Comstock Act of 1873

2045:. Between 1917 and 1925, bills were introduced in California (1917), New York (1917, 1921,1923, 1924,1925), Connecticut (1923, 1925), and New Jersey (1925) to make the contraceptive provisions of state laws less restrictive. In both California and Connecticut, work was undertaken to simply have the contraceptive control provisions eliminated. All these state attempts at change failed to come to a vote so no change happened. There were also failed attempts to eliminate the restrictions on contraceptives from the federal law too, first starting in 1919 with the bill's supposed sponsor failing to introduce legislation. In 1923 a similar bill was reported before the Judiciary Committee, and while it was thought that the majority of this committee favored the bill, they evaded voting on it. There were also more attempts at change in the 1920s. 1595: 1939:) of New York privately distributed a report, written by Cephas Brainerd and Robert McBurney, entitled, "A Memorandum Respecting New-York as a Field for Moral and Christian Effort Among Young Men". This memorandum linked the main message of the YMCA to facts and figures drawn from census, tax, and licensing data. All of this data was used to support the belief held by the Association's leadership that many of its younger and less supervised members had ample time in the evenings to leisure about in bars, casinos, and brothels. The 1866 memorandum was used to support a plan to construct a centrally located building to better serve the younger men of 40: 1943:. However, the memorandum also recommended, in addition to this new building, a 'call to action' by the organization's members to investigate whether or not there were any local anti-vice laws in New York. Upon concluding there were none, the group lobbied in the New York State legislature for an anti-vice law. The New York YMCA-drafted bill was successfully enacted in 1868, although with less comprehensive language than had been first proposed. This 1868 law enabled local magistrate judges to issue warrants allowing police to seize and later destroy (upon a guilty verdict) materials ruled "obscene". 855:

law of the United States, or containing any threat to take the life of or inflict bodily harm upon any person in the United States, or any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing, or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or other article which is obscene or immoral, or any drug or medicine or any article whatever for causing unlawful abortion, or any lottery ticket, or any printed paper that may be used as a lottery ticket, or any advertisement of any lottery...

1774: 562:. This is the initial Comstock Act provision, as currently amended, and it was first enacted as an extraneous rider under Sec. 148 of an Act to revise, consolidate, and amend the Statutes relating to the Post-office Department. The punishment for violating section 1461 is either a fine, a jail sentence of up to 5 years for a first offense, a jail sentence of up to 10 years for any subsequent offense, or a combination of a jail sentence and a fine, as is stated in its text. 1860:, contraceptive equipment, abortion drugs and devices, materials providing descriptions of contraceptive or abortion methods, materials advertising people with information of or providing for birth control, abortion, or other similar things. A particular concern to historical enforcers was targeting advertisements for abortifacients found in penny papers, with these pills often advertised to women as a euphemistic treatment for "obstruction of their monthly periods". 1975:

punishable offense. Other works that he tried to enclose under the range of the laws that used his namesake include international art pieces that depicted scantily-clad women, textbooks for medical students, and other sexually non-explicit items. These efforts left some of his supporters to doubt his intentions. Comstock's career as a postal inspector yielded over 3,600 arrests and the destruction of over 160 tons (150,000 kg) of material ruled to be obscene.

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had easy access to. He also argued that allowing "obscenity" to flourish in society would cause a social breakdown of traditional marriage and of religious institutions. Comstock leaned on support from wealthier families for the majority of his legislative and political success. Clinton L. Merrian, who aided the Comstock Act's passage through the House of Representatives, campaigned its passage on the idea that obscenity threatened

1600: 1599: 1597: 1601: 791:, concerns mailing any of the matters mentioned in section 1461 or 1462 on the outside of a mail piece. Like section 1462, this section came initially as an amendment (contained in Sec. 212.) through the Criminal Code Act of 1909. A violation of this section carries a jail term of up to 5 years, a fine, or both as a penalty. This section has no sentence enhancement for prior offenses, unlike section 1461 or 1462. 1598: 2073:, a prominent figure in the Free Love Movement and an advocate for women's rights. Woodhull and her sister, Tennessee Claflin, published a newspaper called "Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly" which promoted ideas about sexuality that challenged then-prevailing societal norms. Comstock had Woodhull arrested and charged with obscenity for publishing information about contraception. 1796:

any person who shall knowingly deposit, or cause to be deposited, for mailing or for delivery, any such obscene publication, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall, for every such offence, be fined not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than one year, or both, according to the circumstances and aggravation of the offense.

803:,and pertains to customs officials acting as principal to certain activity. For abortion-related matter, this section applies to the extent implicating procurement of abortion. This section, currently codified in a positive law title, was first enacted as Sec. 4. of an Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use. 1155:, some of the ruling by judge Kacsmaryk was partially stayed and some of the claims presented were thrown out, although a sizable portion of Kacsmaryk's ruling emerged unscathed. The challenges to mifepristone's initial approval were barred, but the challenges to the lifting of REMS restrictions were allowed to go forward. In the appellate review, circuit judge 1868:, Comstock defined "perverts" as those using contraceptives outside of marriage. Thus, believing that government ought not "allow any one at all to secure them or know anything about them". In her view, Comstock's reasoning seems to have been that if one outlawed all contraceptive information, etc., then public morals were less likely to be corrupted. 2029:

enactment of the Comstock Act. The letter of affidavits had been sent in support of the petition from the National Liberal League. Anthony Comstock dismissed the petition after hearing about it, and he asserted that the list was made up of forged signatures and false names. Comstock would also go onto lambast the media for supporting the effort.

1971:, requested that he not be given a government salary. By preventing Comstock from receiving a federal salary, as well as any other publicly-funded monetary rewards, the organization's directors attempted to prevent claims of self-interested motives and to ensure that Comstock was dependent on their donations. 1958:. Later introduced to the YMCA, Comstock would form a close ties with the organization. Along his career, he became unhappy with the before-mentioned New York law and believed in a need for federal legislation. In 1872, Comstock managed to get the initial provision of the Comstock Act added as an extraneous 2381:

Although its reach has been somewhat curtailed by the courts based upon first amendment principles, the Comstock Act remains on our books today. In 1971, Congress deleted the prohibition on birth control; but the prohibition on information about abortion remains, and the maximum fine was increased in

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in the law appeared. To remedy these perceived problems, Comstock worked on a new stand-alone piece of legislation, discussed previously, which passed in 1873. Anthony Comstock later secured a position as a United States Postal Inspector. In spite of this, the Committee for the Suppression of Vice at

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on February 18, 1873. Consideration was postponed yet again, this time through motion by Senator Buckingham on February 20, 1873. On February 21, 1873, the bill passed, with the Buckingham amendment, in the Senate by unanimous consent after being read three times. The bill passed without objection in

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Some concerns raised, if this view took hold, are that not only would the use of telehealth to prescribe mifepristone and misoprostol, the two drugs used in combination for most medication abortion, become largely criminal but, since Comstock Act violations are a predicate offense, persons (and their

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convictions, as evidenced by federal appellate court decisions from 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2022. The most recent conviction made under the Comstock Act, with five of the nine charges being brought forth under 18 U.S.C. § 1462, was that of Thomas Alan Arthur, a Texas man who was sentenced in 2021 to 40

1189:(no plaintiff suffered a concrete and particularized injury-in-fact) sufficient to bring the case, and thereby the Supreme Court avoided a direct ruling on whether the Comstock Act applies to mifepristone or whether mifepristone was properly approved. Reproductive healthcare experts such as physician 854:

All persons are prohibited from importing into the United States from any foreign country any book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, or drawing containing any matter advocating or urging treason or insurrection against the United States, or forcible resistance to any

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aid or abet any of the specified offenses (importing, advertising, dealing, exhibiting, sending, or receiving). Third, the knowing aiding or abetting by an officer, employee, or agent of the United States must implicate use of the mail. Fourth, the offense must implicate any of the matters specified.

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Second, as summarized in point 4 above, this section criminalizes activities related to the mailing of information providing as to from who, where, what, or how an article, already criminalized from being mailed outright, may be obtained or made. Although it holds little precedential value, as it was

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Jackson upheld a law excluding from the mail any circulars or letters concerning 'lotteries' which were then 'widely considered 'to have a demoralizing influence upon the people.' The Court's unanimous decision relied upon the example of the act of March 3, 1873 , in which Congress declared 'that no

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A law expressly prohibiting editorial comment upon the merits of sexually discriminatory employment which directly or indirectly informs readers of employers who do unlawfully discriminate and the availability of jobs with such employers would obviously be unconstitutional. Likewise unconstitutional

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Four years after the enactment of the federal law, a petition was circulated by the National Liberal League for its repeal in 1876, garnering between 40,000 and 70,000 signatures. Although the petition received positive press coverage, the efforts were stymied when Anthony Comstock showed samples of

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That no obscene book, pamphlet, picture, print, or other publication of a vulgar or indecent character, or any letter upon the envelope of which, or postal card upon which scurrilous epithets may have been written or printed, or disloyal devices printed or engraved, shall be carried in the mail; and

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against the mailing of mifepristone and misoprostol in combination, citing the Comstock Act. This letter was in response to announcements by CVS and Walgreens in January 2023 that the pharmacy chains would begin processing mifepristone-misoprostol prescriptions. In March 2023, Walgreens announced it

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As the chief proponent of the law, many of Comstock's justifications revolved around what he believed were the negative effects indecent literature would have on children. He argued that moral decay was occurring in schools and in the home because of indecent literature, something he believed youth

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framework, which argues that the historical framing of the Act in the context of abortion is ill-supported due to nothing in the Comstock Act's text (other than that resurfaced as Sec. 305. of the Tariff Act of 1930) making an explicit 'illegal intentions' distinction, the fact that the majority of

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With respect to the Comstock Act's references to abortion, which currently have not yet been removed as had the reference to contraceptives, historical interpretation has generally construed this as applying to articles intended for unlawful abortion, reconciling it with Sec. 305. of the Tariff Act

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This provision has two basic aspects. First and foremost, it subjects certain matters to civil forfeiture. Secondly, it provides a number of exceptions. These exceptions are items imported without the importer's knowledge, bulk abortion-related materials not intended for unlawful use, classic books

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are used in over 50% of American abortions, the Comstock Act has been the focus of more legal, political, and media attention following litigation and legislative activity by various actors in the U.S. anti-abortion movement who aim to utilize the Act's provisions to restrict abortion access in the

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decision, advocated for the repealing of the Comstock Act's language relating to abortion. On June 20, 2024, Senator Smith announced that she was going to be unveiling legislation to achieve that goal. Senator Smith's proposed legislation is not the first time legislators in the United States have

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mounted against a federal law barring the mailing of lottery items, the Court nonetheless made reference to the Comstock Act. In doing, the Supreme Court unanimously affirmed both the lottery circular law and the original provision of the Comstock Act (18 U.S.C. § 1461) as being valid exercises of

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In March 1879, the National Defense Association submitted a letter of affidavits to Samuel Sullivan Cox, a congressional representative from New York, for review with the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads. The National Defense Association had been established in opposition shortly after the

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Extended works of Comstock along the lines of these laws include a petition from the Committee for the Suppression of Vice to include obscene written works that were enclosed in a sealed envelope, an item that was not covered in many renditions of Comstock-style laws, as an item to convict for a

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of 1988, signed by President Reagan as a rider to the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, amended Sec. 305 of the Tariff Act of 1930, a provision of the Comstock Act, as well as adding new provisions to chapter 71, title 18, United States Code, all in aid of helping prosecute child pornography. Another

3241:"Casenotes: Constitutional Law — Commercial Speech — Federal Statute Prohibiting Mailing of Unsolicited Contraception Advertisements Violates First Amendment as Applied to Accurate Mailings That Contribute to Informed Decision Making. Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 103 S. Ct. 2875 (1983)" 2057:

was a group that made sustained attempts to repeal Comstock-style laws and discredit anything related to the anti-vice movement. This open distaste made free-love movement participants a major target of Anthony Comstock during his personal campaign against perceived obscenity. Comstock actively

2011:, a Catholic priest and radio broadcaster, argued in support of the Act before a 1934 congressional committee, characterizing non-procreative sex as "legalized prostitution". During his testimony, there was heckling from the audience, with one woman calling out to Coughlin, "You're ridiculous." 1193:

considered the case outcome a narrow reprieve, expressing disappointment that it even made it before the Supreme Court in the first place, and remarking "ifepristone and medication abortion are broadly in the crosshairs of the anti-abortion movement". Legal counsel representing the Alliance for

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Note that the following four items are modern-day terminology which are equivalent (or almost equivalent) to what the laws actually say. "Obscene" may be also called in the law texts as "vulgar", "indecent", "filthy" (Ruppenthal p. 48). "Contraceptive" is an article for "preventing conception"

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pornographic material to congressional leaders serving on the same committee for which the proposed repeal act was referred. Comstock claimed that the pamphlets he had shared, a "collection of smutty circulars describing sex depravity", had been distributed by mail to youths and other persons.

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This comes from the first half of one of the unnumbered subsections: "Every written or printed card, letter, circular, book, pamphlet, advertisement, or notice of any kind giving information, directly or indirectly, where, or how, or from whom, or by what means any of such mentioned matters,

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abortion procurement is concerned, that is criminal solicitation and the First Amendment affords no constitutional protection. It has been noted in one scholarly article that successful prosecution for criminal solicitation of abortion under this Act would be difficult as nothing in the text

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The fact that the mailings in this case were wholly intrastate is immaterial for a prosecution under § 1461. That statute was one enacted under Congress' postal power, granted in Art. I, § 8, cl. 7, of the Constitution, and the Postal Power Clause does not distinguish between interstate and

970:, is defined as follows: "A person acts knowingly with respect to a material element of an offense when...he is aware that his conduct is of that nature...if the element involves a result of his conduct, he is aware that it is practically certain that his conduct will cause such a result." 2006:

As it originally implicated contraceptives, it was argued by some supporters that the Act would help prevent "illicit" sexual relations between unmarried persons, since without contraception, the unmarried would be deterred from having sex due to the possibility of unintended pregnancy.

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that the approval of mifepristone was improper, the lifting of REMS restrictions was improper, and the Comstock Act of 1873 made providing medication abortion by mail illegal. This ruling by judge Kacsmaryk conflicted with an opposing same day ruling issued by a U.S. district court in

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would not discuss the issue: " doesn't know about the existence of Comstock, because I just don't want him to shoot off his mouth." Mitchell said similarly of anti-abortion activists: "I think the pro-life groups should keep their mouths shut as much as possible until the election."

