzone. Mar 13, 2015. 2042:Rooksby, Jacob H. (2015). 1907:(Technical report). IEFT. 1761:DomainKeys Identified Mail 1157:In the United States, the 996: 952:search engine optimization 922:authoritative name servers 760:(IDNA) system, which maps 741: 222: 218: 151:(e.g., en.wikipedia.org). 129: 18: 3780: 3628: 3509: 3428: 3345: 3312: 3305: 3072:chromium.googlesource.com 2615:Mueller, M (March 2004). 2221:, CircleID, 26 June 2008. 1637:the victim site address: 1159:Truth in Domain Names Act 1153:Truth in Domain Names Act 1147:domain name front running 1087:HTTP request header field 532:generic top-level domains 145:Uniform Resource Locators 81:generic top-level domains 3265:Special use domain names 3200:templates for discussion 2400:"Domain domination: The 1845:Reverse domain hijacking 1588: 1048:uniform resource locator 776:Domain name registration 695:might be an FTP server, 245:as RFC 882 and RFC 883. 3151:"IDN Display Algorithm" 1820:Domain name warehousing 1815:Domain name speculation 1749:Sender Policy Framework 1423:Misspelled domain names 1042:Uses in website hosting 974:to interested parties. 21:Domain (disambiguation) 1767:Public key certificate 1583:domain name resolution 1552:scams or distributing 1370:fictitious domain name 1364:Fictitious domain name 1094:Server Name Indication 993:Resale of domain names 987:domain name suggestion 896:Administrative contact 825:domain name registrars 463:as a subdomain of the 399: 389:domain name registrars 380: 79:(TLDs), including the 33: 3400:Web content lifecycle 2691:"website laten maken" 2165:. ICANN. 2008-06-22. 2152:, ICANN, October 2009 1810:Domain name registrar 1407:after talk-show host 1140:alternative DNS roots 1061:Top-level domain: net 1050:(URL) used to access 1011:Domain name confusion 912:domain name registrar 562:. These two types of 471:is a label to create 397: 378: 109:domain name registrar 31: 3360:Mobile web analytics 3056:on 21 December 2008. 2701:on December 20, 2016 2257:"Root Zone Database" 1668:IDN homograph attack 1585:may be compromised. 1570:Domain name spoofing 1564:Domain name spoofing 1455:improve this section 1167:Internet pornography 1100:Abuse and regulation 1079:Web hosting services 1036:experts-exchange.com 880:alternative DNS root 570:of the hierarchical 2131:Domain Requirements 2049:Brooklyn Law Review 1943:TheRealJerryLow.com 1870:Stevens, W. Richard 1825:Domain registration 1712:country code domain 1629:The typosquatter's 1343:traditional Chinese 1163:PROTECT Act of 2003 1083:virtual web hosting 1032:expertsexchange.com 972:foo.bar.example.org 772:have adopted IDNA. 717:Web hosting service 668:reverse resolution 638:second-level domain 317: 309:and the first five 256: 3821:Domain Name System 3420:Website governance 3300:Website management 3050:Microsoft Research 2990:Barracuda Networks 2962:. 9 January 2020. 2942:The New York Times 2935:2017-01-23 at the 2903:. April 21, 2019. 2866:(April 21, 2019). 2848:Paeffgen v Germany 2833:2017-12-16 at the 2649:2010-02-17 at the 2572:on January 4, 2013 2350:2017-12-20 at the 2217:2009-06-26 at the 2188:"New gTLS Program" 2148:2011-11-25 at the 2143:"New gTLD Program" 2018:ComputerWeekly.com 1347:simplified Chinese 1227:libertyreserve.com 1214:channelsurfing.net 1005:domain aftermarket 676:interface, or the 572:Domain Name System 418:Domain name syntax 400: 381: 324:Registration date 316: 303:30 September 1985 263:Registration date 255: 69:Domain Name System 34: 3808: 3807: 3732:Network Solutions 3380: 3379: 2986:"Domain spoofing" 2562:McCullagh, Declan 1535: 1534: 1527: 1509: 1374:top-level domains 1201:absolutepoker.com 1024:whorepresents.com 902:Technical contact 722:The hierarchical 564:top-level domains 518:Top-level domains 475:, a subdomain of 459:specifies a node 410:beginning at the 371:Domain name space 368: 367: 307: 306: 239:SRI International 77:top-level domains 62:Internet Protocol 3843: 3727:NearlyFreeSpeech 3580:Identity Digital 3511:Top-level domain 3310: 3309: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3052:. Archived from 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2952: 2946: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2909: 2898: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2860: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2697:. Archived from 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2667:. Archived from 2660: 2654: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2361: 2355: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2295:10.17487/RFC6761 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2228: 2222: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2159: 2153: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2085:IETF Datatracker 2076: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1987:(5th ed.). 