1794:
1947:
1919:
1179:
54:
1487:, though he still retained some residual shamanism. In 1309–10, he became a Shi'ite Muslim. An Armenian scribe in 1304 noted the death of "benevolent and just" Ghazan, who was succeeded by Khar-Banda Öljeitü, "who too, exhibits good will to everyone." A colophon from 1306 reports the conversion of Mongols to Islam and "they coerce everyone into converting to their vain and false hope. They persecute, they molest, and torment," including "insulting the cross and the church". Some of the Buddhists who survived Ghazan's assaults made an unsuccessful attempt to bring Öljeitü back into Buddhism, showing they were active in the realm for more than 50 years.
1638:
1647:
1963:
1979:
1344:
1441:
2599:
1329:
2126:
903:
1800:
1662:
1814:
1516:
11085:
1058:
1072:
11095:
1838:
4083:
3828:
1245:
1696:
1089:, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. Immediately after his brother Möngke's accession as Great Khan in 1251, Hulagu was appointed as administrator of North China, however in the following year, North China was assigned to Kublai and Hulagu tasked with conquering the
1437:(minority religion tax). Ghazan gave Buddhists the starker choice of conversion or expulsion and ordered their temples to be destroyed; though he later relaxed this severity. After Nawrūz was deposed and killed in 1297, Ghazan made religious intolerance punishable and attempted to restore relations with non-Muslims.
1671:
In contrast to the China-based Yuan dynasty, who excluded the native population from gaining control of high offices, the
Ilkhanids ruled their realm through a Central Asian-Persian ("Tajik") administration in partnership with Turco-Mongol military officers. Not all of the Persian administrators were
1872:
dynastic state, and ultimately the modern country of Iran. Hulagu's conquests had also opened Iran to
Chinese influence from the east. This, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture. Under the Ilkhans, Iranian historians also moved from
1833:
headquartered in China encouraged this development. The dragon clothing of
Imperial China was used by the Ilkhanids, the Chinese Huangdi (Emperor) title was used by the Ilkhanids due to heavy influence upon the Mongols of the Chinese system of politics. Seals with Chinese characters were created by
1388:
Hulagu's descendants ruled Persia for the next eighty years, tolerating multiple religions, including
Shamanism, Buddhism, and Christianity, and ultimately adopting Islam as a state religion in 1295. However, despite this conversion, the Ilkhanids remained opposed to the Mamluks, who had defeated
1569:
in the Battle of Zanjan-Rud on 13 July 1319. Under the influence of Chupan, the
Ilkhanate made peace with the Chagatais, who helped them crush the Chagatayid revolt, and the Mamluks. In 1327, Abu-Sai'd replaced Chupan with "Big" Hasan. Hasan was accused of attempting to assassinate the khan and
1307:
ruler of the
Ilkhanate but he made no active attempt to proselytize or convert his realm. However he did try to replace Mongol political traditions with Islamic ones, resulting in a loss of support from the army. Arghun used his religion against him by appealing to non-Muslims for support. When
878:
returned to Iran in c. 1224 after fleeing to India. The rival Turkic states, which were all that remained of his father's empire, quickly declared their allegiance to Jalal. He repulsed the first Mongol attempt to take
Central Persia. However, Jalal ad-Din was overwhelmed and crushed by
1687:
The
Ilkhanid rulers, who were keen to increase their autonomy, supported their Persian bureaucrats' promotion of the traditional Iranian idea of kingship. The Persian concept of monarchy over a territorial empire, or more specifically, the "Kingship of the Land of Iran"
1319:
in
Khorasan. To fund his campaigns, Arghun allowed his viziers Buqa and Sa'd-ud-dawla to centralize expenditures, but this was highly unpopular and caused his former supporters to turn against him. Both viziers were killed and Arghun was murdered in 1291.
1888:. These developments were independent from the accounting practices used in Europe. This accounting system was adopted primarily as the result of socio-economic necessities created by the agricultural and fiscal reforms of Ghazan Khan in 1295–1304.
1498:
Sunnis, expressed his view that Islam should be abandoned and
Mongols should return to the ways of Genghis Khan. Qāshani also stated that Öljeitü had reverted for a brief period. As Muslims, Mongols showed a marked preference for
1561:, was enthroned in 1316. He was faced with rebellion in 1318 by the Chagatayids and Qara'unas in Khorasan, and an invasion by the Golden Horde at the same time. An Anatolian emir, Irenchin, also rebelled. Irenchin was crushed by
1421:
and Transoxiana, preventing expansion westward. Even under Hulagu's reign, the Ilkhanate was engaged in open warfare in the Caucasus with the Mongols in the Russian steppes. On the other hand, the China-based
1288:. Stung by the defeat, Abaqa executed the local regent Mu'in-ad-Din Pervane and replaced him with the Mongol prince Qongqortai. In 1281, Abaqa sent Mongke Temur against the Mamluks, but he too was defeated at
1570:
exiled to Anatolia in 1332. The non-Mongol emirs Sharaf-ud-Din Mahmud-Shah and Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad were given unprecedented military authority, which irked the Mongol emirs. In the 1330s, outbreaks of the
1448:
In terms of foreign relations, the Ilkhanids' conversion to Islam had little to no effect on its hostility towards other Muslim states, and conflict with the Mamluks for control of Syria continued. The
760:
The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians to present the Mongols as heirs to the
1373:. Gaykhatu had to buy the support of his followers and as a result, ruined the realm's finances. His vizir Sadr-ud-Din Zanjani tried to bolster the state finances by adopting paper money from the
764:(224–651). Native intellectuals interested in their own history interpreted the unification by the Mongols as a revival of their long-lost dynastic tradition, and the concept of "Land of Iran" (
1918:
1946:
1785:
resulted in the reunification of the Kingdom of Georgia. However, tribute received by the Il-Khans from Georgia sank by about three-quarters between 1336 and 1350 because of wars and famines.
1377:, which remained largely unsuccessful. Gaykhatu also alienated the Mongol old guard with his alleged sexual relations with a boy. Gaykhatu was overthrown in 1295 and replaced with his cousin
9587:
1308:
Tekuder realized this, he executed several of Arghun's supporters, and captured Arghun. Tekuder's foster son, Buaq, freed Arghun and overthrew Tekuder. Arghun was confirmed as ilkhan by
1904:
started using it in 1818/19, and this was continued by all the following Qashqai leaders. The last Qashqai ilkhan was Nasir Khan, who in 1954 was pushed into exile after his support of
8339:"Despite numerous envoys and the obvious logic of an alliance against mutual enemies, the papacy and the Crusaders never achieved the often-proposed alliance against Islam". Atwood,
1692:), was easily sold to their Mongol masters by these bureaucrats. A lasting effect of the Mongol conquests was the emergence of the "national state" in Iran during the Ilkhanate era.
8415:
D. M. Lang, Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant (1314–1346). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1955), pp. 74–91
1117:
and the Abbasid Caliphate in 1256 and 1258 respectively. In 1258, Hulagu proclaimed himself ilkhan (subordinate khan). After that he advanced as far as Gaza, briefly conquering
8070:
7753:... the Mongol and Timurid phase, during which the name 'Iran' was used for the dynastic realm and a pre-modern ethno-national history of Iranian dynasties was arranged.
1962:
1163:
on Hulagu in 1262. According to Mamluk historians, Hulagu might have massacred Berke's troops and refused to share his war booty with Berke. Berke sought a joint attack with
9577:
1490:
The conversion of Mongols was initially a fairly superficial affair. The process of establishment of Islam did not happen suddenly. Öljeitü's historian Qāshāni records that
1175:, capturing an empty Jochid encampment, only to be routed in a surprise attack by Nogai's forces. Many of them were drowned as the ice broke on the frozen Terek River.
576:
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534:
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327:
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2018:
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Vásáry, István (2016). "The Role and Function of Mongolian and Turkic in Ilkhanid Iran". In Csató, Éva Á.; Johanson, Lars; Róna-Tas, Andrá; Utas, Bo (eds.).
1604:
made many attempts to ally with the Mongols, primarily with the Ilkhanate, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, starting from around the time of the
11334:
1349:
7840:
1829:. The establishment of the unified Mongol Empire had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia. The communications between the Ilkhanate and the
13874:
10746:
9599:
13884:
11401:
10852:
12277:
2560:
1114:
11740:
1236:
Hulagu fell ill in February 1265 after several days of banquets and hunting. He died on 8 February and his son Abaqa succeeded him in the summer.
10266:
10257:
10001:
9513:
4061:
1011:
stopped raising of revenue from districts in Persia as well and offered tax exemptions to others. In accordance with a complaint by the governor
13859:
9498:
12703:
1834:
the Ilkhanids themselves besides the seals they received from the Yuan dynasty which contain references to a Chinese government organization.
7872:
The history of Greece : from its conquest by the crusaders to its conquest by the Turks, and of the empire of Trebizond ; 1204-1461
940:, the following year. By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia (including modern-day Azerbaijan), Armenia, Georgia (excluding
9789:
3930:
After the Ilkhanate, the regional states established during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate raised their own candidates as claimants.
9567:
8809:
Turks and Iranians. Interactions in Language and History: The Gunnar Jarring Memorial Program at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study
2777:
2011:
776:, the revival of the concept of territorial unity, although not intended by the Mongols, became a lasting legacy of Mongol rule in Iran.
11884:
9935:
9451:
1303:, and his brother Tekuder, supported by the Chinggisid aristocracy. Tekuder was elected khan by the Chinggisids. Tekuder was the first
53:
8441:
Gregory G.Guzman – Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?, The historian 50 (1988), 568–70
13849:
11652:
11644:
3856:
1315:
During Arghun's reign, he actively sought to combat Muslim influence, and fought against both the Mamluks and the Muslim Mongol emir
1097:
and Yoshmut along with him. Hulagu also took with him many Chinese scholars and astronomers, from whom the famous Persian astronomer
1793:
7446:
2188:
1426:
was an ally of the Ikhanate and also held nominal suzerainty over the latter (the Emperor being also Great Khan) for many decades.
13909:
11131:
9486:
3750:
1774:
also remained autonomous. Anatolia was the richest province of the Ilkhanate, supplying a quarter of its revenue while Iraq and
11892:
10111:
9962:
9725:
2004:
1718:
The Ilkhanate Mongols remained nomadic in their way of life until the end of the dynasty. Their nomadic routes covered central
925:
13656:
13038:
11948:
10457:
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10101:
9967:
8865:
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8701:
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1405:. This was in large part due to civil war in the Mongol Empire and the hostility of the khanates to the north and east. The
9619:
9609:
2553:
1609:
1574:
ravaged the Ilkhanate and both Abu-Sai'd and his sons were killed by 1335 by the plague. Ghiyas-ud-Din put a descendant of
1233:
was appointed as vizier after 1262 that things started calming down and a more sustainable administration was implemented.
1003:
into three districts based on the Mongol military hierarchy. In Georgia, the population was temporarily divided into eight
859:, occupying the major cities and population centers between 1219 and 1221. Iran was ravaged by the Mongol detachment under
13562:
11975:
11924:
11900:
11699:
11665:
11349:
10817:
10767:
10493:
10027:
4054:
1393:. The Ilkhanids launched several invasions of Syria, but were never able to gain and keep significant ground against the
4155:
1397:, eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, along with their stranglehold over their vassals the
1033:
must pay in proportion to his property. Persia was divided between four districts under Arghun. Möngke Khan granted the
13854:
13708:
12708:
11683:
11636:
10042:
10031:
9976:
9924:
9779:
9582:
8745:
Fragner, Bert G. (2006). "Ilkhanid Rule and Its Contributions to Iranian Political Culture". In Komaroff, Linda (ed.).
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1582:, on the throne, triggering a succession of short-lived khans until "Little" Hasan took Azerbaijan in 1338. In 1357,
1433:
and made Islam the official state religion. Christian and Jewish subjects lost their equal status and had to pay the
10306:
4112:
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239:
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Francis Robinson, The Mughal Emperors and the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia, Pages 19 and 36
11991:
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9386:
9045:
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4047:
3784:
2959:
2513:
10685:
9456:
9396:
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13839:
13772:
12321:
12047:
12018:
11908:
11391:
11364:
11359:
10911:
10352:
10335:
10242:
10217:
10073:
9981:
9971:
7436:
6343:
3849:
2135:
2097:
2028:
856:
7765:
Danilenko, Nadja (2020). "In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms".
7703:
Danilenko, Nadja (2020). "In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms".
1978:
13767:
13651:
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11626:
11369:
11354:
10915:
10751:
10467:
10207:
10197:
9945:
9801:
9401:
4141:
2140:
1213:. During his early rule, the Ilkhanate experienced mass revolts by its subjects, with the exception of the
10681:
13864:
13777:
12814:
11999:
11967:
11818:
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10706:
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10292:
10171:
9796:
8539:
3821:
3809:
2648:
1450:
1402:
996:
817:
1586:
of the Golden Horde conquered Chupanid-held Tabriz for a year, putting an end to the Ilkhanate remnant.
