184:'s reports on women who had died from "illegal operations," it was intended to "warn young women of the dangers of seduction." Abortion-related crimes were a gateway to coverage of sexual topics that would have otherwise been forbidden; "reports emphasise salacious descriptions, which were permitted only because they appeared as part of a court report, and would have been considered highly indecent in any other form of publication." A historian studying deaths from illegal abortion in Washington state reported, "The news focused mostly on arrests, trials, and punishment, saying little about the victims, and never raising the issue of why these women were driven to take such risks."
269:
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180:" material. A survey of late-1920s New York City tabloid articles mentioning "illegal operation" found that they "consistently linked abortion to horrible consequences…these sampled sensational newspapers seemed to be sending a message that abortionists were immoral liars whose practice was filled with greed, fraud and abuse of women." In 1918 a Chicago newspaper ran a series drawn from
139:. Circa 1911 in Wisconsin, " died 18 days…after undergoing a procedure that news reports coyly described as an 'illegal operation.' The papers didn't have to spell things out any further; their readers would know what that meant." One local historian in Los Angeles, California, exploring the 1941 death of an aspiring model, noted, "Like most papers of this era, the
127:
During the century between criminalization and legalization in the United States, "Abortion wasn't even whispered. It was referred to in newspapers as 'an illegal operation,' usually reported only when those who performed abortions were arrested or women who had abortions turned up in emergency rooms
91:
abortion occurred in the 1860s and 1870s. Some feminists and midwives argue that "the era of dangerous, illicit abortion was a blip in history, less than 100 years," during which the criminalization itself meaningfully increased the physical risks to women. Generally speaking, "the safety of illegal
527:
Jeffrey Hudson, is about criminal abortion in Boston and includes the line, "The trouble with this country…is that the women have no guts. They'd rather slink off and have a dangerous, illegal operation performed than change the laws. The legislators are all men, and men don't bear babies; they can
238:
Abortion was referenced in coded language throughout local newspapers. "Illegal operation" was typically deployed by news writers after the deed was done; classified advertisements also offered abortion services thinly disguised by euphemism. According to an
Australian historian, "The daily press
372:
A 1962 article about illegal abortions in Canada stated, "Under the vague law governing abortion in Canada almost no doctor can be confident that he will not be accused and convicted of carrying out an illegal operation if he performs an abortion, even in cases where the medical justification is
99:
Despite the illegality of the procedure, women in Canada and the United States still procured hundreds of thousands of abortions annually through the 1950s and 1960s. A 1937 New
Zealand government study found induced abortion to be "exceedingly common" and estimated that approximately 6,000 were
143:
rarely used the word 'abortion,' and preferred 'illegal operation.' Other euphemisms were 'criminally attacked' for rape and 'mistreated' molestation." When a woman's dismembered body was found in a suitcase floating near Boston Harbor in 1905, "the real scandal was that the body had recently
1715:
Staff
Correspondent (1919-06-25). "Witnesses Tell of Sending Nurse Inez Reed to Office of Northcott - STATE OFFERS NEW EVIDENCE IN REED TRIAL - Doctor and Nurse Testify They Directed Dead Girl to Defendant - MESSAGE IS REPEATED - Woman Says She Was Employed to Attend Victim Later Discharged".
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regularly, if not frequently, reported on inquests into abortion deaths and about prosecutions for abortion-related crimes, and once the euphemisms are understood, it is clear that the advertisement columns teemed with offers for abortion services."
2009:
2278:
131:
One
Australian history described pre-legalization abortion as "the thing that had no name, that was known only as 'an illegal operation', 'tampering with the womb', 'a certain event', 'being interfered with' or 'bringing the courses on.'"
1614:
316:
This claim is based upon the statement alleged to have been made by the declarant, as testified to by her mother, 'She said that she had had a criminal operation…asked her who did it. She said, Dr. Bradfield from
Portland.' In
296:
For example, in 1876 Massachusetts, the crime was "illegal operation upon a woman, with intent to procure a miscarriage." One early 20th century
Nebraska doctor who performed illegal abortions was charged nine times but "was
1272:
2457:
659:
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1694:
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undergone an illegal operation—an abortion. An operation so common that everyone reading the paper that day knew exactly what the headline referred to, but a crime so sensationalized, no one could utter its name."
