Immigration to Germany

634:. Germany initially received around 40,000 per year. In 1987, the number doubled, in 1988 it doubled again and in 1990 nearly 400,000 immigrated. Upon arrival, ethnic Germans became citizens at once according to Article 116 of the Basic Law, and received financial and many social benefits, including language training, as many did not speak German. Social integration was often difficult, even though ethnic Germans were entitled to German citizenship, but to many Germans they did not seem German. In 1991, restrictions went into effect, in that ethnic Germans were assigned to certain areas, losing benefits if they moved. The German government also encouraged the estimated several million ethnic Germans living in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to remain there. From 1993 to 1999, the German government established a cap limiting ethnic German immigration to 220,000 people per year, which was later lowered to 100,000. In total, more than 4.5 million ethnic Germans moved to Germany between 1990 and 2007. 874:" (roughly, "we can do this"), which was widely used by news media as well as the public as a defining statement of her policy during the crisis. In 2015, the brunt of the European immigration crisis was placed on Germany when 890,000 refugees crossed the border and applied for asylum, most of them fleeing from the Syrian War. By 2018, 670,000 out of 700,000 Syrians living in Germany immigrated as a result of internal strife and conflict in Syria beginning in 2011. A 2015 survey shows that 46% of the entire German population was facilitating help in some way for refugees. All over, German citizens were creating initiatives and support groups for asylum seekers as well as donating their time to help on-site with refugees. Media helped shape German attitudes as well as put pressure on the government by covering the victims of immigration and by showing individual stories, which humanized them. 599: 825:, overwhelmed with the task of processing the sheer number of incoming asylum claims, was unable to prioritize deporting refugees to Hungary and decided to suspend enforcement of the Dublin regulation for Syrian nationals. As a result, refugees in Hungary requested to be allowed leave for Germany; several thousand began making their way across Hungary and Austria towards Germany on foot. Claiming it was no longer able to process asylum claims properly, Hungary began providing buses for refugees to the Austrian border. Responding to a wave of public sympathy in reaction to widely broadcast scenes of police brutality and refugees dying at the hands of smugglers in Hungary, and unable to keep the migrants out of the country without resorting to brutal force, the German and Austrian chancellors, 464: 856: 643: 688: 2108: 783: 821:. However, instead of applying there, many attempted to travel to Northern and Western European countries, mostly by traveling through the Balkans and re-entering the EU through Hungary or Croatia. As a result, Hungary registered 150,000 asylum seekers by August 2015. However, the vast majority of these refugees had no desire to remain in Hungary and wanted to move on to Western or Northern Europe, leading to a sizable population of refugees "trapped" in the country. The Hungarian government began to house refugees in camps under squalid conditions. The 200: 2845: 1308:, Germany grants refugee status to persons that are facing prosecution because of their race, religion, nationality or belonging to a special group. Since 2005, recognized refugees enjoy the same rights as people who were granted asylum. Germany's national ban on deportation doesn't permit returning refugees to their home country should doing so place them in imminent danger or that doing so would break EU human rights laws. This policy is a major catalyst to the large influx of Syrian refugees following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War. 727: 1918: 2480: 2365: 559:(6,000). The government portrayed East Germany as a post-racial society and called the foreign workers socialist "friends" who would learn skills which could then be applied in their home countries. In reality, racism and exploitation were widespread. The workers were generally strictly segregated from locals and did menial work that locals refused to do. Considerable portions of their paychecks were often diverted to their home governments, making their livelihoods precarious. Following 2135: 2081: 2257: 1749: 2909: 2656: 2575: 2875: 2568: 2507: 2473: 2223: 2189: 2074: 2040: 2006: 1945: 1776: 1715: 1681: 1647: 1613: 1579: 1722: 2541: 2514: 2392: 2230: 2791: 2683: 2446: 2419: 1952: 1688: 1525: 2818: 2764: 2629: 2338: 2311: 2284: 2047: 1586: 754: 2882: 1891: 1495: 1864: 1783: 2737: 2710: 1552: 2162: 1837: 2602: 1620: 2196: 1810: 28: 1654: 2936: 2013: 1979: 922:

immigration of 750,000 people from Ukraine in the first half of 2022, according to the office, responsible for collecting information on German society, economy, and the environment. That influx pushed Germany's population growth to 1%, or about 843,000 people, in the first half of the year. Germany's population rose to an all-time high of 84.3 million people in 2022.

4894: 6700: 1243:'s political rise in Germany is credited to the political saliency of immigration. The party strongly opposes the citizenship reforms. In 2024, party members were caught meeting with neo-Nazis and other right-wing extremists to discuss the forcible "remigration" of German citizens they deemed insufficiently 806:. An original projection of 450,000 asylum seekers entering Germany for the whole of 2015 was revised upwards to 800,000 in August and again in September to over 1 million. The actual final number was 1.1 million; Germany spent about €16 billion (0.5% of GDP) on processing and housing refugees that year. 3733:

In 2006, in Bavaria, 4% of the foreign population were criminal suspects. The corresponding figure for the non-foreign population was 2%. Non-German citizens are, in general, over-represented among suspects in criminal investigations (see horizontal bar chart). However, the complex nature of the data

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International students make up nearly 15 percent of Germany's student population, with 325,000 international students studying in Germany during the winter semester 2020/2021. According to a study from the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF), around 54 percent of foreign students in

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upon arrival. As a result, even though many did ultimately return to their countries of origin, several million of the recruited workers and their families ended up settling in Germany permanently. Nevertheless, the government continued to encourage the public perception of the arriving immigrants as

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Substantial reforms began to be enacted in 2023, touching many aspects of German immigration policy. The Skilled Workers Immigration Act updates previous immigration legislation concerning the ability of foreign workers to find work in Germany or begin employment at a German company. The legislation

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in 1990, many of the roughly 90,000 foreign workers living in what had been East Germany had no legal status as immigrant workers under the Western system. Consequently, many faced deportation or premature termination of residence and work permits, as well as open discrimination in the workplace and

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in 1968. These agreements allowed German companies to recruit foreign citizens to work in Germany. The work permits were at first issued for a duration of two years, after which the recruited workers were supposed to return to their home countries. However, many companies repeatedly renewed the work

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pass a citizenship test. The examination tests a person's knowledge of the German constitution, the Rule of Law and the basic democratic concepts behind modern German society. It also includes a section on the constitution of the Federal State in which the applicant resides. The citizenship test is

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that was created after the 2021 federal elections committed to implementing immigration reforms in an effort to make Germany a more competitive labor market. The government argues that Germany, facing a shortage of skilled workers, must attract new talent by facilitating immigration for work and by

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to modernize German immigration policy and from industry leaders to combat a shortage of skilled labor. By making it easier for job applicants to work in Germany, the government hopes to support a stable supply of skilled professionals that ensure German economic growth and competitiveness In July

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The new legislation also introduces a so-called chance card, which gives applicants without a job offer but with enough qualifications the opportunity to live and work in Germany. Successful applicants are allowed to seek employment for up to a year, with the potential to extend the chance card by

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New regulations were enacted in 2020 in response to the 2019 Skilled Immigration Act. In order to qualify for a visa under the new rules, applicants must obtain official recognition of their professional qualification from a certification authority recognized by the German government. Further, the

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Although the number of refugees in formal employment more than tripled between 2016 and 2019, as a group they remain overrepresented in unemployment statistics, which experts ascribe to a combination of red tape and refugees' difficulty in finding housing. Employment among Syrians and Afghans, the

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in 2014. In addition to tens of thousands of deaths on both sides, this invasion has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with around 7.5 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. Accordingly, by October 2022, Germany had recorded net

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are run by immigrants or their children. One-fifth of investigations into organized crime involve one or more non-German suspects. This has been attributed to the lack of effort made to integrate newly arrived immigrants in the 1960s and 1970s, who at the time were seen as "temporary" guest

4883: 6242: 251:, were systematically murdered. In the decades since, Germany has experienced renewed immigration, particularly from Eastern and Southern Europe, Turkey and the Middle East. Since 1990, Germany has consistently ranked as one of the five most popular destination countries for 6704: 1267:

A deal signed by both countries in Semptember 2024 opened German labour market for up to a quarter of a millon skilled and semi skilled workers from Kenya. It also included an agreement on readmission and return of unwanted individuals. The arrangement came in the face of

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Germany hosts one of the largest populations of Turkish people outside Turkey. Kurds make up 80 to 90 percent of all Turkish refugees in Germany while the rest of the refugees are former Turkish military officers, teachers, and other types of public servants who fled the

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legislation was implemented in Germany, allowing highly skilled non-EU citizens easier access to work and live in Germany. Although uptake of the scheme has grown steadily since then, its use remains modest; around 27,000 blue cards were issued in Germany in 2018.

