129:. In addition, the participating snow is non-specific, and lacks a clear semantic role. Therefore, assigning the participating snow the role of 'referent' in the default English expression "it is snowing" would seem inappropriate. Instead, linguistics classify the "is snowing" in "it is snowing" as an impersonal verb.
132:
Meteorological expressions are often constructed with impersonal verbs in
English. However, meteorological expressions are obviously not restricted solely to impersonal verbs, even in English; furthermore, different languages use different strategies for their default meteorological expressions and
124:
Temperature expressions ("it is hot"), weather expressions ("it is snowing"), and daylight expressions ("it is dark") tend to lack independent participants with distinct semantic roles. While snow participates in snowing, very few other types of participants can participate, and the participant is
159:. The Finnic impersonal construction enables an event or state to be described without specifying the identity of the agent (actor). Despite this, the interpretation of the impersonal includes a referent of some sort (dummy). The zero person is not entirely the same as an impersonal.
133:
common idioms. In
Palestinian Arabic, "Id-dunya ti-shti" translates to "It (the world) is raining" and uses a non-impersonal verb. "Vreme je sunčano", which means "the weather is sunny", is a common Serbian construction that uses a (non-impersonal) adverb rather than a verb.
1839:). Since, by definition, these entities are absent from the speech signal, it is of interest that language learners still can come to have information about them. As this phenomenon could not have resulted from sufficient prior experience, it suggests the role of
1818:
in that, with an impersonal verb, only one possible syntactical subject is meaningful (either expressed or not), whereas with a defective verb, certain choices of subject might not be grammatically possible, because the verb does not have a complete conjugation.
1806:, but even to be entirely omitted. However, it is not imperative that the referent of the direct object has been referred to explicitly previously in the discourse; it could instead be accessible extra-linguistically due to its salience to the interlocutors.
1979:
1028:
when they do not take a real personal subject as they do not represent any action, occurrence or state-of-being that can be attributed to a person, place or a thing. In French, as in
English, these impersonal verbs take on the impersonal pronoun -
150:
is unspecified, impersonal verbs are also known as zero person construction, or impersonal construction. An implicit argument (an argument that is put forth without stating it directly) is present on a semantic level for both
87:
inflection. In the third person, the subject is either implied or a dummy referring to people in general. The term "impersonal" simply means that the verb does not change according to grammatical person. In terms of
686:
A simple test can be done to see if the sentence contains an impersonal verb. One checks to see if a given subject pronoun takes an antecedent in the previous clause or sentence, e.g.
2992:
1802:
direct objects, that is, those whose referents can be understood from the prior or ongoing discourse context as well as sufficiently salient in that context not only to be encoded
1769:
While the concept of impersonal verbs is closely related to phenomenon of null subjects, null objects have to do with the lack of the obligatory projection of an object position.
1678:
Verbs which are used to describe the weather, are often noted to be impersonal verbs in some languages. Some linguists consider the impersonal subject of a weather verb to be a "
364:
sentence to be ungrammatical as who did the knocking cannot be overtly stated. As such, it might seem like it would be more grammatical to use impersonal verbs in such cases.
1694:
An impersonal pronoun, or dummy pronoun, lacks a reference; in
English, the usual example is "it" when used with an impersonal verb. Some sources classify certain uses of "
1702:" (ex. "you only live once") as "human impersonal pronouns". An impersonal pronoun, when used, serves as an empty placeholder, or "dummy subject", for the sentence.
679:
has no clear antecedent. English is so strict about requiring a subject that it supplies them for verbs that do not really require them. In sentences (4) and (5),
1852:
1073:
French makes a distinction between a dummy subject and an actual subject in clauses with infinitives by the use of a different preposition. The preposition
1593:, where verbs also are not conjugated for person, impersonal verbs are simply stated with no subject given or implied, even though Esperanto is otherwise
55:, impersonal verbs can be used to express operation of nature, mental distress, and acts with no reference to the doer. Impersonal verbs are also called
108:; it is merely a syntactic placeholder—it has no concrete referent. In many other languages, there would be no subject at all. In Spanish, for example,
2267:"impersonal-pronoun noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced American Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com"
857:
Less frequently, and only in some expressions with a limited number of nouns in singular, the verb "hacer" in the 3rd singular is used as impersonal (
2131:. Fourth International Symposium on Language and Linguistics. Vol. 1. Department of Foreign Languages Kasetsart University. pp. 505–521.
780:
1734:
is used in the numerical sense (rather than as a dummy pronoun), a different pronoun can be used subsequently to referring to the same entity.