1833:
1999:
2270:
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1606:
369:
implies the use of surgical implements and cutting, in 1928 one
Michigan doctor who pleaded guilty to the charges against him made a point to tell the judge, "There was no instrument used."
1898:
1191:
1866:
819:
2220:
254:
could be a 'disease peculiar to females.' An abortion, or the administration of abortifacient medicines, was not named as such, but described as the removal of an 'obstruction.'"
1262:
2151:
2373:
2191:
1551:
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92:
abortions varied according to the race and class of the patient" since more expensive abortions were relatively more likely to be performed by experienced providers in
1654:
985:
455:
who "refers to her 'illegal operation' that left her unable to bear children" was likely the first recurring or main character on
American TV to claim an abortion. (
910:
586:
A dictionary of euphemisms & other doubletalk : being a compilation of linguistic fig leaves and verbal flourishes for artful users of the
English Language
155:
1362:
1445:
135:"Illegal operation" could arguably describe any number of prohibited practices but was readily understood by the general public as specifically meaning
1492:
2638:
851:
528:
afford to be moralistic." The book is said to remain relevant to present-day readers "for its portrayal of how illegality makes everything worse."
434:
compromised by allowing them to refer to 'an illegal operation'…Despite the vagueness of the phrase 'illegal operation', studios realized that the
2596:
390:
60:
countries including
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. "Performing an illegal operation" could also be a
1888:
2073:
1173:
789:
272:
Evidence of an "illegal operation" was presented at the trial of Dr. Ephraim Northcott for the murder of U.S. Army nurse Inez Elizabeth Reed (
258:
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880:
1534:
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also appears in criminal proceedings, usually related to deaths from unlawful abortions, and occasionally in criminal charges against
2143:
1584:
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is used in such connection as in the case at bar, it must be considered a statement of fact and not merely an opinion or conclusion.
2509:
2476:
1526:
566:
732:
2231:
1977:
1944:"2 Detectives Indicted in Beach Extortion Case: Pair Accused of Shakedown of Doctor Under Threat of Illegal Operation Charge".
1762:
2041:
1294:
1078:
698:
2305:"Regulating cinematic stories about reproduction: pregnancy, childbirth, abortion and movie censorship in the US, 1930–1958"
1636:
993:
403:
1042:
928:
555:
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1148:
1028:
960:
594:
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312:
referenced the widely acknowledged meaning of the intentionally-opaque euphemistic terms associated with abortion:
230:
is an ugly word for most people, synonymous with an illegal operation performed by an incompetent in a back room."
68:
of an abortion provider. The term was one of a number of euphemisms pertaining to sex, pregnancy, and childbirth.
2623:
895:
469:
repeatedly; all three of the show's usual sponsors declined to run commercials during that episode's ad breaks.)
247:
195:, at a 1962 meeting about changing abortion laws, a lawyer "explained it was rare to find instances of the word
1433:
457:
435:
207:.'" The lawyer said that despite the prohibition on that specific word, daily newspapers regularly reported on
2095:"Criminal Law. Evidence. Charge of Illegal Operation on a Woman. Statements of Deceased Woman as to Operation"
747:
1466:
2633:
841:
268:
82:
215:, and argued that only with open discussion of the issue could the "problem" be addressed and resolved.
2316:
1053:
2588:
1108:
Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Various Aspects of the Problem of Abortion in New Zealand
451:
159:
2065:
769:
119:," along with a laundry list of other sexual material) led to heavy censorship across mass media.
2428:
1718:
872:
631:
479:
426:
274:
162:) appear in this Arkansas newspaper article about a woman's lawsuit against Mississippi Governor
1970:"COMMONWEALTH vs. DAVID R. BROWN, 121 Mass. 69 (May 15, 1876–October 20, 1876, Suffolk County)"
1471:
417:
192:
168:
29:
1747:
1384:
2271:"New Sensation Play Promised - 'Damaged Goods' Will be Gone One Better, Say Advanced Reports"
1324:
727:
1893:
1140:
Lust on trial: Censorship and the rise of American obscenity in the age of Anthony Comstock
846:
147:
1576:
19:
8:
2402:
2398:
1511:
1503:
1267:
465:, had devoted an episode to the topic two years prior. The show's dialogue used the word
879:. Vol. XXXIV, no. 10334. Pahiatua, Manawatū-Whanganui. 1926-09-04. p. 5.
