424:
foreign to them. Although the curiosity of foreign cultures could easily destabilize their recently-developed ethnic identity, 1.5 generation adolescents may be more inclined to integrate into their new country's culture as a means of survival. After all, in the example of immigrants to the United States, classroom instructions are given in
English, and, especially for adolescents attending public schools, their peers will only speak English. However, the ease of acculturation is dependent on age; the older an individual is when they immigrated to the United States, the harder it will be for them to assimilate into American society. As such, even if a Generation 1.5 individual wanted to fully assimilate into American society—which might result in a greater earning potential—their age would make the process difficult. Gindelsky's findings also further prove that acculturation is more often sought after due to the associated increase in earning potential and for survival, and less so simply due to curiosity.
510:
outside Canada. Some researchers have begun to question whether those with one native-born parent and those with no native-born parents should be lumped together, with evidence suggesting that there are significant differences in identities and various outcomes between the two groups. For instance, patterns of ethnic identification with the majority ethnic group and the heritage ethnic group differ between the 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 generations, such that there is greater polarization between the two identities in the 1.0 generation (i.e., identifying as
Canadian implies dis-identifying as a member of the heritage ethnic community and vice versa), a lack of a relation between the two identities in the 2.0 generation, and a positive association between the two identities for the 2.5 generation (i.e., implying that the two identities are compatible and possibly hybridized).
420:, the process that occurs when groups of individuals of different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, which changes the original culture patterns of either or both groups. However, their identification is affected by their experiences growing up in the new country. 1.5G feels stronger and more curious about their heritage culture than later generations. 1.5G individuals are often bilingual and may find it easier to assimilate into local culture and society than people who immigrate as adults. Many 1.5 generation individuals also feel bi-cultural, combining both cultures - culture from the country of origin with the culture of the new country.
436:
2nd-generation immigrant who was born in the country they live in: they retain virtually no memory of their country of birth, were too young to go to school to learn to read or write in the parental language or dialect in the home country, typically learn the language or dialect of the country they immigrate to without an accent and are almost entirely socialized there. Children who arrive in their adolescent years (ages 14–17) are referred to as 1.25 generation immigrants because their experiences are closer to the first generation of adult immigrants than to the native born second generation.
108:
487:
both generations of this family may be considered "first generation" by the former definition, as both parents and children were foreign-born, adult, immigrants. Likewise, if the two parents had a third child later on, this child would be of a different immigrant generation from that of its siblings. For every generation, the factor of mixed-generation marriages further convolutes the issue, as a person may have immigrants at several different levels of his or her ancestry.
170:
66:
25:
416:
immigration, the community where they settle, the amount of time they spent in the education system in their native country, and other factors, 1.5 generation individuals identify with their countries of origin to varying degrees. The extent of which this cultural diffusion remains variable is further due to
509:
When demographers and other social scientists in the United States use the term "second generation", they usually refer to people with one foreign-born parent. Likewise, Statistics Canada defines second generation persons as those individuals who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born
277:
of an individual or an individual's parents. First-generation immigrants are the first foreign-born family members to gain citizenship or permanent residency in the country. People beyond the first generation are not "immigrants" in the strictest sense of the word and, depending on local laws, may
486:
are the immigrants in question. Generation labeling immigrants is further complicated by the fact that immigrant generations may not correspond to the genealogical generations of a family. For instance, if a family of two parents and their two adult children immigrate to a new country, members in
415:
Identity is an essential defining characteristic of a person, and can affect how they interact with society. Identity formation commonly takes place during adolescence, and the ages of 4 and 8 are described as important for developing a sense of ethnic identity. As such, depending on the age of
435:
has coined the term "1.75 generation" and "1.25 generation" immigrants, for children who are closer to birth or full adulthood when they immigrate. Children who arrive in their early childhood (ages 0–4) are referred to as 1.75 generation immigrants since their experiences are closer to a true
423:
Because 1.5 generation individuals immigrate during their adolescence at a time of identity formation, this may contribute to their curiosity about other groups that are different from their own. Andray Domsey reports that this curiosity makes them more open to accepting and adopting a culture
530:
Immigrant children usually have more in the way of family obligation than children not born of immigrants and so they are more likely to feel pressure to study seriously at school and gain the ability to provide for their relatives. That can also be explained by a stronger emphasis of higher
407:. Oftentimes, in the case of small children, a battle of linguistic comprehension occurs between their academic language and the language spoken at home. Their identity is, thus, a combination of new and old culture and tradition. Sociologist
1413:
452:
by one generation. As such, the term exhibits the same type of ambiguity as "first-generation," as well as additional ones. Like "first-generation immigrant", the term "second-generation" can refer to a member of either:
411:
was among the first to use the term to examine outcomes among those arriving in the United States before adolescence, but since then the term has expanded to include foreign students, as well as other unique individuals.