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Motivated in part by low birth rates and labour shortages, German government policy towards immigration has generally been relatively liberal since the 1950s, although conservative politicians resisted the normalization of Germany as a country of immigrants and

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In 2015, responding to relatively high numbers of unsuccessful asylum applications from several Balkan countries (Serbia, Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro), the German government formally declared these countries "generally safe" to speed up their processing.

719:. Applications from people entering Germany after passing through other European Community member states, where they theoretically could have already applied for asylum, were now refused, as were applications from nationals of designated safe countries. 881:, for which a significant number of suspects were asylum seekers, marked a shift in the tone of media coverage and public opinion towards refugees, though the government noted refugees were, statistically, no more likely than locals to commit crimes. 1356:(roughly, naturalization by entitlement). In this process, when the applicant fulfills certain criteria they are entitled to become German citizens; the decision is not generally subject to the judgment of a government official. The applicant must: 1425:

in 2012, 92% of residents (73.9 million) in Germany had German citizenship, with 80% of the population being Germans (64.7 million) having no immigrant background. Of the 20% (16.3 million) people with immigrant background, 3.0 million (3.7%) had

7480: 1188:, allowing most German citizens to hold multiple passports. This change brings German citizenship policy in line with the rest of the world which is increasingly shifting towards an acceptance of multiple citizenship. In addition to this change, 1173:. Blue Cards enable highly skilled applicants to stay in an EU country, and the 2023 reforms lowered minimum annual wage requirements and guaranteed greater mobility within the EU in order to encourage more applicants to use the system. Further, 3734:

means it is not straightforward to make observations about the crime rates among immigrants. One factor is that crimes committed by foreign nationals are twice as likely to be reported as those committed by German citizens. In addition, the

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352,000 people applied for asylum in Germany in 2023, the highest number since 2016, when 722,370 people applied for asylum. People from Ukraine are not included. Most asylum seekers in 2023 were from Turkey, Syria and Afghanistan.

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Between 2010 and 2016, the number of Muslims living in Germany increased from 3.3 million (4.1% of the population) to nearly 5 million (6.1%). The most important factor in the growth of Germany’s Muslim population is immigration.

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is one of the most popular destinations for immigrants in the world, with well over 1 million people moving there each year since 2013. As of 2019, around 13.7 million people living in Germany, or about 17% of the population, are

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in 2023 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 13.35% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (9.44%) were born outside the EU and 17.5 million (3.91%) were born in another EU member state.

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As of 2014, about 16.3 million people with an immigrant background were living in Germany, accounting for every fifth person. Of those 16.3 million, 8.2 million had no German citizenship, more than ever before. Most of them had

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Though only about 5 percent of the asylum applications were approved and appeals sometimes took years to be processed, many asylum seekers were able to stay in Germany and received financial and social aid from the government.

7003: 1232:(in German, Alternative für Deutschland, AfD). The government argues that the reforms create opportunity and provide security for the 14% of the population that do not have citizenship, aligning German policy with that of 5060: 6783: 4740: 6097: 5391: 7138: 6879: 4709: 5984: 6678: 318:

saw the formation of a center-left government which promised to reform immigration law. In 2023, the coalition began implementing a series of reforms including the Skilled Workers Immigration Act (in German,

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enables those with substantial professional experience or training to acquire a work permit and makes it easier for those with vocational experience or with a university degree to obtain residence permits.

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Piatkowska, Sylwia J., Andreas Hövermann, and Tse-Chuan Yang. "Immigration Influx as a Trigger for Right-Wing Crime: A Temporal Analysis of Hate Crimes in Germany in the Light of the ‘Refugee Crisis’."

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Czymara, Christian S., and Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran. "Refugees unwelcome? Changes in the public acceptance of immigrants and refugees in Germany in the course of Europe's ‘immigration crisis’."

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In 2014, most people without German citizenship were Turkish (1.52 million), followed by Polish (0.67 million), Italian (0.57 million), Romanians (0.36 million) and Greek citizens (0.32 million).

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citizens have the right to solicit and obtain work in Germany regardless of citizenship. These basic rules for freedom of movement are given in Article 39 of the Treaty on the European Union.

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peers like Canada and France. Opposition leaders argue that the changes devalue German citizenship and introduce the potential for introducing domestically political conflict from abroad.

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in 2019 and found that 234 (40%) were likely 18 years or older and would therefore be processed as adults by authorities. The sample was predominantly males from Afghanistan and Guinea.

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set up similar foreign recruitment schemes, although at much smaller scales and exclusively with other socialist states. Most foreign workers recruited to East Germany, known locally as

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two years based on employment. Chance card holders must have a university degree or professional training, and must also demonstrate some German proficiency or advanced English skills.

1078:. Due to ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, many people are hoping to seek asylum in the European Union and Germany. The vast majority of immigrants are residing in the so-called 6818: 4929: 5249: 5731: 6848: 5595: 3924: 236: 5057: 4860: 6787: 4597: 6929: 6654: 4732: 363:, which proclaimed a policy of religious tolerance towards Huguenots, repeated waves of conflict and persecution over the next few centuries spurred new waves of emigration. 8188: 5383: 5081: 3950: 1404:

children born on German soil after the year 1990 are automatically granted German citizenship and, in most cases, also hold the citizenship of their parent's home country.

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to significantly curtail the previously unqualified right to asylum in Germany, which former German refugees had "held sacred because of their reliance on it to escape the

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In June 2015, new arrivals of asylum seekers, which had been increasing steadily for years, began to rise sharply, driven especially by refugees fleeing wars in

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in the 16th and 17th centuries led large numbers of Protestants to settle in Protestant — or at least religiously tolerant — principalities and cities of the

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Hertner, Isabelle. "Germany as ‘a country of integration’? The CDU/CSU's policies and discourses on immigration during Angela Merkel's Chancellorship."

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As of 2016, there are over 10 million foreign nationals from all around the globe living and working in Germany, making up almost 12% of the population.

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Most of the refugees entering Western and Central Europe around this time came by land via the so-called "Balkan route." According to an EU law (the

223:, were common destinations for the persecuted or migrant workers. Early examples include Protestants seeking religious freedom and refugees from the 7068: 4771: 7697: 7155: 7033: 5271: 4154: 3817: 164: 5874: 323:, or FEG) that among other things eased requirements for foreign workers, relaxed naturalization requirements and legalized multiple citizenship. 9107: 8355: 8198: 4391: 412: 267: 135: 6598: 6441: 6130: 4194: 3972: 6955: 6761: 6727: 3902: 888:

The intake of refugees in Germany temporarily decreased in the following years, while deportations increased and leveled out at around 20,000.

187:, both in the country's modern borders and the many political entities that preceded it, has occurred throughout the country's history. Today, 5008:"Toward collective responsibility in asylum law: Reviving the eroding right to political asylum in the US and the Federal Republic of Germany" 3794: 255:

in the world. According to the federal statistics office in 2016, over one in five Germans has at least partial roots outside of the country.

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In modern Germany, immigration has generally risen and fallen with the country's economy. The economic boom of the 2010s, coupled with the

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The distribution of refugees among the federal states is calculated using the "Königsteiner Schlüssel", which is recalculated annually.

429:" (German for "expellees", literally "homeland displaced persons") were forced to migrate from the former German areas, as for instance 6352:

Fragomen - Immigration attorneys, solicitors, and consultants worldwide - Germany: New Citizenship Law to Enter into Force in June 2024

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Spouses and same-sex civil partners of German citizens can be naturalised after only 3 years of residence (and two years of marriage).

6840: 6347: 5599: 3920: 813:), refugees were required to file asylum claims in the first EU country they set foot in, which for about the 85% of sea arrivals was 7338: 7313: 5807: 4844: 822: 707:. By comparison, only about 100,000 people sought asylum in the U.S in the same year. The growing numbers of asylum seekers led the 109: 4589: 8846: 8086: 7565: 7476: 6921: 6651: 5853: 47: 6192: 5771: 4325: 9027: 5077: 3946: 7437: 6416: 598: 9236: 7406: 4553: 4352: 852:

to prevent police from deporting an asylum seeker whose claim had been deemed invalid, sparked a significant political debate.