1454:'it' in the case frame. In general, it is not allowed in formal speech, such as news reports. However, the presence of non-referential subject
2429:
803:
is an irregular verb. When used as an impersonal verb in the present tense, it has a special conjugation for the third person singular (
1682:", while others have been critical of this interpretation on the basis of their role as objects in the arguments of verb clauses. In
1901:
Loureiro-Porto, L. (2010). A Review of Early
English Impersonals: Evidence from Necessity Verbs. English Studies, 91(6), 674-699.
2291:
Van der Auwera, Johan; Gast, Volker; Vanderbiesen, Jeroen (2012). "Human impersonal pronoun uses in
English, Dutch and German".
1281:
has several impersonal verbs, most often seen in the third person singular. The real subject of the sentence will not be in the
1182:) etc., in which he 'one' is taken to be an empty subject. For weather, personal verbs are used in Celtic languages, e.g. Welsh
2266:
1552:
Subdivision into non-inception and inception subclasses can occur depending on whether the verb may occur with the path adverb
2164:
1170:
also possess impersonal verbal forms though their use is usually translated into
English by forms such as 'one sees' (Welsh:
2349:
1117:
Impersonal verbs are relatively common in German, often in constructions about a state or process. Common examples include
2365:
Cummins S., Roberge, Y., (2004). Null objects in French and
English. In: Auger, J., Clements, J.C., Vance, B. (Eds.),
1136:
Many statements asserting existence also use an impersonal form. Often the equivalent sentences in
English start with
3290:
2106:
811:
do not have an explicit subject; its only argument is a direct object noun phrase that does not agree with the verb.
2422:
1568:
1054:
is a dummy subject and does not refer to anything in particular in this phrase. The most common impersonal form is
2011:
2241:
466:
Occasionally an impersonal verb will allow an object to appear in apposition to the impersonal subject pronoun:
3264:
3082:
3074:
2774:
2593:
2490:
2415:
675:
in these sentences does not denote a clear entity, yet the meaning is clear. In other words, the pronoun
1938:
1752:
Generally, it is not ideal to mix the impersonal pronoun one with another pronoun in the same sentence.
1611:, impersonal verbs simply have no first argument filled and might not have any arguments filled at all:
2460:
2196:"From language to meteorology: kinesis in weather events and weather verbs across Sinitic languages"
3184:
2684:
1862:
1836:
2996:
2505:
2318:
Allen, Cynthia L. (December 1986). "Dummy subjects and the verb‐second 'target' in old
English".
725:
in the second example, on the other hand, has no referent. The hill (Bukit Timah) does not rain,
544:
2759:
3130:
2957:
2866:
2386:, ed. Timothy L. Face and Carol A. Klee, 23-36. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
1882:
1799:
1662:
297:
93:
683:
is in the subject position, while the real subject has been moved to the end of the sentence.
3201:
3092:
3087:
3064:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2826:
2619:
2455:
1872:
500:
89:
51:
takes a third person singular inflection and often appears with an expletive subject. In the
3206:
3140:
2972:
2929:
2831:
2694:
2654:
2242:"IMPERSONAL PRONOUN (noun) American English definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary"
1234:
601:
Other languages, those which require a subject, may permit an adjunct to assume that role.
2382:
Schwenter, Scott A (2006). Null Objects across South America. Selected Proceedings of the
932:
The passive voice in Spanish has similar characteristics following that of the impersonal
8:
2987:
2967:
2614:
2025:
508:
293:
2407:
1924:
Blevins, J. P. (2003). Passives and impersonals. Journal of Linguistics, 39(3), 473-520.
1827:
Impersonal verbs can be considered null subject data. They involve a general concern in
3153:
3120:
3046:
3031:
3016:
3006:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2699:
2629:
2624:
2217:
2170:
1828:
1190:
940:+ the third person singular or plural conjugation of a verb, similar to the impersonal
749:, there are a few true impersonal avalent verbs. Most of them are "atmospheric verbs":
551:
548:
532:
84:
60:
2159:. Amsterdam Academic Archive. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 93–170.
3110:
3036:
3011:
2934:
2799:
2744:
2714:
2674:
2221:
2195:
2160:
2141:
2102:
2068:
1939:"The linguistics of weather: Cross-linguistic patterns of meteorological expressions"
1840:
1327:
do not allow for an overt grammatical subject. The impersonal verbs occur only with
1230:
540:
528:
504:
152:
28:
3148:
3041:
3021:
2871:
2836:
2754:
2549:
2327:
2300:
2207:
2082:
1961:
1953:
1683:
1328:
1167:
746:
536:
524:
520:
516:
512:
393:
377:
289:
285:
156:
1129:("there is a knock at the door", literally "it knocks"), as well as the whimsical
3056:
2977:
2939:
2924:
2804:
2794:
2709:
2644:
2510:
2480:
2353:
2344:
2053:
1877:
1794:
Why then do the psychic gifts often seem to tease __, confuse __ and obstruct __?