13904:
10921:
10382:
10247:
9715:
9493:
9391:
4104:
3779:
3740:
1912:
in 1979, he could not regain his previous position and died in 1984 as the last Ilkhan of the Qashqai.
17:
8353:
Massing, Jean Michel; Albuquerque, Luís de; Brown, Jonathan; González, J. J. Martín (1 January 1991).
8022:
4123:
1672:
Muslims or members of the traditional families that had served the Seljuqs and Khwarazmians (e.g, the
969:
13869:
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12883:
12447:
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11810:
11793:
11727:
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10167:
10093:
9955:
9930:
9853:
9604:
9503:
9446:
8858:
8538:(1994). "The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China". In Denis C. Twitchett;
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and forged an alliance with the Mamluks against Hulagu. The Golden Horde dispatched the young prince
833:
754:
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10329:
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3799:
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2578:
1444:
Circular piece of silk with Mongol images, Iran or Iraq, early 14th century. Silk, cotton and gold.
1394:
555:
8222:
The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Het'um II (1289–1307)
8164:
The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Het'um II (1289-1307)
1637:
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8922:
7451:
6883:
5305:
4097:
3952:
3367:
3123:
2704:
1877:
957:
844:
816:", and this lesser khanship refers to the initial deference to Möngke Khan and his successors as
626:
1430:
1316:
13894:
13782:
13683:
13678:
13366:
13314:
13234:
13167:
13071:
13056:
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to invade the Ilkhanate but Hulagu forced him back in 1262. The Ilkhanid army then crossed the
1122:
907:
875:
785:
8247:
8132:
13713:
13673:
13486:
13361:
12425:
12415:
12374:
12345:
12139:
12083:
11416:
10345:
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10272:
9992:
9740:
9518:
9436:
9053:
9010:
8426:
8354:
8281:
8105:
7441:
3065:
2985:
2923:
2392:
2181:
2145:
1289:
1193:, Ilkhans referred to the great Mongol khans in the coin inscriptions and official documents.
1029:
and civilians in 1251. He ordered a new census and decreed that each man in the Mongol-ruled
73:
13601:
8561:
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1616:- by Muslims and Asians in the era of the Crusades.) Despite their shared opposition to the
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9905:
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Revolutions of the End of Time: Apocalypse, Revolution and Reaction in the Persianate World
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318:
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4025:
1338–1349; by the Jalayirids 1338–1339, 1340–1344; by the Sarbadars 1338–1341, 1344, 1353)
8:
13498:
13378:
13344:
13246:
13066:
13061:
12873:
12592:
12528:
12403:
12388:
12287:
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10636:
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9549:
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9508:
9441:
9290:
8978:
3527:
3397:
2826:
2622:
2224:
2155:
1929:
1646:
1265:
1248:
The successor states of the Mongol Empire, its vassals, and neighbors in the early 1300s.
1134:
973:
813:
443:
415:
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13611:
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10907:
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10807:
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9900:
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9282:
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2150:
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1531:
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1209:
to Yoshmut. Hulagu himself spent his time living as a nomad in southern Azerbaijan and
1130:
1093:. He was given a fifth of the entire Mongol army for the campaign and he took his sons
929:
852:
527:
346:
12109:
11441:
11381:
1343:
13879:
13720:
13616:
13552:
13547:
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13011:
12853:
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12506:
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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/5: Iran X. Religions in Iran–Iraq V. Safavid period
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3557:
3457:
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3147:
3105:
3005:
2949:
1901:
1739:
1677:
1495:
1381:. Baydu reigned for less than a year before he was overthrown by Gaykhatu's officer,
1109:. Taking over from Baiju in 1255, Hulagu established Mongol rule from Transoxiana to
1102:
1090:
718:
541:
402:
304:
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8205:
Ali Al Oraibi, "Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective", in
7870:
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Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms
7705:
Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms
7482:
Biran, Michal (2016). "Il-Khanate Empire". In Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J. M. (eds.).
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in what is now Azerbaijan. Realizing the danger posed by the Mongols, the rulers of
13569:
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
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X. Liu.The Silk Road in World History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ç2010 p.116
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980:
933:
617:
332:
169:
128:
7670:
Biran, Michael (2016). Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J. M. (eds.). "Il-Khanate Empire".
1659:(1375), with depiction of the ruler. The Ilkhanate flag appears over many cities:
13787:
13755:
13628:
13596:
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13535:
13530:
13508:
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10377:
10202:
9690:
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9168:
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2813:
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2501:
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1897:
1885:
1673:
1601:
797:
12130:
12104:
6920:
6867:
5288:
4018:
3988:
1016:
768:) was considered an important ideology and was further developed by the later
687:
13828:
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13698:
13493:
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3267:
2714:
2674:
2452:
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2248:
2170:
1818:
1656:
1579:
1484:
1369:. The majority of Mongols converted to Islam while the Mongol court remained
1328:
1182:
1000:
892:
605:
290:
142:
134:
77:
13239:
13219:
12186:
8634:
Badiee, Julie (1984). "The Sarre Qazwīnī: An Early Aq Qoyunlu Manuscript?".
8072:
Illustrated Poetry and Epic Images. Persian paintings of the 1330s and 1340s
7915:
C. P. Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, see: Monqe Khan
7648:
847:
ordered a contingent of merchants, dispatched by the Mongols, to be killed,
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1969:
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988:
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773:
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726:
683:
675:
208:
11536:
7631:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
6131:
4555:
1575:
1129:
for the next Great Khan. He left a small force of around 10,000 behind in
1125:
in 1260. Möngke's death forced Hulagu to return to Mongolia to attend the
902:
820:. The title ilkhan carried by the descendants of Hulagu and, later, other
801:
13422:
13407:
13256:
12969:
12878:
12868:
12794:
12442:
12437:
12257:
12206:
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12135:
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11098:
11062:
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1571:
1410:
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1172:
1086:
1061:
1026:
961:
949:
868:
793:
789:
750:
722:
667:
499:
227:
8493:
ACCOUNTING SYSTEM PRACTICED IN THE NEAR EAST DURING THE PERIOD 1220–1350
1799:
1661:
1515:
13449:
13266:
13140:
13100:
13033:
12302:
12211:
11561:
11546:
11283:
10452:
9843:
9365:
9333:
9259:
9227:
9037:
7656:
7022:
6307:
5528:
4732:
3962:
3881:
3693:
3607:
3427:
3407:
3377:
3337:
3297:
3129:
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3015:
2969:
2614:
2428:
1813:
1775:
1727:
1703:
1699:
1523:
1473:
1206:
1202:
1189:, with the title Qa'an al-'Azam (Greatest Khagan). Before the reign of
1168:
1057:
1012:
888:
738:
698:
388:
113:
3869:
1295:
Abaqa's death in 1282 triggered a succession struggle between his son
1071:
1025:-merchants (Mongol-contracted Muslim traders) and nobles from abusing
705:. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern
13339:
13110:
12964:
12745:
12619:
12410:
12171:
12161:
11526:
11506:
11501:
9578:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
9298:
9069:
9002:
8970:
7741:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 507–522.
7456:
7086:
4000:
3994:
3982:
3972:
3537:
3507:
3207:
3045:
2903:
2356:
1891:
1826:
1825:
The emergence of the Ilkhanate had an important historical impact in
1608:
in the mid-13th century. (Western Europeans were collectively called
1539:
1527:
1519:
1491:
1390:
1365:
The Ilkhanate started crumbling under the reign of Arghun's brother,
1337:
1214:
1030:
880:
679:
471:
429:
8189:"The making of one of the greatest Islamic art museums in the world"
7588:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).
4082:
1837:
884:
824:
princes in Persia, does not appear in the sources until after 1260.
693:
The Ilkhanate's core territory lies in what is now the countries of
12740:
12523:
12481:
12420:
12297:
11516:
11376:
11258:
10488:
9828:
9710:
8962:
8461:
6851:
6494:
5498:
5242:
4916:
3968:
3899:
3357:
3347:
2913:
2800:
2525:
2416:
1881:
1782:
1755:
1735:
1583:
1566:
1418:
1370:
1366:
1222:
1126:
1118:
1106:
987:
repopulated. The Mongol military governors mostly made camp in the
965:
821:
734:
730:
569:
513:
201:
184:
101:
7717:, 'land of Iran' rose to the official name for the Ilkhanid realm.
4238:
12653:
12582:
12538:
12393:
12267:
12262:
12252:
12237:
11541:
11496:
11491:
11278:
11268:
11206:
11031:
8954:
7462:
6323:
6291:
5574:
4770:
4703:
4022:
3887:
3547:
3035:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2764:
2737:
2380:
2236:
2200:
2165:
2117:
1869:
1743:
1731:
1617:
1543:
1535:
1480:
1460:
For the most part, Ghazan's policies continued under his brother
1358:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1218:
1210:
1164:
1076:
1038:
1034:
953:
941:
937:
921:
899:
voluntarily submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute.
864:
714:
601:
485:
457:
84:
12454:
11109:
8832:
1483:
as an infant and had flirted with Buddhism, eventually became a
12486:
12361:
12247:
12221:
12216:
11551:
11521:
11481:
11231:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11171:
10837:
10157:
8986:
8352:
6654:
6478:
5914:
5470:
5361:
5338:
5316:
5293:
5276:
5249:
5113:
5086:
5071:
4950:
4927:
4900:
4885:
4747:
4718:
4513:
3893:
2933:
2836:
2212:
1985:
1953:
1925:
1845:
1747:
1738:, and western and southern Iran directly with the exception of
1707:
1695:
1613:
1562:
1500:
1382:
1333:
1304:
1296:
1261:
1244:
1226:
1190:
1138:
1046:
1021:
896:
742:
702:
164:
107:
59:
8843:
8656:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
906:
Ilkhanid depiction of mounted warriors pursuing enemies, from
13120:
12292:
12272:
12201:
12181:
12176:
12156:
12096:
11263:
11253:
11201:
9695:
8514:
8450:
Thomas T.Allsen – Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia, 211
8318:
Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia By Ann K. S. Lambton
7937:
Asia Major, Third Series, Vol.2 No.2, Academica Sinica, ç1989
7818:. Internet Archive. Conshohocken, Pa. : Combined Books.
6510:
5909:
5786:
4939:
4333:
4029:
3905:
2741:
1873:
writing in Arabic to writing in their native Persian tongue.
1767:
1434:
1378:
1257:
1253:
1186:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1110:
1094:
992:
984:
924:
and the rest of Persia was secured by Chormaqan. The Mongols
746:
710:
671:
189:
11677:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
12242:
12196:
11556:
11486:
9475:
8938:
8874:
8207:
Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions
2754:
1937:
1933:
1751:
1723:
1719:
1676:). For example, the Ilkhanate vizier from 1288 to 1291 was
1547:
1042:
860:
772:(1501–1736). Similar to the development in China under the
706:
694:
12330:
4028:
Luqman (1353–1388) (son of Togha Temür and the protégé of
1494:, after losing patience with a dispute between Hanafi and
1457:, ended the latter's control over Syria for a few months.
12282:
10453:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
757:, died in 1335, after which the Ilkhanate disintegrated.
8052:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8033:
8031:
8003:
1868:
The Ilkhanate also helped to pave the way for the later
8774:
Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature
8134:
The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia – Volume I
7875:. Getty Research Institute. Edinburgh : Blackwood.
7780:
Hodong Kim (2015). "Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty?".
7508:
1260:
of the Golden Horde, which ended with Berke's death in
8792:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260–1281
8385:
8373:
11407:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
8838:
8811:(1 ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 141–152.
8397:
8321:
8300:
8209:
by Lynda Clarke, Global Academic Publishing 2001 p336
8043:
8028:
7991:
7979:
1522:
in 1345, ten years after the death of Abu Sa'id. The
1468:
after he came under the influence of the theologians
1064:, founder of the Ilkhanate, with his Christian queen
631:
7948:
E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
7569:
7545:
7465:, ethnic group in today's Afghanistan
1956:
textile, silk and gold; second half of 14th century.
1807:
towards the coast of India under the control of the
8218:
8160:
8078:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 12.
7557:
3870:
House of Hulagu (1256–1335; Ilkhanate Mongol kings)
1778:together supplied about 35 percent of its revenue.
932:in 1238. They began to attack the western parts of
871:also came under Mongol control after the invasion.
8715:. University of Washington Press. pp. 1–182.
8688:Lane, George E. (2012). "The Mongols in Iran". In
7885:
1892:Ilkhan as a tribal title in 19th/20th century Iran
1680:, a Jew, while the prominent vizier and historian
1546:took the Ilkhanate's place as the major powers in
1256:'s accession, he immediately faced an invasion by
658:). The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the
11402:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
7935:Merchant Associations in Yuan China: The "Ortoy,"
2026:
1464:despite suggestions that he might begin to favor
1453:, the only major victory by the Mongols over the
1350:The Free Man's Companion to the Niceties of Poems
1284:invaded Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the
749:. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the
13826:
8546:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 321–413.