2346:
2114:
2004:
1825:
1735:
1641:
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550:
386:
204:
1230:
1213:
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2252:
2183:
2047:
2037:
1951:
1946:
1926:
1921:
1829:
1817:
1795:""Criminal Operations": The First Fifty Years of Abortion Trials in Portland, Oregon"
1723:
1686:
1646:
1543:
1484:
1476:
1404:
1394:
1235:
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966:
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920:
781:
704:
694:
651:
643:
600:
590:
401:, about a woman "who pleads for an illegal operation but is unable to procure one." (
359:
287:
2350:
1969:
1247:
2414:
2320:
2106:
1813:
1809:
1767:
1681:
1225:
1178:
1020:
When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973
915:
635:
514:
462:
219:
136:
100:
performed annually, 4,000 of which were done, in one way or another, "criminally."
53:
2033:
The notorious Dr. Flippin: abortion and consequence in the early twentieth century
111:(which specifically prohibited selling or shipping "articles or medicines for the
1730:– via ProQuest Historical Newspapers - San Francisco Chronicle (1865-1922).
1102:
502:
498:
381:
65:
61:
358:
American case law and legal scholarship of this period often involves a woman's
2464:. Vol. 43, no. 43. Palm Springs, California. 1969-09-23. p. 10.
1105:; Fraser, Janet; Chapman, Sylvia G.; Corkill, Thomas F.; Paget, Tom L. (1937).
519:
394:
309:
259:
History of abortion § Advertising for abortifacients and abortion services
243:
223:
163:
2325:
2304:
1408:
1158:
1088:
1018:
970:
708:
545:
2617:
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2051:
1955:
1930:
1889:"The mysterious motivations of notorious serial abortionist Elizabeth Taylor"
1821:
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1187:
924:
785:
647:
474:
177:
116:
112:
108:
2573:
2523:
2256:
2000:"Before Roe v. Wade, some Nebraska abortion practitioners faced prosecution"
1488:
1388:
1038:
722:
2342:
2219:. Vol. 65, no. 57. Rock Island, Illinois. 1915-12-23. p. 3.
2178:
1418:
1325:"The Suitcase Murder: Abortion, Mystery and Murder in 20th Century America"
1138:
1068:
950:
688:
655:
639:
604:
431:
2031:
1865:. Series: Inmate Photographs in the Records of the Virginia Penitentiary.
393:'s license be revoked for promoting a "pernicious peril" when it produced
2553:
1106:
891:
690:
From back alley to the border: criminal abortion in California, 1920-1969
176:
When illegal abortion appeared in the paper it was almost invariably as "
107:
and (in some jurisdictions) explicit legal prohibition. In the U.S., the
2251:(Ph.D.). Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida. pp. 161–164.
2246:
2141:
584:
2118:
1577:"When Abortion was Illegal (and Deadly): Seattle's Maternal Death Toll"
1434:"Four for the Fifth: The First Mississippi Judges on the Fifth Circuit"
952:
Everything below the waist: why health care needs a feminist revolution
447:
88:
57:
2290:
Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Historic Newspaper Program
2066:"People v. Bradfield, 1 N.W.2d 550, 300 Mich. 303 – CourtListener.com"
2366:"How the portrayal of abortion in TV and film has shifted since 1928"
2248:
Sexual Reform on the American Stage in the Progressive Era, 1900-1915
777:
524:
421:
298:
290:
251:
49:
2497:. Vol. 19. San Bernardino, California. 1966-03-27. p. 89.
2110:
770:"Female Complaints and Certain Events: Silencing Abortion Discourse"
1677:"19th-Century Classified Ads for Abortifacients and Contraceptives"
246:
for the sexual-health market "fascinate in their use of euphemism.