1290:
1282:
1025:
492:
385:
381:
361:
301:
147:
3238:
3196:
3158:
3060:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2664:
2659:
2639:
2634:
2563:
2438:
2212:
1910:
1815:
775:
389:
126:
80:
2331:
1779:
C'est pas lui qui l'a écrit, son livre, le pape, c'est quelqu'un qui lui écrit
125:
indistinguishable from the event itself; this is similar to the phenomenon of
3284:
3163:
3115:
2982:
2962:
2841:
2739:
2689:
2669:
2649:
2174:
2154:
1867:
1695:
1679:
1324:
105:
2304:
59:
because they frequently appear in the context of weather description. Also,
3252:
3226:
3216:
3189:
3051:
2784:
2749:
2724:
2679:
2500:
1832:
52:
1957:
2909:
2719:
2598:
2559:
2524:
2515:
1857:
1699:
1572:
1286:
704:
692:
20:
1965:
1575:, verbs are not conjugated by person. Impersonal verbs take the pronoun
3269:
3168:
3125:
3102:
3026:
2861:
2764:
2734:
2729:
2583:
2578:
2485:
2475:
2465:
1459:
1099:
It's important to learn. (= This is important to learn.) - real subject
300:). Other languages disallow the presence of a by-phrase. For example,
276:
There is a lack of an overt nominative subject in these constructions.
774:
constructions in Spanish involve using a special verb in third-person
3259:
3221:
3001:
2818:
2573:
2519:
2495:
1590:
63:
may be called "impersonal", as they refer to an unknown person, like
1982:; Vihman Virve-A (2006). Benjamin Lyngfelt; Torgrim Solsted (eds.).
1450:
There is no allowance for the presence of a non-referential subject
903:
in front of verbs to form general sentences. Impersonal voice using
3248:
3243:
2153:
Bennis, Hans (2005). "Chapter 2. HET as a Referential Expression".
1085:
It's important to learn. (= Learning is important.) - dummy subject
554:, which is much as though it had a third-person, singular subject.
373:
44:
1937:
Eriksen, Pål Kristian; Kittilä, Seppo; Kolehmainen, Leena (2010).
1784:
The Pope didn't write his book himself, someone writes __ for him.
1133:("it is very Christmassy", literally "it is Christmas-ing hard").
721:
in the first example links with the previous subject. The pronoun
92:, impersonal verbs are often avalent, as they often lack semantic
3233:
2949:
2554:
2470:
2395:
1803:
1668:
3211:
2896:
2588:
2568:
1686:, there are weather verbs which may take no subject or object.
1608:
2290:
1984:
Demoting the Agent. Passive, middle and other voice phenomena
1278:
695:
is 163.63 metres tall. It is the highest point in Singapore.
2534:
2447:
48:
2194:
Huang, Chu-Ren; Dong, Sicong; Yang, Yike; Ren, He (2021).
2146:
1978:
2437:
1936:
396:, an impersonal verb always takes an impersonal pronoun (
1853:
Gender-specific and gender-neutral third-person pronouns
717:
The two examples may seem similar, but only the pronoun
2187:
304:
does not allow the use of a by-phrase in its passive.
249:
1932:
1930:
971:(American Spanish, less frequent in European Spanish)
625:
The following sentences illustrate impersonal verbs:
778:
with a direct object as its only argument or use of
119:
71:, and there is overlap between the use of the two.
1927:
1986:(96 ed.). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
3282:
2398:The Null Subject Parameter and Parametric Theory
2193:
2097:Purcell, Sue; Schenke, Heiner (30 August 2013).
1712:would think the inner dome of heaven had fallen.
1077:is used with dummy subjects and the preposition
795:(to have, to be (there is/are, there were)) and
791:There are two main impersonal verbs in Spanish:
284:Some languages require their counterpart to the
1125:("there is a draft", literally "it draws") and
367:
2400:. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2371:33rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages
2367:Contemporary Approaches to Romance Linguistics
2096:
1831:: determining the nature and distribution of
1822:
1669:Comparison to other linguistic classifications
238:
183:
2423:
2200:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
2396:Jaeggli, Osvaldo; Safir, Kenneth J. (1989).