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This comes from the second half of the un-numbered subsection referred to in point 4: "....or where or by whom any act or operation of any kind for the procuring or producing of abortion will be done or performed, or how or by what means abortion may be produced, whether sealed or

6374:(Ruppenthal, most all pages). "Abortifacient" may be "medicine or means for producing or facilitating miscarriage or abortion" (Ruppenthal p. 52). "Sex-toy" might be "instrument or article of indecent or immoral use" (Ruppenthal pp. 35, 49, etc.) or "instrument or article for 1680:, a self-styled "mandate for leadership" intended for use by a future conservative President of the United States, has a section on abortion access that indirectly refers to the Comstock Act as "federal laws that prohibit the distribution of abortion drugs by postal mail". 1090:. Beginning in 2016 and expanded in 2021, the FDA removed much the restrictions imposed by the REMS requirements. This action by the FDA decreased barriers to mifepristone access, so mifepristone has since became more common as an abortion medication in the United States. 1113:

In March 2023, the Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, an anti-abortion group founded in 2022, filed a federal lawsuit challenging the FDA's approval of mifepristone from back in the year 2000. Trial court hearings in the case occurred on March 15, 2023. On April 7, 2023,

1321:, the type of conduct covered by the statute can be ascertained with sufficient ease to avoid due process pitfalls. Similarly, the possibility that different juries might reach different conclusions as to the same material does not render the statute unconstitutional. 1587:

anti-child-pornography and anti-obscenity law to be signed by President Reagan is the Child Protection Act of 1984 and it was the first law to generally outlaw child pornography at the federal level. The Reagan-era amendments do not stand alone though, as President

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Sessoms seeks to appeal his 235-month sentence imposed following his convictions for transmission of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) (2012), and transportation of obscene matters over the Internet, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1462

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is a statute which prohibits comment, itself nonobscene, upon the merits of literary or artistic material deemed obscene by a community into which that opinion is mailed, simply because the opinion also gives information as to where such material may be obtained.

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The punishment for a violation of section 1462 is identical to that provided for violating section 1461. Similarly there exists two elements to an offense under this section. First, the matter in question has to be of the nature described. Second, a person must

1481:. Sanger circulated this work through the U.S. postal service, violating the Comstock Act. On appeal, her conviction was reversed on the grounds that contraceptive devices could legally be promoted for the cure and prevention of disease. Her husband, architect 740:

commit any of the specified acts (which in this section is either import, carriage in interstate or foreign commerce, or receipt of the specified material) and implicate in connection either the U.S. mail, a common carrier, or an interactive computer service.

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obscene, lewd, or lascivious book, pamphlet, picture, paper, print, or other publication of an indecent character, or any article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortion ...' could be carried in the mails.

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provision of the Comstock Act. While an earlier version did exist, as Sec. 5. of the Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use, the modern version was initially enacted under Sec. 305. of the

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All along , I had some national and international child pornography cases and cases involving child prostitution. But when I began working child pornography cases early in 1977, there were no child porn laws. We used obscenity laws to prosecute child

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began efforts in a campaign of litigation (explained in further detail below) and passing ordinances, citing the Comstock Act in the process, with the ultimate goal being restricted access to mifepristone, and abortion more broadly, in United States.

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Except as otherwise expressly provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any offense, not capital, unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted within five years next after such offense shall have been

1824:, personal letters with any sexual content or information, or any information regarding the above items. The provisions of the Comstock Act, as currently revised, only pertain to obscene, crime-inciting, or abortion-related articles or mail matter. 931:

For purposes of the Comstock Act, the term indecent is defined in the text as including "matter of a character tending to incite arson, murder, or assassination". This distinct definition has been narrowed by court rulings to a synonym for obscene.

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The Comstock Act does not criminalize obscenity, criminal incitement, or abortion directly but it criminalizes the use of the mail, a common carrier, or an interactive computer service in the conveyance of these materials. Since abortion pills like

1579:. President Reagan made child sexual abuse prosecution a priority during his administration and stated in 1987, "this Administration is putting the purveyors of illegal obscenity and child pornography on notice: your industry's days are numbered." 1270:

decision, lead to some opining that the Comstock Act, particularly 18 U.S.C. § 1461, is unconstitutionally vague. However, the understanding built by the surrounding case law has been largely dismissive of vagueness challenges. For instance, in

1909:, it was recommitted back to that committee. It was later reported with an amendment (by Senator Buckingham) for consideration before the Committee of the Whole, but its consideration was postponed through motion by Democratic Senator for Ohio 1725:

If the Supreme Court were to affirm a determination that the Comstock Act applies to abortion-related articles generally, or if a future administration began enforcing it in such a way, then the Comstock Act could have renewed significance as

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Mail matter giving information as to who, what, where, or how an article (either designed, adapted, intended for use or described in a manner calculated to incite to its use for obscene or abortion-causing purposes) may be obtained or

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First, as summarized in points 1, 2, and 3 above, this section outright criminalizes activities related to the mailing of three categories of objects and to this extent has been upheld as constitutionally valid by the Supreme Court.

7832: 1625:(2022), the Comstock Act has become increasingly discussed by anti-abortion groups and public figures as being a means by which abortion access in the United States could be curtailed without the need for new federal legislation. 1522:(1972) extended its holding to unmarried persons as well. In 1971, the U.S. Congress removed the reference to contraceptives from the federal-level Comstock Act, but left much the rest of the Act stand as it had been written. 6925: 10252: 1359:

While the standards for what constitutes obscenity have changed since the Comstock Act's initial passage, the Act's application to obscenity has been upheld against an array of First Amendment challenges. As an example, in

2181:"Every article, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing which is advertised or described in a manner calculated to lead another to use or apply it for producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral purpose...". 1148:. Biopharmaceutical groups were also critical of judge Kacsmaryk, claiming his ruling "set a precedent for diminishing FDA's authority over drug approvals, and in so doing, uncertainty for the entire biopharma industry". 760:. Another difference of 18 U.S.C. § 1462 is in its scope, which is more limited than 18 U.S.C. § 1461, as it describes three as opposed to the seven particular matters. The three matters specified in 18 U.S.C. § 1462 are: 2210:"Every paper, writing, advertisement, or representation that any article, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing may, or can, be used or applied for producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral purpose...". 8731: 1790:

The initial Comstock Act provision was enacted as an extraneous rider under Sec. 148 of an Act to revise, consolidate, and amend the Statutes relating to the Post-office Department, and passed on June 8, 1872. It read:

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to be mailed from Japan to a sympathetic physician in New York City. When U.S. customs confiscated the package as unlawful contraceptives, Sanger aided that physician in filing a lawsuit to contest the seizure. The

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Anthony Comstock's views of morality were strict. During the height of his career, some anatomy textbooks were even prohibited from being sent to medical students by the United States Postal Service. According to

1645:, expressed an optimistic viewpoint about the Comstock Act's applicability to abortion: "We don't need a federal ban when we have Comstock on the books." However, Mitchell nonetheless hoped that former-President 1753:. Restrictions on medication abortion disproportionately impact persons who are either low-income, a member of a marginalized group, or both. Even in the absence of direct restrictions, and even prior to the 1016:(1973), and ended recognition of pre-viability abortion access as a constitutional right. Consequently, the applicability of the Comstock Act to abortion-related articles has become subject to legal dispute. 5349:

Following a two-day bench trial, McCoy was convicted of using an interactive computer service for the transportation of obscene material in interstate and foreign commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1462.

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18 U.S. Code § 1460, 18 U.S. Code § 1465, 18 U.S. Code § 1466, 18 U.S. Code § 1467, 18 U.S. Code § 1468, and 18 U.S. Code § 1469 were added to chapter 71 by the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement

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later signed into law 1994 and 1996 amendments to the Comstock Act that increased its penalties and expanded the scope of 18 U.S.C. § 1462 to cover an interactive computer service (internet website).

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In terms of differences to the previous section, section 1462 deviates in that its scope expands to cover the use of a common carrier or interactive computer service. Section 1461 only applies to the

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to a postal service re-consolidation bill. Although Comstock had hoped this initial law would be enough to mitigate the postal service's use in facilitating 'vice', he soon became disappointed as

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This section was amended by Sec. 2. of Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use, a law enacted on March 3, 1873 by then-President

1734:. This combination regimen has increasingly been prescribed through telehealth and delivered by mail to individuals within states where abortion has since been broadly restricted following the 3987: 3953: 1124: 1457:(that only bind to courts in that particular circuit), and the non-legally-binding nature of historical revision notes in the U.S. Code (unlike statutory notes which do have force of law). 5453: 1757:

decision, abortion has been practically inaccessible to many Americans due to an array of factors, including, but not limited to, finances, age, or geography. In addition, since 1976, the

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years in federal prison for his role as the operator of an internet site which acted as a paid repository of obscene writings and drawings pertaining to child sexual abuse. According to

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Hearing on Obscenity Prosecution and the Constitution, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Property Rights Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate March 16, 2005

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worked to introduce a stand-alone bill, the Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use, with more comprehensive provisions.

504:(with the most recent conviction under the Act being made in 2021). In spite of its contentious nature, something that has throughout the years spawned a variety of legal challenges on 6973: 1163:

was barred from mailing by the Comstock Act and that FDA approval of mifepristone did not change this. The case was later appealed from the Fifth Circuit to the Supreme Court. During

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requirement that imposed restrictions on its access. These restrictions were imposed for largely political reasons, and mifepristone is safe and effective for both supervised use in

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The law was applied broadly for much of its history, before the scope of enforcement narrowed after various court rulings, and modern enforcement is primarily focused on prosecuting

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administration policy towards abortion, claiming that "By hook or by crook, the Biden administration is determined to undermine or circumvent state laws restricting abortion".

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A jury convicted Thomas Alan Arthur of ... five counts of using an interactive computer service to transport obscene matters, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1462(a) ...

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There exists two elements to an offense under section 1461. First, it must relate to that described; chiefly, either obscene or pertaining to abortion. Second, a person must

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Isaacs was convicted on ... one count of transportation of obscene matter, 18 U.S.C. § 1462(a), and two counts of mailing obscene matter, 18 U.S.C. § 1461. We affirm.

1216:(1878) was the first case brought before the Supreme Court of the United States that considered the constitutionality of the Comstock Act. While primarily pertaining to a 8406: 8068: 2368: 6322: 2444: 1837:

judge J. C. Ruppenthal, after reviewing the various State laws called them "haphazard and capricious" and lacking "any clear, broad, well-defined principle or purpose".

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The law has had some prosecutions in recent years, though enforcement of the Act's provisions has shifted from obscenity generally to primarily being a tool in securing

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A jury convicted Thomas Alan Arthur of...five counts of using an interactive computer service to transport obscene matters, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1462(a)...

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on March 1, 1873. Finally, the Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use was signed into law by President

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As mentioned above, the initial provision of the Comstock Act was enacted in 1872 as an extraneous rider to a broader postal service reconsolidation bill. Afterwards,

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agent Roger Young, the Comstock Act and other federal obscenity laws were initially the only tools available for federal authorities to prosecute child pornography:

1485:, was similarly charged earlier that year under a New York law against disseminating contraceptive information. In 1932, Margaret Sanger arranged for a shipment of 1341:(1971) adopted a similar line of interpretation towards 18 U.S.C. § 1462 and Sec. 305. of the Tariff Act of 1930 (or 19 U.S.C. § 1305) respectively. The opinion in 7189: 4060: 3922: 1569:

This change in enforcement, from general obscenity to an emphasis on child sexual abuse material, was bolstered by the Reagan Administration and by the outcome in

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from covering the cost of an abortion in most instances, imposing a barrier to abortion access by persons even in U.S. states without restrictive abortion laws.

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to a postal service reconsolidation bill. Amended multiple times since initial enactment, most recently in 1996, the Act is nonetheless often associated with

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on February 11, 1873, as S. 1572. It was reported without amendment from the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads by Republican Senator for Minnesota

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signed a letter, along with other Senate colleagues, supporting the application of the Comstock Act to abortion-related articles such as abortion pills.

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in subsection (e), and it declares that unsolicited contraceptives are non-mailable unless the addressee is a manufacturer or trader in contraceptives, a

11781: 6456: 3571: 2803: 2524: 6689: 5428: 5027: 2474: 11456: 1743: 1496: 1429: 11801: 11451: 10294: 7144: 4883: 3976: 1576: 1433: 901: 513: 6402: 3945: 2219:"Every description calculated to induce or incite a person to so use or apply any such article, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing...". 11389: 10085: 7574: 6349: 6165: 11483: 8905: 8883: 8726: 7820: 2092: 2069:

Anthony Comstock used the law bearing his namesake to go after those he perceived as promoting immorality. One of Comstock's notable targets was

1621: 1266: 1002: 935:

The term obscene is not defined in the actual text of Comstock Act, nor is it defined in the text for much of any of U.S. obscenity law, but the

4861: 3755:"Safety and effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion provided using online telemedicine in the United States: A population based study" 2281: 10638: 7988: 7164: 6611:

S. Journal 42-3 - Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, being the Third Session of the Forty-Second Congress; December 2, 1872

5232: 3600: 1583: 4125: 3651: 11325: 10648: 10612: 10403: 10077: 8721: 7899: 3115: 7012:

The Repeal of Reticence: A History of America's Cultural and Legal Struggles over Free Speech, Obscenity, Sexual Liberation, and Modern Art.

5731: 11693: 8609: 7667: 6815: 6022: 2407: 1968: 1778: 6139: 5911: 4411: 2808: 1548:

concept that a law is repealed by implication if it has not been used in a long time) has not garnered widespread support in U.S. courts.

1540:, as a "zombie law". However, the Act remains just as effective as does any other federal law unless repealed or amended. The doctrine of 1301:

Neither do we find § 1461 unconstitutionally vague as applied here. Our construction of the statute flows directly from the decisions in

11806: 7743: 5757: 2884: 2038: 1552: 1098: 6711: 6271: 732:

of chapter 71, title 18, United States Code. It was initially enacted under Sec. 211 of the Criminal Code Act of 1909 on March 4, 1909.

10148: 10138: 9988: 9854: 9839: 9700: 9566: 9556: 9417: 9370: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 7792: 7705: 7089: 5885: 2772: 5199: 11170: 10158: 10118: 10025: 9953: 9886: 9864: 9819: 9742: 9710: 9670: 9598: 9576: 9536: 9464: 9442: 9402: 9350: 9323: 9313: 9298: 9261: 9231: 9221: 8716: 8371: 8298: 8193: 7405: 6222: 2907: 1075: 943:

The average person applying contemporary community standards would find the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest;

394: 386: 8539: 4210: 1244:

The 1909 amendment to the Comstock Act (18 U.S.C. § 1462) applies to both the U.S. mail and a common carrier and has been upheld on

11786: 11637: 10143: 10050: 9849: 9844: 9772: 9695: 9628: 9623: 9427: 9241: 9058: 9039: 9024: 9005: 8981: 8396: 8286: 8271: 8018: 8008: 7660: 7451: 5856: 1829: 1432:. It was initially believed by some scholars that this modification to RICO would get struck down as an unconstitutional burden on 978:

As nothing indicates otherwise, and since a violation of the Act is a non-capital offense, it has a 5-year statute of limitations.