1978: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1913:10.17487/RFC4034 1898: 1892: 1891: 1866: 1805:Domain hijacking 1724:Website spoofing 1708:top level domain 1705: 1701: 1696:dotless letter i 1685: 1656:An abuse of the 1651:top-level domain 1620:or composing an 1530: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1467: 1435: 1427: 1405:Hornymanatee.com 1287:blunt instrument 1277: 1275:§ 982(a)(1) 1260: 1250: 1223: 1211: 1197: 1136:top-level domain 1028:Experts Exchange 883:configurations. 705:mail.example.com 438:top-level domain 318: 315: 257: 254: 124:case-insensitive 3851: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3776: 3624: 3505: 3424: 3376: 3355:Click analytics 3341: 3301: 3298: 3203: 3174: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3081: 3079: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2937:Wayback Machine 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2864:Levine, John R. 2861: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2835:Wayback Machine 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2729: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2661: 2657: 2651:Wayback Machine 2642: 2638: 2631: 2617:Ruling the Root 2613: 2609: 2600: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2411: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2354:, Jun 30, 2015. 2352:Wayback Machine 2343: 2339: 2330: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2219:Wayback Machine 2210: 2206: 2197: 2195: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2170: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2150:Wayback Machine 2141: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2025: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1996: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1795: 1786:Domain fronting 1780:URL redirection 1776: 1739: 1737:Risk mitigation 1703: 1699: 1683: 1614:website address 1604:, and possibly 1591: 1574:Domain spoofing 1566: 1531: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1468: 1466: 1452: 1436: 1425: 1366: 1335: 1319: 1317:Property rights 1307: 1269: 1266:Liberty Reserve 1252: 1242: 1229: 1224: 1215: 1212: 1203: 1198: 1189:Seizure notices 1186: 1155: 1102: 1054:, for example: 1044: 1013: 1001: 995: 968:foo.example.org 940: 938:Business models 908:Billing contact 889: 821: 783: 778: 746: 740: 697:www.example.com 693:ftp.example.com 658:sos.state.oh.us 634: 520: 496:www.example.com 473:www.example.com 442:www.example.com 420: 373: 227: 221: 132: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3849: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3687:Google Domains 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3575:Google Domains 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3372: 3370:Click tracking 3362: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3172:External links 3170: 3168: 3167: 3142: 3117: 3103:. 2017-04-21. 3101:Opera Security 3088: 3059: 3037: 3006: 2977: 2947: 2921: 2885: 2852: 2839: 2820: 2793: 2768: 2738: 2712: 2695:Kmowebdiensten 2681: 2655: 2636: 2629: 2607: 2582: 2564:(2003-10-03). 2553: 2522: 2495: 2470: 2445: 2420: 2391: 2382: 2356: 2337: 2312: 2273: 2248: 2223: 2204: 2179: 2154: 2135: 2122: 2097: 2071: 2056:(3): 857–942. 2034: 2005: 1973: 1960: 1929: 1893: 1886: 1878:Addison-Wesley 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1830:Domain tasting 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1730:Email spoofing 1727: 1721: 1715: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1626: 1625: 1602:cybersquatting 1590: 1587: 1565: 1562: 1533: 1532: 1439: 1437: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1397:cybersquatters 1365: 1362: 1334: 1331: 1318: 1315: 1306: 1303: 1295:United Kingdom 1258:§ 1955(d) 1231: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1182: 1154: 1151: 1101: 1098: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1043: 1040: 1020:Who Represents 1012: 1009: 997:Main article: 994: 991: 939: 936: 927: 926: 915: 905: 899: 888: 885: 820: 819:Administration 817: 782: 779: 777: 774: 742:Main article: 739: 736: 709:load balancing 701:World Wide Web 633: 630: 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 488: 449: 419: 416: 372: 369: 366: 365: 364:24 April 1985 362: 358: 357: 356:24 April 1985 354: 350: 349: 348:24 April 1985 346: 342: 341: 340:24 April 1985 338: 334: 333: 332:24 April 1985 330: 326: 325: 322: 305: 304: 301: 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 279:24 April 1985 277: 273: 272: 271:15 March 1985 269: 268:symbolics.com 265: 264: 261: 223:Main article: 220: 217: 131: 128: 58:network domain 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3848: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3801: 3800:Blog software 3798: 3796: 3795:Wiki software 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3632:managers and 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3347:Web analytics 3344: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2981: 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