1297:Decet – it becomes/suits; it is right/proper
1004:This cake is normally eaten during Christmas
741:There is no equivalent of the dummy subject
2373:(LSRL). John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 121–138.
2126:
2043:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1798:Null objects can be understood as implicit
1121:("there is a fire", literally "it burns"),
965:My friends ate cake (i.e. some of the cake)
853:There were many books (that were not sold).
2430:
2416:
1760:fails, then he/you must simply try harder.
1726:fails, then one must try harder next time.
1225:There are (some) books. / There is a book.
1046:It is necessary that you do your homework.
360:The content in the parenthesis causes the
2211:
2122:
2120:
2118:
1835:null but syntactically present entities (
2055:The Impersonal and Passive se in Spanish
1562:
1068:(il y avait, il y a eu, il y aura, etc.)
861:is a very common verb meaning 'to do').
416:in Swedish) as its syntactical subject:
1814:An impersonal verb is different from a
784:(not to be confused with other uses of
269:Sundays-on can.PRS.3sg in.ILL sleep.INF
3283:
2152:
2115:
1996:
141:
39:is an impersonal verb and the pronoun
2411:
2317:
1689:
1081:is used with real subjects. Compare:
595:Вчера вееше снег. / Včera veeše sneg.
499:In some other languages (necessarily
234:
211:Sunday-on can.PRS.3sg sleep.INF long.
179:
2001:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1548:Is there also a ghost in this house?
1269:(Some) books exist. / A book exists.
849:muchos libros (que no se vendieron).
16:Verb that has no determinate subject
1698:" (ex. "what should one say?") or "
1161:
948:is easily confused with the medial
13:
2384:8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium
2271:www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
351:was-knocked at door (*by neighbor)
260:
194:
47:referrent. In many languages the
14:
3302:
1809:
1446:*There is an earthquake in Japan.
1000:come tradicionalmente en Navidad.
936:. It is normally formed by using
348:Zapukano w drzwi (*przez sąsiada)
120:Use in meteorological expressions
1748:pulled her car over to the side.
1383:There is an earthquake in Japan.
615:
272:On Sundays you/one can sleep in.
79:Impersonal verbs appear only in
31:. For example, in the sentence "
2389:
2376:
2359:
2338:
2311:
2284:
2259:
2234:
2142:A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
2135:
2090:
2076:
2061:
2046:
1764:
1673:
1303:Licet – it is permitted/allowed
983:Mis amigos se comieron la torta
962:(European and American Spanish)
907:will use a singular verb since
480:Or as an instrumental adjunct:
208:Sunnuntaina voi nukkua pitkään.
27:is one that has no determinate
2067:Transparent Language. (2008).
2033:
2019:
2005:
1990:
1972:
1918:
1904:
1895:
1742:dried its feathers in the sun.
1715:The young comedian was awful;
1309:Placet – it is agreed/resolved
1306:Oportet – it is proper/fitting
729:rains. This demonstrates that
539:, an impersonal verb takes no
356:There was a knock at the door.
266:Pühapäeviti saab sisse magada.
1:
2356:. Retrieved on 20 March 2012.
2087:. Retrieved on 12 March 2012.
2073:. Retrieved on 12 March 2012.
2030:. Retrieved on 12 March 2012.
2016:. Retrieved on 12 March 2012.
1915:. Retrieved on 12 March 2012.
1888:
1545:ghost in house this also Ques
1229:However, sometimes there are
899:Spanish will add the pronoun
815:has its 'natural meaning' of
112:could be expressed as simply
2127:Indrambarya, Kitima (1996).
2058:. Retrieved on 12 March 2012
1313:
969:Mis amigos comieron la torta
655:that there is no end to this
368:Impersonal verbs by language
279:
7:
2369:: Selected papers from the
2246:www.macmillandictionary.com
2129:On Impersonal Verbs in Thai
1846:
1823:In universal grammar theory
1233:with more or less the same
1024:Verbs can be impersonal in
987:My friends ate all the cake
354:It was knocked at the door.
288:by-phrase be present (like
10:
3307:
3265:Syntax–semantics interface
2213:10.1057/s41599-020-00682-w
2027:What is an impersonal verb
1999:Syntax Theory and Problems
1589:In the auxiliary language
1538:phîï nay bâan nii dûay rəə
736:
707:is 163.63 metres tall. It
620:
74:
3177:
3139:
3101:
3073:
2948:
2895:
2817:
2607:
2542:
2533:
2446:
2332:10.1080/00138388608598474
2052:Deborah R. Lemon.(1994).
1997:Napoli, Donna Jo (1993).
1719:felt embarrassed for him.