939:

provides the most current definition used by courts when judging obscenity. The Miller Test has three prongs which are as follows:

828:

Articles containing means for procuring abortion, for which surrounding case law has limited to the unlawful procuring of abortion.

6297: 6190: 6048: 4010:"State of Washington et al v. United States Food and Drug Administration et al, No. 1:2023cv03026 – Document 80 (E.D. Wash. 2023)" 4009: 716:

specifies which of the laws on either end of the solicitation govern the legality, nor whether state or federal law would govern.

11811: 11776: 10658: 10326: 10010: 9938: 9901: 9876: 9794: 9727: 9660: 9613: 9588: 9511: 9459: 9392: 9335: 9273: 9211: 8996: 8991: 8438: 8213: 7815: 7724: 7605: 7184: 7154: 7149: 7059: 2546: 1827:

In addition to the federal law about half of the states enacted laws similar to the federal Comstock Act. In a 1919 issue of the

1421: 486: 3625: 1717:

introduced the Comstock Cleanup Act in an effort to achieve this same goal, but his bill failed (not even making to committee).

1436:

protected conduct. Nine years after that modification was made to RICO, this concern would be answered as the Supreme Court, in

569:

mail, cause to be mailed, or remove from the mail, anything specified. The following is a brief summary of the matters covered:

11352: 10398: 10005: 9973: 9762: 9722: 9561: 9454: 9360: 9206: 8013: 7810: 7291: 5611: 5537: 5333: 2358: 1915: 1730:

and misoprostol are used in 63% of the abortions performed in the United States and mifepristone is sometimes prescribed after

1176: 5390: 5305: 4268: 3702: 2432: 10273: 10113: 10055: 10040: 9921: 9896: 9814: 9777: 9757: 9643: 9608: 9531: 9494: 9479: 9380: 9355: 9345: 9288: 9256: 9246: 9226: 8391: 8316: 7139: 7082: 6860: 6767: 6665: 4845: 1351:(1973) and additionally interpreted a 14 day time limit into beginning forfeitures under Sec. 305 of the Tariff Act of 1930. 838: 5361: 946:

the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law; and

11771: 11238: 10744: 10244: 10133: 10128: 10098: 10072: 10030: 10020: 9968: 9963: 9943: 9916: 9834: 9829: 9804: 9747: 9737: 9685: 9680: 9665: 9633: 9551: 9546: 9521: 9469: 9412: 9397: 9308: 9303: 9293: 9278: 9216: 9083: 9078: 8176: 8035: 7927: 7528: 558:

The first of the three sections of the Comstock Act which are contained under chapter 71, title 18, United States Code, is

1888: 1275:(1974), the Supreme Court would uphold section 1461 by adopting a saving construction that conformed the section with the 11600: 10802: 10731: 10726: 10653: 10153: 10103: 10093: 10067: 9993: 9933: 9859: 9809: 9799: 9789: 9705: 9655: 9638: 9571: 9526: 9516: 9506: 9489: 9437: 9375: 9340: 9318: 9283: 9251: 9201: 9068: 9063: 9034: 9029: 9015: 9010: 8986: 8952: 8790: 8281: 8266: 8154: 8146: 8003: 7548: 7235: 7230: 7159: 6977:

United States, Congress, "An Act to Revise, Consolidate, and Amend the Statutes Relating to the Post-Office Department."

5697: 4955: 4437: 4148: 3120: 2258: 2253: 1894: 1370:(1973) as to the particular test used, the Supreme Court upheld the Comstock Act against a First Amendment challenge. In 6217: 4319: 4046: 3906: 3811: 3810:

Thompson, Alexandra; Singh, Dipti; Ghorashi, Adrienne R.; Donovan, Megan K.; Ma, Jenny; Rikelman, Julie (July 1, 2021).

1086:. The restrictions imposed by the mifepristone REMS disproportionately posed a barrier to abortion access by members of 11642: 11401: 10503: 10108: 9983: 9978: 9948: 9690: 9422: 9073: 7837: 7672: 7615: 7435: 7344: 5791: 4645: 3435: 3397: 3354: 3313: 3209: 2704: 2663: 2634: 2291: 1575:(1982), a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that child pornography is not protected by the 1168: 997: 539: 478: 296: 172: 157: 149: 141: 133: 125: 8329: 5585: 4359: 3676: 2172:"Every article or thing designed, adapted, or intended for producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral use...". 10883: 10590: 10570: 10123: 10035: 9958: 9911: 9891: 9824: 9752: 9675: 9603: 9541: 9474: 9432: 9407: 8376: 8359: 7922: 7420: 7256: 6512: 3505: 3279: 2880: 2768: 2403: 1954:, anti-vice activist and namesake of the Comstock Act, got his political start when he campaigned against saloons in 799:

There is one section of the Comstock Act found in title 18, United States Code, which is outside chapter 71. This is

725: 505: 265: 2037:

After the 19th century failures, there was no concerted effort to change Comstock-style laws until the start of the

618:(either designed, adapted, intended for use or described in a manner to calculated to incite its use for obscene or 10437: 10432: 10341: 10045: 10015: 9906: 9881: 9767: 9732: 9618: 9593: 9484: 9365: 9236: 8602: 8306: 8235: 7783: 7655: 7625: 7523: 5072: 3879: 1684: 11439: 11370: 11312: 11222: 11149: 10939: 10771: 10710: 10617: 10452: 10377: 10351: 10260: 8423: 8411: 7887: 7882: 7867: 6882:

Brooks, Carol Flora (1966). "The Early History of the Anti-Contraceptive Laws in Massachusetts and Connecticut".

6536: 6500: 4884:"RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations) vs. Dealers in Obscene Matter: The First Amendment Battle" 4775: 1846: 1655: 1651: 1454: 1385: 356: 95: 87: 5560:"Child Smut Business Going Underground: Grows Uglier as Customers Trade Children, Not Just Pictures, Police Say" 11791: 10493: 8159: 7802: 7727: 7698: 7215: 7210: 6840: 6392: 5937: 5050:"Disorder in Court as Sanger is Fined: Justices Order Room Cleared When Socialists and Anarchists Hoot Verdict" 286: 3271: 2830: 2508: 825:

Mail matter containing true threats of physical harm to or taking the life of any person in the United States.

11766: 11559: 11258: 11124: 10749: 10643: 10447: 9044: 8815: 8509: 7973: 7456: 7374: 7174: 7124: 6681: 5019: 3024: 1850: 1252:(1973) illustrating this. In a separate 1973 case, the Supreme Court would similarly uphold Sec. 305. of the 1185:

On June 13, 2024, the Supreme Court unanimously held that the Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine did not have

17: 2998: 2163:"Every obscene, lewd, lascivious, indecent, filthy or vile article, matter, thing, device, or substance...". 11217: 11185: 11071: 10934: 10822: 10705: 10575: 10544: 10537: 10483: 10372: 10238: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 7430: 7379: 7359: 7169: 7119: 7105: 3467:"Obscenity Prosecutions in Cyberspace: The Miller Test Cannot "Go Where No [Porn] Has Gone Before"" 1805: 1071: 462: 6610: 6081:

Boos, Elise W.; Horta, Manuel; Thompson, Ivana; Dusetzina, Stacie B.; Leech, Ashley A. (August 22, 2023).

5454:"Interview with Roger Young, a retired FBI Agent who specialized in child pornography and obscenity cases" 1713:

proposed or introduced legislation to repeal the Act's abortion-related language. In 1997, Representative

11745: 11703: 11093: 10868: 10560: 10415: 10410: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8595: 8240: 7907: 7354: 7000: 5645: 5559: 5530:"Message to the Congress Transmitting Proposed Legislation on Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement" 5049: 4117: 2109: 1742:

associated enterprises) involved in provisioning abortion telehealth could also face penalties under the

1190: 470: 67: 3977:"Memorandum Opinion and Order in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. U.S. Food and Drug Administration" 1283:(1977), the Supreme Court would push back against another vagueness argument (this time presented as an 114:

Sec. 148 of an Act to revise, consolidate, and amend the Statutes relating to the Post-office Department

11104: 10904: 10863: 10807: 10425: 8947: 8878: 8112: 7963: 7481: 7276: 7261: 6759: 6245: 5997: 3010: 2919: 1897:, Comstock got his bill introduced before the United States Senate by Republican Senator for Minnesota 1889:

Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use

1642: 50:

Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use

10909: 822:

Articles advocating or urging treason, insurrection, or forcible resistance against the United States.

11606: 11496: 11416: 11376: 11046: 10754: 10602: 10346: 10316: 8736: 8575: 8381: 8324: 8083: 8023: 7943: 7691: 7496: 7410: 7369: 7205: 4930: 4862:"Application of the Comstock Act to the Mailing of Prescription Drugs That Can Be Used for Abortions" 4840:. Columbia studies in the history of U.S. capitalism. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. 1486: 861: 364: 6083:"Trends in the Use of Mifepristone for Medical Management of Early Pregnancy Loss From 2016 to 2020" 5824: 3845: 3525: 1749:

As of March 1, 2024, medication abortion is effectively banned in fourteen U.S. states according to

1530:

Due to its age, the Comstock Act has been referred to by some commentators, in publications such as

1043:. Mifepristone is additionally approved on its own (under the brand name Korlym) as a treatment for 11212: 11099: 10878: 10478: 10473: 10289: 10284: 8225: 8127: 7635: 7508: 7425: 7317: 7220: 7179: 7134: 6627: 4269:"Conservative appeals judges tear into Biden administration defense of anti-abortion drug approval" 690:

a decision by a United States district court, this provision was ruled unconstitutional (for being

461:

is a series of current provisions in Federal law that generally criminalize the involvement of the

5912:"The sole US supplier of a major abortion pill said it would not distribute the drug in 31 states" 5671: 5257: 4720: 4674:"Obscenity: Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87 (1974), Jenkins v. Georgia, 418 U.S. 153 (1974)" 4673: 1394:

test is the obscenity test currently applied to the Comstock Act, as explained in the opinion for

1225:. This holding concerning the Comstock Act's initial provision was reaffirmed in later cases like 864:, and lottery tickets printed in Canada after 1993 for use in lotteries within the United States. 11708: 11527: 11305: 11289: 11180: 11021: 10858: 10797: 10488: 10267: 8447: 8095: 8078: 7748: 7518: 7225: 6794: 5124:"'Momma's Got the Pill': How Anthony Comstock and Griswold v. Connecticut Shaped US Childbearing" 5097: 4617: 4567: 2087: 1905:

on February 13, 1873. On the following day, through motion by Republican Senator for Connecticut

1504: 1233: 378: 6807: 5825:"Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise: Project 2025 Presidential Transition Project" 4539: 4292: 2395: 1440:(1993), upheld, against a First Amendment challenge, a RICO forfeiture pertaining to obscenity. 1182:

about the Comstock Act, the particular effect of section 1461 as applied to FDA-approved drugs.

542:. The rest of chapter 71, title 18, United States Code, consists of various provisions from the 11796: 11683: 11572: 11406: 11191: 10848: 8810: 8416: 8100: 8030: 7400: 7349: 6991: 6657: 5886:"CVS and Walgreens plan to sell abortion pill mifepristone at pharmacies after FDA rule change" 3601:"'You would only need a week': How the next Republican president could ban abortion nationwide" 3466: 2798: 2739:"Still More Ado About Dirty Books (and Pictures): Stanley, Reidel, and Thirty-seven Photograph" 1500:(1936) that the Comstock Act was not to be construed as interfering with practice of medicine. 414: 4343: 3087:"18 U.S. Code § 552 - Officers aiding importation of obscene or treasonous books and articles" 2953: 2872: 1605:

President Reagan's remarks at the signing ceremony of the Child Protection Act on May 21, 1984

768:(to include the additions of 'a thing capable of producing sound' or a 'motion picture film'). 11657: 11593: 11202: 11056: 11016: 10971: 10321: 8940: 8471: 8230: 7998: 7948: 7322: 6755: 6719: 5503: 5178: 5106: 4755: 4214: 4050: 3753:

Aiken, Abigail R. A.; Romanova, Evdokia P.; Morber, Julia R.; Gomperts, Rebecca (June 2022).

3439: 3401: 3358: 3317: 3213: 2708: 2667: 2363: 1906: 1227: 1083: 1044: 749: 340: 7043: 6979:

An Act to Revise, Consolidate, and Amend the Statutes Relating to the Post-Office Department

6808:"Letter against the Comstock Act | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives" 6748: 6649: 2760: 2228:

As was explained in the discussion for 18 U.S.C. § 1461, this was ruled unconstitutional in

949:

the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.

39: 10518: 10420: 10233: 8910: 8836: 8785: 8521: 8503: 8497: 8479: 8347: 8339: 8334: 7953: 7763: 7645: 7595: 7476: 7281: 7044:

Lust on Trial: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock

5938:"Opinion | I Hope to Repeal an Arcane Law That Could Be Misused to Ban Abortion Nationwide" 5258:"Understanding Federal Legislation: A Section-by-Section Guide to Key Legal Considerations" 4438:"Forgotten Supreme Court abortion cases: Drs. Hawker and Hurwitz in the deck and defrocked" 3723: 2938:"Abortion and the Mails: Challenging the Applicability of the Comstock Act Laws Post-Dobbs" 1638: 1366: 1347: 1284: 1115: 701:

Third, laws prohibiting conveyance of material providing information on the procurement of

691: 195: 6632:

Rereading Sex: Battles Over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth-Century America

5123: 8: 11535: 11462: 11396: 11357: 11274: 11197: 10985: 10812: 10759: 10693: 10607: 10585: 10565: 10367: 10300: 8711: 8659: 8561: 8533: 8386: 8352: 7958: 7778: 7773: 7640: 7332: 5972:"Democrats Are Trying To Repeal An Archaic Law That Could Create A National Abortion Ban" 5832: 5169: 4746: 2738: 1998:

and that in order to protect it, the mailing of obscene materials needed to be outlawed.

1959: 1696:

would not distribute mifepristone-misoprostol in combination within those twenty states.

1673: 1658:, a conservative think tank, expressed a view similar to that of Mitchell and criticized 1518: 1372: 1079: 707: 547: 482: 348: 6115: 3827: 1773: 1654:, another attorney active in the anti-abortion movement and the former president of the 11469: 11297: 11281: 11243: 11134: 11051: 11036: 11026: 10965: 10919: 10699: 10688: 10279: 9088: 8618: 8455: 8203: 8051: 7968: 7847: 7758: 7415: 7327: 6960: 6907: 6841:"Four. Anthony Comstock versus Free Love: Religion, Marriage, and the Victorian Family" 6397: 6023:"What is the Comstock Act? The 151-year-old law mentioned in SCOTUS abortion pill case" 5478: 5181: 5109: 5057: 4905: 4808: 4758: 4695: 4592: 4507: 4482: 4307:

Justice Alito's question can heard at minute 19:15 of the March 3, 2024, oral argument.