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in 1991, large numbers of refugees headed to Germany and other European countries. Between 1990 and 1992 nearly 900,000 people

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have lived in Germany legally for at least five years, or three years if they have contributed special achievements to Germany

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A person who has immigrated to Germany may choose to become a German citizen. The standard pathway to citizenship is known as

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two most common nationalities among the 2015–2016 refugee arrivals, rose by 79% and 40%, respectively, between 2017 and 2018.

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A person who does not fulfill all of these criteria may still apply for German citizenship by discretionary naturalisation (

8627: 7690: 6034: 5915: 933:, while 1,270,000 people emigrated. Net immigration to Germany was 663,000 in 2023, down from a record 1,462,000 in 2022. 6981: 9100: 8474: 8457: 8290: 7735: 7367: 6057: 4953: 3880: 1370:

not live on welfare as the main source of income unless unable to work (for example, if the applicant is a single mother)

463: 7967: 6321: 6015:(Federal Law Gazette I p. 162), last amended by Article 3 of the Act of 6 September 2013 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 3556) 5631: 1407:

Applications for naturalisation made outside Germany are possible under certain circumstances, but are relatively rare.

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signed an agreement that opened the German labor market to up to 250,000 skilled and semi-skilled migrant workers from

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Migrationsbericht des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge im Auftrag der Bundesregierung. Migrationsbericht 2012

5789: 1247:. News of the meeting triggered massive public backlash as tens of thousands of Germans gathered in major cities like 9299: 9220: 8814: 8718: 8555: 6952:"BMI Bundesinnenminister Dr. Wolfgang Schäuble: Asylbewerberzugang im Jahr 2005 auf niedrigsten Stand seit 20 Jahren" 6758:"BMI Bundesinnenminister Dr. Wolfgang Schäuble: Asylbewerberzugang im Jahr 2005 auf niedrigsten Stand seit 20 Jahren" 4670: 1323:. Among Iraqi refugees in Germany, about 50 percent are Kurds. There are approximately 1.2 million Kurds in Germany. 1316: 489:("economic miracle") in the 1950s and 1960s, the West German government signed bilateral recruitment agreements with 356: 227:. Jewish migrants, mostly from Eastern Europe, was also significant in successive waves. In the 20th century, rising 5613: 4124: 7503: 5104:"Eurostat table [migr_eipre] Third country nationals found to be illegally present - annual data (rounded)" 4010: 3598: 1228:

However, the citizenship reforms incited vigorous debate, causing a scandal involving the anti-immigrant far-right

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services are expedited for Blue Card holders, effectively easing immigration for families of Blue Card applicants.

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decided to allow the refugees in. The publicity from this decision led hundreds of thousands of people fleeing the

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to protest the plan. The AfD distanced itself from the event and insisted that it was not sponsored by the party.

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In September 2023, more than 120 boats carrying approximately 7,000 migrants from Africa arrived on the island of

9325: 8680: 8280: 7683: 7617: 5932: 5753: 5501: 5103: 5039: 4451: 344:, much of which would later become Germany. According to one estimate, a total of 100,000 Protestants moved from 279: 6217: 1401: 9093: 8663: 8479: 8163: 8027: 7999: 4590:"Arbeiten im Bruderland. Arbeitsmigranten in der DDR und ihr Zusammenleben mit der deutschen Bevölkerung | bpb" 1145:

applicant must meet language competency requirements and obtain a declaration from their prospective employer.

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In 2022, there were 23.8 million people, 28.7 percent of the total population, who had a migration background.

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in 1572, around 40,000 of whom settled in what is now Germany. Although many returned to France after the 1598

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The Comparative Politics of Immigration: Policy Choices in Germany, Canada, Switzerland, and the United States

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Self-employment requires either an initial investment of EUR 250,000 and the creation of a minimum of 5 jobs.

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background. The majority of new foreigners coming to Germany in 2014 were from new EU member states such as

9304: 9294: 9284: 8977: 8705: 8575: 8079: 7994: 7838: 7730: 4814: 3746:(17% solved). When considering solved crimes only, non-German nationals make up around 8% of all suspects. 368: 315: 314:. Smaller immigration reforms in 2009, 2012 and 2020 contributed to the broad trend of liberalisation. The 7368:"An Ice-Cream Truck Slaying, Party Drugs and Real-Estate Kings: Ethnic Clans Clash in Berlin's Underworld" 4951:" Kriegsflüchtlinge aus dem ehemaligen Jugoslawien nach Zielland (Schätzung des UNHCR, Stand März 1995)" 9274: 8772: 8685: 8137: 6701:"Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskonferenz – Büro – Bekanntmachung des Königsteiner Schlüssels für das Jahr 2014" 4763: 4636: 4531: 704: 703:

in a united Germany. In 1992 Germany admitted almost 70 percent of all asylum seekers registered in the

642: 9241: 9205: 8695: 8607: 8585: 8504: 8489: 8305: 8285: 8127: 7962: 7880: 3906: 3750: 1170: 1129: 845: 654:, of which West Germany accepted more than any other West European country due to a nearly unqualified 478: 67: 4383: 863:

In 2015, most Germans were very supportive of the large numbers of refugees arriving in Germany. Then-

9251: 8947: 8132: 7947: 7772: 6510:"German parliament approves easing rules to get citizenship, dropping restrictions on dual passports" 6296:"German parliament approves easing rules to get citizenship, dropping restrictions on dual passports" 3738:(the percentage of crimes that are solved successfully) is extremely low in some categories, such as 618:

from these countries began to move to Germany. German law at the time recognized an almost unlimited

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Kurthen, Hermann. "Germany at the crossroads: national identity and the challenges of immigration."

6922:"Report: At least 1,400 Turkish nationals claimed asylum in Germany in Jan-Feb alone - Turkey Purge" 4456: 1128:

is limited to skilled or highly educated workers and their immediate family members. In April 2012,

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Schmidt-Catran, Alexander W., and Dennis C. Spies. "Immigration and welfare support in Germany."

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Cite error: The named reference ":12" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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Turkish Germans in the Federal Republic of Germany: Immigration, Space, and Belonging, 1961–1990

7548: 5216:"Neue Prognose für Deutschland 2015: Vizekanzler Gabriel spricht von einer Million Flüchtlingen" 4041: 787: 9246: 9215: 9180: 9140: 9135: 9130: 8861: 8799: 8658: 8590: 8419: 8310: 8300: 6784:"Asylanträge von Türken in BW: "Fast 90 Prozent sind Kurden" - Baden-Württemberg - Nachrichten" 5285: 2855: 1923: 1380:

obligatory unless the applicant can claim an exemption such as illness, disability, or old age.

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As Eastern bloc countries gradually began to open their borders in the 1980s, large numbers of

247:, in which almost all remaining German Jews and many other religious or ethnic groups, such as 212: 88: 6907: 5714: 4799: 4484: 687: 9210: 9200: 9190: 9185: 9170: 9155: 9145: 9116: 9022: 8841: 8826: 8789: 8022: 7984: 7853: 7817: 7792: 7757: 7742: 6162: 4320: 4222: 1448:

As of 2023, the most common groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany were as follows:

1244: 1079: 1071: 864: 193: 9195: 9165: 9160: 8804: 8748: 8632: 8570: 8565: 8535: 8467: 8445: 8393: 8295: 8017: 7952: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7833: 7812: 7797: 7747: 7720: 7004:"Zweifel an Minderjährigkeit: 40 Prozent der überprüften Flüchtlinge gaben Alter falsch an" 6096:. German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. 20 February 2015. Archived from 1185: 1174: 581: 560: 266:, the country has also seen several distinct major waves of immigration. These include the 224: 220: 8: 8987: 8881: 8856: 8851: 8728: 8673: 8612: 8518: 8249: 8183: 7860: 7802: 7767: 7762: 7725: 7624:

Mechanisms of Immigration control: a comparative analysis of European regulation policies

3563: 1361: 1331: 1189: 953:. The German government has already signed or is negotiating migration partnerships with 914: 782: 593: 519: 364: 337: 262:

for many EU citizens, brought a sustained inflow from elsewhere in Europe. Separate from

8345: 7664: 6090:"BAMF's Graduates Study: Every second foreign student stays in Germany after graduation" 5954: 5845: 662:

between 1979 and 1986 alone. Notable numbers of asylum seekers came from Turkey after a

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racism in everyday life. The vast majority ultimately returned to their home countries.