24:
2094:
103:
Limits on abortion-related language resulted from a mix of social
1111:. Wellington, Wellington Region: E. V. Paul, Government Printer.
949:
Block, Jennifer (2019). "Chapter 7: The Case for Home Abortion".
181:
93:
2404:
The Defenders - Complete Season 1 - Uploaded by Tee Vee Classics
2433:
The Classic TV History Blog: Dispatches from the Vast Wasteland
484:
also used "illegal operation" to describe abortion plot lines.
1385:"Chapter 7: Enforcing the National Prohibition Act, 1919–1929"
911:"Abortion Used to Be No Big Deal. A Few Angry Men Made It One"
842:"100 years ago in Spokane: Midwife denies performing abortion"
301:
or saw the charges dismissed in all but one instance, when he
2128:
1527:"Abortion News in the Late 1920s: A New York City Case Study"
743:
620:"Illegal operations: women, doctors, and abortion, 1886-1939"
589:(1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. p. 67.
472:
Program listings for episodes of late-1960s TV programs like
200:
104:
2589:"'A Case of Need' (1968) makes case as Crichton's first gem"
1101:
430:, " the return of veiled dialogue in abortion narratives as
222:
article headlined "Support Growing for Legalized Abortions"
302:
1355:""And speaking of which...": The Gentleman from Lafayette"
992:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg College. Archived from
2394:
1295:"Hollywood Model Dies of Botched Abortion, Nov. 19, 1941"
122:
1023:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
233:
2142:
Sault Ste. Marie Public Library Archives (2019-09-08).
438:
had just allowed an abortion narrative on the screen."
2393:
2277:. South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana. 1915-10-13.
1859:"Mug Shot Monday: Dr. Robert S. Fitzgerald, No. 38685"
2174:"A national report on THE ABORTION MILLS AND THE LAW"
1359:"And speaking of which..." A Mississippi History Blog
554:. Vol. 107, no. 81. 1920-04-09. p. 1.
1073:. Victoria, British Columbia: Orca Book Publishers.
362:
about the circumstances of her "illegal operation."
1763:"This Was Abortion in 1919. We're Going Back There"
1714:
1066:
416:Following a total ban on abortion plotlines in the
64:and/or the listed cause for the revocation of the
1856:
1070:My body, my choice: the fight for abortion rights
986:"An Illegal Operation: The Case of Theresa Solie"
23:"Woman Accused of Illegal Operations" front page
2615:
1581:Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project
686:
424:, the phrase appeared in the 1949 American film
128:hemorrhaging, with raging infections, or dead."
2036:. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press.
1425:
1376:
812:"Hampton Coroner Records Reveal Social History"
2364:Fisher, Luchina; Messer, Lesley (2018-10-15).
2309:The British Journal for the History of Science
2144:"Death and the abortion doctor: Final chapter"
776:(19). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory:
731:. Melbourne, Victoria. 1898-03-31. p. 6.
16:Abortion (criminalization-era common-use term)
1535:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
2363:
1067:Stevenson, Robin; Fitzgerald, Meags (2019).
2524:"The Illegal Operation (LACMA Collections)"
578:
576:
365:While the modern understanding of the word
242:A survey found that 19th century newspaper
83:History of abortion § Criminalization
2324:
1857:Christman, Roger; Archives (2014-10-20).
1431:
1229:
1056:(UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004).
1012:
1010:
693:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2639:History of medicine in the United States
1997:
1886:
1792:
1634:
1607:"Support Growing for Legalized Abortion"
1604:
1382:
1352:
1323:Masarik, Elizabeth Garner (2018-02-05).
1292:
839:
763:
761:
759:
757:
573:
380:
267:
146:
18:
2510:California Digital Newspaper Collection
2477:California Digital Newspaper Collection
2029:
1863:The UncommonWealth, Library of Virginia
1760:
1635:Thompson, Lauren MacIvor (2019-12-13).
1574:
1390:Mississippi's Federal Courts: A History
1322:
1260:
1171:
1143:. New York: Columbia University Press.
816:The UncommonWealth, Library of Virginia
682:
680:
678:
676:
617:
567:California Digital Newspaper Collection
56:used in the 19th and 20th centuries in
2616:
2586:
2551:
2232:Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections
1919:"ILLEGAL OPERATION PAY-OFFS CLAIMED".