3787: 3497: 3346: 3305: 3240: 3180: 3151: 3094: 3065: 2655: 2638: 2623: 2504: 2286: 2059: 1955: 1571: 1474: 1253: 1179: 1131: 1087: 1028: 843: 837:

In addition to the criminal importation provisions under section 1462, there is also a

806:

There are four elements to an offense under this section. First, one must be either an

787:

The final Comstock Act provision in chapter 71, title 18, United States Code, found at

538:

The majority of the Comstock Act is found in sections 1461 through 1463 of chapter 71,

509: 259: 119: 6650: 6573: 5195: 3567: 3427: 3389: 3201: 2696: 1443: 917:

Concerning the definitions used in the Comstock Act, there are three key definitions:

11816: 11662: 11516: 11175: 10765: 10531: 10336: 9049: 8831: 8208: 7768: 7630: 7338: 7312: 7271: 6899: 6856: 6763: 6661: 6593: 6589: 6508: 6298:"Overturning Roe could mean women seeking abortions have to travel hundreds of miles" 6120: 6102: 6056: 5998:"Democrats, worried about future of medication abortion, push to repeal Comstock Act" 5945: 5799: 5765: 5705: 5619: 5287: 5272:"Does Federal Law Ban Mailing Abortion Drugs? A Textual Analysis of 18 U.S.C. § 1461" 5233:"Opinion | Justices Thomas and Alito want to use a 'zombie law' to restrict abortion" 5207: 5151: 5143: 4998: 4979:"Does Federal Law Ban Mailing Abortion Drugs? A Textual Analysis of 18 U.S.C. § 1461" 4841: 4783: 4457: 4449: 4219: 4055: 4042: 3914: 3853: 3792: 3774: 3735: 3478: 3252: 3032: 2949: 2516: 2070: 1425: 501: 226: 5792:"JD Vance called for 'federal response' to block women from traveling for abortions" 1935:

In February 1866, the executive committee of the Young Men's Christian Association (

682:

There are a number of implications with these specifics listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1461.

11619: 11566: 11446: 11433: 11423: 11383: 11165: 11109: 11066: 11061: 10977: 10853: 10524: 10331: 8920: 8898: 8888: 8654: 8485: 8428: 8198: 8132: 8105: 8090: 7753: 7714: 7471: 7296: 7018: 6986:

Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America.

6891: 6848: 6585: 6110: 6094: 5857:"Republican AGs warn pharmacies against mailing abortion pills within their states" 5279: 5135: 4990: 4833: 4297:, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, Judge Ho dissent, pp. 64–93 4180:"More than 200 drugmakers led by Pfizer blast Texas judge's abortion pill decision" 4116:

Weber, Lauren; McGinley, Laurie; Ovalle, David; Sellers, Frances (April 13, 2023).

3823: 3782: 3766: 2082: 2008: 1951: 1940: 1919: 1910: 1902: 1882: 1801: 1535: 1217: 1212: 959: 907: 771:

An article designed, adapted, or intended for obscene or abortion-causing purposes.

748:, but section 1462 covers both that and a private package delivery service such as 598:

advertised or otherwise described in a manner calculated to lead to its application

494: 308: 6750:

Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America

5586:"This 150-Year-Old Anti-Vice Law Is Now At The Center Of The Push To Ban Abortion" 3537: 3172: 3143: 3057: 2974: 2615: 2581:"Conservative groups aim to use an 1873 law to virtually end abortions nationwide" 1704:

Legislators in favor of abortion access, such as Democratic Senator for Minnesota

1031:

drug. Mifepristone is approved (under the brand name Mifeprex), in a regimen with

873: 847: 788: 729: 559: 176: 161: 153: 145: 137: 11723: 11613: 11536:

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

11428: 11318: 11253: 11144: 10990: 10960: 10924: 10442: 8893: 8644: 8365: 8247: 8218: 7978: 7364: 7286: 7005:

Prurient Interests: Gender, Democracy, and Obscenity in New York City, 1909–1945.

6450: 6393:"I Hope to Repeal an Arcane Law That Could Be Misused to Ban Abortion Nationwide" 3994: 3707: 3086: 2042: 1470: 1245: 1136: 1052: 1024: 800: 753: 271:

Contraception Mail Prohibition Removal Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-662, 84 Stat. 1973

129: 6483: 6323:"KFF Examines the Hyde Amendment and its Impact in States Without Abortion Bans" 11587: 11411: 10736: 8925: 8915: 8649: 8554: 7912: 7580: 7502: 7074: 4864:. Office of Legal Counsel, United States Department of Justice. January 3, 2023 4345:

United States Food and Drug Administration v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine

4320:"Supreme Court abortion case brings 19th century chastity law to the forefront" 3907:"Access to abortion pill in the balance as Texas judge hears mifepristone case" 3770: 3724:"Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Early Pregnancy Loss and Medication Abortion" 1898: 1758: 1482: 1327: 1288: 1264:

The broad language used in the Comstock Act has, mostly in the years since the

1256:(19 U.S.C. § 1305) as a valid exercise of authority under the Commerce Clause. 1186: 1145: 1141: 466: 199: 7036:

Against Obscenity: Reform and the Politics of Womanhood in America, 1873–1935.

5612:"Republicans want to use an 1873 law to ban abortion. Congress must repeal it" 3572:"Opinion: It's too dangerous to allow this antiquated law to exist any longer" 724:

The second of the three primary sections of the Comstock Act is codified in a

11760: 11688: 11652: 11553: 11248: 11031: 10995: 10955: 8930: 8780: 8527: 8117: 7620: 7610: 7466: 7395: 6903: 6852: 6597: 6106: 6060: 5949: 5881: 5803: 5769: 5709: 5623: 5291: 5211: 5147: 5002: 4787: 4771: 4453: 4087: 3918: 3857: 3778: 3754: 3739: 3698: 3652:"How A Drugmaker Turned The Abortion Pill Into A Rare-Disease Profit Machine" 3482: 3256: 3036: 2520: 2354: 2104: 2063: 1817: 1813: 1222: 1164: 1056: 1048: 1036: 6164:

Felix, Mabel; Sobel, Laurie; Published, Alina Salganicoff (April 15, 2024).

6098: 5026:. Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts. 1995. 832: 516:, etc., the Comstock Act has thus far been widely upheld as constitutional. 11728: 11698: 11490: 11129: 11041: 10817: 10580: 10457: 8935: 8873: 8858: 8853: 8515: 7568: 7553: 7486: 7251: 6953: 6375: 6124: 5672:"Why anti-abortion advocates are reviving a 19th century sexual purity law" 5155: 4461: 3796: 2937: 1865: 1727: 1714: 1688: 1677: 1646: 1588: 1380:, the Supreme Court ruled that material pertaining to homosexuality is not 1172: 1160: 1020: 521: 6082: 6049:"U.S. abortions reach recent high, with record number done via medication" 5429:"Texas Man Sentenced to 40 Years For Website of Stories About Child Abuse" 2475:"Texas Man Sentenced to 40 Years For Website of Stories About Child Abuse" 1401: 11521: 10929: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8491: 8056: 7590: 7491: 7461: 7266: 5283: 5139: 4994: 4306: 3841: 3722:

MacNaughton, Honor; Nothnagle, Melissa; Early, Jessica (April 15, 2021).

1995: 1857: 1731: 1509: 1293: 1276: 1195: 1156: 1060: 1032: 1012: 936: 5271: 4978: 3347:"United States v. Thirty-Seven Photographs, 402 U.S. 363 (1971) Opinion" 3306:"United States v. 12 200-Ft. Reels of Film, 413 U.S. 123 (1973) Opinion" 3058:"18 U.S. Code § 1463 - Mailing indecent matter on wrappers or envelopes" 2975:"18 U.S. Code § 1462 - Importation or transportation of obscene matters" 1804:. The amendment made by Sec. 2. of that Act criminalized any use of the 11647: 11503: 8122: 7558: 7538: 6911: 6645: 6528: 6388: 5758:"Vance urged DOJ to enforce Comstock Act, crack down on abortion pills" 2054: 1705: 1545: 1449: 1064: 1007: 885: 481:

and was enacted beginning in 1872 with the attachment of an extraneous

99: 7029:

The Politics of Obscenity: Group Litigation in a Time of Legal Change.

6350:"How to Fight Anti-Abortion Hyde Amendment, Which Turned 43 this Week" 1125:

Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. U.S. Food and Drug Administration

10914: 8868: 8587: 8073: 7563: 7543: 7513: 6652:

The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications

6574:"Birth Control Laws: Shall We Keep Them, Change Them or Abolish Them" 3703:"Abortion debate is affecting access to drug used after miscarriages" 3679:. Atlanta, Georgia: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University 3116:"Justice Manual | 1964. Immoral Articles; Prohibition Of Importation" 2831:"United States v. Goldstein, 431 F. Supp. 974 (D. Kan. 1976) Opinion" 2323: 1809: 1692: 1659: 1541: 1040: 877: 745: 6995:

Purity in Print: Censorship from the Gilded Age to the Computer Age.

6957:

Birth Control Laws: Shall we keep them, change them, or abolish them

6895: 5073:"United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries (1936) Analysis" 1206: 1171:

on March 26, 2024, regarding the regulatory status of mifepristone,

11713: 8863: 8841: 7825: 7683: 7533: 6476:

Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law & Criminology

4018:

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington

1963: 1762: 1750: 1666: 1444:

Textualist analysis of statutory construction in regard to abortion

1424:

which, among other things, added 'dealing in obscene matters' as a

1159:

dissented from the majority and argued, like judge Kacsmaryk, that

1144:

scientific data, presenting a biased tone, and being an example of

889: 705:

abortion were ruled unconstitutional on First Amendment grounds in

474: 4241:

Sobel, Laurie; Salganicoff, Alina; Felix, Mabel (April 21, 2023).

3946:"Long-used abortion pill in U.S. is under threat in Texas lawsuit" 3202:"Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 U.S. 60 (1983) Opinion" 1420:

An area of interest to legal scholars concerned the effect of the

1105: 6218:"The negative health implications of restricting abortion access" 1821: 1508:(1965) struck down a contraception-related Comstock-style law in 1453:

decisions adopting an 'illegal intentions' construction are from

1430:

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970 (RICO)

966:

criminal knowledge requirement, the second most stringent behind

757: 10499:

Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866

5732:"OLC's Dubious Stay-Out-of-Jail Card for Abortion-Drug Shippers" 3144:"19 U.S. Code § 1305 - Immoral articles; importation prohibited" 2616:"18 U.S. Code § 1461 - Mailing obscene or crime-inciting matter" 2154:

18 U.S. Code § 1466A was added to chapter 71 by the PROTECT ACT.

1967:

the New York YMCA, which would later splinter off to become the

1641:, an attorney active in the anti-abortion movement and a former 908:

Definitions, knowledge requirement, statute of limitations, etc.

7650: 5410: 5200:"The Biggest Thing Missing From Joe Biden's State of the Union" 4721:"Eloquent voice for the oppressed: Harry A. Blackmun 1908–1999" 4646:"United States v. Twelve 200-Ft. Reels of Film (1973) Analysis" 4028: 3984:

United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas

3451: 3413: 3370: 3329: 3225: 2850: 2719: 2679: 2456: 1834: 1120:

United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas

893: 6847:, Princeton University Press, July 27, 1998, pp. 76–103, 4211:"The Good and Bad of the Fifth Circuit's Abortion Pill Ruling" 3677:"Mifepristone: Questions and Answers With Rollins Researchers" 2324:"U.S. Statutes at Large, Volume 17 (1871-1873), 42nd Congress" 900:(1983), as-applied to business mailings, due to an as-applied 8742:

United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction

7585: 6529:"Mrs. Bird, female physician To the Ladies – Madame Costello" 6246:"How much do abortions cost? For many, it's already too much" 6166:"The Comstock Act: Implications for Abortion Care Nationwide" 1531: 881: 477:-related matter. The Comstock Act is largely codified across 4956:"The Shadow Code: Statutory Notes in the United States Code" 4243:"Update on the Status of Medication Abortion and the Courts" 3809: 962:, a guide often used to assist in legislative drafting, the 3752: 3025:"The Fight Over Section 230—and the Internet as We Know It" 2999:

Common Carrier Litigation: An Overview of Relevant Case Law

2547:"Over half of U.S. abortions done with pills, survey finds" 1936: 1856:

The historical enforcement of Comstock-style laws targeted

846:

and is currently codified (in a non-positive law title) at

490: 11510:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

6080: 4115: 1744:

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970

1194:

Hippocratic Medicine were unimpressed, with chief counsel

633:

from who, where, how, or by what means an act or operation

11719:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

4838:

Buying gay: how physique entrepreneurs sparked a movement

3721: 2799:"LibGuides: Federal Case Law: Authoritativeness of Cases" 1557: 833:

Sec. 305. of the Tariff Act of 1930 (or 19 U.S.C. § 1305)

7190:

United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General

6505:

With Pleasure: Thoughts on the Nature of Human Sexuality

6296:

Sneed, Tierney; Krishnakumar, Priya (October 30, 2021).

1665:

In January 2023, Republican vice presidential candidate

1039:

analogue), for ending of a pregnancy up to 70 days post

756:. An interactive computer service generally includes an 277:, Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, subtitle N, 102 Stat. 4500 5391:"United States v. Arthur, No. 21-50607 (5th Cir. 2022)" 5362:"United States v. Sessoms, No. 16-7238 (4th Cir. 2016)" 5334:"United States v. McCoy, No. 13-14350 (11th Cir. 2015)" 5306:"United States v. Isaacs, No. 13-50036 (9th Cir. 2014)" 4149:"The Texas judge who could take down the abortion pill" 4147:

Kitchener, Caroline; Marimow, Ann (February 25, 2023).

3812:"The disproportionate burdens of the mifepristone REMS" 2839:

United States District Court for the District of Kansas

2433:"United States v. Arthur, No. 21-50607 (5th Cir. 2022)" 2282:"18 USC 1461: Mailing obscene or crime-inciting matter" 1402:

Statutory interpretation of abortion-related references

1297:(1973), would go on to explicitly state the following: 11679:

African American founding fathers of the United States

11581:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

8747:

United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

7601:

Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

7130:

Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service

6272:"Abortion, Minors, and the Ethics of Parental Consent" 5698:"Trump Allies Plan New Sweeping Abortion Restrictions" 4809:"MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day, 370 U.S. 478 (1962)" 3846:"F.D.A. Will Permanently Allow Abortion Pills by Mail" 3390:"Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87 (1974) Opinion" 3272:"Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. (1983) Analysis" 2656:"United States v. Reidel, 402 U.S. 351 (1971) Opinion" 1074:(FDA) in 2000, and this approval was accompanied by a 1010:

regulation of abortion back to the states, overturned

544:

Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1988

275:

Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1988

256:

Criminal Code Act of 1909, c. 321, 35 Stat. 1088, 1129

7022:

Dirty Discourse: Sex and Indecency in American Radio.