8425:Dang, Baohai; Rong, Xinjiang (9 November 2021).
8343:, p. 583, "Western Europe and the Mongol Empire"
7587:
5523:
5510:
4036:
3981:(1339–1343) (Chobanid puppet, recognized by the
928:in 1234 or 1236, completing the conquest of the
27:1256–1335 breakaway khanate of the Mongol Empire
11822:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
9514:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
8733:, Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art, Edinburgh.
8585:"Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period"
8245:
7731:"Iranian Identity iii. Medieval Islamic Period"
3955:(1336–1337) (puppet of 'Ali Padshah of Baghdad)
999:submitted to the Great Khan. Chormaqan divided
604:founded in the southwestern territories of the
9600:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
9499:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
8598:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire
8341:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
7625:
7529:The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia
7459:, separatist movement of the late Ilkhanid era
5489:
3946:
1766:as an autonomous realm and did not pay taxes.
1323:
12346:
11125:
9382:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
8859:
8023:Mongol empire, The Il-Khans in Iran
7590:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
4055:
3850:
2554:
2012:
1972:(official square red stamp of the Ilkhanate).
1900:nomads of southern Iran in the 19th century.
1510:
1429:Ghazan converted to Islam under influence of
258:3,750,000 km (1,450,000 sq mi)
37:
13890:1350s disestablishments in the Mongol Empire
13803:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
11305:
10458:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
8276:
8100:
1239:
686:part of the Mongol Empire after his brother
9568:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
8835:Contains more information on the Ilkhanate.
8731:Islamic Chinoiserie: The Art of Mongol Iran
8696:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
8130:
4111:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
643:
13875:States and territories established in 1256
12353:
12339:
11132:
11118:
10074:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
9936:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
9452:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
8866:
8852:
7779:
4062:
4048:
3857:
3843:
2561:
2547:
2019:
2005:
9583:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
8797:
8776:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 1–784.
8658:. Yale University Press. pp. 1–448.
8589:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIII, Fasc. 5
8503:, Vol. 21, No. 1 (June 1994), pp. 117–135
8356:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
8009:
7764:
7702:
4175:Learn how and when to remove this message
4013:Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan):
3918:Muhammad Khodabandeh (Oljeitu or Öljaitü)
1624:, no formal alliance ever was concluded.
1589:
1264:. In 1270, Abaqa defeated an invasion by
1045:, Khaysar, Firuz-Kuh, Gharjistan, Farah,
13885:1256 establishments in the Mongol Empire
9402:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
8771:
8560:
8424:
8391:
7447:List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans
1836:
1792:
1694:
1514:
1439:
1342:
1327:
1243:
1177:
1105:. An observatory was built on a hill of
1070:
1056:
901:
741:. Later Ilkhanid rulers, beginning with
13627:
10188:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
8744:
8710:
8653:
8379:
8156:
8154:
8068:
7551:
7514:
1507:often treated with respect and favour.
887:in 1231. During the Mongol expedition,
14:
13827:
11752:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
11711:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
9726:History of democracy in classical Iran
8839:Searchable database for Ilkhanid coins
8806:
8694:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
8633:
8614:
8595:
8582:
8534:
8512:
8403:
8327:
8306:
8056:
8037:
7997:
7985:
7886:Aknerts'i, Grigor; Bedrosian, Robert.
7868:
7857:Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia
7811:
7728:
7575:
7563:
1896:The title ilkhan resurfaced among the
1148:Due to the suspicious deaths of three
891:and the southern Persian dynasties in
138:, official, administration, documents)
13860:Medieval history of Georgia (country)
12334:
12071:
11582:
11304:
11151:
11113:
10524:
10448:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
10233:Iran and the World Trade Organization
10137:
9880:
9761:
8886:
8847:
8359:. Yale University Press. p. 29.
7669:
7526:
7481:
7418:
7416:
7404:
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7396:
7394:
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6797:
6795:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6668:
6666:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6547:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6508:
6506:
6492:
6490:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6367:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6321:
6319:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6290:
6288:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6158:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6015:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5476:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5346:
5344:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5301:
5299:
5284:
5282:
5257:
5255:
5238:
5236:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5150:
5148:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5094:
5092:
5067:
5065:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4977:
4975:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4935:
4933:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4521:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4434:
4432:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4349:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4237:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4003:(1356–1357) (known only from coinage)
3933:
2000:
1734:. The Mongols administered Iraq, the
11583:
11335:Administrative divisions and vassals
9620:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
9610:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
8687:
8151:
4109:adding citations to reliable sources
4076:
11602:
10853:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
10494:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
10468:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
10267:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
10002:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
8763:
8513:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
8431:(in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc.
8249:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
1968:1305 letter of the Ilkhanid Mongol
621:
38:
24:
9392:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
8596:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004).
8515:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
8459:
8219:Angus Donal Stewart (2001-01-01).
8161:Angus Donal Stewart (2001-01-01).
4021:(c. 1338–1353) (recognized by the
1115:destroyed the Nizari Ismaili state
146:(ruling dynasty, court, documents)
25:
13921:
11139:
10463:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
10084:Supreme National Security Council
9910:Persian Constitutional Revolution
9540:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
9447:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
9437:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
8826:
8747:Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan
8501:The Accounting Historians Journal
7594:Journal of World-Systems Research
4007:
1880:were practiced in the Ilkhanate;
1797:A ship under the Ilkhanate flag (
1049:, Kabul, Tirah, and Afghanistan.
13850:Medieval history of the Caucasus
11093:
11084:
11083:
10059:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
7889:History of the Nation of Archers
4081:
3826:
2597:
2124:
1977:
1961:
1945:
1917:
1812:
1798:
1660:
1645:
1636:
1417:threatened the Ilkhanate in the
948:strongholds), as well as all of
818:Great Khans of the Mongol Empire
574:
560:
546:
532:
518:
504:
490:
476:
462:
448:
434:
420:
395:
381:
367:
353:
339:
325:
311:
297:
283:
52:
11152:
10258:Military equipment manufactured
9824:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
9588:United States withdrawal (2018)
9509:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
8873:
8600:. New York, NY: Facts On File.
8506:
8485:
8476:
8453:
8444:
8435:
8418:
8409:
8346:
8333:
8312:
8270:
8239:
8212:
8199:
8181:
8124:
8094:
8082:
8062:
8015:
7966:
7953:
7940:
7927:
7918:
7909:
7896:
7879:
7862:
7847:
7832:
7805:
7792:
7773:
7758:
7722:
7696:
7636:International Studies Quarterly
7410:
7258:
7106:
7092:
7076:
7028:
6926:
6910:
6889:
6873:
6857:
6841:
6825:
6676:
6660:
6516:
6500:
6484:
6329:
6313:
6137:
6097:
5920:
5761:
5579:
1684:was a Jewish convert to Islam.
983:to be restored and the city of
976:became vassals of the Mongols.
883:'s army sent by the Great Khan
636:), and known to the Mongols as
13910:Former monarchies of West Asia
10818:modern / contemporary
10064:Expediency Discernment Council
9387:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
9376:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
8900:
8246:Johan Elverskog (2011-06-06).
7904:History of the Georgian Nation
7680:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe362
7663:
7619:
7581:
7520:
7492:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe362
7475:
3991:(1339–1340) (Jalayirid puppet)
1908:. When he returned during the
1101:learned about the mode of the
1052:
857:The Mongols overran the empire
13:
1:
12322:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
12019:Division of the Mongol Empire
10032:state-sponsorship allegations
9762:
8542:; John King Fairbank (eds.).
8528:
7452:Full list of Iranian Kingdoms
7437:Division of the Mongol Empire
4037:Family tree (House of Hulagu)
3997:(1343–1356) (Chobanid puppet)
2974:
2938:
2818:
2805:
2782:
2769:
2746:
2729:
2679:
2666:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2030:Division of the Mongol Empire
1627:
1280:in retaliation. In 1277, the
1152:princes in Hulagu's service,
867:, who left the area in ruin.
779:
10489:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
9881:
9790:twin towns and sister cities
9096:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
8973:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
8949:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
8562:Arjomand, Saïd Amir Arjomand
8428:Marco Polo and the Silk Road
7815:The Mongols : a history
7782:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
5508:
1655:Map of the Ilkhanate in the
804:, another brother. The term
7:
12360:
11269:Manghit / Mangudai
10768:Water supply and sanitation
10525:
10499:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
10138:
9558:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
8933:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
8887:
7430:
5490:Genealogy of Ulus of Hülegü
3947:House of Hulagu (1336–1357)
2514:Mongolian People's Republic
1781:In 1330, the annexation of
1451:Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar
1403:Armenian kingdom in Cilicia
1324:Religious shift (1291–1316)
1037:authority over Herat, Jam,
997:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
960:in 1243, the Mongols under
926:invaded Armenia and Georgia
784:According to the historian
666:. It was established after
632:
10:
13926:
12072:
12048:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
10248:Economy of the Middle East
9625:2021–2022 Iranian protests
9615:2019–2020 Iranian protests
9595:2017–2018 Iranian protests
9056:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
8798:Vernadsky, George (1953),
8772:Melville, Charles (2012).
8713:Shiraz in the Age of Hafez
7672:The Encyclopedia of Empire
7531:. De Gruyter. p. 79.
7484:The Encyclopedia of Empire
1992:
1593:
1511:Disintegration (1316–1357)
1103:Chinese calculating tables
831:
827:
812:of the tribe, khan of the
13855:Medieval history of Syria
13796:
13748:
13265:
12669:
12368:
12319:
12230:
12149:
12082:
12078:
12067:
12011:
11960:
11863:(1223 / 1236–40)
11809:
11786:
11769:(1257 / 1284–88)
11739:
11664:
11609:
11598:
11578:
11469:
11415:
11392:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
11327:
11323:
11300:
11215:
11162:
11158:
11147:
11079:
11045:
10991:
10794:
10785:
10715:
10667:
10599:
10546:
10537:
10533:
10520:
10481:
10473:National Development Fund
10436:
10393:Telecommunications and IT
10387:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
10316:
10213:Foreign direct investment
10158:Bonyad (charitable trust)
10150:
10146:
10133:
10092:
10051:
9893:
9889:
9876:
9770:
9757:
9637:
9504:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
9494:Interim Government (1979)
9473:
9421:
9414:
9310:
9220:
9137:
9128:
9105:
9022:
8915:
8908:
8899:
8895:
8882:
8749:. Brill. pp. 68–82.
8648:The New Islamic Dynasties
8642:. University of Michigan.
8619:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
8462:"Central Asiatic Journal"
8286:. Routledge. p. 73.
8283:Medieval Persia 1040–1797
8137:. ABC-CLIO. p. 141.
8110:. Routledge. p. 72.
8107:Medieval Persia 1040–1797
8069:Carboni, Stefano (1994).
8021:Encyclopædia Britannica:
7812:Curtin, Jeremiah (1996).
7334:
7332:
7182:
7180:
7006:
7004:
6988:
6986:
6946:
6944:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6791:
6789:
6781:
6779:
6771:
6769:
6761:
6759:
6751:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6721:
6719:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6621:
6619:
6611:
6609:
6601:
6599:
6591:
6589:
6581:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6551:
6549:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6439:
6437:
6429:
6427:
6419:
6417:
6409:
6407:
6399:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6371:
6369:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6226:
6224:
6216:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6023:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5862:
5860:
5836:
5834:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5681:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5409:
5407:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5214:
5212:
5204:
5202:
5194:
5192:
5184:
5182:
5174:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5043:
5041:
5033:
5031:
5023:
5021:
5013:
5011:
5003:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4849:
4847:
4839:
4837:
4829:
4827:
4819:
4817:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4637:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4519:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4347:
4294:
4292:
4235:
2098:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
2079:
2074:
2048:
2043:
2038:
1788:
1557:'s son, the last ilkhan,
1389:both Mongol invaders and
1240:Middle period (1265–1291)
1133:that was defeated at the
979:In 1236 Ögedei commanded
838:
834:Timeline of the Ilkhanate
800:after Hülegü's defeat of
653:people or state of Hülegü
262:
254:
249:
245:
233:
221:
217:
207:
197:
178:
154:
123:
94:
66:
51:
46:
32:
10223:International oil bourse
9988:Ministry of Intelligence
9573:Syrian civil war (2011–)
9397:1921 Persian coup d'état
8254:Harvard University Press
7800:The Mongols and the West
7769:. Brill. pp. 94–95.
7469:
1884:was then adopted by the
1710:and Imperial legends in
1706:with Islamic legends in
1481:baptised in Christianity
11345:Invasions and conquests
11264:Paiza / Gerege
10747:scientists and scholars
10253:Milad Tower and complex
10043:Women's rights movement
10038:White Revolution (1963)
9706:Peoples of the Caucasus
9048:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
8941:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
8802:, Yale University Press
8654:Jackson, Peter (2017).