1597:a null subject language:
1436:phɛɛndinwaày thîï4 yîïpùn
1374:phɛɛndinwaày thîï4 yîïpùn
1285:but is most often in the
1112:
1019:
960:Mis amigos comieron torta
928:How do you spell "Apple"?
807:). Clauses with the verb
3291:Transitivity and valency
2685:Exceptional case-marking
1868:Impersonal pronoun "one"
1863:Impersonal passive voice
1607:In the logical language
1273:
1193:may also be impersonal.
1066:. Note its other tenses
136:
2305:10.2143/LB.98.0.2990718
2041:American-Spanish syntax
1318:
1293:. These verbs include:
974:My friends ate the cake
831:There is a book (here).
733:is an impersonal verb.
2491:Initial-stress-derived
1883:Transitivity (grammar)
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1474:
1466:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1396:
1388:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1335:
1042:tu fasses tes devoirs.
1015:This house is for sale
884:It was cold yesterday.
671:The expletive pronoun
501:null subject languages
298:Austronesian languages
3002:Inclusive / Exclusive
2039:Kany, Charles. 1945.
1958:10.1075/sl.34.3.03eri
1873:Null-subject language
1616:carvi ca lo prulamdei
1563:Constructed languages
1174:), 'one did' (Welsh:
842:There are many books.
1912:tex's French grammar
1323:Impersonal verbs in
1178:), 'one is' (Irish:
2882:Relative subsective
2775:Regular / Irregular
2620:Andative / Venitive
2456:Abstract / Concrete
2099:Talk German Grammar
1946:Studies in Language
1443:earthquake in Japan
1380:earthquake at Japan
1131:es weihnachtet sehr
911:can be replaced by
665:why he cut the rope
583:Sniježilo je jučer.
142:Invisible arguments
61:indefinite pronouns
2441:and their features
2439:Lexical categories
2352:2012-05-11 at the
2346:On the Uses of One
2293:Leuvense Bijdragen
1829:generative grammar
1690:Impersonal pronoun
1625:is a verb meaning
1584:Il ha nivate heri.
1300:Libet – it pleases
1231:intransitive verbs
1184:Mae hi'n bwrw eira
543:at all, but it is
505:pro-drop languages
96:. In the sentence
43:corresponds to an
3278:
3277:
3083:Casally modulated
2988:Formal / Informal
2877:Pure intersective
2827:Anti-intersective
2813:
2812:
2760:Preterite-present
2166:978-90-485-0415-2
1841:universal grammar
1730:When the pronoun
1458:can occur in the
1186:'it is snowing'.
1103:Il est important
1089:Il est important
711:frequently there.
610:poured with rain.
571:Ha nevicato ieri.
451:sneeuwde gisteren
3298:
2857:Non-intersective
2540:
2539:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2215:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2088:
2084:Impersonal verbs
2080:
2074:
2070:Impersonal Verbs
2065:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2013:Impersonal Verbs
2009:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1837:empty categories
1684:Mandarin Chinese
1329:transitive verbs
1168:Celtic languages
1162:Celtic languages
1011:vende esta casa.
924:escribe "Apple"?
827:un libro (aquí).
589:Havazott tegnap.
537:Slavic languages
442:schneite gestern
424:snowed yesterday
262:
251:
240:
236:
196:
185:
181:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3173:
3135:
3097:
3069:
2997:Gender-specific
2944:
2891:
2809:
2695:Germanic strong
2603:
2529:
2442:
2436:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2364:
2360:
2354:Wayback Machine
2343:
2339:
2320:English Studies
2316:
2312:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2167:
2156:Gap and Dummies
2151:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2116:
2109:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1973:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1878:Transitive verb
1849:
1825:
1812:
1767:
1692:
1676:
1671:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1472:
1448:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1394:
1385:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1321:
1316:
1291:accusative case
1283:nominative case
1276:
1164:
1115:
1022:
979:Medial meaning:
745:in Spanish. In
739:
623:
618:
493:British English
485:It was pouring
370:
358:
355:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
282:
274:
264:
253:
242:
227:
215:
206:
198:
187:
172:
144:
139:
127:cognate objects
122:
77:
25:impersonal verb
17:
12:
11:
5:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3241:
3239:Procedure word
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Complementizer
3194:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:Gender-neutral
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Bound variable
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Ambitransitive
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2388:
2375:
2358:
2337:
2326:(6): 465–470.
2310:
2283:
2258:
2233:
2186:
2165:
2145:
2134:
2114:
2107:
2089:
2075:
2060:
2045:
2032:
2018:
2004:
1989:
1971:
1952:(3): 565–601.