1613:. Santa Cruz, California. p. 26.
1524:
1211:
1136:
1016:
1007:
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908:
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767:
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203:subject, 'fit to be discussed only in
87:The widespread criminalization of pre-
2426:
2302:
2244:
1674:
948:
754:
546:"Woman Accused of Illegal Operations"
305:to performing an illegal operation."
234:Abortion euphemism elsewhere in print
191:, a history of 20th-century criminal
154:and other coded language (suggesting
2595:. Series: Michael Crichton Mondays.
2171:
1761:Redmond, Jennifer Ann (2019-05-28).
778:Australian National University Press
673:
385:"Her Play Arouses Storm in Gotham":
341:, all have a common usage and, when
1808:(1). Oregon Historical Society: 6.
1467:"To Hear Evidence by Birkhead Girl"
1393:. University Press of Mississippi.
13:
2213:"Her Play Arouses Storm in Gotham"
1508:National Digital Newspaper Program
774:Lilith: A Feminist History Journal
14:
2650:
1637:"Women Have Always Had Abortions"
1174:"'I was doing something illegal'"
865:
687:Gutierrez-Romine, Alicia (2020).
497:is the title of a grotesque 1962
2528:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
2150:. Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan.
1263:"An Ashland abortion gone wrong"
1214:"Lost: Illegal Abortion Stories"
955:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
909:Reagan, Leslie J. (2022-06-01).
325:, abortion is referred to as an
2599:from the original on 2022-09-06
2580:
2545:
2534:from the original on 2022-09-03
2516:
2501:from the original on 2022-09-04
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2135:
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2076:from the original on 2022-09-03
2058:
2023:
2012:from the original on 2022-09-03
1998:Stoddard, Martha (2022-06-05).
1991:
1980:from the original on 2020-02-24
1962:
1937:
1912:
1901:from the original on 2022-09-06
1880:
1869:from the original on 2022-09-04
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1839:from the original on 2022-09-03
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1568:
1557:from the original on 2022-09-03
1518:
1495:from the original on 2022-09-21
1459:
1448:from the original on 2021-05-16
1365:from the original on 2021-06-21
1346:
1335:from the original on 2022-09-09
1316:
1305:from the original on 2013-02-09
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1115:from the original on 2022-09-15
1095:
1060:
1045:from the original on 2008-05-13
977:
942:
902:
896:National Library of New Zealand
883:from the original on 2022-09-06
854:from the original on 2022-09-03
822:from the original on 2022-09-06
792:from the original on 2022-09-14
735:from the original on 2022-09-14
662:from the original on 2022-09-14
558:from the original on 2022-09-04
248:Sexually transmitted infections
2303:Kirby, David A. (2017-09-19).
1814:10.5403/oregonhistq.116.1.0006
1438:Mississippi College Law Review
1293:Harnisch, Larry (2011-11-19).
833:
803:
715:
618:McLaren, Angus (1993-06-01) .
611:
538:
308:A 1942 Michigan Supreme Court
1:
2427:Bowie, Stephen (2008-08-15).
1675:Onion, Rebecca (2014-08-06).
1605:Boyarsky, Bill (1964-03-18).
1525:Olasky, Marvin (1989-09-01).
1432:Southwick, Leslie H. (2015).
1231:10.1016/S0968-8080(06)29281-4
768:Parker, Clare (2013-01-01) .
748:National Library of Australia
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441:
199:in newspapers since it was a
189:From Back Alley to the Border
76:
2172:Mair, Shirley (1962-11-03).
1887:Callanan, Tim (2019-12-29).
1583:. University of Washington.
1353:Woodrick, Jim (2012-10-15).
1172:Neville, Anne (2002-11-25).
984:Waller, Derek (2014-04-09).
840:Kershner, Jim (2018-05-09).
810:Brooks, Vince (2014-12-18).
487:
446:In 1964, a character on the
123:"The thing that had no name"
7:
2587:Hansen, John (2021-09-06).
1897:. Sydney, New South Wales.
1802:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1383:Hargrove, David M. (2019).