9053: 9046: 8901: 8866: 8753: 8738: 8668: 8646: 8622: 8550: 8484: 8414: 8325: 8244: 8213: 8122: 8099: 7979: 7974: 7957: 7942: 7921: 7885: 7874: 7597:. "A Spectre Haunting Europe: Angela Merkel and the Challenges of Far-Right Populism." 6895: 3896: 671: 659: 528: 303: 263: 406: 9007: 8982: 8929: 8876: 8690: 8462: 8254: 7865: 7752: 7511: 7375: 6569: 5702: 5265: 4852: 4787: 4701: 4628: 4523: 4421: 4148: 4061: 4057: 3980: 3872: 3862: 2823: 1286: 1007: 978: 810: 726: 572:

During the 1980s, a small but steady stream of East Germans immigrating to the West (

486: 426: 383: 345: 341: 216: 62: 4125:"Grundzüge der deutschen (Arbeits-)Migrationspolitik - Migrationsprofil Deutschland" 9069: 9017: 9012: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8819: 8784: 8758: 8430: 8234: 8203: 8158: 8153: 8048: 7890: 7870: 7807: 7787: 4518: 4053: 3861:. Jason Philip Coy, Jared Poley, Alexander Schunka (1st ed.). New York. 2016. 1003: 871: 834: 539: 458: 382:

Several thousand English and Scottish Presbyterians also fled the violent reign of

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accordingly remained relatively restrictive until the mid-2000s. A major reform of

287: 5242:"Vor dem 5. September. Die "Flüchtlingskrise" 2015 im historischen Kontext | APuZ" 762: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8909: 8335: 7142: 7120: 7099: 7077: 6658: 6623: 6012: 5919: 5900: 5881: 5827: 5812: 5735: 5537: 5456: 5321: 5222: 5203: 5064: 5046: 4957: 4307: 4288: 2140: 1031: 667: 655: 619: 615: 360: 299: 295: 275: 93: 72: 6485:"Germany's proposed tax rebate for skilled foreign workers 'socially explosive'" 6030: 5912: 4980:. American University International Law Review. pp. 159–179. Archived from 1386:

be prepared to swear an oath of loyalty to democracy and the German constitution

989:

with professionals like doctors and nurses going abroad for better-paying jobs.

199: 9074: 8952: 8939: 8602: 8360: 7594: 7579:

Immigration and the nation-state: the United States, Germany, and Great Britain

6977: 5681: 5013:. American University International Law Review. pp. 79–123. Archived from 3735: 3423: 2983: 2874: 2567: 2506: 2485: 2472: 2370: 2222: 2188: 2073: 2039: 2005: 1944: 1775: 1714: 1680: 1646: 1612: 1578: 1505: 1210: 1193: 1167: 1121: 1059: 830: 670:

in the country. Several thousand people also sought refuge in Germany from the

422: 307: 140: 6193:"Changes to Germany's skilled immigration rules take effect – DW – 03/01/2024" 5808:"Germany begins recruiting 250,000 bus drivers, computer repairers from Kenya" 4950: 650:

And in parallel, a third stream of immigration starting in the mid-1980s were

9319: 8315: 7989: 7515: 7379: 6599:"Germany's far-right AfD face mounting protests over plan to deport migrants" 6573: 4856: 4705: 4632: 4527: 4425: 3984: 3876: 3739: 2262: 1233: 1222: 1217: 1067: 1063: 867: 826: 700: 696: 544: 283: 244: 8700: 8375: 8370: 8340: 8239: 8193: 8043: 4065: 4042:"Western Germany's 'third wave' of migrants: the arrival of the Aussiedler" 946: 712: 623: 577: 534: 469: 454: 434: 418: 395: 271: 228: 130: 7089:

Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis).sicker and golden family

5533:"Übergriffe von Köln: Silvester-Täter kamen mit Flüchtlingswelle ins Land" 4666: 3856: 518:

permits; some of the bilateral treaties were even updated to give workers

8710: 8424: 8259: 8208: 7675: 7669: 7407:"Migration und Kriminalität – Erfahrungen und neuere Entwicklungen | bpb" 7070:

Wege zur Einbürgerung. Wie werde ich Deutsche? – Wie werde ich Deutscher?

5658:"Germany agrees to accept some migrants from Italy amid Lampedusa crisis" 5471:"5 years on from Angela Merkel's three little words: 'Wir schaffen das!'" 3763: 3171: 2914: 2850: 2086: 1754: 1125: 1075: 1043: 1035: 986: 942: 913:

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the

803: 651: 252: 145: 9085: 7622:

Thrädhardt, Dietrich. "Germany's immigration policies and politics." in

7067:

Federal Government Commissioner for Migrants, Refugees and Integration.

5772:"Germany opens its doors to Kenyan workers in controlled migration deal" 925:

In 2023, 1,933,000 people immigrated to Germany, including 276,000 from

646:

Greeting Vietnamese refugees from the Cap Anamur II in Hamburg in (1986)

622:

for people of German descent, of whom there were several million in the

8919: 8540: 5353:"Die Beschäftigung von Flüchtlingen wächst – die Arbeitslosigkeit auch" 5014: 4981: 4485:"DDR-Vertragsarbeiter aus Afrika: "Die haben uns belogen und betrogen"" 2661: 1216:

The government's actions were a response to long standing demands from

1055: 974: 970: 603: 552: 514: 348:

lands to what is now southern and central Germany in the 17th century.

232: 7092:

Population based on the 2011 Census. Population by sex and citizenship

6841:"Nach Putschversuch: Immer mehr Türken beantragen Asyl in Deutschland" 2973: 1410: 1327: 761:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

8530: 8178: 2580: 1248: 1051: 896: 708: 401: 391: 387: 352: 5137:"Zahl der Flüchtlinge | Flucht & Asyl | Zahlen und Fakten | MDI" 8064: 7339:"Population on 1 January by age, sex and group of country of birth" 5415:"Migration Monitoring: Educational and Labour Migration to Germany" 5108: 4924: 4300: 4017:(in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 28 April 2016. 3743: 3535: 3507: 3311: 2979: 2546: 2519: 2397: 2235: 1727: 1019: 966: 658:. Around 300,000 Iranians fled from persecution in the wake of the 506: 407:

Forced emigration of ethnic Germans from eastern and central Europe

302:

in 2005 saw the state commit, for the first time, resources to the

6872:"Turkish asylum applications in Germany jump 55 percent this year" 6624:"German opens door for thousands of Kenyan workers in labour deal" 6380:"Moving to Germany will be easier in 2024 under a new visa scheme" 5168:"Fluchtmigration nach Deutschland und Europa: Einige Hintergründe" 4694:"Deutsches Blut, fremde Folter SPIEGEL-Redakteur Thomas Darnstädt" 4169:"Moving to Germany will be easier in 2024 under a new visa scheme" 27: 8809: 8229: 8173: 8095: 7653: 5739: 3479: 3451: 3367: 3339: 3283: 3255: 2796: 2769: 2688: 2634: 2451: 2424: 2343: 2316: 2289: 2052: 1957: 1693: 1591: 1530: 1027: 1023: 1015: 982: 958: 954: 926: 899:

within 24 hours. Some of the migrants were relocated to Germany.