8615:Babaie, Sussan (2019).
8466:Central Asiatic Journal
7869:Finlay, George (1851).
7649:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
2649:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
1878:double-entry accounting
970:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm
845:Muhammad II of Khwarazm
124:Official languages
12002:(1260 / 1301)
11730:(1274 / 1281)
11397:Franco-Mongol alliance
11058:Anti-Iranian sentiment
11053:Science and technology
10878:Intellectual movements
10758:International rankings
10742:Intellectual movements
10228:International rankings
9721:Heads of state of Iran
9527:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
9088:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
8925:culture (3400–2000 BC)
8800:The Mongols and Russia
8711:Limbert, John (2004).
8617:Iran After the Mongols
8583:Ashraf, Ahmad (2006).
8472:. O. Harrassowitz: 46.
8225:. Brill. p. 181.
8167:. Brill. p. 182.
8088:Christopher P. Atwood
7974:History of the Mongols
7729:Ashraf, Ahmad (2006).
7713:as illustrated in the
7707:. Brill. p. 101.
7527:Vajda, Edward (2024).
3188:Masmughans of Damavand
2662:Zayandeh River Culture
1865:
1854:East Asian-style seals
1842:Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
1822:
1715:
1690:pādshāhi-ye Irān-zamin
1682:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1596:Franco-Mongol alliance
1590:Franco-Mongol alliance
1559:Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
1551:
1479:Öljeitü, who had been
1445:
1362:
1347:Ilkhanid court scene.
1340:
1249:
1205:to Abaqa and northern
1194:
1083:
1068:
936:, which was under the
917:
876:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
786:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
755:Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
745:in 1295, converted to
608:. It was ruled by the
13773:Medieval great powers
10346:Shetab Banking System
10336:Banking and insurance
10298:Tehran Stock Exchange
10218:Intellectual property
9563:PJAK conflict (2004–)
9336:Turcomans (1378–1508)
9328:Turcomans (1374–1468)
9277:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
9080:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
8833:Encyclopedia Iranica.
8764:May, Timothy (2018),
8681:registration required
8460:Ho, Kai-Lung (2008).
7442:List of Mongol states
4070:Ilkhanate family tree
3066:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
3020:3rd-century BC–132 BC
2986:Kingdom of Cappadocia
2942: 6th century BC
2924:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2393:Northern Yuan dynasty
2249:Khamag Mongol Khanate
1840:
1796:
1698:
1518:
1443:
1346:
1331:
1247:
1197:In 1262, Hulagu gave
1181:
1074:
1060:
905:
737:, and part of modern
155:Common languages
74:Administrative region
13845:14th century in Iran
13840:13th century in Iran
13783:European colonialism
13768:Ancient great powers
11893:Serbia and Bulgaria
10307:Technology start-ups
10208:Environmental issues
10198:Economic Reform Plan
10112:Provincial governors
9802:Environmental issues
9550:Iran Air Flight 655
9291:Jalayirid Sultanate
9163:Caliphate (750–1258)
9005:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
8729:Kadoi, Yuka. (2009)
8674:10.3366/j.ctt1n2tvq0
8495:, based on the book
8131:Timothy May (2016).
7961:Encyclopædia Iranica
4105:improve this section
1505:Safi-ad-Din Ardabili
1503:, with masters like
1231:Shams al-Din Juvayni
1185:of Hulagu minted in
1099:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
916:, early 14th century
851:declared war on the
792:granted his brother
319:Nizari Ismaili state
58:The Ilkhanate under
13778:Modern great powers
12140:Khagans of the Yuan
11869:Poland and Bohemia
11645:Khwarazmian Empire
11370:Society and economy
10707:Freedom of religion
10293:Supreme Audit Court
10172:Automotive industry
9819:Iranian Balochistan
9545:1987 Mecca incident
9442:Iran crisis of 1946
9431:dynasty (1925–1979)
9360:Dynasty (1751–1794)
9301:dynasty (1338–1357)
9293:dynasty (1335–1432)
9285:dynasty (1314–1393)
9270:dynasty (1244–1381)
9254:dynasty (1077–1231)
9238:dynasty (1011–1215)
9155:Caliphate (661–750)
9147:Caliphate (632–661)
9115:Empire (AD 224–651)
9032:Empire (550–330 BC)
9013:Empire (626–539 BC)
8997:Empire (678–549 BC)
8981:Empire (911–609 BC)
8591:. pp. 507–522.
8195:. 26 November 2016.
3722:Contemporary period
3626:Early modern period
3528:Jalayirid Sultanate
3398:Khwarazmian dynasty
2827:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2705:Kura–Araxes culture
2623:Baradostian culture
1852:with two bilingual
1844:'s Imperial edict (
1614:'Farang', 'Faranji'
1299:, supported by the
1266:Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq
1229:. It was not until
1135:battle of Ain Jalut
1082:of the 13th century
974:Empire of Trebizond
753:. The last ilkhan,
13865:Buddhist dynasties
11885:Holy Roman Empire
11340:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
10838:Persian New Year (
10243:Main economic laws
9814:Iranian Azerbaijan
9716:Monarchs of Persia
9660:Persianate society
9368:Empire (1789–1925)
9352:Empire (1736–1796)
9344:Empire (1501–1736)
9320:Empire (1370–1507)
9246:Empire (1037–1194)
9211:dynasty (934–1062)
9203:dynasty (931–1090)
9195:dynasty (861–1003)
9064:Empire (312–63 BC)
8965:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
8794:. Cambridge, 1995.
8790:R. Amitai-Preiss:
8497:RISALE-I FELEKIYYE
7933:E. Endicott-West.
7629:(September 1997).
3934:House of Ariq Böke
3741:Interim Government
3731:Iranian Revolution
3518:Muzaffarid dynasty
3222:864 – 14th century
3212:791 – 11th century
3138:Rashidun Caliphate
2960:Kingdom of Armenia
2609:Prehistoric period
2369:Jalairid Sultanate
1910:Islamic Revolution
1906:Mohammad Mosaddegh
1866:
1823:
1716:
1552:
1470:al-Allama al-Hilli
1446:
1363:
1341:
1312:in February 1286.
1286:Battle of Elbistan
1272:. Abaqa's brother
1250:
1195:
1084:
1069:
958:battle of Köse Dağ
930:Kingdom of Georgia
918:
874:Muhammad II's son
853:Anushtegin dynasty
528:Kingdom of Georgia
347:Kingdom of Georgia
13905:Former monarchies
13822:
13821:
13744:
13743:
13709:Polish–Lithuanian
12884:Gurjara-Pratihara
12328:
12327:
12315:
12314:
12311:
12310:
12063:
12062:
12059:
12058:
12040:Kaidu–Kublai war
12032:Berke–Hulagu war
12024:Toluid Civil War
11805:
11804:
11574:
11573:
11570:
11569:
11377:House of Borjigin
11296:
11295:
11292:
11291:
11107:
11106:
11075:
11074:
11071:
11070:
11041:
11040:
10948:Opium consumption
10781:
10780:
10617:Ethnic minorities
10591:Iranian languages
10516:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10129:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10008:Political parties
9946:Children's rights
9931:Foreign relations
9925:2009 presidential
9872:
9871:
9834:Iranian Kurdistan
9753:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9633:
9632:
9605:COVID-19 pandemic
9464:Revolution (1979)
9410:
9409:
9230:Empire (977–1186)
9187:dynasty (864–928)
9179:dynasty (821–873)
9171:dynasty (819–999)
9124:
9123:
9040:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
8818:978-3-447-10537-8
8766:The Mongol Empire
8703:978-0-19-987575-7
8650:, New York, 1996.
8626:978-1-78831-528-9
8575:978-90-04-51715-8
8553:978-0-521-24331-5
8519:iranicaonline.org
8366:978-0-300-05167-4
7959:Ehsan Yar-Shater
7950:, Volume 1, p.729
7902:Kalistriat Salia
7825:978-0-585-10021-0
7748:978-0-933273-93-1
7517:, pp. 78–79.
7501:978-1-118-44064-3
7428:
7427:
7424:
7423:
5535:
5534:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5481:
4351:Sorghaghtani Beki
4185:
4184:
4177:
4159:
3924:Abu Sa'id Bahadur
3867:
3866:
3759:
3758:
3712:
3711:
3675:
3674:
3616:
3615:
3558:Afrasiyab dynasty
3458:Khorshidi dynasty
3448:Pishkinid dynasty
3338:Ghaznavid dynasty
3158:Abbasid Caliphate
3148:Umayyad Caliphate
3114:
3113:
3110:550s–11th century
3006:Kingdom of Pontus
2950:Achaemenid Empire
2914:Anshanite Kingdom
2875:
2874:
2778:Oxus Civilization
2686:
2685:
2571:
2570:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
1932:, silk and gold,
1902:Jan Mohammad Khan
1876:The rudiments of
1357:, 1341, probably
1332:The Mongol ruler
1091:Abbasid Caliphate
913:Jami' al-tawarikh
733:, part of modern
630:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
542:Anatolian beyliks
408:
407:
403:Anatolian beyliks
305:Abbasid Caliphate
235:• 1316–1335
223:• 1256–1265
147:
139:
16:(Redirected from
13917:
13870:Muslim dynasties
13625:
13624:
13290:Austro-Hungarian
12990:Chagatai Khanate
12355:
12348:
12341:
12332:
12331:
12126:
12113:
12110:Töregene Khatun
12100:
12080:
12079:
12069:
12068:
12051:
12043:
12035:
12027:
12003:
11995:
11987:
11979:
11971:
11952:
11944:
11936:
11928:
11920:
11912:
11904:
11896:
11888:
11880:
11872:
11864:
11856:
11848:
11840:
11832:
11824:
11823:
11797:
11778:
11770:
11762:
11754:
11753:
11731:
11721:
11713:
11712:
11703:
11695:
11687:
11679:
11678:
11656:
11648:
11640:
11630:
11622:
11607:
11606:
11600:
11599:
11580:
11579:
11542:Shangdu (Xanadu)
11532:Sarai Batu/Berke
11437:Chagatai Khanate
11325:
11324:
11302:
11301:
11160:
11159:
11149:
11148:
11134:
11127:
11120:
11111:
11110:
11097:
11087:
11086:
10938:National symbols
10792:
10791:
10607:Iranian citizens
10544:
10543:
10535:
10534:
10522:
10521:
10504:Research centers
10193:Economic history
10148:
10147:
10135:
10134:
10069:Guardian Council
9891:
9890:
9878:
9877:
9759:
9758:
9736:Electric history
9731:Military history
9645:Ancient Persians
9553:
9552:shootdown (1988)
9535:
9522:
9519:Iranian Embassy
9489:
9478:
9476:Islamic Republic
9465:
9457:1953 coup d'état
9432:
9419:
9418:
9377:
9374:Khanates of the
9369:
9361:
9353:
9345:
9337:
9329:
9321:
9302:
9294:
9286:
9278:
9271:
9263:
9255:
9247:
9239:
9231:
9212:
9204:
9196:
9188:
9180:
9172:
9164:
9156:
9148:
9135:
9134:
9116:
9097:
9089:
9081:
9073:
9065:
9057:
9049:
9041:
9033:
9014:
9006:
8998:
8990:
8982:
8974:
8966:
8958:
8950:
8942:
8934:
8926:
8913:
8912:
8897:
8896:
8884:
8883:
8868:
8861:
8854:
8845:
8844:
8822:
8803:
8787:
8768:
8760:
8726:
8707:
8684:
8677:
8643:
8630:
8611:
8592:
8579:
8557:
8523:
8522:
8510:
8504:
8489:
8483:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8457:
8451:
8448:
8442:
8439:
8433:
8432:
8422:
8416:
8413:
8407:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8350:
8344:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8316:
8310:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8243:
8237:
8236:
8216:
8210:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8158:
8149:
8148:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8066:
8060:
8054:
8041:
8035:
8026:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7970:
7964:
7957:
7951:
7944:
7938:
7931:
7925:
7922:
7916:
7913:
7907:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7877:
7876:
7866:
7860:
7854:Thomas T. Allsen
7851:
7845:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7809:
7803:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7735:Yarshater, Ehsan
7726:
7720:
7719:
7700:
7694:
7693:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7623:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7479:
7414:
7413: 1406–1407
7412:
7262:
7261: 1388–1406
7260:
7110:
7109: 1384–1388
7108:
7096:
7095: 1353–1384
7094:
7080:
7079: 1336–1338
7078:
7032:
7031: 1343–1357
7030:
6930:
6929: 1335–1353
6928:
6914:
6913: 1335–1336
6912:
6893:
6892: 1336–1336
6891:
6877:
6876: 1339–1340
6875:
6861:
6860: 1338–1339
6859:
6845:
6844: 1316–1335
6843:
6829:
6828: 1339–1343
6827:
6680:
6679: 1304–1316
6678:
6664:
6663: 1295–1304
6662:
6520:
6519: 1295–1295
6518:
6504:
6503: 1291–1295
6502:
6488:
6487: 1284–1291
6486:
6333:
6332: 1282–1284
6331:
6317:
6316: 1265–1282
6315:
6141:
6140: 1259–1264
6139:
6101:
6100: 1256–1265
6099:
5924:
5923: 1227–1229
5922:
5765:
5764: 1206–1227
5763:
5583:
5582: 1161–1171
5581:
5537:
5536:
5527:
5526:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5505:
5494:
5493:
4192:
4191:
4180:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4117:
4085:
4077:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4041:
4040:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3800:Military history
3790:Economic history
3768:Related articles
3751:Islamic Republic
3727:
3726:
3690:
3689:
3631:
3630:
3588:Kar-Kiya dynasty
3508:Chobanid dynasty
3498:Ilkhanate Empire
3278:Sallarid dynasty
3248:Saffarid dynasty
3134:
3133:
2979:
2976:
2944:–11th century AD
2943:
2940:
2904:Scythian Kingdom
2890:
2889:
2820:
2807:
2784:
2771:
2748:
2731:
2701:
2700:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2601:
2591:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2496:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2285:Chagatai Khanate
2280:
2279:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2128:
2113:
2112:
2093:Kaidu–Kublai war
2088:Berke–Hulagu war
2083:Toluid Civil War
2067:Chagatai Khanate
2041:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1981:
1965:
1949:
1921:
1850:Persian language
1816:
1802:
1712:Middle Mongolian
1664:
1649:
1640:
1622:Mamluk Sultanate
1620:, primarily the
1455:Mamluk Sultanate
1407:Chagatai Khanate
1399:Sultanate of Rum
1270:Chagatai Khanate
1199:Greater Khorasan
981:Greater Khorasan
934:Bagratid Armenia
678:, inherited the
674:and grandson of
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
635:
625:
623:
578:
577:
564:
563:
550:
549:
536:
535:
522:
521:
508:
507:
494:
493:
480:
479:
466:
465:
452:
451:
438:
437:
424:
423:
412:
411:
399:
398:
385:
384:
371:
370:
357:
356:
343:
342:
333:Sultanate of Rum
329:
328:
315:
314:
301:
300:
287:
286:
280:
279:
264:
263:
145:
131:
56:
41:
40:
30:
29:
21:
13925:
13924:
13920:
13919:
13918:
13916:
13915:
13914:
13825:
13824:
13823:
13818:
13807:American Empire
13792:
13788:African empires
13740:
13623:
13315:Central African
13261:
13079:Romano-Germanic
12665:
12399:Middle Assyrian
12372:
12364:
12359:
12329:
12324:
12307:
12226:
12145:
12124:
12111:
12098:
12074:
12055:
12049:
12041:
12033:
12025:
12007:
12001:
11993:
11985:
11977:
11969:
11956:
11950:
11942:
11934:
11926:
11918:
11910:
11902:
11894:
11886:
11878:
11870:
11862:
11854:
11846:
11845:Volga Bulgaria
11838:
11830:
11821:
11819:
11801:
11795:
11782:
11776:
11768:
11760:
11751:
11749:
11735:
11729:
11719:
11710:
11708:
11701:
11700:Southern China
11693:
11685:
11684:Northern China
11676:
11674:
11660:
11654:
11646:
11638:
11628:
11620:
11594:
11593:
11566:
11465:
11442:House of Ögedei
11411:
11382:House of Ögedei
11350:Destructiveness
11319:
11318:
11288:
11225:
11211:
11154:
11143:
11138:
11108:
11103:
11067:
11037:
11016:Rap and hip-hop
10987:
10968:Public holidays
10953:Persian gardens
10942:Imperial Anthem
10933:National Jewels
10888:Iranian studies
10777:
10711:
10663:
10595:
10556:Persian (Farsi)
10529:
10508:
10477:
10439:
10432:
10367:Pharmaceuticals
10312:
10303:Venture capital
10278:Rial (currency)
10263:Nuclear program
10142:
10121:
10088:
10047:
9998:Nuclear program
9963:Judicial system
9885:
9868:
9839:Iranian plateau
9766:
9745:
9629:
9551:
9533:
9520:
9488:History (1979–)
9487:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9463:
9430:
9406:
9375:
9367:
9359:
9351:
9343:
9335:
9327:
9319:
9306:
9300:
9292:
9284:
9276:
9269:
9261:
9253:
9245:
9237:
9229:
9216:
9210:
9202:
9194:
9186:
9178:
9170:
9162:
9154:
9146:
9130:
9120:
9114:
9101:
9095:
9087:
9079:
9071:
9063:
9055:
9047:
9039:
9031:
9018:
9012:
9011:Neo-Babylonian
9004:
8996:
8989:(860 BC–590 BC)
8988:
8980:
8972:
8964:
8957:(c.2300–675 BC)
8956:
8948:
8940:
8932:
8924:
8904:
8891:
8878:
8872:
8829:
8819:
8784:
8757:
8723:
8704:
8690:Daryaee, Touraj
8678:
8666:
8646:C.E. Bosworth,
8627:
8608:
8576:
8554:
8531:
8526:
8511:
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8256:. p. 141.
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8193:Apollo Magazine
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7976:, vol.IV, p.138
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3833:Iran portal
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3418:Atabegs of Yazd
3318:Rawadid dynasty
3288:Ziyarid dynasty
3228:Tahirid dynasty
3126:
3124:Medieval period
3116:
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3100:6th century–785
3086:Sasanian Empire
3056:Kings of Persis
3026:Parthian Empire
2996:Seleucid Empire
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2885:Imperial period
2877:
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2209:
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2201:Khereid Khanate
2197:
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2189:Mongol khanates
2184:
2116:History of the
2111:
2106:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2025:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1940:, 14th century.
1922:
1894:
1809:Delhi Sultanate
1803:), sailing the
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1606:Seventh Crusade
1598:
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1466:Twelver Shi'ism
1336:, studying the
1326:
1242:
1055:
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762:Sasanian Empire
655:
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575:
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375:Ayyubid dynasty
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12470:Middle Kingdom
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12426:Neo-Babylonian
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12123:Oghul Qaimish
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11387:Mongol Armenia
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10154:
10152:
10144:
10143:
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10127:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10120:
10119:
10117:Supreme Leader
10114:
10109:
10104:
10098:
10096:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10086:
10081:
10079:Local councils
10076:
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10053:
10049:
10048:
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10040:
10035:
10025:
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10015:
10010:
10005:
9995:
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9979:
9974:
9965:
9960:
9959:
9958:
9956:Women's rights
9953:
9948:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9918:
9913:
9903:
9897:
9895:
9887:
9886:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9867:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9810:
9809:
9807:Climate change
9799:
9794:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9777:
9771:
9768:
9767:
9755:
9754:
9751:
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9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9691:Jiroft culture
9688:
9687:
9686:
9679:Iranic peoples
9676:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9672:
9667:
9655:Persianization
9652:
9647:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9634:
9631:
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9628:
9627:
9622:
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9612:
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9602:
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9555:
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9542:
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9529:
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9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9483:
9481:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9467:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9425:
9423:
9416:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9371:
9363:
9355:
9347:
9339:
9331:
9323:
9314:
9312:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9296:
9288:
9280:
9273:
9265:
9262:(1135/36-1225)
9257:
9249:
9241:
9233:
9224:
9222:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9214:
9206:
9198:
9190:
9182:
9174:
9166:
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9139:
9132:
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9121:
9119:
9118:
9109:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9099:
9091:
9083:
9075:
9072:(c.295–220 BC)
9067:
9059:
9051:
9043:
9035:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9008:
9000:
8992:
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8944:
8936:
8931:Proto-Elamite
8928:
8919:
8917:
8910:
8906:
8905:
8893:
8892:
8880:
8879:
8871:
8870:
8863:
8856:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8828:
8827:External links
8825:
8824:
8823:
8817:
8804:
8795:
8788:
8782:
8769:
8761:
8755:
8742:
8727:
8721:
8708:
8702:
8685:
8664:
8651:
8644:
8636:Ars Orientalis
8631:
8625:
8612:
8606:
8593:
8580:
8574:
8558:
8552:
8540:Herbert Franke
8536:Allsen, Thomas
8530:
8527:
8525:
8524:
8505:
8491:Cigdem Solas,
8484:
8475:
8452:
8443:
8434:
8417:
8408:
8406:, p. 231.
8396:
8384:
8382:, p. 412.
8372:
8365:
8345:
8332:
8330:, p. 236.
8320:
8311:
8309:, p. 235.
8299:
8292:
8280:(2015-06-26).
8269:
8263:978-0812205312
8262:
8238:
8232:978-9004122925
8231:
8211:
8198:
8180:
8174:978-9004122925
8173:
8150:
8143:
8123:
8116:
8104:(2015-06-26).
8093:
8081:
8061:
8059:, p. 234.
8042:
8040:, p. 226.
8027:
8014:
8012:, p. 161.
8010:Vernadsky 1953
8002:
8000:, p. 480.
7990:
7988:, p. 225.
7978:
7972:H. H. Howorth
7965:
7952:
7939:
7926:
7917:
7908:
7895:
7878:
7861:
7846:
7831:
7824:
7804:
7798:Peter Jackson
7791:
7772:
7757:
7747:
7721:
7709:Connecting to
7695:
7688:
7662:
7627:Rein Taagepera
7618:
7580:
7578:, p. 149.
7568:
7556:
7554:, pp. 78.
7544:
7537:
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7507:
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6380:
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6360:
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6320:
6318:
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6300:
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6225:
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6128:
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6112:
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5809:
5807:
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5799:
5796:
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5791:
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5784:
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5770:
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5752:
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5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5564:
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5558:
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5554:
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5550:
5548:
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5540:
5533:
5532:
5502:
5501:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5345:
5343:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5300:
5298:
5283:
5281:
5256:
5254:
5247:(c. 1300–1345)
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
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5125:
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5118:
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5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4934:
4932:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
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4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4520:
4518:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4348:
4346:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4236:
4234:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4089:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4009:
4008:House of Hasar
4006:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3785:Heads of state
3782:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3578:Timurid Empire
3574:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:Nasrid dynasty
3364:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3262:pre-879 – 1215
3260:
3258:Ghurid dynasty
3254:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:Samanid Empire
3234:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:Alid dynasties
3214:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2814:Avestan period
2810:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2725:Jiroft culture
2721:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2699:
2696:Ancient period
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:5th millennium
2677:
2671:
2670:
2669:6th millennium
2664:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2502:Bogd Khaganate
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2466:Kalmyk Khanate
2463:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2441:Arghun dynasty
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2405:Timurid Empire
2402:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2309:Turpan Khanate
2306:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2237:Naiman Khanate
2234:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2213:Merkit Khanate
2210:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1923:
1916:
1893:
1890:
1886:Ottoman Empire
1790:
1787:
1762:Mongols ruled
1678:Sa'ad al-Dawla
1674:Juvayni family
1654:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1602:Western Europe
1600:The courts of
1594:Main article:
1591:
1588:
1512:
1509:
1325:
1322:
1241:
1238:
1054:
1051:
1027:relay stations
840:
837:
829:
826:
781:
778:
770:Safavid Empire
690:died in 1259.