1926:
1917:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1824:
1821:
1816:defective verb
1811:
1810:Defective verb
1808:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1738:We watched as
1728:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1691:
1688:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1663:core arguments
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1587:
1586:
1564:
1561:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1253:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1209:
1189:Verbs meaning
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1005:
1002:
993:
992:Passive voice:
989:
988:
985:
980:
976:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
944:. This use of
930:
929:
926:
897:
896:
893:
885:
882:
874:
871:
855:
854:
851:
843:
840:
838:muchos libros.
832:
829:
776:defective verb
768:
767:
764:
759:
756:
738:
735:
715:
714:
713:
712:
699:
698:
697:
696:
669:
668:
658:
648:
641:
634:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
606:Unfortunately
599:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
503:and typically
497:
496:
478:
477:
471:It is raining
464:
463:
454:
445:
436:
427:
369:
366:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
306:
281:
278:
254:
243:
228:
220:
219:
199:
188:
173:
165:
164:
143:
140:
138:
135:
121:
118:
100:, the pronoun
83:forms or with
76:
73:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3303:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Interrogative
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Interrogative
3119:
3117:
3116:Demonstrative
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3065:Prepositional
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Strong / Weak
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Interrogative
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Demonstrative
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Prepositional
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Interrogative
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Demonstrative
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Germanic weak
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Frequentative
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Autocausative
2628:
2626:
2625:Anticausative
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Transgressive
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2176:
2175:j.ctt46mtsw.6
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2108:9781406676112
2104:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:dummy pronoun
1666:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1602:Neĝis hieraŭ.
1600:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
999:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
956:Active voice:
955:
954:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
927:
925:
923:
918:
917:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
894:
892:
890:
886:
883:
881:
879:
875:
872:
870:
868:
864:
863:
862:
860:
852:
850:
848:
844:
841:
839:
837:
833:
830:
828:
826:
822:
821:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
782:
781:impersonal se
777:
773:
765:
763:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
748:
744:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
710:
706:
703:
702:
701:
700:
694:
691:
690:
689:
688:
687:
684:
682:
678:
674:
666:
663:
659:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
627:
626:
616:Indo-European
611:
609:
604:
603:
602:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
555:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
490:
488:
483:
482:
481:
476:
474:
469:
468:
467:
461:
459:
455:
452:
450:
446:
443:
441:
437:
434:
432:
428:
425:
423:
419:
418:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
365:
363:
357:
352:
349:
345:
342:
337:
334:
329:
326:
321:
318:
313:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
273:
270:
267:
263:
257:
252:
246:
241:
231:
226:
223:
218:
214:
212:
209:
205:
202:
197:
191:
186:
176:
171:
168:
163:
160:
158:
154:
149:
134:
130:
128:
117:
115:
111:
110:It is raining
107:
106:dummy subject
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:weather verbs
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3253:Pro-sentence
3227:Onomatopoeia
3217:Interjection
3190:Measure word
2973:Distributive
2867:Postpositive
2847:Intersective
2800:Unaccusative
2745:Performative
2715:Intransitive
2704:
2675:Ditransitive
2501:Noun adjunct
2397:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2345:
2340:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:
2236:
2225:. Retrieved
2203:
2199:
2189:
2178:. Retrieved
2155:
2148:
2137:
2128:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2021:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1980:Kaiser, Elsi
1974:
1966:10138/250879
1949:
1945:
1920:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1833:phonetically
1826:
1813:
1804:pronominally
1797:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:Null objects
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1693:
1677:
1674:Weather verb
1655:
1648:
1641:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1409:phɛɛndinwaày
1402:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1348:phɛɛndinwaày
1341:
1340:
1336:
1322:
1277:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:(Portuguese)
1247:
1245:
1241:
1228:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:(Portuguese)
1203:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1152:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1104:
1102:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1008:
1007:
997:
996:
982:
968:
959:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
931:
921:
919:
912:
908:
904:
900:
898:
888:
887:
877:
876:
866:
865:
858:
856:
846:
845:
835:
834:
824:
823:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
790:
785:
779:
771:
769:
761:
758:It's raining
753:
742:
740:
730:
726:
722:
718:
716:
708:
685:
680:
676:
672:
670:
664:
661:
654:
651:
645:growing dark
644:
637:
630:
624:
608:the next day
607:
605:
600:
597:(Macedonian)
594:
588:
582:
577:A nins ieri.
576:
570:
567:(Portuguese)
565:Nevou ontem.