631: 510: 502: 430: 376: 311: 306:

of newcomers and significantly liberalised the labour market for

282:. Germany also accepted significant numbers of refugees from the 274:, and ethnic Germans from former Communist states claiming their 208: 188: 7314:"Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth" 6467:"Germany calls for more immigrants to fix its shrinking economy" 567: 7438:"Study: Only better integration will reduce migrant crime rate" 6348:"Germany: New Citizenship Law to Enter into Force in June 2024" 5322:"Migrant crisis: People treated 'like animals' in Hungary camp" 4920:"Flüchtlingskrise: "Viele waren schon in der Heimat Underdogs"" 4621:"Vertragsarbeiter aus Mosambik: "Moderne Sklaverei" in der DDR" 4514:"Vertragsarbeiter aus Mosambik: "Moderne Sklaverei" in der DDR" 3947:"Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund um 8,5 % gestiegen" 3395: 3227: 3199: 3087: 2887: 2607: 2201: 1896: 1869: 1815: 1788: 1625: 1500: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1256: 1252: 1047: 1039: 1011: 999: 930: 918: 814: 786:

Police intercepts refugees and potential illegal immigrants at

627: 556: 498: 494: 5913:"Conflicts in the Middle East fueled by religious intolerance" 4452:""Aus Vietnam in die DDR. 40 Jahre Vertragsarbeiter-Abkommen"" 1184:

Further, the reforms dropped the longstanding restrictions on

8189:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

8168: 5677:"Ukrainian refugees push Germany's population to record high" 4733:"Geschichte der Zuwanderung nach Deutschland nach 1950 | bpb" 4384:"Die Anwerbung türkischer Arbeitnehmer und ihre Folgen | bpb" 3143: 3115: 2941: 2742: 2715: 2113: 2018: 1984: 1659: 1557: 1439: 962: 950: 818: 795: 490: 7560:

Green, Simon. "Germany: A changing country of immigration."

7472:

Kriminalität im Kontext von Zuwanderung: Bundeslagebild 2019

6537:"The dangerous resurgence of Germany's far right, explained" 6006:

Residence Act in the version promulgated on 25 February 2008

4815:"Russia Hopes to Lure Back Ethnic Germans | DW | 07.09.2007" 6978:"Kurds in Germany stress on own identity in... | Rudaw.net" 6322:"16 Countries That Allow Multiple Citizenship in the World" 4620: 4513: 4011:"Fünf Jahre Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit in Deutschland | bpb" 3973:"Right and wrong ways to spread languages around the globe" 3921:"Germany Top Migration Land After U.S. in New OECD Ranking" 3790: 2167: 1842: 849: 799: 548: 474: 6031:"Skilled Immigration Act (Fachkräfte-Einwanderungsgesetz)" 4761: 1115: 7135:

Foreign population, 2007 to 2013 by selected citizenships

6628: 5729:

Migration drives German population to record high in 2022

5424:. Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. p. 39. 4489: 1269: 691:

Proportion of Germans without a migrant background (2016)

268:

forced resettlement of ethnic Germans from eastern Europe

6442:"Germany: New "Skilled Workers Immigration Act" Enacted" 6131:"Germany: New "Skilled Workers Immigration Act" Enacted" 5570:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

4195:"Germany: New "Skilled Workers Immigration Act" Enacted" 7495: 7156:"Statistischer Bericht - Ausländische Bevölkerung 2022" 6566:"The AfD's Secret Plan to Deport Millions From Germany" 6417:"Germany's parliament approves easing citizenship laws" 5632:"What's behind the surge in migrant arrivals to Italy?" 5450:

Clashes at migrant hostel stir German integration fears

1199: 859:

Refugees at the German-Austrian border in November 2015

379:

were major destinations of Huguenots during this time.

7034:"Berlin plant Sammelunterkunft für Balkan-Flüchtlinge" 5384:"Wie das Integrationsgesetz die Integration behindert" 1225:

suggested the tax relief for skilled foreign workers.

902: 5790:"How is Germany handling its migration partnerships?" 4893:: Forschungszentrum Migration, Integration und Asyl. 4123:

Oltmer, Vera Hanewinkel, Jochen (20 September 2017).

1383:

not have been convicted of a serious criminal offense

1289:

is based on the 1993 amendment of article 16a of the

421:, and in its aftermath, up to 12 million refugees of 4353:"Erstes "Gastarbeiter-Abkommen" vor 55 Jahren | bpb" 3608:

Share of foreign nationals among 2017 crime suspects

326: 6271:"Germany reforms citizenship law – DW – 01/19/2024" 5614:"Germany: Asylum applications rose sharply in 2023" 4414:"Sixty years of Turkish "guest workers" in Germany" 4258:"Germany reforms citizenship law – DW – 01/19/2024" 2974:

Comparison with other European Union countries 2023

1411:

Immigrant population in Germany by country of birth

1394:) as long as certain minimum requirements are met. 1213:laws that were among the world's most restrictive. 1192:only have to wait five years before qualifying for 527:and for many years made little provision for their 7132:Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis). 7110:Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF). 6650:Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF): 5875:Knapp 8,2 Millionen Ausländer leben in Deutschland 5240:Schönhagen, Ulrich Herbert, Jakob (17 July 2020). 5038:Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF): 4669:. Washington DC: GPO for the Library of Congress. 1196:, as opposed to the previous eight. 1166:The new law relaxes requirements for obtaining an 402:After World War II until reunification (1945–1990) 5502:"Germany's Syrian Refugee Integration Experiment" 9317: 7581:(Clarendon Press, 1999), compartative responses. 5754:"Germany: Net immigration sinks sharply in 2023" 5078:"Mehr als 10 Millionen Ausländer in Deutschland" 4667:"Germany: A Country Study; Chapter: Immigration" 4483:Forster, Gioia; Krüger, Ralf (4 November 2019). 1299:1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees 7361: 7359: 6811:"Zahl der türkischen Asylbewerber verdreifacht" 6446:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 6135:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 5005: 4972: 4199:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 3818:"Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund I | bpb" 1373:be able to speak German at a 'B1' level in the 1139: 666:and, separately, due to ongoing persecution of 5981:BAMF - Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge 4975:"Asylum law reform in the German Constitution" 1275: 9101: 8080: 7691: 6869: 6218:"Essential information - European Commission" 5933:"Pressemitteilung Nr. 158 vom 20. April 2023" 5884:, "sueddeutsche.de" published in March 2015 . 5286:"Who bears the cost of integrating refugees?" 5197:"Zahl der Flüchtlinge erreicht "Allzeithoch"" 4588:Rabenschlag, Ann-Judith (15 September 2016). 4482: 1306:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 568:Immigration from East Germany to West Germany 445:, because of changing borderlines in Europe. 215:in 1871, its predecessor states, such as the 165: 7649:"Unsere Aufnahmekapazität ist begrenzt, ..." 7356: 5468: 5270:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4664: 4153:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1272:approaching victory in the next elections. 576:) had begun with the gradual opening of the 8199:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 5828:"Germany to welcome Kenyans in labour deal" 5566:"The Growth of Germany's Muslim Population" 4587: 1157: 413:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 9108: 9094: 8087: 8073: 7705: 7698: 7684: 6163:"Germany's progressive immigration reform" 6033:. German Missions in India. 6 March 2020. 5935:. Statistisches Bundesamt. 20 April 2023. 5239: 5165: 4762:Migration Policy Institute (1 July 2004). 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4223:"Germany's progressive immigration reform" 3901:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1088: 848:, in which residents of a migrant shelter 777:Illegal immigrants in Germany 2008 onwards 394:settled in northwestern Germany after the 172: 158: 9115: 7665:Federal Office for Migration and Refugees 7365: 4812: 4691: 4040:Jones, P.N.; Wild, M.T. (February 1992). 4039: 3858:Migrations in the German lands, 1500-2000 1154:Germany decide to stay after graduation. 936: 879:sexual assaults on New Year's Eve of 2015 823:Federal Office for Migration and Refugees 485:Due to a shortage of laborers during the 272:guest worker programme of the 1950s–1970s 7405:Walburg, Christian (25 September 2020). 7063: 7061: 7059: 6728:"Auffallend viele kurdische Flüchtlinge" 6563: 6025: 6023: 6021: 5563: 5530: 5469:Karnitschnig, Matthew (31 August 2020). 5381: 4884:"Türkeistämmige Personen in Deutschland" 4881: 3816:Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische. 854: 781: 734: 725: 686: 641: 597: 462: 448: 260:elimination of working visa requirements 198: 136:Expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe 7572:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 7501: 7404: 6808: 5906: 5894:"Ausländische Bevölkerung nach Ländern" 5134: 4891:Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge 4651: 1262: 1116:Immigration options for non-EU citizens 9318: 9237:Migration policy of the European Union 7522:from the original on 29 September 2018 7465: 7463: 7435: 7014:from the original on 21 September 2019 6984:from the original on 28 September 2018 6932:from the original on 12 September 2018 6882:from the original on 12 September 2018 6725: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6265: 6263: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 5350: 5295:. 13 January 2017: 2. 9 January 2017. 4999: 4968: 4966: 4252: 4250: 4217: 4215: 4122: 4084: 146:German diaspora during the Middle Ages 9089: 8068: 7679: 7056: 6738:from the original on 29 November 2016 6596: 6592: 6590: 6559: 6557: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6058:"Wissenschaft weltoffen kompakt 2022" 6018: 5939:from the original on 7 November 2023. 5856:from the original on 26 December 2014 5576:from the original on 25 November 2022 5564:Mitchell, Travis (29 November 2017). 5499: 5302:from the original on 11 November 2018 5235: 5233: 5231: 5190: 5166:Hanewinkel, Vera (15 December 2015). 5051: 4932:from the original on 19 November 2020 4813:Phalnikar, Sonia (7 September 2007). 4692:Darnstädt, Thomas (6 November 1988). 4594:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 4583: 4581: 4464:from the original on 21 November 2021 4326:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 4118: 4116: 4072:from the original on 24 February 2024 3883:from the original on 24 February 2024 1423:Federal Statistical Office of Germany 1326:An institute of forensic medicine in 941:In September 2024, German Chancellor 8094: 7644:"6.180,013" Ausländer in Deutschland 7502:Ghadban, Ralph (28 September 2018). 7386:from the original on 20 October 2018 7366:Pancevski, Bojan (15 October 2018). 6534: 5846:"Pegida - Faktencheck: Asylbewerber" 5668: 5545:from the original on 1 November 2021 5481:from the original on 1 November 2021 5443: 5382:Dernbach, Andrea (23 January 2020). 5116:from the original on 1 December 2017 4944: 4900:from the original on 1 November 2021 4863:from the original on 1 November 2021 4774:from the original on 26 January 2024 4764:"Germany: Immigration in Transition" 4743:from the original on 1 November 2021 4712:from the original on 1 November 2021 4600:from the original on 7 November 2021 4566:from the original on 7 November 2021 4432:from the original on 6 November 2021 4394:from the original on 6 November 2021 4388:Bundeszentrum für politische Bildung 4381: 4363:from the original on 6 November 2021 4357:Bundeszentrum für politische Bildung 4333:from the original on 5 November 2021 4135:from the original on 21 October 2021 3923:. Migration Policy Institute. 2019. 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 1200:Context and response to 2023 reforms 747: 682: 7633:(Cambridge University Press, 2018). 7557:(Cambridge University Press, 2021). 7460: 6564:Mannheim, Linda (23 January 2024). 6495: 6434: 6365: 6260: 6180: 6148: 6112: 5887: 5689:from the original on 4 October 2022 5084:from the original on 13 August 2017 4963: 4730: 4618: 4511: 4294: 4275: 4247: 4238: 4212: 4187: 4161: 4102:from the original on 30 August 2023 3953:from the original on 29 August 2017 3815: 3751:organized crime families in Germany 903:Refugees of the Russo-Ukrainian War 310:while restricting it for unskilled 13: 7607:The British Journal of Criminology 7537: 7483:from the original on 29 April 2021 7448:from the original on 29 April 2021 7417:from the original on 29 April 2021 6821:from the original on 24 March 2018 6587: 6554: 6398: 6288: 5987:from the original on 20 April 2021 5951:"Ordinance on employment (German)" 5868: 5838: 5727:Maria Martinez (19 January 2023), 5228: 4673:from the original on 29 March 2014 4578: 4113: 3927:from the original on 20 April 2021 3783:"International Migration Database" 331: 21:German citizenship and immigration 14: 9342: 7637: 7626:(Routledge, 2020) pp. 29–57. 7162:from the original on 6 April 2021 7044:from the original on 7 April 2022 6597:Tanno, Sophie (20 January 2024). 6037:from the original on 16 June 2020 5252:from the original on 19 June 2021 5147:from the original on 22 June 2021 4825:from the original on 26 June 2021 4021:from the original on 28 June 2021 3991:from the original on 28 June 2021 3840: 2982:59.9 million people lived in the 1341: 1026:, non-EU European countries like 584:, the number swelled to 389,000. 327:History of immigration to Germany 203:Immigration to Germany, 1990–2020 7429: 7398: 7331: 7306: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7258: 7246: 7234: 7222: 7210: 7198: 7186: 7174: 7148: 7126: 7104: 7083: 7026: 6996: 6970: 6944: 6914: 6863: 6833: 6802: 6776: 6750: 6726:Jansen, Frank (23 August 2016). 6719: 6703:. 4 January 2015. Archived from 6693: 6070:from the original on 24 May 2022 6055: 5500:Hindy, Lily (6 September 2018). 5431:from the original on 9 July 2021 5412: 5394:from the original on 9 July 2021 5363:from the original on 9 July 2021 5332:from the original on 9 July 2021 5178:from the original on 9 July 2021 5067:, published on 4 September 2014. 4851:(in German). 21 September 1986. 4639:from the original on 3 June 2019 4534:from the original on 3 June 2019 3828:from the original on 19 May 2019 3797:from the original on 6 July 2020 3599:Immigration and crime in Germany 2934: 2907: 2880: 2873: 2843: 2816: 2789: 2762: 2735: 2708: 2681: 2654: 2627: 2600: 2573: 2566: 2539: 2512: 2505: 2478: 2471: 2444: 2417: 2390: 2363: 2336: 2309: 2282: 2255: 2228: 2221: 2194: 2187: 2160: 2133: 2106: 2079: 2072: 2045: 2038: 2011: 2004: 1977: 1950: 1943: 1916: 1889: 1862: 1835: 1808: 1781: 1774: 1747: 1720: 1713: 1686: 1679: 1652: 1645: 1618: 1611: 1584: 1577: 1550: 1523: 1493: 1120:Immigration to Germany as a non- 752: 26: 8291:German revolutions of 1848–1849 8260:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 7040:(in German). 28 December 2015. 