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
572:
566:
565:
558:
552:
551:
544:
538:
537:
530:
524:
523:
516:
510:
509:
502:
496:
495:
488:
482:
481:
474:
468:
467:
460:
454:
453:
446:
440:
439:
432:
426:
425:
418:
409:
406:
405:
400:
392:
391:
386:
378:
377:
372:
364:
363:
358:
350:
349:
344:
336:
335:
330:
322:
321:
316:
308:
307:
302:
294:
293:
288:
276:
275:
270:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
247:
246:
243:
242:
237:
234:
231:
230:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
193:
192:
187:
180:
176:
175:
173:
172:
167:
161:
156:
152:
151:
149:
148:
127:
125:
121:
120:
118:
117:
111:
105:
98:
96:
92:
91:
89:
88:
81:
70:
68:
64:
63:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13922:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13895:Mongol states
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13832:
13830:
13813:
13812:Soviet empire
13810:
13808:
13805:
13804:
13802:
13801:
13799:
13797:Miscellaneous
13795:
13789:
13786:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13766:
13762:
13759:
13758:
13757:
13754:
13753:
13751:
13747:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13715:
13712:
13711:
13710:
13707:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13649:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13634:
13632:
13630:
13626:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13594:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13581:
13578:
13577:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13550:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13528:
13527:
13524:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13496:
13495:
13492:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13479:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13436:
13433:
13432:
13431:
13428:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13396:German Empire
13394:
13393:
13392:
13389:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13376:
13375:
13372:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13359:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13322:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13300:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13272:
13270:
13268:
13264:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13207:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13165:
13164:
13161:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13138:
13137:
13136:Turco-Persian
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13081:
13080:
13077:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13044:
13043:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13004:
13003:
13000:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12977:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12925:
12924:
12921:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12898:
12897:
12894:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12876:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12834:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12792:
12791:
12788:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12774:
12771:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12748:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12735:
12732:
12731:
12730:
12727:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12676:
12674:
12672:
12668:
12660:
12657:
12656:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12634:
12633:
12630:
12626:
12623:
12622:
12621:
12618:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12585:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12548:
12547:
12544:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12531:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12494:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12462:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12431:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12413:
12412:
12409:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12396:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12371:
12367:
12363:
12356:
12351:
12349:
12344:
12342:
12337:
12336:
12333:
12323:
12318:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12229:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12192:Chagatai Khan
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12154:
12152:
12148:
12141:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12081:
12077:
12070:
12066:
12052:
12046:
12044:
12038:
12036:
12030:
12028:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12014:
12010:
12004:
11998:
11996:
11990:
11988:
11982:
11980:
11974:
11972:
11966:
11965:
11963:
11959:
11953:
11947:
11945:
11939:
11937:
11931:
11929:
11923:
11921:
11915:
11913:
11907:
11905:
11901:Latin Empire
11899:
11897:
11891:
11889:
11883:
11881:
11875:
11873:
11867:
11865:
11859:
11857:
11851:
11849:
11843:
11841:
11835:
11833:
11827:
11825:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11812:
11808:
11798:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11785:
11779:
11773:
11771:
11765:
11763:
11757:
11755:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11738:
11732:
11726:
11725:
11722:
11716:
11714:
11706:
11704:
11698:
11696:
11690:
11688:
11682:
11680:
11672:
11671:
11669:
11667:
11663:
11657:
11651:
11649:
11643:
11641:
11635:
11631:
11625:
11624:
11623:
11617:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11608:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11589:
11586:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11462:
11459:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11450:
11447:
11443:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11435:
11431:
11430:Northern Yuan
11428:
11427:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11414:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11374:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11355:Imperial Seal
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11314:
11311:
11308:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11249:
11248:Pax Mongolica
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11229:
11227:
11221:
11218:
11217:
11214:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11141:Mongol Empire
11135:
11130:
11128:
11123:
11121:
11116:
11115:
11112:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11090:
11082:
11081:
11078:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11044:
11034:
11033:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10994:
10990:
10983:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10943:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10923:
10920:
10917:
10913:
10912:news agencies
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10898:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10868:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10819:
10815:
10812:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10800:
10797:
10796:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10784:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10714:
10708:
10705:
10702:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10687:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10674:
10672:
10670:
10666:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10619:
10618:
10615:
10612:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10598:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10553:
10551:
10549:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10523:
10519:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10484:
10480:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10435:
10429:
10426:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10404:
10401:
10398:
10394:
10391:
10388:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10368:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10337:
10334:
10331:
10327:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10315:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10273:Privatization
10271:
10268:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10173:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10136:
10132:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10097:
10095:
10091:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10050:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10033:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10003:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9926:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9911:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9898:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9879:
9875:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9772:
9769:
9765:
9760:
9756:
9742:
9741:Years in Iran
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9685:
9682:
9681:
9680:
9677:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9665:Turco-Persian
9663:
9662:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9636:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9534:War (1980–88)
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9466:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9372:
9370:
9364:
9362:
9356:
9354:
9348:
9346:
9340:
9338:
9332:
9330:
9326:Qara Qoyunlu
9324:
9322:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9297:
9295:
9289:
9287:
9281:
9279:
9274:
9272:
9266:
9264:
9258:
9256:
9250:
9248:
9242:
9240:
9234:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9207:
9205:
9199:
9197:
9191:
9189:
9183:
9181:
9175:
9173:
9167:
9165:
9159:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9127:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9104:
9098:
9092:
9090:
9084:
9082:
9076:
9074:
9068:
9066:
9060:
9058:
9052:
9050:
9044:
9042:
9036:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9023:550 BC–AD 224
9021:
9015:
9009:
9007:
9001:
8999:
8993:
8991:
8985:
8983:
8979:Neo-Assyrian
8977:
8975:
8969:
8967:
8961:
8959:
8953:
8951:
8945:
8943:
8937:
8935:
8929:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8885:
8881:
8876:
8869:
8864:
8862:
8857:
8855:
8850:
8849:
8846:
8840:
8837:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8820:
8814:
8810:
8805:
8801:
8796:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8783:9780857723598
8779:
8775:
8770:
8767:
8762:
8758:
8756:9789004243408
8752:
8748:
8743:
8740:
8739:9780748635825
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8722:9780295802886
8718:
8714:
8709:
8705:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8686:
8682:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8665:9780300227284
8661:
8657:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8632:
8628:
8622:
8618:
8613:
8609:
8607:0-8160-4671-9
8603:
8599:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8532:
8520:
8516:
8509:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8488:
8479:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8456:
8447:
8438:
8430:
8429:
8421:
8412:
8405:
8400:
8394:, p. 34.
8393:
8392:Arjomand 2022
8388:
8381:
8376:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8349:
8342:
8336:
8329:
8324:
8315:
8308:
8303:
8295:
8293:9781317415671
8289:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8273:
8265:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8250:
8242:
8234:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8215:
8208:
8202:
8194:
8190:
8184:
8176:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8157:
8155:
8146:
8144:9781610693400
8140:
8136:
8135:
8127:
8119:
8117:9781317415671
8113:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8074:
8073:
8065:
8058:
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8024:
8018:
8011:
8006:
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7994:
7987:
7982:
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7962:
7956:
7949:
7943:
7936:
7930:
7921:
7912:
7905:
7899:
7891:
7890:
7882:
7874:
7873:
7865:
7858:
7855:
7850:
7843:
7842:
7835:
7827:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7808:
7801:
7795:
7787:
7783:
7776:
7768:
7761:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7725:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7699:
7691:
7689:9781118455074
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7666:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7584:
7577:
7572:
7566:, p. 97.
7565:
7560:
7553:
7548:
7540:
7538:9783110556216
7534:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7511:
7503:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7486:. p. 1.
7485:
7478:
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7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
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7443:
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7103:
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7088:
7073:
7072:
7025:
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6853:
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6803:
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6656:
6644:
6641:
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6264:
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6133:
6094:
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6011:
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5977:
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5916:
5911:
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5871:
5797:
5795:
5788:
5758:
5757:
5718:
5715:
5691:
5690:
5679:
5655:
5616:
5614:
5576:
5538:
5531:
5530:
5521:
5520:Mongol Empire
5517:
5516:Khamag Mongol
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5479:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5420:
5418:
5370:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5334:Suleiman Khan
5318:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5235:
5232:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5162:
5154:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5064:
5061:
5053:
5051:
5050:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4874:
4871:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4780:
4772:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4694:
4691:
4683:
4681:
4673:
4671:
4659:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4625:
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4599:
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4583:
4576:
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4566:
4562:
4557:
4529:
4524:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4479:
4476:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4428:
4412:
4410:
4390:
4388:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4301:
4299:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4179:
4176:
4168:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126: –
4125:
4121:
4120:Find sources:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4090:This section
4088:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:(1338–1339) (
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:(1336–1338) (
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3912:Mahmud Ghazan
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3888:Ahmad Tegüder
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
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3811:
3808:
3806:
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3723:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3685:Modern period
3681:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:Afsharid Iran
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:Hotak dynasty
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