1320:
Hill, Nancy E.; Torres, Kathryn (March 1, 2010). "Negotiating the
American Dream: The Paradox of Aspirations and Achievement among Latino Students and Engagement between their Families and Schools".
290:
track how the children and subsequent generations of immigrant forebears compare to sections of the population that do not have immigrant background or to equivalent generations of prior eras.
1140:
Noels, Kimberly A.; Richard Clément (2015). "Situational variations in ethnic identity across immigration generations: Implications for acculturative change and cross-cultural adaptation".
549:
Many of those factors are reinforced and supported by the parents of immigrant youth who may have immigrated in the first place only to provide their children with a brighter future.
482:. Namely, critics say, a "second-generation immigrant" is not an immigrant, since being "second-generation" means that the person is born in the country and the person's
600:
1498:"How First-Generation College and Underrepresented Students Can Overcome Obstacles to Attaining a College Education: Handbook for a New Family Tradition,"Paper 318.
1025:
353:
In some definitions, however, those born to at least one immigrant parent are considered "first generation" – or rather, first generation of an immigrant's
1006:
Rumbaut, Rubén. "Ages, Life Stages, and
Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States". p. 1167.
724:
Rumbaut, Rubén G. (2004). "Ages, Life Stages, and
Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States".
605:
468:
684:
1515:
1414:"Supporting Reconnecting Immigrant Families with English Language Learners in Rural Schools: An Exploratory Study of Filipino Arrivals to Alberta"
1105:
Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores; Jocelyn Pan; Hee-Jin Jun; Theresa L. Osypuk; Karen M. Emmons (2005). "The effect of immigrant generation on smoking".
180:
777:
766:
Asher, C. (2011). "The progressive past: How history can help us serve generation 1.5". Reference & User
Service Quarterly, 51(1). 43–48.
531:
education from their immigrant parents, who may invest in tutoring and private schooling to increase the human capital of their children.
803:
928:
379:, although not widely used, refers to first-generation immigrants who immigrated to the new country before or during their early
38:
1905:
1554:
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545:(s) of their host country. As bilinguals, they have "advantages on all tasks especially involving conflicting attention".
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Most immigrant youth tend to have higher academic accomplishment at all levels, at times even having greater levels of
1809:
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804:"8.1 Foundations of Culture and Identity | Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to Communication Studies"
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52:
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122:
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874:"Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in 1.5th Generation, 2nd Generation Immigrant Children, and Foreign Adoptees"
82:
1937:
958:"Testing the acculturation of the 1.5 generation in the United States: Is there a "critical" age of migration?"
331:
538:
in the host nation, is also an important factor that motivates immigrant generations to work hard and succeed.
1974:
1893:
1078:
Ramakrishnan, S. Karthick (2004). "Second-Generation
Immigrants? The "2.5 Generation" in the United States".
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266:
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1273:"Immigrant category of admission and the earnings of adults and children: How far does the apple fall?"
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44:
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These ambiguities notwithstanding, generation labeling is frequently used in parlance, news articles
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1216:"The Role of Family Obligations and School Adjustment in Explaining the Immigrant Paradox"
8:
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1540:
1179:(June 1, 2014). "Understanding the U.S. Immigrant Paradox in Childhood and Adolescence".
463:
The second generation born in a country (i.e. "third generation" in the above definition)
457:
The second generation of a family to inhabit, but the first natively born in, a country,
400:
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1837:
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501:. It may or may not be possible to determine, from context, which meaning is intended.