6926:"Woodhull and Claflin's weekly | Digital Collections" 4696:"Smith v. United States, 431 U.S. 291 (1977) Opinion" 4593:"United States v. Orito, 413 U.S. 139 (1973) Opinion" 4240: 2908:"Criminal Speech: Inducement and the First Amendment" 2055:

Free Love movement of the Victorian-era United States

1492:

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

1354: 281:

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

10253:

The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

5399:

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

4483:"Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957) Opinion" 4294:

Hippocratic Medicine v. Food and Drug Administration

2441:

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

1153:

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

6835: 6833: 6191:"Map: Where medication abortion is and isn't legal" 6163: 5193: 5042: 4047:"Two (Wrong) Mifepristone Court Rulings in One Day" 3882:. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 3565: 2804:

University of California, Los Angeles School of Law

2382:

1994 from $ 5,000 to $ 250,000 for a first offense.

1248:grounds, as opposed to Postal Clause grounds, with 10504:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 6747: 5696:Lerer, Lisa; Dias, Elizabeth (February 17, 2024). 2254:"Citizen's Guide To U.S. Federal Law On Obscenity" 2032: 1497:United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries 1291:, best known for writing the opinion delivered in 1000:handed down a 6–3 majority opinion in the case of 10295:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 7145:National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees 6295: 5479:"New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 (1982) Opinion" 4906:"Alexander v. United States, 509 U.S. 544 (1993)" 4360:"Supreme Court preserves access to abortion pill" 3944:Murphy, Sean; Perrone, Matthew (March 15, 2023). 2503: 1207:Congressional authority to enact the Comstock Act 872:The last section of the Comstock Act is found at 11758: 7104: 6830: 6791:History of the birth control movement in America 6140:"Access to abortion pills has grown since Dobbs" 5756:Diamond, Dan; Kornfield, Meryl (July 17, 2024). 5755: 4776:"The Court Cases That Changed L.G.B.T.Q. Rights" 4386:"SCOTUS abortion ruling 'reprieve,' not a 'win'" 4146: 3880:"How the Comstock Act Threatens Abortion Rights" 2191:articles, or things may be obtained or made...". 1384:obscene and later reaffirming the conclusion in 1134:. The ruling by Kacsmaryk was criticized in the 6718:. Loyola University New Orleans. Archived from 6046: 4412:"SCOTUS upholds abortion pill access – for now" 4092:"The coming legal showdown over abortion pills" 3009:Per the definition used in section 230 of the 2328:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 1198:claiming it was decided over a "technicality". 896:. This provision was ruled unconstitutional in 203: 10639:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 3993:from the original on July 3, 2024 – via 2697:"Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727 (1878) Opinion" 1925: 1584:Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act 241:by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 3, 1873 10613:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 8603: 7699: 7090: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6381: 5880: 4508:"Smith v. United States, 431 U.S. 291 (1977)" 3943: 2130:historical jurisprudence for more information 1893:Due to his personal connections with Justice 1415: 1407:of 1930, which does make such a distinction. 7668:USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program 6682:"Petition for Stricter Obscenity Laws, 1887" 6622: 6620: 6618: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 4931:"Alexander v. United States (1993) Analysis" 3538:"18 U.S. Code § 3282 - Offenses not capital" 1969:New York Society for the Suppression of Vice 1876: 1779:New York Society for the Suppression of Vice 1699: 1622:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 1093:Following the outcome in the thus mentioned 1003:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 848:section 1305 of title 19, United States Code 7165:National Rural Letter Carriers' Association 6578:Journal of the American Medical Association 6507:. Oxford University Press US. p. 180. 6463: 4348:, Supreme Court of the United States (2024) 4118:"Abortion pill ruling cited flawed science" 2039:birth control movement in the United States 1687:State attorneys general issued a letter to 1525: 1448:There has been scholarly analysis, using a 1019:Much of this dispute has arisen concerning 11782:United States reproductive rights case law 8610: 8596: 7706: 7692: 7097: 7083: 7053:"Statement of Professor Frederick Schauer" 6741: 6739: 6737: 6551: 6469: 5669: 5583: 3428:"Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973)" 3173:"39 U.S. Code § 3001 - Nonmailable matter" 2935: 2758: 2578: 2001: 1628: 860:of recognized merit when permitted by the 11171:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 7406:Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act 6959:New York, Grafton Press, 1926. Full text 6615: 6417: 6223:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 6114: 5695: 4409: 4086: 3974: 3786: 2353: 2222: 2058:targeted individuals associated with the 1851:pornography during the American Civil War 1830:Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 1339:United States v. Thirty-Seven Photographs 1122:, ruled at the trial-level in that case, 1047:. Mifepristone is sometimes used, albeit 973: 395:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film 387:United States v. Thirty-Seven Photographs 235:on March 1, 1873 (without objection) 11802:United States federal postal legislation 11694:History of the United States (1865–1917) 8019:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 8009:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 7452:2020 United States Postal Service crisis 6626: 6499: 5269: 5014: 5012: 4976: 4618:"United States v. Orito (1973) Analysis" 4568:"Smith v. United States (1977) Analysis" 4383: 2507:; Miller, Claire Cain (March 26, 2024). 2140: 2138: 2014: 1840: 1772: 1768: 1609: 1593: 1335:United States v. 12 200-ft Reels of Film 1107:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine 953: 289:, Pub. L. 104-104, title V, 110 Stat. 56 218:Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads 7606:Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique 7185:United States Postal Inspection Service 7155:National Association of Presort Mailers 7150:National Association of Letter Carriers 6970:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 6734: 6656:. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 6448: 6047:Rosenzweig-Ziff, Dan (March 19, 2024). 5789: 5670:Kurtzleben, Danielle (April 10, 2024). 5609: 5426: 5030:from the original on September 12, 2006 4832: 4770: 4678:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 4540:"Roth v. United States (1957) Analysis" 3840: 3649: 3464: 2796: 2472: 2393: 1978: 1516:only applied to marital relationships. 1422:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 1410: 1364:(1957), a case partially superseded by 1259: 1070:Mifepristone was first approved by the 810:of the United States. Second, one must 262:, Pub. L. 71–361, ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590 14: 11759: 11353:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era 10399:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 8617: 6881: 6818:from the original on December 25, 2018 6745: 6347: 6243: 6215: 6138:Cohen, Rachel M. (December 27, 2023). 5995: 5969: 5884:; Kimball, Spencer (January 5, 2023). 5729: 5557: 5538:University of California Santa Barbara 5527: 5121: 4668: 4666: 4640: 4638: 4562: 4560: 4534: 4532: 4477: 4475: 4082: 4080: 4078: 3956:from the original on February 22, 2024 3904: 3650:Tribble, Sarah Jane (April 10, 2018). 3594: 3592: 3495: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3341: 3339: 3270:Parker, Richard (February 18, 2024) . 3269: 3238: 2931: 2929: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2792: 2790: 2754: 2752: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2579:Kurtzleben, Danielle (April 8, 2024). 2574: 2572: 2105:The Truth Seeker Obscenity Prosecution 2066:and criticizing traditional marriage. 2019: 1988: 1916:United States House of Representatives 1871: 867: 11638:Women's suffrage in the United States 10327:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 8591: 7687: 7078: 6972:, vol. 10, issue 1, article 5, 1919. 6644: 6387: 6137: 5935: 5909: 5854: 5504:"New York v. Ferber (1982) Analaysis" 5420: 5383: 5263: 5225: 5009: 4435: 4317: 4266: 4208: 4041: 3925:from the original on December 8, 2023 3877: 3759:The Lancet Regional Health – Americas 3697: 3300: 3298: 3296: 2873:"Bigelow v. Virginia (1975) Analysis" 2691: 2689: 2650: 2648: 2427: 2425: 2371:from the original on January 30, 2024 2349: 2347: 2345: 2135: 1983: 10745:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 10433:Confederates surrender at Appomattox 10245:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 8177:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant 7928:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 7713: 7529:List of United States airmail stamps 6560:The American Women's Rights Movement 6557: 6472:"Criminal Statutes on Birth Control" 5903: 5643: 5558:McGraw, Carol (September 16, 1985). 5528:Reagan, Ronald (November 10, 1987). 4970: 4948: 4357: 4177: 4007: 3975:Kacsmaryk, Matthew (April 7, 2023). 3465:Metcalf, J. Todd (January 1, 1996). 2905: 2797:Raphael, Brian (November 27, 2023). 2509:"How Common Is Medication Abortion?" 2394:Brandon, Burnette (June 21, 2024) . 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2062:, particularly those advocating for 1808:to send any of the following items: 1151:Upon appeal (six days later) to the 1082:, as well as self-administration in 473:, crime-inciting matter, or certain 440:Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. 11601:United Daughters of the Confederacy 10732:American Woman Suffrage Association 10727:National Woman Suffrage Association 10654:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 8953:Women during the Reconstruction era 7549:Mail Isolation Control and Tracking 7236:United States Postal Savings System 7231:Locatable Address Conversion System 7160:National Postal Mail Handlers Union 6269: 5910:Cohen, Rachel M. (March 15, 2023). 5855:Sneed, Tierney (February 1, 2023). 5584:Blumenthal, Paul (April 17, 2023). 4923: 4854: 4663: 4635: 4557: 4529: 4500: 4472: 4384:Gurevich, Natalia (June 13, 2024). 4209:Adler, Johnathan (April 13, 2023). 4190:from the original on April 11, 2023 4128:from the original on April 13, 2023 4075: 3898: 3828:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.05.001 3589: 3377: 3336: 3121:United States Department of Justice 2936:Brunnstrom, Ebba (March 10, 2023). 2926: 2861: 2787: 2759:Wertheimer, John (June 24, 2024) . 2749: 2726: 2603: 2569: 2259:United States Department of Justice 1946: 1477:, was charged in 1915 for her work 1345:was handed down two years prior to 1051:in the United States, for treating 898:Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp 782: 719: 553: 24: 11807:Birth control in the United States 11643:Labor history of the United States 10679:South Carolina readmitted to Union 10676:North Carolina readmitted to Union 10659:Impeachment managers investigation 10598:Constitutional conventions of 1867 10274:National Women's Rights Convention 7673:United States Postal Service creed 7616:Postal voting in the United States 7436:Title 39 of the United States Code 7345:List of United States post offices 7140:Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee 6966:Criminal Statutes on Birth Control 6947: 6692:from the original on July 25, 2015 6405:from the original on April 2, 2024 5970:Alanna, Vagianos (June 20, 2024). 5646:"The Truth About the Comstock Act" 5644:Kanu, Hassan Ali (April 9, 2024). 4688: 4585: 4063:from the original on June 15, 2024 3905:Nowell, Cecilia (March 15, 2023). 3886:from the original on June 30, 2024 3519: 3458: 3436:Supreme Court of the United States 3398:Supreme Court of the United States 3355:Supreme Court of the United States 3314:Supreme Court of the United States 3293: 3245:University of Baltimore Law Review 3210:Supreme Court of the United States 2775:from the original on June 24, 2024 2761:"Ex parte Jackson (1878) Analysis" 2705:Supreme Court of the United States 2686: 2664:Supreme Court of the United States 2645: 2635:Office of the Law Revision Counsel 2591:from the original on June 28, 2024 2557:from the original on June 28, 2024 2527:from the original on June 29, 2024 2466: 2422: 2410:from the original on June 28, 2024 2342: 2292:Office of the Law Revision Counsel 1633:In a February 2024 interview with 1376:(1958), decided as a follow-on to 1355:Obscenity statutory interpretation 1287:). Writing for the court, Justice 1221:Congressional authority under the 998:Supreme Court of the United States 794: 540:title 18 of the United States Code 479:title 18 of the United States Code 287:Communications Decency Act of 1996 25: 11828: 10884:United States expedition to Korea 10591:Reconstruction military districts 8360:Grant Cottage State Historic Site 8084:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 7421:Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 7257:Express mail in the United States 6539:from the original on May 20, 2015 6348:Cheung, Kylie (October 4, 2019). 6216:Langer, Ana (December 13, 2021). 5790:Sherman, Carter (July 26, 2024). 4410:Del Valle, Gaby (June 13, 2024). 4318:Sneed, Tierney (March 29, 2024). 4159:from the original on July 6, 2023 3598: 3542:LII / Legal Information Institute 3506:Middle Tennessee State University 3280:Middle Tennessee State University 3239:Hankin, Janet (January 1, 1985). 3177:LII / Legal Information Institute 3148:LII / Legal Information Institute 3091:LII / Legal Information Institute 3062:LII / Legal Information Institute 3022: 2979:LII / Legal Information Institute 2887:from the original on June 2, 2024 2881:Middle Tennessee State University 2811:from the original on June 2, 2024 2769:Middle Tennessee State University 2620:LII / Legal Information Institute 2485:from the original on June 1, 2024 2447:from the original on June 1, 2024 2404:Middle Tennessee State University 2359:"Comstock Act Still On The Books" 2305: 1849:, the widespread availability of 1619:Following the outcome reached in 1465: 1460: 283:, Pub. L. 103-322, 108 Stat. 1796 266:Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 10438:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 8732:African-American representatives 8571: 8570: 7744:Grant and the American Civil War 7656:United States post office murals 7524:List of U.S. state abbreviations 7048:Columbia University Press, 2018. 6918: 6875: 6800: 6783: 6704: 6674: 6638: 6604: 6590:10.1001/jama.1936.02770480067035 6566: 6521: 6493: 6367: 6341: 6315: 6289: 6263: 6237: 6209: 6183: 6157: 6131: 6074: 6040: 6015: 5996:Becker, Amanda (June 20, 2024). 5989: 5963: 5929: 5874: 5848: 5817: 5783: 5749: 5723: 5689: 5663: 5637: 5610:Donegan, Moira (April 8, 2024). 5603: 5577: 5551: 5521: 5496: 5471: 5446: 5427:Pedroja, Cammy (June 22, 2021). 5354: 5326: 5298: 5251: 5194:Cohen, David S.; Donley, Greer; 5187: 5162: 5115: 5090: 5065: 5061:. September 11, 1915. p. 7. 3878:Winny, Annalies (May 31, 2024). 3566:Cohen, David S.; Donley, Greer; 3471:Washington University Law Review 2942:Columbia Human Rights Law Review 2473:Pedroja, Cammy (June 22, 2021). 