1261:Macreth, Bob (2022-07-27).
1218:Reproductive Health Matters
501:assemblage sculpture about
353:, 1 N.W.2d 550 (Mich. 1942)
156:workplace sexual harassment
10:
2655:
2317:Cambridge University Press
2030:Tallman, Jamie Q. (2011).
1925:. 1950-07-13. p. 15.
1793:Helquist, Michael (2015).
1564:– via Sage Journals.
1054:California Digital Library
1017:Reagan, Leslie J. (1997).
508:
256:
80:
71:
48:) was a widely understood
2326:10.1017/S0007087417000814
2099:The Virginia Law Register
1950:. 1960-09-14. p. 2.
1475:. 1922-03-14. p. 1.
1212:Wainer, Jo (2007-01-01).
1137:Werbel, Amy Beth (2018).
990:The Historyapolis Project
624:Journal of Social History
420:during the heyday of the
160:involuntary sterilization
2552:Hudson, Jeffrey (1969).
250:are 'private diseases.'
113:prevention of conception
2629:Abortion in non-fiction
2245:Luter, Gary S. (1981).
1719:San Francisco Chronicle
1575:Gregory, James (2013).
850:. Spokane, Washington.
632:Oxford University Press
427:The Doctor and the Girl
411:
275:San Francisco Chronicle
2624:Fiction about abortion
1472:The Log Cabin Democrat
1271:. Ashland, Wisconsin.
1103:McMillan, David Gervan
723:"AN ILLEGAL OPERATION"
418:American film industry
408:
376:
356:
279:
263:
193:abortion in California
173:
169:The Log Cabin Democrat
34:
30:The San Francisco Call
2593:Reviews from My Couch
2275:South Bend News-Times
2105:(10): 789–790. 1913.
1182:. Buffalo, New York.
583:Rawson, Hugh (1981).
494:The Illegal Operation
384:
314:
271:
257:Further information:
150:
117:procuring of abortion
81:Further information:
22:
2558:. New York: Signet.
2370:Good Morning America
2182:. Toronto, Ontario.
873:"Illegal Operations"
847:The Spokesman-Review
640:10.1353/jsh/26.4.797
523:, written under the
2634:History of abortion
2399:Plautus Productions
2008:. Omaha, Nebraska.
1611:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1512:Library of Congress
1504:Chronicling America
1268:Ashland Daily Press
461:, a groundbreaking
432:censor Joseph Breen
397:'s 1915 stage play
389:requested that the
351:People v. Bradfield
2005:Omaha World-Herald
1746:has generic name (
1642:The New York Times
551:San Francisco Call
409:
343:criminal operation
339:criminal operation
288:protection rackets
280:
209:illegal operations
174:
42:criminal operation
35:
2217:Rock Island Argus
2043:978-0-89672-675-8
1947:Los Angeles Times
1922:Los Angeles Times
1124:Project Gutenberg
1080:978-1-4598-1712-8
700:978-1-4962-2313-5
404:Rock Island Argus
360:dying declaration
335:illegal operation
327:illegal operation
284:illegal operation
213:illegal surgeries
152:Illegal operation
38:Illegal operation
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927:. Archived from
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515:Michael Crichton
463:legal procedural
391:Princess Theater
354:
293:abortion rings.
220:Associated Press
205:medical journals
137:induced abortion
54:induced abortion
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2015:
2013:
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1224:(29): 155–159.
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877:Pahiatua Herald
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511:
503:unsafe abortion
499:Edward Kienholz
490:
444:
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387:Cardinal Farley
379:
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349:
266:
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236:
125:
85:
79:
74:
66:medical license
62:criminal charge
46:illegal surgery
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2555:A case of need
2544:
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2458:"TV Daily Log"
2449:
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2086:
2057:
2042:
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1990:
1961:
1936:
1911:
1879:
1849:
1785:
1753:
1722:. p. 13.
1707:
1667:
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1542:(3): 724–726.