6851:from the original on 7 May 2017 6681:from the original on 6 May 2021 6663: 6644: 6616: 6528: 6477: 6459: 6340: 6314: 6235: 6222:immigration-portal.ec.europa.eu 6210: 6082: 6049: 5999: 5969: 5943: 5925: 5820: 5800: 5782: 5764: 5746: 5721: 5650: 5624: 5606: 5588: 5557: 5524: 5512:from the original on 6 May 2021 5493: 5462: 5406: 5375: 5344: 5314: 5278: 5209: 5159: 5128: 5096: 5070: 5032: 4912: 4875: 4837: 4806: 4755: 4724: 4685: 4612: 4546: 4505: 4476: 4444: 4406: 4375: 4359:(in German). 17 December 2020. 4345: 4313: 1148: 992: 677: 8276:Early modern period, 1500–1800 8164:List of early Germanic peoples 7659:Facts & Figures in English 7586:International Migration Review 7436:Knight, Ben (3 January 2018). 5674: 5225:, Retrieved 14 September 2015. 4845:"Die Spreu vom Weizen trennen" 4382:Luft, Stefan (5 August 2014). 4033: 4003: 3965: 3939: 3913: 3809: 3775: 3011:Born in a non EU state (1000) 3005:Born in other EU state (1000) 1221:2024, German Economy Minister 1093: 594:German diaspora § History 437:, to the new formed States of 357:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 131:Guest worker program (1955–73) 1: 8399:History of Germany since 1990 6671:"National ban on deportation" 6243:"The Skilled Immigration Act" 5977:"Figures on the EU Blue Card" 5531:Quadbeck, Eva (9 June 2016). 5293:OECD Migration Policy Debates 4928:(in German). 5 January 2016. 3769: 3749:A disproportionate number of 3634:Forgery of official documents 1330:determined the age of 594 of 985:. There are concerns about a 909:2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis 587: 321:Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz 58:Freedom of movement in the EU 9331:Foreign relations of Germany 7614:American Sociological Review 7545:European Sociological Review 6809:Politik (25 December 2016). 5351:Becher, Lena (9 July 2019). 4619:Mai, Marina (3 March 2019). 4512:Mai, Marina (3 March 2019). 4058:10.1016/0016-7185(92)90032-Y 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 1140:2019 Skilled Immigration Act 1108:principles require that all 467:A so-called "guest worker" ( 7: 7599:German Politics and Society 5596:"Current Figures on Asylum" 5135:Integration, Mediendienst. 4554:"Kuba und die DDR | MDR.DE" 4301:"Konrad Adenauer Stiftung" 3757: 3725:Source: Wall Street Journal 1276:Asylum seekers and refugees 695:Due to the outbreak of the 637: 355:also fled France after the 280:breakup of the Soviet Union 10: 9347: 9242:European Asylum Curriculum 8306:North German Confederation 8286:Confederation of the Rhine 6535:Zhou, Li (12 March 2024). 6247:www.make-it-in-germany.com 5508:. The Century Foundation. 4960:, viewed on 31 March 2015. 4882:Schührer, Susanne (2018). 4768:Migration Policy Institute 4310:, viewed on 31 March 2015. 3596: 2999:Total foreign-born (1000) 1414: 1345: 1279: 1100:Citizens' Rights Directive 1097: 906: 846:2018 Ellwangen police raid 738: 591: 452: 410: 9260: 9252:Opposition to immigration 9229: 9123: 9040: 8900: 8780: 8771: 8654: 8645: 8526: 8517: 8453: 8444: 8407: 8386: 8268: 8222: 8146: 8115: 8106: 8036: 8010: 7930: 7899: 7826: 7713: 7479:. 2019. pp. 54, 60. 6657:27 September 2013 at the 5221:16 September 2015 at the 5045:21 September 2013 at the 4092:"Germany Population 2018" 3724: 3719: 3711: 3706: 3698: 3693: 3685: 3680: 3672: 3667: 3660:Rapes and sexual assaults 3659: 3654: 3646: 3641: 3633: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3607: 2551:South and South East Asia 2402:South and South East Asia 2294:South and South East Asia 1989:South and South East Asia 1321:coup attempt in July 2016 523:temporary guest workers ( 9275:Migrants' African routes 9230:Politics and legislation 8458:Administrative divisions 7661:Mediendienst Integration 6011:15 November 2012 at the 5922:, Retrieved 18 May 2015. 5206:Retrieved 19 August 2015 5141:Mediendienst Integration 5058:"Asylbewerberleistungen" 5006:James M. Didden (1994). 4973:Kay Hailbronner (1994). 4559:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk 3592: 2996:Total population (1000) 1438:and 0.85 million (0.9%) 1317:authoritarian government 1158:2023 immigration reforms 1106:free movement of workers 717:constitutional amendment 602:German repatriates from 270:after World War II, the 7629:Vierra, Sarah Thomsen. 7119:25 October 2017 at the 7076:11 January 2016 at the 6732:Der Tagesspiegel Online 5734:26 January 2023 at the 5202:1 December 2016 at the 4096:World Population Review 3699:Murder and manslaughter 1469:% of foreign nationals 1417:Demographics of Germany 1304:In accordance with the 1282:European migrant crisis 1230:Alternative for Germany 1206:traffic light coalition 1089:Immigration regulations 870:declared in a speech, “ 741:European migrant crisis 715:" and which required a 580:. In 1990, the year of 443:Allied-occupied Austria 126:European migrant crisis 48:Emigration from Germany 9326:Immigration to Germany 9247:Immigration Policy 2.0 8719:Science and technology 8420:History of Brandenburg 8311:Unification of Germany 8301:Frankfurt Constitution 7707:Immigration to Germany 7672:The Federal Government 7616:81.2 (2016): 242–261. 7588:29.4 (1995): 914–938. 7564:22.3 (2013): 333–351. 7547:33.6 (2017): 735-751. 7141:2 January 2015 at the 4457:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung 2828:EU candidate countries 2801:EU candidate countries 2321:EU candidate countries 2145:EU candidate countries 1928:EU candidate countries 1924:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1901:EU candidate countries 1535:EU candidate countries 1348:German nationality law 937:Migration partnerships 860: 791: 788:Munich Central Station 731: 692: 647: 611: 606:arriving in a camp in 482: 316:2021 federal elections 243:and culminated in the 204: 185:Immigration to Germany 89:German nationality law 43:Immigration to Germany 9117:Immigration to Europe 8356:Flight and expulsions 7654:German Foreign Office 7609:60.3 (2020): 620-641. 7595:Mushaben, Joyce Marie 7504:"Die Macht der Clans" 7218:Ost- und Zentralasien 5899:29 March 2015 at the 5880:19 March 2015 at the 5850:Frankfurter Rundschau 5328:. 11 September 2015. 4665:Eric Solsten (1995). 4625:Die Tageszeitung: taz 3905:) CS1 maint: others ( 2946:East and Central Asia 2919:East and Central Asia 2666:East and Central Asia 2118:East and Central Asia 1759:East and Central Asia 1434:, 1.2 million (1.5%) 1430:, 1.5 million (1.9%) 1415:Further information: 1392:Ermessenseinbürgerung 1354:Anspruchseinbürgerung 1080:old states of Germany 945:and Kenyan President 858: 837:to make for Germany. 817:, and for about 15%, 785: 735:2015 migration crisis 729: 690: 664:military coup in 1980 645: 601: 531:into German society. 466: 449:Guest worker programs 308:skilled professionals 286:in the 1990s and the 202: 9028:World Heritage Sites 8706:German states by GDP 8296:German Confederation 7827:From the Middle East 7242:Süd- und Südostasien 7098:28 June 2016 at the 6847:. 25 December 2016. 5834:. 14 September 2024. 5816:. 13 September 2024. 5778:. 14 September 2024. 5664:. 16 September 2023. 5455:17 June 2018 at the 5063:2 April 2015 at the 4306:16 June 2018 at the 4287:2 April 2015 at the 3686:Social benefit fraud 1332:unaccompanied minors 1263:Argeement with Kenya 1175:family reunification 582:German reunification 561:German reunification 373:Brandenburg-Bayreuth 225:partitions of Poland 221:German Confederation 8664:Automobile industry 8250:Carolingian dynasty 8184:History of the Huns 7577:Joppke, Christian. 7372:Wall Street Journal 7302:EWR-Staaten/Schweiz 7182:EU-Kandidatenländer 6870:Reuters Editorial. 6652:Protecting refugees 6632:. 14 September 2024 5918:8 June 2015 at the 5796:. 2 September 2024. 5638:. 15 September 2023 5459:Reuters, 3 May 2018 5388:www.tagesspiegel.de 4956:14 May 2015 at the 4731:Seifert, Wolfgang. 4420:. 6 November 2021. 3712:Share of population 2959:Other nationalities 1508:candidate countries 915:Russo-Ukrainian War 520:permanent residency 417:Towards the end of 365:Brandenburg-Prussia 338:Counter-Reformation 63:Refugees and asylum 9270:African immigrants 8734:Telecommunications 8415:History of Prussia 8331:Revolution of 1918 8326:War guilt question 8245:Carolingian Empire 8214:Sack of Rome (410) 8123:History of Germany 7670:Make it in Germany 7601:38.1 (2020): 7-29. 7553:Ellermann, Antje. 6906:has generic name ( 6473:. 11 October 2023. 6328:. 27 February 2024 6094:Make it in Germany 5957:on 6 February 2009 5713:has generic name ( 5357:O-Ton Arbeitsmarkt 4798:has generic name ( 4291:, 25 January 2011. 1362:permanent resident 1293:as well as on the 1211:citizenship uptake 1130:European Blue Card 861: 792: 732: 705:European Community 693: 672:Lebanese Civil War 660:Iranian Revolution 648: 612: 483: 386:; many settled in 205: 9313: 9312: 9124:By target country 9083: 9082: 9036: 9035: 8767: 8766: 8681:Chemical Triangle 8641: 8640: 8628:Political parties 8576:Foreign relations 8513: 8512: 8440: 8439: 8351:Allied occupation 8255:Holy Roman Empire 8062: 8061: 8011:From the Americas 7931:From Asia-Pacific 7477:Bundeskriminalamt 6790:on 2 January 2017 6707:on 5 January 2015 6516:. 19 January 2024 6386:. 16 October 2023 6302:. 19 January 2024 5620:. 9 January 2024. 5020:on 5 January 2015 4175:. 16 October 2023 3979:. 31 March 2018. 3868:978-1-78533-144-2 3729: 3728: 3590: 3589: 2971: 2970: 1421:According to the 1287:German asylum law 1008:Southern European 929:and 126,000 from 917:, which began in 811:Dublin regulation 774: 773: 683:Yugoslav refugees 487:Wirtschaftswunder 427:Heimatvertriebene 351:Large numbers of 342:Holy Roman Empire 217:Holy Roman Empire 182: 181: 9338: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9087: 9086: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9013:Prussian virtues 8778: 8777: 8686:Economic history 8652: 8651: 8546: 8524: 8523: 8475:Cities and towns 8451: 8450: 8431:Baden Revolution 8235:Treaty of Verdun 8204:Marcomannic Wars 8159:Migration Period 8154:Germanic peoples 8138:Military history 8113: 8112: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8066: 8065: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7677: 7676: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7467: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7230:Sonstiges Europa 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7152: 7146: 7130: 7124: 7108: 7102: 7087: 7081: 7065: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6954:. Archived from 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6928:. 2 April 2018. 