1097:decision, various actors in the 1084:self-managed medication abortion 981: 668:Mail matter calculated to incite 38: 27:United States anti-obscenity law 11787:Censorship in the United States 11440:Black Reconstruction in America 11313:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 11223:1876 State of the Union Address 11150:1875 State of the Union Address 11077:1874 State of the Union Address 11001:1873 State of the Union Address 10940:1872 State of the Union Address 10889:1871 State of the Union Address 10828:1870 State of the Union Address 10777:1869 State of the Union Address 10772:First transcontinental railroad 10711:1868 State of the Union Address 10618:1867 State of the Union Address 10453:1865 State of the Union Address 10378:1864 State of the Union Address 10352:1863 State of the Union Address 10261:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 6584:(22): 1835. November 28, 1936. 5730:Whelan, Ed (February 2, 2023). 5534:The American Presidency Project 4898: 4876: 4826: 4801: 4764: 4739: 4713: 4610: 4429: 4403: 4377: 4351: 4337: 4311: 4300: 4286: 4267:Sneed, Tierney (May 17, 2023). 4260: 4234: 4202: 4171: 4140: 4109: 4035: 4001: 3968: 3937: 3871: 3834: 3803: 3746: 3715: 3691: 3669: 3643: 3618: 3559: 3530: 3489: 3420: 3263: 3232: 3194: 3165: 3136: 3108: 3079: 3050: 3016: 3003: 2992: 2967: 2899: 2823: 2539: 2213: 2204: 2194: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2129: 2033:Birth control movement failures 1720: 1656:Ethics and Public Policy Center 1455:United States courts of appeals 986: 357:Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day 11812:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 11777:Birth control law and case law 10513:Petition for Universal Freedom 10494:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 7728:President of the United States 7216:Coding Accuracy Support System 7211:Advanced Facer-Canceler System 4008:Rice, Thomas (April 7, 2023). 3496:Hudson, David (May 5, 2024) . 2871:Hudson, David (May 5, 2024) . 2497: 2387: 2274: 2246: 2122: 912: 850:. It presently provides that: 584:designed, adapted, or intended 268:, Pub. L. 91-375, 84 Stat. 719 13: 1: 11560:A Visit from the Old Mistress 11259:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 11125:Specie Payment Resumption Act 10750:Board of Indian Commissioners 10682:Louisiana readmitted to Union 10644:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 10508:Tennessee readmitted to Union 10342:Women's Loyal National League 9045:Straight-Out Democratic Party 8816:Confederate States of America 7974:Specie Payment Resumption Act 7457:United States airmail service 7375:Streetcar railway post office 7175:Postal Transportation Service 7125:American Postal Workers Union 7038:Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004. 6244:Picchi, Aimee (May 4, 2022). 5936:Smith, Tina (April 2, 2024). 4958:. William A. Wise Law Library 2239: 1201: 11186:Battle of the Little Bighorn 10670:Arkansas readmitted to Union 10576:Knights of the White Camelia 10538:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 10484:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 10458:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 10416:Special Field Orders No. 15 10239:Slavery in the United States 7848:State of the Union addresses 7431:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916 7380:Terminal railway post office 7360:Railway mail service library 7170:Postal Regulatory Commission 7120:American Letter Mail Company 7106:United States Postal Service 4886:. Office of Justice Programs 4178:Wile, Rob (April 10, 2023). 2912:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 2330:. pp. 344, 641, and 642 2048: 1683:On February 2, 2023, twenty 1614: 1072:Food and Drug Administration 815:These are summarized below: 463:United States Postal Service 7: 11772:42nd United States Congress 11704:Race (human categorization) 11094:United States v. Cruikshank 10685:Alabama readmitted to Union 10673:Florida readmitted to Union 8417:1922 Grant Memorial coinage 7355:Network distribution center 6746:Beisel, Nicola Kay (1997). 6449:Dennett, Mary Ware (1926). 5077:Embryo Project Encyclopedia 4358:Howe, Amy (June 13, 2024). 2906:King, Martin (April 2008). 2110:United States obscenity law 2076: 1926:Further legislative context 1169:United States Supreme Court 1118:, a district judge for the 808:officer, employee, or agent 646:advertising or representing 322:Swearinger v. United States 297:United States Supreme Court 225:on February 21, 1873 ( 68:42nd United States Congress 10: 11833: 10905:General Mining Act of 1872 10874:New York custom house ring 10864:Meridian race riot of 1871 10808:Naturalization Act of 1870 8113:Naturalization Act of 1870 8004:U.S. Department of Justice 7964:General Mining Act of 1872 7482:Facing Identification Mark 7262:National Change Of Address 7024:Iowa State U. Press, 2003. 6760:Princeton University Press 6470:Ruppenthal, J. C. (1919). 5024:The Margaret Sanger Papers 4684:(4): 499. January 1, 1975. 3771:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100200 3011:Communications Act of 1934 2920:Office of Justice Programs 2230:United States v. Goldstein 1845:According to psychologist 1785: 1643:Solicitor General of Texas 1438:Alexander v. United States 1416:Status as a RICO predicate 991: 696:United States v. Goldstein 533: 506:enumerated powers doctrine 446:Alexander v. United States 334:United States v. Limehouse 11741: 11671: 11630: 11546: 11497:Been in the Storm So Long 11417:William Archibald Dunning 11377:The American Commonwealth 11345: 11338: 11267: 11231: 11158: 11085: 11047:Election Massacre of 1874 11009: 10948: 10897: 10836: 10785: 10755:Public Credit Act of 1869 10719: 10694:Fourth Reconstruction Act 10626: 10603:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 10553: 10466: 10386: 10360: 10347:New York City draft riots 10317:Emancipation Proclamation 10309: 10226: 10219: 10169: 9191: 9145: 9099: 8992:National Union Convention 8972: 8965: 8824: 8801: 8737:Reconstruction Amendments 8727:African-American senators 8632: 8625: 8549: 8470: 8437: 8315: 8297: 8256: 8186: 8168: 8145: 8044: 8024:Yellowstone National Park 7987: 7944:Public Credit Act of 1869 7936: 7898: 7801: 7736: 7721: 7497:Information-Based Indicia 7444: 7411:Postal Reorganization Act 7388: 7370:Sectional center facility 7305: 7244: 7206:Address Management System 7198: 7112: 6988:Princeton U. Press, 1997. 6634:. New York: Random House. 6628:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz 5260:. United States Congress. 4727:(obituary). June 24, 1999 3728:American Family Physician 1877:Brief legislative context 1777:The symbol of Comstock's 1700:Abortion rights discourse 1387:MANual Enterprises v. Day 958:For reference, under the 862:Secretary of the Treasury 631:giving information as to 610:giving information as to 365:Ginzburg v. United States 303: 295: 253: 248: 187: 182: 168: 118: 110: 105: 86: 78: 73: 62: 54: 46: 37: 11213:Safe burglary conspiracy 11100:Civil Rights Act of 1875 10879:Civil service commission 10479:Memphis massacre of 1866 10474:Civil Rights Act of 1866 10290:Confiscation Act of 1862 10285:Confiscation Act of 1861 9040:Liberal Republican Party 8722:Conservative Republicans 8226:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage 8128:Civil Rights Act of 1875 8036:Electoral Commission Act 8014:Civil Service Commission 7636:Remote Bar Coding System 7509:Intelligent Mail barcode 7426:Private Express Statutes 7318:Boat railway post office 7221:Delivery Bar Code Sorter 7180:PostalWatch Incorporated 7135:Bureau of Transportation 7017:Hilliard, Robert L. and 6997:(1968) Revised ed. 2002. 6930:litsdigital.hamilton.edu 6853:10.1515/9781400822089.76 5270:Allevato, Peter (2023). 5128:American Economic Review 4977:Allevato, Peter (2023). 2115: 1526:Contemporary enforcement 1396:Hamling v. United States 1343:Thirty-Seven Photographs 1273:Hamling v. United States 650:whether or by what means 612:who, what, where, or how 408:Hamling v. United States 372:Redmond v. United States 328:Bartell v. United States 11709:Reconstruction Treaties 11528:A Nation Under Our Feet 11476:From Slavery to Freedom 11306:Williams v. Mississippi 11290:United States v. Harris 11181:Great Sioux War of 1876 11120:Yazoo City Riot of 1875 11022:Battle of Liberty Place 10910:Crédit Mobilier scandal 10859:Alcorn State University 10798:Enforcement Act of 1870 10664:Articles of impeachment 10571:Indian Peace Commission 10489:Swing Around the Circle 10426:Freedmen's Bureau bills 10268:Seneca Falls Convention 8997:Radical Democracy Party 8948:Freedman's Savings Bank 8096:Enforcement Act of 1870 7519:List of postal killings 7226:Flats Sequencing System 6099:10.1001/jama.2023.13628 5276:SSRN Electronic Journal 5122:Bailey, Martha (2010). 5098:Griswold v. Connecticut 4725:Harvard Law School News 2918:(4): 23–32 – via 2088:Social hygiene movement 2002:Contraception arguments 1930: 1708:, have, since the 2022 1629:Anti-abortion discourse 1505:Griswold v. Connecticut 1234:United States v. Reidel 528: 514:First Amendment grounds 434:Pinkus v. United States 379:United States v. Reidel 210:Committee consideration 169:U.S.C. sections amended 11684:Forty acres and a mule 11407:Walter Lynwood Fleming 11192:United States v. Reese 10849:Second Enforcement Act 9079:Prohibition Convention 8811:Southern United States 8387:Ohio Statehouse statue 8101:Second Enforcement Act 8064:Native American policy 7793:Commanding generalship 7350:National Postal Museum 7014:Hill & Wang, 1996. 7007:Columbia U. Pr., 2000. 6276:Santa Clara University 5508:The Free Speech Center 4935:The Free Speech Center 4650:The Free Speech Center 4622:The Free Speech Center 4572:The Free Speech Center 4544:The Free Speech Center 4390:San Francisco Examiner 3502:The Free Speech Center 3276:The Free Speech Center 2877:The Free Speech Center 2765:The Free Speech Center 2400:The Free Speech Center 2396:"Comstock Act of 1873" 2357:(September 24, 1996). 1798: 1782: 1606: 1567: 1332: 1281:Smith v. United States 1250:United States v. Orito 1239:Smith v. United States 1099:anti-abortion movement 1006:(2022). This decision 974:Statute of limitations 857: 422:Smith v. United States 415:Marks v. United States 402:United States v. Orito 316:Grimm v. United States 214:Committee of the Whole 206:) on February 11, 1873 11792:History of censorship 11658:Civil rights movement 11594:The Birth of a Nation 11203:Centennial Exposition 11057:Black Hills Gold Rush 10972:Slaughter-House Cases 10844:Ku Klux Klan hearings 10322:General Order No. 143 8941:James Mitchell Ashley 8562:Rutherford B. Hayes → 7999:Judiciary Act of 1869 7949:Copyright Act of 1870 7843:Judicial appointments 7323:Community post office 7065:on February 29, 2008. 6756:Princeton, New Jersey 6489:on December 22, 2017. 6378:" (Ruppenthal p. 35). 5676:National Public Radio 5650:The American Prospect 4983:Pepperdine Law Review 4442:Pepperdine Law Review 4215:The Volokh Conspiracy 4051:The Volokh Conspiracy 3844:(December 16, 2021). 3626:"MIFEPRISTONE tablet" 3440:United States Reports 3402:United States Reports 3359:United States Reports 3318:United States Reports 3214:United States Reports 2709:United States Reports 2668:United States Reports 2585:National Public Radio 2553:. February 24, 2022. 2364:Iowa State University 2015:Historical opposition 1907:William A. Buckingham 1841:Objectives and intent 1793: 1776: 1769:Historical background 1610:Present-day discourse 1604: 1562: 1362:Roth v. United States 1299: 1228:Roth v. United States 1180:Elizabeth B. Prelogar 954:Knowledge requirement 852: 750:United Parcel Service 487:U.S. Postal Inspector 465:, its officers, or a 448:, 509 U.S. 544 (1993) 436:, 436 U.S. 293 (1978) 430:, 431 U.S. 767 (1977) 424:, 431 U.S. 291 (1977) 418:, 430 U.S. 188 (1977) 404:, 413 U.S. 139 (1973) 398:, 413 U.S. 123 (1973) 390:, 402 U.S. 363 (1971) 382:, 402 U.S. 351 (1971) 374:, 384 U.S. 264 (1966) 360:, 370 U.S. 478 (1962) 352:, 355 U.S. 371 (1958) 344:, 354 U.S. 476 (1957) 341:Roth v. United States 336:, 285 U.S. 424 (1932) 330:, 227 U.S. 427 (1913) 324:, 161 U.S. 446 (1896) 318:, 156 U.S. 604 (1895) 11767:1873 in American law 11239:Electoral Commission 11115:Clifton Riot of 1875 10869:Treaty of Washington 10561:Tenure of Office Act 10519:National Labor Union 10234:American Indian Wars 9084:Electoral Commission 9074:Greenback Convention 8837:Free people of color 8777:Federal bureaucracy 8717:Moderate Republicans 8522:Ulysses S. Grant III 8504:Ulysses S. Grant Jr. 8498:Frederick Dent Grant 8480:Hannah Simpson Grant 8330:Presidential library 8155:Bid for a third term 7954:Currency Act of 1870 7908:Treaty of Washington 7646:Rural letter carrier 7596:Pony Express mochila 7477:Domestic Mail Manual 7282:Railway Mail Service 7034:Wheeler, Leigh Ann. 7010:Gurstein, Rochelle. 6789:Engleman, Peter C., 5458:Catholic News Agency 5284:10.2139/ssrn.4529788 5140:10.1257/aer.100.1.98 4995:10.2139/ssrn.4529788 4761: (1958) Opinion. 4090:(January 22, 2023). 3952:. Associated Press. 3701:(November 5, 2023). 3570:(January 22, 2024). 2443:. October 12, 2022. 1979:Historical discourse 1639:Jonathan F. Mitchell 1428:for purposes of the 1411:Scholarly discussion 1367:Miller v. California 1348:Miller v. California 1285:as-applied challenge 1260:Vagueness challenges 1173:Justice Samuel Alito 637:procured or produced 635:for abortion may be 459:Comstock Act of 1873 442:, 463 U.S. 60 (1983) 410:, 418 U.S. 87 (1974) 368:, 383 U.S. 463(1966) 312:, 96 U.S. 727 (1878) 58:Comstock Act of 1873 33:Comstock Act of 1873 11588:D. W. Griffith 11573:The Leopard's Spots 11463:The American Crisis 11397:Columbia University 11364:The Prostrate State 11358:James Shepherd Pike 11275:Posse Comitatus Act 11198:Trader post scandal 10986:Coinage Act of 1873 10760:Black Friday (1869) 10608:Peonage Act of 1867 10586:Reconstruction Acts 10566:Command of Army Act 10301:Militia Act of 1862 8712:Radical Republicans 8660:Rutherford B. Hayes 8534:Ulysses S. Grant IV 8510:Jesse Root Grant II 8439:Cultural depictions 8402:U.S. Postage stamps 8392:Philadelphia statue 8372:U.S. Capitol statue 7959:Funding Act of 1870 7816:Second inauguration 7774:Richmond–Petersburg 7641:Rural Free Delivery 7333:Highway post office 7027:Kobylka, Joseph F. 6845:Imperiled Innocents 6722:on October 17, 2019 6533:Library of Congress 6482:(1). Archived from 6053:The Washington Post 5833:Heritage Foundation 5762:The Washington Post 5170:Eisenstadt v. Baird 5020:"Biographical Note" 4747:One, Inc. v. Olesen 4524:intrastate matters. 4436:Lucas, Roy (2003). 4153:The Washington Post 4122:The Washington Post 3526:4.2 Criminal Intent 3124:. February 19, 2015 2505:Sanger-Katz, Margot 2093:Obscenity trial of 2020:1878 repeal attempt 1989:Obscenity arguments 1872:Legislative history 1806:U.S. Postal Service 1674:Heritage Foundation 1519:Eisenstadt v. Baird 1373:One, Inc. v. Olesen 1088:marginalized groups 1080:medication abortion 868:39 U.S.C. § 3001(e) 708:Bigelow v. Virginia 548:PROTECT Act of 2003 349:One, Inc. v. Olesen 198:as S. 1572 by 183:Legislative history 34: 11607:Gone with the Wind 11470:John Hope Franklin 11326:Disenfranchisement 11298:Plessy v. Ferguson 11282:Civil Rights Cases 11244:Compromise of 1877 11135:Wheeler Compromise 11052:Vicksburg massacre 11037:Timber Culture Act 11027:Coushatta massacre 10966:Timber Culture Act 10920:Star Route scandal 10803:Justice Department 10700:Georgia v. Stanton 10689:Opelousas massacre 10280:American Civil War 9089:Compromise of 1877 8791:Justice Department 8755:Federal judiciary 8634:Federal government 8619:Reconstruction era 8451:(2002 documentary) 8397:San Francisco bust 8348:General Grant tree 7969:Timber Culture Act 7811:First inauguration 7626:Postmaster General 7416:Postal Service Act 7328:Dead letter office 7071:for legal history. 6964:Ruppenthal, J. C. 6954:Dennett, Mary Ware 6884:American Quarterly 6712:"Anthony Comstock" 6558:Buchanan, Paul D. 6452:Birth Control Laws 6398:The New York Times 5942:The New York Times 5836:. pp. 458–459 5702:The New York Times 5401:. October 12, 2022 5058:The New York Times 4780:The New York Times 3850:The New York Times 3181:Cornell Law School 3152:Cornell Law School 3095:Cornell Law School 3066:Cornell Law School 2745:. January 1, 1971. 2639:United States Code 2624:Cornell Law School 2513:The New York Times 2287:United States Code 2060:Free Love Movement 1984:Historical support 1922:on March 3, 1873. 