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383:, ages 5-13. They earn the label the "1.5 generation" because while they spend their
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1438:"generation, n". OED Online. December 2011. Oxford University Press. 9 January 2012
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http://forms.gradsch.psu.edu/diversity/mcnair/mcnair_jrnl2010/files/Adebowale.pdf
577:, Japanese terminology for immigrant generations, coined from the Japanese words
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778:"Introducing the cultural mashup dictionary: Our first term, 1.5 generation"
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than their parents and grandparents. To explain that phenomenon, called the
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Tweedie, Gregory; Dressler, Anja; Schmidt, Cora-Leah (November 12, 2018).
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Most immigrant generations learn their mother tongue alongside the local
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In the United States, among demographers and other social scientists,
1948:
1446:
Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian
Buddhist Communities in Toronto.
250:
246:
1479:"The progressive past: How history can help us serve generation 1.5"
1704:
1699:
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615:
534:
Optimism, the idea that if they put in the work, they will achieve
479:
279:
1357:"Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children"
249:, people who permanently resettle to a new country are considered
1270:
339:
327:
1622:
1516:
Dictionary citation for 1.5 generation from Double-Tongued Word
711:
Lives in limbo : undocumented and coming of age in
America
645:
Lives in limbo : undocumented and coming of age in
America
566:
343:
1532:
833:
Rothe, Eugenio M.; Tzuang, Dan; Pumariega, Andres J. (2010).
562:
558:
493:, and reference articles without deliberate clarification of
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1355:
Carlson, Stephanie M.; Meltzoff, Andrew N. (March 1, 2008).
471:
refers to the U.S.-born children of foreign-born parents.
282:. The categorization of immigrants into generations helps
1057:"Generation status: Canadian-born children of immigrants"
839:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
601:
Inequality within immigrant families in the United States
514:
Factors leading to immigrant generations' accomplishments
16:
Generational status of immigrants and their descendants
1411:
1174:
79:
needs to be expanded with relevant research findings.
1139:
832:
683:
Radio, Southern California Public (March 21, 2012).
1026:"Nation's Foreign-Born Population Nears 37 Million"
1500:Applied Research Projects. Texas State University.
1214:Geel, Mitch van; Vedder, Paul (October 27, 2009).
1018:
1054:
606:Second-generation immigrants in the United States
526:, there are several factors that are noticeable:
302:of immigrants is composed of individuals who are
1961:
685:"Gen 1.5: Where an immigrant generation fits in"
1354:
929:"The root of immigrants' impulse to assimilate"
1271:Warman, C.; Webb, M. D.; Worswick, C. (2019).
395:in the new country, they often still maintain
1548:
926:
177:The examples and perspective in this article
1077:
1059:. Minister of Industry, Government of Canada
835:"Acculturation, Development, and Adaptation"
427:
1521:Generation 1.5 Students and College Writing
75:needs attention from an expert in sociology
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1541:
1319:
1213:
1001:
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776:Rojas, Leslie Berenstein (April 7, 2011).
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1296:
1247:
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233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
878:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
708:
642:
115:This article includes a list of general
996:
723:
638:
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1962:
1483:Reference & User Service Quarterly
1448:Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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478:attracts criticism due to it being an
85:may be able to help recruit an expert.
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1032:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
962:Review of Economics of the Household
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163:
101:
59:
18:
1142:International Journal of Psychology
1092:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502013.x
1005:
956:Gindelsky, Marina (March 1, 2019).
871:
651:
293:
13:
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946:
872:Tan, Tony Xing (October 1, 2016).
784:. Southern California Public Radio
738:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00232.x
726:The International Migration Review
121:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1991:
1509:
821:
713:. University of California Press.
647:. University of California Press.
504:
364:
34:This article has multiple issues.
1906:Strauss–Howe generational theory
1373:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x
1334:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01635.x
1220:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
689:Southern California Public Radio
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1277:Journal of Population Economics
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1119:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.01.027
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42:or discuss these issues on the
1181:Child Development Perspectives
927:Andray Domise (June 9, 2017).
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1:
1107:Social Science & Medicine
664:. United States Census Bureau
621:
1175:Marks, Amy K.; Ejesi, Kida;
626:
7:
552:
476:second-generation immigrant
399:, cultural traits and even
361:from the USCB definition).
267:United States Census Bureau
191:, discuss the issue on the
77:. The specific problem is:
10:
1996:
1526:November 17, 2007, at the
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1055:Statistics Canada (2013).
709:Gonzales, Roberto (2016).