564:
558:
549:third-person
535:and all the
498:
486:
484:
479:
472:
470:
465:
457:
456:
448:
447:
439:
438:
433:a neigé hier
430:
429:
421:
420:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:in English,
397:
371:
359:
353:
350:
347:
343:
340:
335:
332:
327:
324:
319:
316:
311:
308:
283:
275:
271:
268:
265:
258:
255:
247:
244:
232:
229:
224:
221:
216:
213:
210:
207:
203:
200:
192:
189:
177:
174:
169:
166:
161:
145:
131:
123:
113:
109:
101:
97:
85:third-person
78:
68:
64:
56:
53:active voice
40:
36:
32:
24:
18:
3202:Conjunction
2968:Disjunctive
2905:Conjunctive
2852:Nominalized
2755:Predicative
2599:Verbal noun
2550:Attributive
2276:29 February
2251:29 February
2101:. Pearson.
1858:Generic you
1573:Interlingua
1176:gwnaethpwyd
1033:in French.
995:Esta torta
895:It's windy.
819:'to have'.
705:Bukit Timah
693:Bukit Timah
591:(Hungarian)
507:), such as
462:. (Swedish)
460:snöade igår
426:. (English)
408:in German,
404:in French,
312:was-knocked
222:Pühapäeviti
167:Sunnuntaina
21:linguistics
3270:Yes and no
3185:Classifier
3169:Possessive
3131:Quantifier
3126:Possessive
3103:Determiner
3075:Adposition
3047:Resumptive
3032:Reciprocal
3027:Possessive
3007:Indefinite
2935:Pronominal
2887:Subsective
2862:Possessive
2832:Collateral
2805:Unergative
2795:Transitive
2710:Inchoative
2705:Impersonal
2645:Catenative
2584:Participle
2579:Infinitive
2511:Relational
2481:Collective
2461:Adjectival
2227:2022-10-20
2180:2022-10-20
1889:References
1789:In English
1705:Examples:
1631:rains to x
1460:colloquial
1412:earthquake
1351:earthquake
1157:There came
1107:apprendre.
1093:apprendre.
1058:, meaning
880:frío ayer.
873:It's cold.
772:impersonal
660:(5) It is
643:(3) It is
636:(2) It is
585:(Croatian)
579:(Romanian)
559:Nevó ayer.
545:conjugated
509:Portuguese
444:. (German)
435:. (French)
412:in Dutch,
294:Indonesian
225:Sundays-on
217:Estonian:
81:non-finite
3260:Prop-word
3222:Ideophone
3149:Discourse
3088:Inflected
3037:Reflexive
3012:Intensive
2819:Adjective
2790:Stretched
2780:Separable
2770:Reflexive
2665:Denominal
2660:Defective
2640:Captative
2635:Auxiliary
2574:Gerundive
2564:Nonfinite
2486:Countable
2299:: 27–64.
2222:230508236
1800:anaphoric
1773:In French
1591:Esperanto
1571:language
1569:auxiliary
1314:Tai-Kadai
1266:(Spanish)
1264:un libro.
1250:um livro.
1222:(Spanish)
1220:un libro.
1206:um livro.
1191:existence
1127:es klopft
1119:es brennt
1064:there are
799:(to do).
762:Ha helado
573:(Italian)
561:(Spanish)
533:Hungarian
487:with rain
453:. (Dutch)
374:languages
344:neighbor)
280:By-phrase
170:Sunday-on
162:Finnish:
94:arguments
45:exophoric
3285:Category
3249:Pro-verb
3244:Pro-form
3141:Particle
3093:Stranded
3042:Relative
3022:Personal
2940:Relative
2925:Locative
2915:Genitive
2740:Negative
2670:Deponent
2650:Compound
2350:Archived
1847:See also
1153:Es kamen
1149:There is
1123:es zieht
1060:there is
1040:faut que
766:It froze
552:singular
529:Romanian
473:diamonds
376:such as
372:In some
341:sąsiada)
309:Zapukano
201:pitkään.
153:Estonian
146:When an
98:It rains
33:It rains
3234:Preverb
3111:Article
3057:Subject
2950:Pronoun
2785:Stative
2750:Phrasal
2725:Lexical
2680:Dynamic
2655:Copular
2555:Converb
2471:Animacy
1567:In the
1258:libros.
1256:Existen
1244:livros.
1242:Existem
1235:meaning
1214:libros.
1200:livros.
1145:Es gibt
891:viento.
747:Spanish
737:Spanish
662:unclear
650:(4) It
629:(1) It
621:English
547:in the
541:subject
525:Italian
521:Catalan
517:Occitan
513:Spanish
394:Swedish
378:English
333:(*przez
290:Palauan
286:English
256:magada.