1783: 1635:The New York Times 1607: 1572:New York v. Ferber 1475:Planned Parenthood 1317:. As construed in 1254:Tariff Act of 1930 1132:Washington (state) 1045:Cushing's syndrome 1029:antiglucocorticoid 996:In June 2022, the 844:Tariff Act of 1930 711:(1975). As far as 510:vagueness doctrine 260:Tariff Act of 1930 32: 11754: 11753: 11737: 11736: 11663:American frontier 11517:Kenneth M. Stampp 11334: 11333: 11176:Ellenton massacre 11017:Brooks–Baxter War 10766:Ex parte McCardle 10532:Ex parte Milligan 10421:Freedmen's Bureau 10337:National Bank Act 10215: 10214: 9050:Victoria Woodhull 8961: 8960: 8832:African Americans 8803:State governments 8786:Freedmen's Bureau 8585: 8584: 8466: 8465: 8459:(2020 miniseries) 8424:Grant High School 8141: 8140: 7923:Korean Expedition 7681: 7680: 7631:Prohibitory Order 7339:J. W. Westcott II 7313:Air mail facility 7272:Permit Reply Mail 7019:Keith, Michael C. 6862:978-1-4008-2208-9 6812:history.house.gov 6769:978-0-691-02779-1 6686:Records of Rights 6667:978-0-465-08194-3 6501:Abramson, Paul R. 6457:The Grafton Press 6391:(April 2, 2024). 6270:Jennett, Shelby. 5564:Los Angeles Times 5198:(March 8, 2024). 4847:978-0-231-18911-8 4834:Johnson, David K. 4774:(June 19, 2019). 4045:(April 8, 2023). 3950:Los Angeles Times 2099:The Little Review 2071:Victoria Woodhull 1866:Mary Ware Dennett 1602: 1553:child pornography 1473:, the founder of 1426:predicate offense 1177:Solicitor General 1116:Matthew Kacsmaryk 819:Obscene articles. 624:obtained or made. 622:purposes) may be 502:child pornography 455: 454: 227:unanimous consent 223:Passed the Senate 94:ch. 258, 17 89:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 11824: 11620:Race and Reunion 11567:Thomas Dixon Jr. 11457:William R. Brock 11447:C. Vann Woodward 11434:W. E. B. Du Bois 11424:Charles A. Beard 11384:Claude G. Bowers 11343: 11342: 11166:Hamburg massacre 11145:Pratt & Boyd 11110:Mississippi Plan 11067:Anti-Moiety Acts 11062:Sanborn incident 10854:Ku Klux Klan Act 10525:Ex parte Garland 10332:Ten percent plan 10224: 10223: 8970: 8969: 8921:Thaddeus Stevens 8906:Republican Party 8899:Samuel J. Tilden 8889:Bourbon Democrat 8884:Democratic Party 8655:Ulysses S. Grant 8630: 8629: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8589: 8588: 8574: 8573: 8555:← Andrew Johnson 8540:Julia Dent Grant 8486:Jesse Root Grant 8448:Ulysses S. Grant 8429:U.S. Grant Hotel 8313: 8312: 8241:speeding arrests 8214:White Haven home 8133:Page Act of 1875 8106:Ku Klux Klan Act 8091:Enforcement Acts 7896: 7895: 7731: 7715:Ulysses S. Grant 7708: 7701: 7694: 7685: 7684: 7472:Cimarron Redoubt 7297:Special handling 7292:Special Delivery 7099: 7092: 7085: 7076: 7075: 7066: 7064: 7058:. Archived from 7057: 7031:Greenwood, 1991. 7001:Friedman, Andrea 6984:Beisel, Nicola. 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6837: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6804: 6798: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6753: 6743: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6655: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6624: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6446: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6385: 6379: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6329:. 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March 27, 2024 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5196:Rebouche, Rachel 5191: 5185: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5119: 5113: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5016: 5007: 5006: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4768: 4762: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4084: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3981: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3790: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3599:Pauly, Madison. 3596: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3568:Rebouché, Rachel 3563: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3534: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3386: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3302: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3020: 3014: 3007: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2743:Yale Law Journal 2735: 2724: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2612: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2454: 2452: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2351: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2320: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2250: 2233: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2126: 2083:Banned in Boston 2041:in 1914, led by 1952:Anthony Comstock 1947:Anthony Comstock 1920:Ulysses S. Grant 1911:Allen G. Thurman 1903:Alexander Ramsey 1883:Anthony Comstock 1847:Paul R. Abramson 1802:Ulysses S. Grant 1603: 1330: 1218:facial challenge 1213:Ex parte Jackson 960:Model Penal Code 874:39 U.S.C. § 3001 839:civil forfeiture 783:18 U.S.C. § 1463 758:internet website 720:18 U.S.C. § 1462 676:abortion-causing 662:abortion-causing 620:abortion-causing 602:abortion-causing 588:abortion-causing 575:obscene article. 554:18 U.S.C. § 1461 495:Anthony Comstock 428:Ward v. Illinois 309:Ex parte Jackson 249:Major amendments 233:Passed the House 205: 122:sections created 90: 42: 35: 31: 21: 11832: 11831: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11733: 11724:White supremacy 11667: 11626: 11614:David W. Blight 11542: 11452:Joel Williamson 11429:Howard K. Beale 11330: 11319:Giles v. Harris 11263: 11254:Desert Land Act 11227: 11154: 11081: 11005: 10991:Long Depression 10961:Colfax massacre 10944: 10925:Salary Grab Act 10893: 10832: 10813:Kirk–Holden war 10781: 10715: 10622: 10549: 10462: 10443:Shaw University 10382: 10368:Wade–Davis Bill 10356: 10305: 10211: 10165: 9187: 9141: 9095: 8975: 8957: 8894:Horatio Seymour 8820: 8804: 8797: 8645:Abraham Lincoln 8635: 8621: 8616: 8586: 8581: 8545: 8542:(granddaughter) 8462: 8433: 8377:Brooklyn relief 8366:The Peacemakers 8311: 8293: 8252: 8182: 8164: 8147:Post-presidency 8137: 8079:Great Sioux War 8040: 8031:Post Office Act 7990: 7983: 7979:Desert Land Act 7937:Economic policy 7932: 7894: 7797: 7737:Military career 7732: 7723: 7717: 7712: 7682: 7677: 7440: 7401:Post Office Act 7384: 7365:Red Brick Roads 7301: 7287:Registered mail 7240: 7194: 7108: 7103: 7062: 7055: 7051: 6981:, pp. 302. 6950: 6948:Further reading 6945: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6896:10.2307/2711107 6880: 6876: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6839: 6838: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6744: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6643: 6639: 6625: 6616: 6609: 6605: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6540: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6468: 6464: 6447: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6330: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6197:. March 1, 2024 6189: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6136: 6132: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6045: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5736:National Review 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5425: 5421: 5404: 5402: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5192: 5188: 5167: 5163: 5120: 5116: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5018: 5017: 5010: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4769: 4765: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4530: 4516: 4514: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4301: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4085: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4043:Adler, Jonathan 4040: 4036: 4022: 4020: 4006: 4002: 3995:Thomson Reuters 3990: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3839: 3835: 3808: 3804: 3751: 3747: 3720: 3716: 3708:Washington Post 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3656:KFF Health News 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3597: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3564: 3560: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3494: 3490: 3463: 3459: 3445: 3443: 3442:. June 21, 1973 3426: 3425: 3421: 3407: 3405: 3404:. June 24, 1974 3388: 3387: 3378: 3364: 3362: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3323: 3321: 3320:. June 21, 1973 3304: 3303: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3268: 3264: 3237: 3233: 3219: 3217: 3216:. June 24, 1983 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2934: 2927: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2869: 2862: 2844: 2842: 2841:. June 16, 1976 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2795: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2757: 2750: 2737: 2736: 2727: 2713: 2711: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2673: 2671: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2628: 2626: 2614: 2613: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2577: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2471: 2467: 2450: 2448: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2392: 2388: 2374: 2372: 2352: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2136: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2079: 2051: 2043:Margaret Sanger 2035: 2022: 2017: 2009:Father Coughlin 2004: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1949: 1933: 1928: 1891: 1879: 1874: 1843: 1788: 1771: 1723: 1702: 1631: 1617: 1612: 1594: 1577:First Amendment 1528: 1479:The Woman Rebel 1471:Margaret Sanger 1468: 1463: 1446: 1434:First Amendment 1418: 1413: 1404: 1357: 1331: 1325: 1262: 1246:Commerce Clause 1209: 1204: 1191:Daniel Grossman 1137:Washington Post 1111: 1025:antiprogestogen 994: 989: 984: 976: 956: 915: 910: 902:First Amendment 870: 835: 801:18 U.S.C. § 552 797: 795:18 U.S.C. § 552 785: 754:Federal Express 722: 674:for obscene or 660:for obscene or 600:for obscene or 586:for obscene or 556: 536: 531: 525:United States. 451: 244: 239:Signed into law 88: 63:Enacted by 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11830: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11748: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11675: 11673: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11634: 11632: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11624: 11616: 11611: 11603: 11598: 11590: 11585: 11577: 11569: 11564: 11556: 11550: 11548: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11532: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11506: 11501: 11493: 11488: 11480: 11472: 11467: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11420: 11419: 11412:Dunning School 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11390:The Tragic Era 11386: 11381: 11373: 11368: 11360: 11355: 11349: 11347: 11346:Historiography 11340: 11336: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11315: 11310: 11302: 11294: 11286: 11278: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11218:1876 elections 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11162: 11160: 11156: 11155: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11072:1874 elections 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10975: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10935:1872 elections 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10901: 10899: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10823:1870 elections 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10793:15th Amendment 10789: 10787: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10734: 10729: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10706:1868 elections 10703: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10641: 10636: 10634:14th Amendment 10630: 10628: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10545:1866 elections 10541: 10540: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10516: 10509: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10470: 10468: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10396: 10394:13th Amendment 10390: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10373:1864 elections 10370: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10313: 10311: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10257: 10249: 10241: 10236: 10230: 10228: 10221: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10170:U.S. elections 10167: 10166: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10083: 10075: 10070: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9448: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8926:Lyman Trumbull 8923: 8918: 8916:Charles Sumner 8913: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8650:Andrew Johnson 8647: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8627: 8623: 8622: 8615: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8592: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8566: 8565: 8558: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8476: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8452: 8443: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8382:Chicago statue 8379: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8345: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8325:Grant Memorial 8321: 8319: 8310: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8180: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8069:"Peace Policy" 8061: 8060: 8059: 8052:Reconstruction 8048: 8046: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7995: 7993: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7904: 7902: 7900:Foreign policy 7893: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7818: 7813: 7807: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7661:List of murals 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7575:The Mail Story 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7503:The Inspectors 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7049: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7015: 7008: 6998: 6992:Boyer, Paul S. 6989: 6982: 6975: 6962: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6917: 6874: 6861: 6829: 6799: 6782: 6768: 6733: 6703: 6673: 6666: 6637: 6614: 6603: 6565: 6550: 6520: 6513: 6492: 6462: 6416: 6380: 6376:self-pollution 6366: 6340: 6314: 6288: 6262: 6236: 6208: 6182: 6156: 6130: 6093:(8): 766–768. 6073: 6039: 6014: 5988: 5962: 5928: 5902: 5882:Coombs, Bertha 5873: 5847: 5816: 5782: 5748: 5722: 5688: 5662: 5636: 5602: 5576: 5550: 5520: 5495: 5470: 5445: 5419: 5382: 5353: 5325: 5297: 5262: 5250: 5224: 5186: 5161: 5114: 5089: 5064: 5041: 5008: 4969: 4947: 4922: 4897: 4875: 4853: 4846: 4825: 4800: 4772:Geidner, Chris 4763: 4738: 4712: 4687: 4662: 4634: 4609: 4584: 4556: 4528: 4499: 4471: 4448:(4): 641–670. 4428: 4402: 4376: 4350: 4336: 4310: 4299: 4285: 4259: 4233: 4201: 4170: 4139: 4108: 4088:Millhiser, Ian 4074: 4034: 4000: 3967: 3936: 3897: 3870: 3833: 3802: 3745: 3734:(8): 473–480. 3714: 3699:Dewey, Caitlin 3690: 3668: 3642: 3617: 3588: 3558: 3529: 3518: 3488: 3477:(2): 481–523. 