643:Gonzales, Roberto (2016).
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1289:10.1007/s00148-018-0700-5
1232:10.1007/s10964-009-9468-y
974:10.1007/s11150-017-9400-2
890:10.1007/s10903-016-0388-0
851:10.1016/j.chc.2010.07.002
808:courses.lumenlearning.com
448:" extends the concept of
428:1.75 and 1.25 generations
1916:Transgenerational design
1848:Revolutionary generation
1745:Generation of Columbuses
1444:McLellan, Janet (1999).
1322:Journal of Social Issues
1080:Social Science Quarterly
520:post-secondary education
1938:The Greatest Generation
1869:Generational accounting
1496:Amaya, Ismael. (2010).
298:According to USCB, the
136:more precise citations.
1631:Interbellum Generation
318:(such as long-staying
280:citizenship from birth
269:(USCB) uses the term "
1911:Theory of generations
1843:Immigrant generations
1795:Strawberry generation
1361:Developmental Science
611:Cultural assimilation
348:unauthorized migrants
83:WikiProject Sociology
1975:Cultural generations
1879:Intergenerationality
1662:Boomerang Generation
1571:In the Western world
1177:GarcĂa Coll, Cynthia
1036:on February 25, 2012
662:"About Foreign Born"
308:naturalized citizens
253:, regardless of the
197:create a new article
189:improve this article
1583:Greatest Generation
1477:Asher, C. (2011).
469:"second generation"
401:national identities
316:temporary residents
312:permanent residents
271:generational status
1838:Future generations
1770:Merdeka Generation
1765:Pioneer Generation
1193:10.1111/cdep.12071
1154:10.1002/ijop.12205
338:migrants (such as
273:" to refer to the
1957:
1956:
1735:Satori generation
1680:
1679:
1588:Silent Generation
597:for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
543:national language
524:immigrant paradox
446:second-generation
440:Second generation
405:country of origin
359:second generation
306:, which includes
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199:, as appropriate.
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100:
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57:
1987:
1785:Sampo generation
1725:Burnt Generation
1715:Husák's Children
1685:Country-specific
1636:Generation Jones
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1613:Generation Alpha
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1113:(6): 1223–1242.
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732:(3): 1160–1205.
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320:foreign students
300:first generation
294:First generation
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1672:MTV Generation
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1810:Generation Z
1776:South Korea
1608:Generation Z
1598:Generation X
1593:Baby boomers
1482:
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1419:November 17,
1417:. Retrieved
1407:
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346:), and even
336:humanitarian
304:foreign-born
299:
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288:demographers
284:sociologists
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255:legal status
244:
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178:
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36:Please help
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1894:Shared site
1805:Millennials
1646:Zillennials
1603:Millennials
1564:Generations
1040:January 31,
933:Macleans.ca
788:January 31,
694:February 9,
403:from their
355:descendants
259:citizenship
134:introducing
1964:Categories
1761:Singapore
622:References
495:birthplace
444:The term "
326:, but not
251:immigrants
117:references
91:April 2017
39:improve it
1949:OK boomer
1472:247672282
1381:1467-7687
1342:1540-4560
1307:158119602
1240:0047-2891
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1063:April 24,
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938:March 15,
898:1557-1920
813:March 15,
754:144438688
627:Citations
474:The term
369:The term
310:, lawful
263:residency
257:of their
247:sociology
193:talk page
45:talk page
1899:Struggle
1857:Concepts
1816:Vietnam
1755:Decreței
1751:Romania
1705:Post-90s
1700:Post-80s
1695:Post-70s
1641:Xennials
1524:Archived
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1258:19859793
1162:26271917
1127:15970233
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859:21056341
746:27645429
616:Dekasegi
553:See also
480:oxymoron
340:refugees
328:tourists
187:You may
1925:Related
1791:Taiwan
1741:Poland
1655:Related
1623:Cuspers
1432:Sources
1390:3647884
1249:3018245
1012:1887924
914:3431280
782:Article
668:May 21,
484:parents
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742:JSTOR
575:Gosei
563:Nisei
559:Issei
381:teens
195:, or
1468:OCLC
1458:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1421:2018
1395:PMID
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1065:2017
1042:2012
1008:SSRN
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696:2023
670:2021
579:ichi
391:and
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