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3535:
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3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
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3485:
3481:
3479:
3476:
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3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:Seljuk Empire
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:Buyid dynasty
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:Sajid dynasty
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
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3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:132 BC–224 AD
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:141 BC–222 AD
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:147 BC–224 AD
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3030:247 BC–224 AD
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:320s BC–17 AD
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2978: 323 BC
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:331 BC–428 AD
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:550 BC–330 BC
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:626 BC–539 BC
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:635 BC–550 BC
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:Median Empire
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:Proto-Elamite
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2678:
2676:
2675:Dalma culture
2673:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:20,000–10,000
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2630:36,000–18,000
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2527:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2503:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2479:
2476:
2467:
2464:
2454:
2453:Mughal Empire
2451:
2442:
2439:
2430:
2427:
2418:
2415:
2406:
2403:
2394:
2391:
2382:
2379:
2370:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2346:
2343:
2334:
2331:
2322:
2319:
2310:
2307:
2298:
2295:
2286:
2283:
2274:
2271:
2262:
2261:Mongol Empire
2259:
2250:
2247:
2238:
2235:
2226:
2225:Tatar Khanate
2223:
2214:
2211:
2202:
2199:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:Proto-Mongols
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1819:Catalan Atlas
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1663:
1658:
1657:Catalan Atlas
1648:
1639:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:Silver dirham
1180:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Ayyubid Syria
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Transcaucasia
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:To the west,
915:
914:
909:
908:Rashid al-Din
904:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
835:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
684:Central Asian
681:
677:
673:
670:, the son of
669:
665:
661:
641:
640:
634:
628:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:Mongol Empire
603:
600:was a Mongol
599:
595:
573:
571:
568:
567:
559:
557:
554:
553:
545:
543:
540:
539:
531:
529:
526:
525:
517:
515:
512:
511:
503:
501:
498:
497:
489:
487:
484:
483:
475:
473:
470:
469:
461:
459:
456:
455:
447:
445:
442:
441:
433:
431:
428:
427:
419:
417:
414:
413:
410:
404:
401:
394:
393:
390:
387:
380:
379:
376:
373:
366:
365:
362:
359:
352:
351:
348:
345:
338:
337:
334:
331:
324:
323:
320:
317:
310:
309:
306:
303:
296:
295:
292:
291:Mongol Empire
289:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
241:
238:
232:
229:
226:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
177:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
160:
157:
153:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:lingua franca
130:
126:
122:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
97:
93:
86:
82:
79:
78:Mongol Empire
75:
72:
71:
69:
65:
61:
55:
50:
45:
31:
19:
13563:Contemporary
13413:Indo-Persian
13401:Nazi Germany
13345:Contemporary
13247:Vijayanagara
13146:Great Seljuk
13057:Thessalonica
12994:
12985:Golden Horde
12625:Carthaginian
12404:Neo-Assyrian
12389:Neo-Sumerian
12092:Genghis Khan
11861:Kievan Rus'
11839:(1237–1300s)
11831:(1237–1300s)
11675:Western Xia
11637:Qara Khitai
11470:Major cities
11460:
11449:Golden Horde
11425:Yuan dynasty
11312:Organization
11246:
11197:Khong Tayiji
11046:Other topics
11030:
10958:Persian name
10897:Islamization
10839:
10799:Architecture
10752:universities
10697:Zoroastrians
10692:Christianity
10682:Baháʼí Faith
10632:Azerbaijanis
10539:Demographics
10353:Construction
10341:Central Bank
10283:Space Agency
10178:Child labour
10013:Principlists
9993:Cyberwarfare
9941:Human rights
9906:Constitution
9701:Azerbaijanis
9670:Indo-Persian
9650:Greater Iran
9521:siege (1980)
9480:1979–present
9275:
9131:early modern
9129:Medieval and
8923:Kura-Araxes
8808:
8799:
8791:
8773:
8765:
8746:
8730:
8712:
8693:
8655:
8647:
8639:
8635:
8616:
8597:
8588:
8565:
8543:
8518:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8487:
8478:
8469:
8465:
8455:
8446:
8437:
8427:
8420:
8411:
8399:
8387:
8380:Jackson 2017
8375:
8355:
8348:
8340:
8335:
8323:
8314:
8302:
8282:
8278:David Morgan
8272:
8248:
8241:
8221:
8214:
8206:
8201:
8192:
8183:
8163:
8133:
8126:
8106:
8102:David Morgan
8096:
8089:
8084:
8071:
8064:
8017:
8005:
7993:
7981:
7973:
7968:
7960:
7955:
7947:
7942:
7934:
7929:
7920:
7911:
7903:
7898:
7888:
7881:
7871:
7864:
7856:
7849:
7839:
7838:Timothy May
7834:
7814:
7807:
7799:
7794:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7766:
7760:
7752:
7738:
7724:
7714:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7698:
7671:
7665:
7640:
7634:
7621:
7611:13 September
7609:. Retrieved
7597:
7593:
7583:
7571:
7559:
7552:Fragner 2006
7547:
7528:
7522:
7515:Fragner 2006
7510:
7483:
7477:
7405:
7253:
7101:
7085:
7069:
7021:
6921:Taghay-Timur
6919:
6903:
6882:
6866:
6850:
6834:
6818:
6669:
6653:
6509:
6493:
6477:
6344:Möngke-Temür
6322:
6306:
6130:
6090:
5913:
5787:Jochi-Ghasar
5754:
5509:
5465:
5458:
5356:
5349:
5332:
5311:
5304:
5287:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5241:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5081:
5077:
5070:
4945:
4938:
4922:
4915:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4564:
4560:
4527:
4523:Doquz Khatun
4508:
4504:
4497:
4359:
4355:
4342:
4338:
4247:
4243:
4230:
4226:
4171:
4165:January 2021
4162:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4119:
4103:Please help
4091:
4012:
4011:
3929:
3795:LGBT history
3755:1979–present
3704:Pahlavi Iran
3667:Zand dynasty
3635:Safavid Iran
3598:Qara Qoyunlu
3497:
3488:Kurt dynasty
3328:Hasanwayhids
3128:
3106:Qarinvandids
3010:281 BC–62 BC
3000:312 BC–63 BC
2613:
2531:1992-present
2344:
2333:Golden Horde
2273:Yuan dynasty
2062:Golden Horde
2056:
2052:Yuan dynasty
1895:
1875:
1867:
1831:Yuan Dynasty
1824:
1805:Indian Ocean
1780:
1772:Kart dynasty
1722:, northwest
1717:
1689:
1686:
1670:
1599:
1553:
1489:
1485:Hanafi Sunni
1478:
1459:
1447:
1428:
1424:Yuan dynasty
1415:Golden Horde
1387:
1375:Yuan dynasty
1364:
1355:frontispiece
1348:
1314:
1294:
1251:
1235:
1196:
1161:declared war
1158:Golden Horde
1147:
1085:
1080:horse archer
1066:Doquz Khatun
1020:
989:Mughan plain
978:
968:, while the
956:. After the
919:
911:
873:
849:Genghis Khan
842:
808:here means "
805:
783:
774:Yuan dynasty
765:
759:
727:Turkmenistan
692:
676:Genghis Khan
663:
660:Land of Iran
659:
638:
637:
613:
609:
597:
593:
591:
273:Succeeded by
272:
267:
158:
133:
83:Independent
34:Land of Iran
13900:Hulagu Khan
13151:Khwarezmian
13084:Carolingian
12889:Rashtrakuta
12593:Shaishunaga
12492:Hellenistic
12475:New Kingdom
12465:Old Kingdom
12167:Sartaq Khan
12136:Kublai Khan
12131:Möngke Khan
12105:Ögedei Khan
12084:Great Khans
12050:(1314–1318)
12042:(1268–1301)
11994:(1260–1323)
11978:(1253–1256)
11961:Middle East
11855:(1238–1239)
11796:(1221–1327)
11655:(1219–1256)
11647:(1219–1221)
11629:(1264–1308)
11621:(1207-1308)
11487:Azov (Azaq)
11153:Terminology
11063:Tehrangeles
11026:Traditional
10763:Nationality
10701:persecution
10686:persecution
10637:Circassians
10586:Neo-Aramaic
10566:Azerbaijani
10438:State-owned
10363:Health care
10326:Agriculture
10163:Brain drain
10102:Ambassadors
9797:Earthquakes
9334:Aq Qoyunlu
9283:Muzaffarid
9260:Eldiguzids
9252:Anushtegin
9078:Kingdom of
9054:Kingdom of
9046:Kingdom of
9038:Atropatene
9030:Achaemenid
8971:Kingdom of
8916:3400–539 BC
8404:Atwood 2004
8328:Atwood 2004
8307:Atwood 2004
8057:Atwood 2004
8038:Atwood 2004
7998:Atwood 2004
7986:Atwood 2004
7576:Vásáry 2016
7564:Badiee 1984
6868:Jahan-Timur
6350:Malik-Timur
5289:Jahan Temür
5243:Sati Khatun
4777:Malik Temür
4765:Mengu Timur
4499:Hulagu Khan
4124:"Ilkhanate"
4019:Togha Temür
3989:Jahan Temür
3942:(1335–1336)
3926:(1316–1335)
3920:(1304–1316)
3914:(1295–1304)
3902:(1291–1295)
3896:(1284–1291)
3890:(1282–1284)
3884:(1265–1282)
3878:(1256–1265)
3876:Hulagu Khan
3478:Mihrabanids
3438:Hazaraspids
3198:Baduspanids
3076:Paratarajas
3070:19 AD–224/5
2588:History of
2297:Moghulistan
1952:Ilkhanate,
1924:Ilkhanate,
1572:Black Death
1532:Muzaffarids
1411:Moghulistan
1310:Kublai Khan
1173:Terek River
1087:Hulegu Khan
1062:Hulagu Khan
1053:Hulegu Khan
1041:(Fushanj),
1019:prohibited
1017:Möngke Khan
1007:. In 1244,
950:Afghanistan
869:Transoxiana
790:Kublai Khan
751:Black Death
723:Afghanistan
688:Möngke Khan
639:Hülegü Ulus
500:Mihrabanids
444:Muzaffarids
268:Preceded by
228:Hulagu Khan
159:Unofficial:
116:(1306–1335)
110:(1265–1306)
104:(1256–1265)
87:(1260–1335)
80:(1256–1259)
13829:Categories
13721:Portuguese
13602:Revival Le
13592:Vietnamese
13235:Later Tran
13205:Vietnamese
13101:Singhasari
13089:Holy Roman
12713:Bulgarian
12649:Satavahana
12620:Phoenician
12556:Achaemenid
12517:Indo-Greek
12497:Macedonian
12411:Babylonian
12303:Nogai Khan
12187:Özbeg Khan
12118:Güyük Khan
12012:Civil wars
12000:Palestine
11909:Lithuania
11829:Circassia
11562:Xacitarxan
11547:Soltaniyeh
11284:Darughachi
10963:Philosophy
10922:newspapers
10903:Literature
10808:architects
10803:Achaemenid
10723:Corruption
10183:Corruption
10023:Reformists
10018:Propaganda
9916:Corruption
9901:Censorship
9844:Lake Urmia
9532:Iran–Iraq
9228:Ghaznavid
9106:AD 224–651
9070:Frataraka
8902:Prehistory
8529:References
7643:(3): 496.
7600:(2): 223.
7406:Sultan-Ali
7023:Anushirwan
6898:Yul-Qutluq
6648:Yusuf-Shah
5529:Il-Khanate
5351:Arpa Ke'un
5325:Yul Qotloq
4733:Abaqa Khan
4239:Börte Ujin
4135:newspapers
3995:Anushirwan
3985:1341–1343)
3940:Arpa Ke'ün
3882:Abaqa Khan
3694:Qajar Iran
3608:Aq Qoyunlu
3592:1370s–1592
3428:Salghurids
3408:Eldiguzids
3378:Shabankara
3352:990/1–1117
3096:Zarmihrids
3016:Fratarakas
2970:Atropatene
2908:652–625 BC
2898:678–550 BC
2483:1640s-1717
2455:(in India)
2429:Four Oirat
2314:1487-1660?
2290:1225-1340s
1817:), in the
1776:Diyarbakir
1746:sultan of
1728:Azerbaijan
1704:Abaqa Khan
1700:Gold dinar
1628:Government
1580:Arpa Ke'un
1524:Jalayirids
1474:al-Bahrani
1207:Azerbaijan
1203:Mazandaran
1013:Arghun Aqa
1009:Güyük Khan
889:Azerbaijan
832:See also:
796:the title
780:Definition
766:Irān-zamin
739:Tajikistan
699:Azerbaijan
680:West Asian
662:or simply
598:Il-khanate
416:Jalayirids
389:Salghurids
198:Government
114:Soltaniyeh
39:ایرانزمین
18:Il-khanate
13835:Ilkhanate
13714:Couronian
13352:Ethiopian
13340:Manchukuo
13295:Brazilian
13141:Ghaznavid
13111:Srivijaya
13062:Trebizond
13047:Byzantine
13029:North Sea
13024:Norwegian
13012:Almoravid
12995:Ilkhanate
12965:Majapahit
12938:Muromachi
12847:Solomonic
12832:Ethiopian
12746:Caliphate
12679:Aragonese
12507:Ptolemaic
12172:Orda Khan
12162:Batu Khan
12026:(1260–64)
11970:(1241–43)
11968:Anatolia
11943:(1287–88)
11935:(1285–86)
11927:(1264–65)
11919:(1259–60)
11911:(1258–59)
11887:(1241–42)
11879:(1241–42)
11871:(1240–41)
11847:(1229–36)
11837:Chechnya
11777:(1300–02)
11741:Southeast
11720:(1253–56)
11702:(1235–79)
11694:(1231–60)
11686:(1211–34)
11639:(1216–18)
11627:Sakhalin
11587:Campaigns
11537:Saray-Jük
11527:Samarkand
11502:Karakorum
11461:Ilkhanate
11219:Political
10928:Mythology
10834:Calendars
10824:Astronomy
10733:Education
10642:Georgians
10627:Assyrians
10622:Armenians
10548:Languages
10440:companies
10403:Transport
10383:Petroleum
10168:Companies
10107:President
10094:Officials
10028:Terrorism
9977:Air Force
9921:Elections
9859:Provinces
9854:Mountains
9764:Geography
9684:languages
9422:1925–1979
9350:Afsharid
9311:1370–1925
9299:Chobanid
9193:Saffarid
9145:Rashidun
9113:Sasanian
9094:Kings of
9086:Parthian
9062:Seleucid
9003:Scythian
8963:Kassites
8947:Akkadian
8568:. Brill.
7841:Chormaqan
7606:1076-156X
7457:Sarbadars
7087:Amir Wali
6836:Abu Sa'id
6685:Ala-Frang
6132:Ariq-Böke
5497:House of
5474:1336–1338
5365:1335–1336
5342:1339–1343
5320:1336–1336
5297:1339–1340
5280:1316–1335
5262:Abu Sa'id
5253:1338–1339
5137:Yusufshah
5122:Alafireng
5117:1304–1316
5090:1295–1304
4931:1291–1295
4904:1284–1291
4751:1265–1282
4722:1282–1284
4556:Ariq Böke
4517:1256–1265
4092:does not
4001:Ghazan II
3983:Sarbadars
3963:Jalayirid
3708:1925–1979
3698:1789–1925
3671:1751–1794
3661:1736–1796
3651:1722–1729
3639:1501–1736
3612:1468–1508
3602:1406–1468
3582:1370–1507
3572:1359–1596
3568:Mar'ashis
3562:1349–1504
3552:1335–1357
3542:1337–1376
3538:Sarbadars
3532:1337–1376
3522:1335–1393
3512:1335–1357
3502:1256–1335
3492:1244–1396
3482:1236–1537
3472:1223-1306
3462:1184-1597
3452:1155–1231
3442:1155–1424
3432:1148–1282
3422:1141–1319
3412:1135–1225
3402:1077–1231
3392:1037–1194
3382:1030–1355
3372:1029–1236
3362:1008–1141
3208:Justanids
3178:Bavandids
3046:Characene
2808:1500–1155
2795:2400–2150
2785:2400–1700
2772:2550-2020
2732:3100–2200
2719:3200–2700
2709:3400–2000
2656:6000–5000
2519:1924–1992
2507:1911-1924
2495:1634-1758
2471:1630-1731
2459:1526–1857
2446:1479-1599
2434:1399-1634
2422:1383-1513
2410:1370–1507
2398:1368-1691
2386:1335-1357
2374:1335-1432
2362:1335-1357
2357:Chobanids
2350:1256-1335
2345:Ilkhanate
2338:1240-1502
2326:1514-1705
2302:1346-1462
2278:1271-1368
2266:1206-1368
2057:Ilkhanate
1827:West Asia
1770:'s local
1760:Qara'unas
1576:Ariq Böke
1540:Sarbadars
1528:Chobanids
1520:West Asia
1492:Kutlushah
1391:Crusaders
1301:Qara'unas
1215:Seljukids
1131:Palestine
1031:West Asia
964:occupied
944:Iraq and
881:Chormaqan
855:in 1219.
802:Ariq Böke
627:romanized
614:Ilkhanids
594:Ilkhanate
472:Sarbadars
430:Chobanids
255:1310 est.
240:Abu Sa'id
179:Religion
47:1256–1335
13880:Khanates
13694:Japanese
13657:Scottish
13637:American
13629:Colonial
13558:Imperial
13526:Moroccan
13462:Japanese
13440:Afsharid
13299:Burmese
13285:Austrian
13240:Later Le
13215:Early Le
13200:Venetian
13126:Tiwanaku
13039:Hellenic
13002:Moroccan
12933:Kamakura
12923:Japanese
12906:Saffarid
12859:Georgian
12773:Chalukya
12751:Rashidun
12741:Calakmul
12709:Bruneian
12588:Haryanka
12566:Sasanian
12561:Parthian
12512:Bactrian
12502:Seleucid
12482:Goguryeo
12460:Egyptian
12394:Assyrian
12384:Akkadian
12375:Colonies
12298:Boroldai
12278:Khubilai
12258:Bo'orchu
12231:Military
12125:(regent)
12112:(regent)
12099:(regent)
11984:Baghdad
11933:Hungary
11877:Hungary
11820:Georgia
11767:Vietnam
11619:Siberia
11517:Maragheh
11417:Khanates
11365:Religion
11360:Military
11309:Politics
11259:Kurultai
11222:Military
11089:Category
10982:football
10973:Scouting
10883:Iranians
10873:Folklore
10669:Religion
10581:Georgian
10561:Armenian
10422:shipping
10417:railways
10407:airlines
10373:Industry
10238:Taxation
10052:Councils
9968:Military
9883:Politics
9864:Wildlife
9829:Caucasus
9711:Persians
9638:See also
9462:Iranian
9429:Pahlavi
9342:Safavid
9318:Timurid
9221:977–1432
9201:Ziyarid
9177:Tahirid
9169:Samanid
9161:Abbasid
9153:Umayyad
9138:632–1090
8955:Lullubi
8939:Elamite
8564:(2022).