157:Finnish
90:valency
75:Valency
69:someone
29:subject
3212:Coverb
3207:Copula
3061:Object
2978:Donkey
2897:Adverb
2872:Proper
2837:Common
2720:Labile
2589:Supine
2569:Gerund
2560:Finite
2525:Verbal
2516:Strong
2506:Proper
2220:
2173:
2163:
2105:
1661:being
1654:, and
1635:from x
1621:where
1609:Lojban
1556:'up'.
1462:form.
1441:happen
1425:yîïpùn
1403:happen
1378:happen
1364:yîïpùn
1342:happen
1287:dative
1262:Existe
1248:Existe
1180:táthar
1172:gwelir
1113:German
1056:il y a
1026:French
1020:French
920:¿Cómo
754:llueve
386:German
382:French
362:Polish
302:Polish
259:sleep.
193:sleep.
190:nukkua
114:llueve
3178:Other
3159:Modal
2983:Dummy
2735:Modal
2730:Light
2608:Types
2543:Forms
2466:Agent
2218:S2CID
2206:(4).
2171:JSTOR
1942:(PDF)
1623:carvi
1543:exist
1506:house
1490:ghost
1481:exist
1434:kəət3
1432:*man
1428:Japan
1372:kəət3
1367:Japan
1279:Latin
1274:Latin
1138:there
869:frío.
859:Hacer
817:tener
813:Haber
809:haber
801:Haber
797:hacer
793:haber
770:Most
709:rains
652:seems
631:rains
531:, in
390:Dutch
325:drzwi
245:sisse
204:long.
148:agent
137:Forms
104:is a
23:, an
3164:Noun
2910:Flat
2765:Pure
2535:Verb
2520:Weak
2496:Mass
2476:Bare
2448:Noun
2278:2020
2253:2020
2161:ISBN
2103:ISBN
1554:khin
1534:man
1530:Ques
1522:also
1519:dûay
1514:this
1503:bâan
1487:phîï
1439:*it
1417:thîï
1398:kəət
1389:*man
1356:thîï
1337:kəət
1325:Thai
1319:Thai
1166:The
1050:The
889:Hace
878:Hizo
867:Hace
847:Hubo
731:rain
638:cold
392:and
336:(*by
328:door
292:and
233:can.
230:saab
178:can.
155:and
49:verb
37:rain
2328:doi
2301:doi
2208:doi
1962:hdl
1954:doi
1781:__.
1758:one
1756:If
1746:One
1740:one
1732:one
1724:one
1722:If
1717:one
1710:You
1700:you
1696:one
1665:).
1595:not
1541:it
1536:mii
1527:rəə
1511:nii
1495:nay
1476:mii
1467:man
1456:man
1452:man
1392:*it
1289:or
1218:Hay
1212:Hay
1038:Il
913:uno
836:Hay
825:Hay
805:hay
788:).
458:Det
449:Het
414:det
410:het
261:INF
250:ILL
248:in.
239:3sg
235:PRS
195:INF
184:3sg
180:PRS
175:voi
67:or
65:one
35:",
19:In
3287::
3251:/
3063:/
3059:/
2995:/
2562:/
2518:/
2324:67
2322:.
2297:98
2295:.
2269:.
2244:.
2216:.
2202:.
2198:.
2169:.
2117:^
1960:.
1950:34
1948:.
1944:.
1929:^
1843:.
1647:,
1579::
1577:il
1498:in
1470:it
1420:in
1359:at
1331:.
1260:/
1246:/
1237::
1216:/
1204:Há
1202:/
1198:Há
1140:.
1091:d'
1075:de
1070:.
1062:,
1052:il
1031:il
1009:Se
998:se
952:.
950:se
946:se
942:se
938:se
934:se
922:se
915:.
909:se
905:se
901:se
786:se
743:it
727:it
723:it
719:it
681:it
677:it
673:it
527:,
523:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
440:Es
431:Il
422:It
406:es
402:il
398:it
388:,
384:,
380:,
320:at
296:,
116:.
102:it
41:it
2431:e
2424:t
2417:v
2334:.
2330::
2307:.
2303::
2280:.
2255:.
2230:.
2210::
2204:8
2183:.
2111:.
1968:.
1964::
1956::
1658:3
1656:x
1651:2
1649:x
1644:1
1642:x
1640:(
1637:3
1633:2
1629:1
1627:x
1105:à
1079:à
667:.
657:.
647:.
640:.
633:.
495:)
491:(
489:.
475:.
317:w
237:.
182:.
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