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610:
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536:
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520:A Case of Need
510:
507:
489:
486:
443:
440:
413:
410:
395:Beulah Poynter
378:
375:
347:
303:pleaded guilty
265:
262:
244:classified ads
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124:
121:
78:
75:
73:
70:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2429:"Benefactors"
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2070:CourtListener
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2011:
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1974:masscases.com
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477:
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475:The Mod Squad
470:
468:
464:
460:
459:
458:The Defenders
454:
453:
452:Another World
449:
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329:. The terms,
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187:According to
185:
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178:scandal sheet
171:
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109:Comstock laws
106:
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2432:
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2283:. Retrieved
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2148:SooToday.com
2147:
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2127:– via
2122:. Retrieved
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2078:. Retrieved
2069:
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2014:. Retrieved
2003:
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1982:. Retrieved
1973:
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1945:
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1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1892:
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1777:. Retrieved
1766:
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1497:. Retrieved
1470:
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1441:
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1419:Google Books
1417:– via
1412:. Retrieved
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1358:
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1328:
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1266:
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1196:. Retrieved
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1019:
998:. Retrieved
994:the original
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929:the original
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815:
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773:
742:– via
737:. Retrieved
726:
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627:
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565:– via
560:. Retrieved
549:
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425:
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323:Fritch,supra
322:
318:
315:
307:
295:
283:
281:
273:
241:
237:
227:
218:By 1964, an
217:
212:
208:
196:
188:
186:
175:
167:
151:
140:
134:
130:
126:
102:
98:
96:conditions.
86:
45:
41:
37:
36:
28:
2319:: 451–472.
1329:DIG Podcast
892:Papers Past
634:: 797–816.
481:Dr. Kildare
282:The phrase
164:Lee Russell
40:(sometimes
2618:Categories
2603:2022-09-06
2538:2022-09-03
2505:2022-09-04
2472:2022-09-04
2462:Desert Sun
2443:2022-09-10
2410:2022-09-10
2380:2022-09-04
2285:2022-09-08
2227:2022-09-08
2198:2022-09-03
2158:2022-09-07
2124:2022-09-09
2080:2022-09-03
2016:2022-09-03
1984:2022-09-05
1905:2022-09-06
1873:2022-09-04
1843:2022-09-04
1779:2022-09-04
1701:2022-09-06
1661:2022-09-06
1621:2022-09-04
1591:2022-09-15
1561:2022-09-04
1499:2022-09-16
1452:2022-09-17
1444:(3): 241.
1414:2022-09-16
1409:1038445778
1369:2022-09-17
1339:2022-09-09
1309:2022-09-15
1279:2022-09-04
1198:2022-09-03
1159:1007499221
1119:2022-09-15
1089:1050133570
1049:2022-09-06
1000:2022-09-15
971:1048944643
935:2022-09-16
887:2022-09-05
858:2022-09-03
826:2022-09-06
796:2022-09-06
739:2022-09-05
709:1192499443
666:2022-09-03
562:2022-09-15
532:References
448:soap opera
442:Television
399:The Unborn
89:quickening
77:Background
58:Anglophone
2491:"TV Week"
2335:0007-0874
2188:0024-9262
2179:Maclean's
2052:691204314
1956:0458-3035
1931:0458-3035
1830:159801054
1822:0030-4727
1736:cite news
1728:1932-8672
1691:1091-2339
1651:0362-4331
1548:1077-6990
1481:2692-9090
1240:0968-8080
1188:0745-2691
925:1091-2339
786:0813-8990
780:: 32–45.
728:The Argus
648:0022-4529
525:pseudonym
513:The 1968
488:Sculpture
422:Hays Code
367:operation
299:acquitted
291:extorting
252:Pregnancy
50:euphemism
2597:Archived
2574:32437038
2532:Archived
2499:Archived
2466:Archived
2437:Archived
2401:(1961),
2374:Archived
2351:13658330
2343:28923130
2279:Archived
2257:08375855
2221:Archived
2192:Archived
2152:Archived
2074:Archived
2010:Archived
1978:Archived
1899:Archived
1894:ABC News
1867:Archived
1834:Archived
1773:Archived
1695:Archived
1655:Archived
1615:Archived
1585:Archived
1552:Archived
1493:Archived
1489:12956845
1446:Archived
1363:Archived
1333:Archived
1303:Archived
1273:Archived
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