6918: 6912: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6786:. Archived from 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6760:. Archived from 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6667: 6661: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6561: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6506: 6493: 6492: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6413: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6384:www.euronews.com 6376: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6189: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6159: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6127: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6069: 6062: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6027: 6016: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5953:. 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Archived from 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5466: 5460: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5419: 5413:Graf, Johannes. 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5301: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5237: 5226: 5213: 5207: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5112:. 17 July 2017. 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5074: 5068: 5055: 5049: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5012: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4987:on 22 April 2012 4986: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4899: 4888: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4662: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4519:Die Tageszeitung 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4317: 4311: 4298: 4292: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4173:www.euronews.com 4165: 4159: 4158: 4152: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3853: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3779: 3742:(5% solved) and 3605: 3604: 2990: 2989: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2714: 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schaffen das 835:Syrian civil war 756: 755: 748: 540:Vertragsarbeiter 477:, working in an 459:Vertragsarbeiter 439:post-war Germany 296:citizenship laws 288:Syrian civil war 235:resulted in the 194:first-generation 174: 167: 160: 53:Residence permit 30: 18: 17: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9256: 9225: 9119: 9114: 9084: 9079: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9032: 8896: 8847:Life expectancy 8763: 8637: 8608:Law enforcement 8544: 8509: 8436: 8403: 8382: 8366:Divided Germany 8336:Weimar Republic 8264: 8230:Frankish Empire 8218: 8142: 8108: 8102: 8093: 8063: 8058: 8032: 8006: 7926: 7895: 7822: 7709: 7704: 7640: 7562:German Politics 7540: 7538:Further reading 7535: 7525: 7523: 7508:sueddeutsche.de 7500: 7496: 7486: 7484: 7469: 7468: 7461: 7451: 7449: 7434: 7430: 7420: 7418: 7403: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7364: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7322: 7320: 7312: 7311: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 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2193: 2186: 2161: 2159: 2141:North Macedonia 2134: 2132: 2107: 2105: 2080: 2078: 2071: 2046: 2044: 2037: 2012: 2010: 2003: 1978: 1976: 1951: 1949: 1942: 1917: 1915: 1890: 1888: 1863: 1861: 1836: 1834: 1809: 1807: 1782: 1780: 1773: 1748: 1746: 1721: 1719: 1712: 1687: 1685: 1678: 1653: 1651: 1644: 1619: 1617: 1610: 1585: 1583: 1576: 1551: 1549: 1524: 1522: 1494: 1492: 1419: 1413: 1350: 1344: 1295:1951 Convention 1284: 1278: 1265: 1202: 1190:legal residents 1160: 1151: 1142: 1118: 1110:EU member state 1104:European Union 1102: 1096: 1091: 1032:North Macedonia 995: 939: 911: 905: 877:The widespread 780: 779: 778: 775: 770: 757: 753: 743: 737: 685: 680: 656:right to asylum 640: 620:right of return 596: 590: 570: 461: 453:Main articles: 451: 415: 409: 404: 361:Edict of Nantes 334: 332:Pre-unification 329: 300:immigration law 276:right of return 264:economic trends 237:mass emigration 178: 73:German diaspora 12: 11: 5: 9344: 9334: 9333: 9328: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9266: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9221:United Kingdom 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9127: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9113: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9090: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9065: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8944:Cultural icons 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8724:Stock exchange 8721: 8716: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8666: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8538: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8363: 8361:Denazification 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8133:Historiography 8130: 8125: 8119: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8092: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8069: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7667: 7662: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7639: 7638:External links 7636: 7635: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7610: 7602: 7592: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7558: 7551: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7494: 7459: 7442:Deutsche Welle 7428: 7397: 7355: 7330: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7257: 7245: 7233: 7221: 7209: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7147: 7125: 7103: 7082: 7055: 7025: 6995: 6969: 6943: 6913: 6862: 6832: 6801: 6775: 6749: 6718: 6692: 6662: 6643: 6615: 6586: 6553: 6527: 6494: 6491:. 9 July 2024. 6476: 6458: 6433: 6397: 6364: 6339: 6313: 6287: 6259: 6234: 6209: 6179: 6147: 6111: 6100:on 5 June 2015 6081: 6048: 6017: 5998: 5968: 5942: 5924: 5905: 5886: 5867: 5837: 5819: 5799: 5794:Deutsche Welle 5781: 5763: 5758:Deutsche Welle 5745: 5720: 5682:Deutsche Welle 5667: 5649: 5623: 5618:Deutsche Welle 5605: 5587: 5556: 5523: 5492: 5461: 5442: 5405: 5374: 5343: 5313: 5277: 5227: 5208: 5189: 5158: 5127: 5095: 5069: 5050: 5031: 4998: 4962: 4943: 4911: 4874: 4836: 4819:Deutsche Welle 4805: 4754: 4723: 4684: 4650: 4611: 4577: 4545: 4504: 4475: 4443: 4405: 4374: 4344: 4321:"Gastarbeiter" 4312: 4293: 4274: 4246: 4211: 4186: 4160: 4112: 4083: 4032: 4002: 3964: 3938: 3912: 3867: 3839: 3808: 3787:stats.oecd.org 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3736:clearance rate 3727: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3597:Main article: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3424:Czech Republic 3420: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2984:European Union 2975: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2486:Czech Republic 2468: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2371:United Kingdom 2360: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1412: 1409: 1400:Under certain 1388: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1346:Main article: 1343: 1342:Naturalization 1340: 1319:following the 1277: 1274: 1264: 1261: 1201: 1198: 1194:naturalization 1159: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1117: 1114: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1060:Southeast Asia 994: 991: 938: 935: 907:Main article: 904: 901: 831:Werner Faymann 776: 772: 771: 760: 758: 751: 746: 745: 744: 739:Main article: 736: 733: 684: 681: 679: 676: 639: 636: 616:ethnic Germans 589: 586: 569: 566: 547:(ca. 60,000), 470:Gastarbeiterin 450: 447: 423:ethnic Germans 411:Main article: 408: 405: 403: 400: 333: 330: 328: 325: 290:in the 2010s. 180: 179: 177: 176: 169: 162: 154: 151: 150: 149: 148: 143: 141:Nuremberg Laws 138: 133: 128: 120: 119: 115: 114: 113: 112: 104: 103: 99: 98: 97: 96: 91: 83: 82: 78: 77: 76: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 37: 36: 32: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9343: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9111: 9106: 9104: 9099: 9097: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8887:Social issues 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8815:Ethnic groups 8813: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8394:Reunification 8392: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8316:German Empire 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8085: 8083: 8078: 8076: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7689: 7687: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7574:(2021): 1-21. 7573: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7510:(in German). 7509: 7505: 7498: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7464: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7416: 7413:(in German). 7412: 7408: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7013: 7010:(in German). 7009: 7005: 6999: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6909: 6904:|author= 6897: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6647: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6591: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6558: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6327: 6326:Yahoo Finance 6323: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6002: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5724: 5716: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5675:DW, Reuters. 5671: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5544: 5541:(in German). 5540: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5393: 5390:(in German). 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4458: 4453: 4447: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4418:The Economist 4415: 4409: 4393: 4390:(in German). 4389: 4385: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4332: 4329:(in German). 4328: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282:SpiegelOnline 4278: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4150: 4134: 4131:(in German). 4130: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977:The Economist 3974: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3827: 3824:(in German). 3823: 3819: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740:pickpocketing 3737: 3723: 3714: 3710: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621:Pickpocketing 3619: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3585: 3582: 3579: 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