3457: 3419: 3376: 3335: 3292: 3262: 3231: 3193: 3164: 3135: 3107: 3078: 3049: 3015: 3002: 2991: 2966: 2925: 2898: 2860: 2822: 2786: 2748: 2725: 2685: 2644: 2602: 2568: 2538: 2496: 2465: 2421: 2386: 2355:Schroeder, Pat 2341: 2304: 2273: 2262:. May 26, 2015 2244: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2193: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2134: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2050: 2047: 2034: 2031: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2003: 2000: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1948: 1945: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1899:William Windom 1895:William Strong 1890: 1887: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1842: 1839: 1818:abortifacients 1814:contraceptives 1787: 1784: 1770: 1767: 1759:Hyde Amendment 1722: 1719: 1701: 1698: 1630: 1627: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1527: 1524: 1483:William Sanger 1467: 1466:Contraceptives 1464: 1462: 1461:Related issues 1459: 1445: 1442: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1356: 1353: 1328:Harry Blackmun 1323: 1289:Harry Blackmun 1261: 1258: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1165:oral arguments 1146:forum shopping 1110: 1104: 1063:, or inducing 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 975: 972: 955: 952: 951: 950: 947: 944: 914: 911: 909: 906: 869: 866: 834: 831: 830: 829: 826: 823: 820: 796: 793: 784: 781: 780: 779: 772: 769: 721: 718: 680: 679: 665: 640: 626: 605: 591: 577: 555: 552: 535: 532: 530: 527: 471:obscene matter 467:common carrier 453: 452: 450: 449: 443: 437: 431: 425: 419: 411: 405: 399: 391: 383: 375: 369: 361: 353: 345: 337: 331: 325: 319: 313: 304: 301: 300: 293: 292: 291: 290: 284: 278: 272: 269: 263: 257: 251: 250: 246: 245: 243: 242: 236: 230: 220: 207: 200:William Windom 188: 185: 184: 180: 179: 173:18 U.S.C. 170: 166: 165: 158:39 U.S.C. 150:19 U.S.C. 142:18 U.S.C. 134:18 U.S.C. 126:18 U.S.C. 123: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 103: 102: 92: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 71: 70: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11829: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11797:Obscenity law 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11740: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11689:Habeas corpus 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11629: 11622: 11621: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11557: 11555: 11554:Winslow Homer 11552: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11538: 11537: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11484:After Slavery 11481: 11478: 11477: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11465: 11464: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11279: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11249:Nez Perce War 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11230: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11140:Delano affair 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11032:Red River War 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10996:Comstock laws 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10956:Panic of 1873 10954: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10835: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10718: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10701: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10672: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10625: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10448:New Departure 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9928: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192:Gubernatorial 9190: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8931:Benjamin Wade 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8854:Carpetbaggers 8852: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8800: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8781:Edwin Stanton 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8613: 8608: 8606: 8601: 8599: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8578: 8577: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8541: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8528:Chapman Grant 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8341:General Grant 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045:Social policy 8043: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7791: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749:Fort Donelson 7747: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7697: 7695: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7621:Postal worker 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7611:Postal Clause 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7467:Catcher pouch 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7396:Comstock laws 7394: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113:Organizations 7111: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7093: 7088: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7070: 7061: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7041:Werbel, Amy. 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6797:. Prager 2011 6796: 6792: 6786: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6612: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6562:. p. 75. 6561: 6554: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6516: 6514:0-19-514609-3 6510: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5835: 5834: 5826: 5820: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5412: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5350: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5322: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5134:(1): 98–129. 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5060: 5059: 5051: 5045: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4957: 4951: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4885: 4879: 4863: 4857: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4346: 4340: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4295: 4289: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4030: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816:Contraception 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3678: 3672: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3522: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498:"Miller Test" 3492: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3415: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3361:. May 3, 1971 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3023:Laslo, Matt. 3019: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2995: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2670:. May 3, 1971 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2640: 2636: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2426: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2231: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2201:unsealed...". 2197: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2160: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2064:birth control 2061: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2026: 2012: 2010: 1999: 1997: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1780: 1775: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223:Postal Clause 1219: 1215: 1214: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1142:cherry picked 1139: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:endometriosis 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:prostaglandin 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1004: 999: 982:Jurisprudence 979: 971: 969: 965: 961: 948: 945: 942: 941: 940: 938: 933: 929: 927: 923: 920: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 865: 863: 856: 851: 849: 845: 840: 827: 824: 821: 818: 817: 816: 813: 809: 804: 802: 792: 790: 778: 773: 770: 767: 763: 762: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 739: 733: 731: 727: 717: 714: 710: 709: 704: 699: 697: 693: 687: 683: 677: 673: 669: 666: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 644: 641: 638: 634: 630: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 606: 603: 599: 596: 592: 589: 585: 582: 578: 576: 572: 571: 570: 568: 563: 561: 551: 549: 545: 541: 526: 523: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469:in conveying 468: 464: 460: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 416: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 396: 392: 389: 388: 384: 381: 380: 376: 373: 370: 367: 366: 362: 359: 358: 354: 351: 350: 346: 343: 342: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 311: 310: 306: 305: 302: 298: 294: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 254: 252: 247: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 224: 221: 219: 215: 211: 208: 201: 197: 193: 190: 189: 186: 181: 178: 174: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 124: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 101: 97: 93: 91: 85: 81: 77: 72: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 18:Comstock laws 11729:Whitecapping 11699:Paramilitary 11672:Other topics 11653:Jim Crow era 11618: 11605: 11592: 11579: 11571: 11558: 11534: 11526: 11508: 11495: 11491:Leon Litwack 11482: 11474: 11461: 11438: 11402:John Burgess 11388: 11375: 11362: 11317: 11304: 11296: 11288: 11280: 11190: 11130:Whiskey Ring 11092: 11042:White League 10978: 10970: 10818:Shoffner Act 10764: 10737: 10698: 10581:Pulaski riot 10530: 10523: 10511: 10259: 10251: 10243: 10087: 10079: 8974:Presidential 8936:John Bingham 8874:White League 8859:Ku Klux Klan 8626:Participants 8569: 8560: 8553: 8516:Nellie Grant 8454: 8446: 8364: 8340: 8307:Bibliography 8248:Grant's Tomb 8236:Horsemanship 8204:Boyhood home 8175: 8118:Comstock Act 7913: 7573: 7569:Mail satchel 7554:Mail jumping 7501: 7337: 7277:Postal notes 7252:Click-N-Ship 7068: 7060:the original 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7011: 7004: 6994: 6985: 6978: 6969: 6965: 6956: 6935:November 21, 6933:. Retrieved 6929: 6920: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6868:November 19, 6866:, retrieved 6844: 6820:. Retrieved 6811: 6802: 6790: 6785: 6773:. Retrieved 6749: 6724:. Retrieved 6720:the original 6715: 6706: 6694:. Retrieved 6685: 6676: 6651: 6640: 6631: 6606: 6581: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6553: 6541:. Retrieved 6532: 6523: 6504: 6495: 6484:the original 6479: 6475: 6465: 6455:. New York: 6451: 6407:. Retrieved 6396: 6383: 6369: 6357:. Retrieved 6354:The Mary Sue 6353: 6343: 6331:. Retrieved 6326: 6317: 6305:. Retrieved 6301: 6291: 6279:. Retrieved 6275: 6265: 6253:. Retrieved 6249: 6239: 6227:. Retrieved 6221: 6211: 6199:. Retrieved 6194: 6185: 6173:. Retrieved 6169: 6159: 6147:. Retrieved 6143: 6133: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6064:. Retrieved 6052: 6042: 6030:. Retrieved 6026: 6017: 6005:. Retrieved 6001: 5991: 5979:. Retrieved 5975: 5965: 5953:. Retrieved 5941: 5931: 5919:. Retrieved 5915: 5905: 5893:. Retrieved 5889: 5876: 5864:. Retrieved 5860: 5850: 5838:. Retrieved 5831: 5819: 5807:. Retrieved 5796:The Guardian 5795: 5785: 5773:. Retrieved 5761: 5751: 5739:. Retrieved 5735: 5725: 5713:. Retrieved 5701: 5691: 5679:. Retrieved 5675: 5665: 5653:. Retrieved 5649: 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5616:The Guardian 5615: 5605: 5593:. Retrieved 5589: 5579: 5567:. Retrieved 5563: 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5533: 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5507: 5498: 5486:. Retrieved 5482: 5473: 5461:. Retrieved 5457: 5448: 5436:. Retrieved 5432: 5422: 5414: 5409:– via 5403:. Retrieved 5394: 5385: 5376: 5369:. Retrieved 5365: 5356: 5348: 5341:. Retrieved 5337: 5328: 5320: 5313:. Retrieved 5309: 5300: 5275: 5265: 5253: 5241:. Retrieved 5236: 5227: 5215:. Retrieved 5203: 5189: 5184: (1972). 5168: 5164: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5112: (1965). 5096: 5092: 5080:. Retrieved 5076: 5067: 5056: 5044: 5032:. Retrieved 5023: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4960:. Retrieved 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4934: 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4909: 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4878: 4866:. Retrieved 4856: 4837: 4828: 4816:. Retrieved 4812: 4803: 4791:. Retrieved 4779: 4766: 4745: 4741: 4729:. Retrieved 4724: 4715: 4703:. Retrieved 4699: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4653:. Retrieved 4649: 4625:. Retrieved 4621: 4612: 4600:. Retrieved 4596: 4587: 4575:. Retrieved 4571: 4547:. Retrieved 4543: 4522: 4515:. Retrieved 4511: 4502: 4490:. Retrieved 4486: 4465: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4415: 4405: 4393:. Retrieved 4389: 4379: 4367:. Retrieved 4363: 4353: 4344: 4339: 4327:. Retrieved 4323: 4313: 4302: 4293: 4288: 4276:. Retrieved 4272: 4262: 4250:. Retrieved 4246: 4236: 4224:. Retrieved 4218: 4204: 4192:. Retrieved 4183: 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4152: 4142: 4130:. Retrieved 4121: 4111: 4099:. Retrieved 4095: 4065:. Retrieved 4054: 4037: 4027:– via 4021:. Retrieved 4013: 4003: 3970: 3958:. Retrieved 3949: 3939: 3927:. Retrieved 3911:The Guardian 3910: 3900: 3888:. Retrieved 3873: 3861:. Retrieved 3849: 3842:Belluck, Pam 3836: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3706: 3693: 3681:. Retrieved 3671: 3659:. Retrieved 3655: 3645: 3633:. Retrieved 3629: 3620: 3608:. Retrieved 3605:Mother Jones 3604: 3579:. Retrieved 3575: 3561: 3552: 3545:. Retrieved 3541: 3532: 3521: 3509:. Retrieved 3501: 3491: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3450:– via 3444:. Retrieved 3431: 3422: 3412:– via 3406:. Retrieved 3393: 3369:– via 3363:. Retrieved 3350: 3328:– via 3322:. Retrieved 3309: 3283:. Retrieved 3275: 3265: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3224:– via 3218:. Retrieved 3205: 3196: 3184:. Retrieved 3176: 3167: 3155:. Retrieved 3147: 3138: 3126:. Retrieved 3119: 3110: 3098:. Retrieved 3090: 3081: 3069:. Retrieved 3061: 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3028: 3018: 3005: 2994: 2982:. Retrieved 2978: 2969: 2957:. Retrieved 2945: 2941: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2889:. Retrieved 2876: 2854: 2849:– via 2843:. Retrieved 2834: 2825: 2813:. Retrieved 2802: 2777:. Retrieved 2764: 2742: 2718:– via 2712:. Retrieved 2700: 2678:– via 2672:. Retrieved 2659: 2633:– via 2627:. Retrieved 2619: 2593:. Retrieved 2584: 2559:. Retrieved 2550: 2541: 2529:. Retrieved 2512: 2499: 2487:. Retrieved 2478: 2468: 2460: 2455:– via 2449:. Retrieved 2436: 2412:. Retrieved 2399: 2389: 2380: 2373:. Retrieved 2362: 2332:. Retrieved 2327: 2295:. Retrieved 2285: 2276: 2264:. Retrieved 2257: 2248: 2229: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2196: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2124: 2098: 2094: 2068: 2052: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2005: 1992: 1973: 1950: 1934: 1892: 1880: 1862: 1855: 1844: 1828: 1826: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1754: 1748: 1740: 1735: 1732:miscarriages 1728:mifepristone 1724: 1721:Implications 1715:Barney Frank 1709: 1703: 1682: 1678:Project 2025 1671: 1664: 1647:Donald Trump 1634: 1632: 1620: 1618: 1589:Bill Clinton 1581: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1550: 1536: 1529: 1517: 1513: 1503: 1502: 1495: 1478: 1469: 1447: 1437: 1419: 1405: 1395: 1391: 1390:(1962). The 1386: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1292: 1280: 1279:. Later, in 1272: 1265: 1263: 1249: 1243: 1238: 1237:(1971), and 1232: 1226: 1211: 1210: 1184: 1161:mifepristone 1150: 1135: 1123: 1112: 1106: 1094: 1092: 1069: 1021:mifepristone 1018: 1011: 1001: 995: 987:Contemporary 977: 967: 963: 957: 934: 930: 925: 921: 918: 916: 897: 871: 858: 853: 836: 811: 807: 805: 798: 789:section 1463 786: 776: 765: 743: 737: 734: 730:section 1462 726:positive law 723: 712: 706: 702: 700: 695: 688: 684: 681: 675: 671: 667: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 642: 636: 632: 628: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 601: 597: 594: 587: 583: 580: 574: 566: 564: 560:section 1461 557: 537: 522:mifepristone 518: 499: 458: 456: 445: 439: 433: 427: 421: 413: 407: 401: 393: 385: 377: 371: 363: 355: 347: 339: 333: 327: 321: 315: 307: 238: 232: 222: 209: 191: 111:Acts amended 106:Codification 29: 11522:Steven Hahn 11371:James Bryce 10930:Amnesty Act 10411:Black Codes 9100:U.S. Senate 8847:Politicians 8769:Waite Court 8764:Chase Court 8759:Taney Court 8641:Presidents 8492:Julia Grant 8231:Galena home 8209:Schoolhouse 8057:Amnesty Act 7784:Court House 7764:Chattanooga 7730:(1869–1877) 7591:Owney (dog) 7492:Grumman LLV 7462:CAR-RT SORT 7267:Permit mail 6890:(1): 3–23. 6822:November 1, 6726:November 1, 6716:Kate Chopin 6696:November 1, 6646:Starr, Paul 6389:Smith, Tina 5034:October 21, 1996:masculinity 1858:pornography 1761:has barred 1512:. 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