7715:Shāhnāma
7431:See also
7071:Muhammad
6852:Sati-Beg
6820:Sulayman
6525:Ambarchi
5499:Borjigin
5460:Muhammad
4917:Gaykhatu
3979:Sulayman
3973:Chobanid
3969:Sati Beg
3959:Muhammad
3900:Gaykhatu
3822:Timeline
3780:Monarchs
3358:Kakuyids
3348:Annazids
3342:977–1186
3332:959–1095
3322:955–1070
3312:934–1062
3298:Ilyasids
3292:930–1090
3282:919–1062
3252:861–1003
3202:665–1598
3182:651–1349
3168:Dabuyids
3162:750–1258
2821:1500–500
2801:Kassites
2759:2700–539
2749:3100-675
2615:BCE / BC
2579:a series
2577:Part of
2526:Mongolia
2417:Kara Del
2230:IX – XII
2161:Language
2151:Nobility
2136:Timeline
1984:Seal of
1882:merdiban
1783:Abkhazia
1764:Khorasan
1756:Luristan
1736:Caucasus
1610:'Franks'
1584:Jani Beg
1567:Taichiud
1419:Caucasus
1413:and the
1401:and the
1371:Buddhist
1367:Gaykhatu
1223:Anatolia
1219:Artuqids
1127:kuriltai
1107:Maragheh
995:and the
972:and the
966:Anatolia
822:Borjigin
735:Dagestan
731:Pakistan
633:Īlkhānān
622:ایلخانان
610:Il-Khans
570:Sutayids
514:Eretnids
202:Monarchy
185:Buddhism
102:Maragheh
13761:largest
13756:Empires
13736:Swedish
13731:Spanish
13726:Russian
13689:Italian
13664:Chinese
13652:English
13647:British
13642:Belgian
13617:Vietnam
13607:Tay son
13553:Tsarist
13548:Russian
13543:Ottoman
13509:Dzungar
13504:Khoshut
13477:Mexican
13472:Maratha
13455:Pahlavi
13435:Safavid
13430:Iranian
13357:Haitian
13320:Chinese
13280:Ashanti
13252:Wagadou
13178:Eastern
13173:Western
13156:Timurid
13116:Tibetan
13106:Songhai
13096:Serbian
13017:Almohad
13007:Idrisid
12911:Samanid
12901:Tahirid
12896:Iranian
12874:Kannauj
12854:Genoese
12790:Chinese
12783:Eastern
12778:Western
12766:Fatimid
12761:Abbasid
12756:Umayyad
12729:Burmese
12689:Ayyubid
12684:Angevin
12654:Xianbei
12642:Eastern
12637:Western
12583:Magadha
12546:Iranian
12539:Xiongnu
12524:Hittite
12433:Chinese
12421:Kassite
12370:Ancient
12362:Empires
12268:Boroqul
12263:Guo Kan
12253:Negudar
12238:Subutai
12138: (
11976:Alamut
11949:Serbia
11941:Poland
11925:Thrace
11917:Poland
11853:Alania
11718:Yunnan
11653:Persia
11611:Central
11590:Battles
11497:Bolghar
11492:Bukhara
11477:Almalik
11279:Kheshig
11207:Tarkhan
11032:Ey Iran
10980: (
10940: (
10916:student
10914: (
10910: (
10895: (
10863:Cuisine
10848:Fashion
10836: (
10816: (
10801: (
10787:Culture
10735: (
10699: (
10684: (
10657:Turkmen
10609: (
10600:Peoples
10571:Kurdish
10527:Society
10428:Tourism
10405: (
10395: (
10385: (
10365: (
10358:Defense
10328: (
10318:Sectors
10305: (
10265: (
10170: (
10151:General
10140:Economy
10030: (
10000: (
9970: (
9923: (
9908: (
9894:General
9849:Islands
9785:largest
9775:Borders
9244:Seljuk
9236:Ghurid
9185:Alavid
8995:Median
8987:Urartu
8909:Ancient
8889:History
8692:(ed.).
7963:, p.209
7906:, p.210
7802:, p.127
7737:(ed.).
7674:: 1–6.
7657:2600793
7463:Hazaras
6671:Öljaitü
6530:Mingqan
6495:Qayqatu
6338:Taraqai
6324:Tegüder
6292:Yoshmut
5756:Temüjin
5575:Yesügei
5525:
5512:
5468:. 1338)
5359:. 1336)
5314:. 1336)
5274:. 1335)
5270:. 1305–
5111:. 1316)
5107:. 1280–
5099:Öljaitü
5084:. 1304)
5080:. 1272–
4969:Mingqan
4959:Ambarji
4948:. 1295)
4925:. 1295)
4898:. 1292)
4894:. 1258–
4771:Yoshmut
4760:Taraqai
4745:. 1282)
4741:. 1234–
4716:. 1284)
4712:. 1233–
4704:Tekuder
4567:. 1266)
4563:. 1219–
4530:. 1265)
4511:. 1265)
4507:. 1217–
4362:. 1252)
4358:. 1198–
4345:. 1232)
4341:. 1193–
4250:. 1230)
4246:. 1162–
4233:. 1227)
4229:. 1158–
4222:Temüjin
4149:scholar
4113:removed
4098:sources
4023:Kartids
3975:puppet)
3965:puppet)
3548:Injuids
3302:932–968
3272:889–929
3242:819–999
3232:821–873
3192:651–760
3172:642–760
3152:661–750
3142:632-661
3130:CE / AD
3090:224–651
3080:125–300
3036:Elymais
2980:–226 AD
2871:720-670
2867:Saparda
2861:750-521
2857:Zikirti
2851:850–616
2847:Mannaea
2841:860–590
2831:911–609
2765:Marhaši
2381:Injuids
2166:Mongols
2156:Culture
2141:History
2118:Mongols
2044:Khanate
1993:Ilkhans
1970:öljaitü
1930:phoenix
1898:Qashqai
1870:Safavid
1858:Chinese
1821:(1375).
1744:Artuqid
1740:Georgia
1732:Armenia
1618:Muslims
1565:of the
1555:Öljaitü
1544:Kartids
1536:Injuids
1496:Shafi'i
1462:Öljaitü
1395:Mamluks
1359:Isfahan
1353:, left
1282:Mamluks
1278:Bukhara
1276:sacked
1274:Tekuder
1268:of the
1211:Armenia
1165:Baybars
1156:of the
1139:Mamluks
1137:by the
1039:Pushang
1035:Kartids
954:Kashmir
946:Ismaili
942:Abbasid
938:Seljuks
922:Hamadan
865:Subutai
828:History
719:Georgia
715:Armenia
647:
629::
618:Persian
602:khanate
556:Mamluks
486:Injuids
458:Kartids
129:Persian
95:Capital
85:khanate
13699:Mongol
13684:German
13679:French
13669:Danish
13612:Dainam
13587:Tongan
13575:Somali
13570:Sokoto
13536:'Alawi
13514:Kalmyk
13494:Mongol
13487:Second
13467:Korean
13418:Mughal
13408:Indian
13391:German
13384:Second
13374:French
13367:Second
13303:Second
13275:Afghan
13267:Modern
13193:Kyrgyz
13188:Uighur
13183:Second
13163:Turkic
13131:Toltec
13067:Epirus
13052:Nicaea
12975:Mongol
12928:Yamato
12864:Huetar
12722:Second
12659:Rouran
12608:Shunga
12603:Maurya
12578:Kushan
12551:Median
12529:Hunnic
12487:Harsha
12248:Muqali
12222:Ghazan
12217:Arghun
12207:Hulegu
12097:Tolui
12073:People
12034:(1262)
11992:Syria
11986:(1258)
11951:(1291)
11903:(1242)
11895:(1242)
11811:Europe
11794:India
11775:Burma
11761:(1293)
11750:Burma
11728:Japan
11709:Tibet
11692:Korea
11552:Tabriz
11522:Qarshi
11482:Avarga
11328:Topics
11232:Jarlig
11192:Jinong
11187:Khanum
11182:Khatun
11172:Khagan
11164:Titles
11099:Portal
10858:Cinema
10840:Nowruz
10737:higher
10611:abroad
10576:Hebrew
10482:Places
10378:Mining
10203:Energy
9780:Cities
9696:Aryans
9415:Modern
9366:Qajar
9209:Buyid
8877:topics
8815:
8780:
8753:
8737:
8719:
8700:
8672:
8662:
8623:
8604:
8572:
8550:
8363:
8290:
8260:
8229:
8171:
8141:
8114:
7859:, p.84
7844:, p.47
7822:
7788:: 292.
7745:
7686:
7655:
7604:
7535:
7498:
7102:Luqman
6655:Ghazan
6479:Arghun
6355:Imugan
6146:Ibugan
6092:Hülegü
5915:Regent
5471:Ilkhan
5362:Ilkhan
5339:Ilkhan
5317:Ilkhan
5294:Ilkhan
5277:Ilkhan
5250:Ilkhan
5114:Ilkhan
5087:Ilkhan
5072:Ghazan
4951:Ilkhan
4928:Ilkhan
4901:Ilkhan
4886:Arghun
4748:Ilkhan
4719:Ilkhan
4514:Ilkhan
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4122:
3908:(1295)
3894:Arghun
2934:Sogdia
2837:Urartu
2581:on the
2254:X-1206
2218:XI–XII
2206:X-1203
2182:States
2146:Rulers
1986:Ghazan
1954:Lampas
1926:Lampas
1862:Arabic
1846:Firman
1789:Legacy
1758:. The
1750:, and
1748:Mardin
1742:, the
1730:, and
1708:Arabic
1563:Chupan
1542:, and
1501:Sufism
1431:Nawrūz
1383:Ghazan
1338:Qur'an
1334:Ghazan
1317:Nawruz
1305:Muslim
1297:Arghun
1262:Tiflis
1227:Mardin
1191:Ghazan
1150:Jochid
1123:Aleppo
1077:Mongol
1047:Sistan
1022:ortogh
1005:tumens
897:Kerman
885:Ögedei
839:Origin
806:ilkhan
798:ilkhan
794:Hülegü
743:Ghazan
703:Turkey
701:, and
668:Hülegü
213:
170:Turkic
165:Arabic
143:Mongol
108:Tabriz
67:Status
60:Ghazan
13749:Lists
13704:Omani
13674:Dutch
13580:Isaaq
13531:Saadi
13499:Oirat
13482:First
13450:Qajar
13379:First
13362:First
13335:China
13308:Third
13168:First
13121:Tikal
13072:Morea
13042:Roman
12960:Latin
12955:Khmer
12950:Kanem
12916:Buyid
12842:Zagwe
12837:Aksum
12827:Chola
12734:First
12717:First
12704:Bornu
12699:Benin
12694:Aztec
12632:Roman
12613:Gupta
12598:Nanda
12534:White
12293:Kadan
12288:Bayan
12273:Jelme
12212:Abaqa
12202:Kebek
12182:Toqta
12177:Berke
12157:Jochi
12150:Khans
11787:South
11759:Java
11512:Majar
11454:Wings
11274:Tümen
11254:Yassa
11237:Örtöö
11202:Noyan
10993:Music
10978:Sport
10908:Media
10893:Islam
10829:Blogs
10773:Women
10728:Crime
10716:Other
10677:Islam
10647:Kurds
10412:metro
10330:fruit
10288:Setad
9358:Zand
9268:Kart
8670:JSTOR
8076:(PDF)
7733:. In
7653:JSTOR
7470:Notes
7254:Pirak
6705:Sutay
6695:Timur
6511:Baydu
6464:Sogai
6308:Abaqa
5910:Tolui
5132:Timur
4964:Sogai
4940:Baydu
4334:Tolui
4156:JSTOR
4142:books
4030:Timur
3906:Baydu
2742:Zamua
2242:-1204
1928:with
1848:) in
1768:Herat
1435:jizya
1379:Baydu
1258:Berke
1254:Abaqa
1252:Upon
1187:Urmia
1169:Nogai
1154:Berke
1143:Egypt
1113:. He
1111:Syria
1095:Abaqa
993:Mosul
985:Herat
962:Baiju
843:When
747:Islam
711:Syria
672:Tolui
190:Islam
13519:Bogd
13445:Zand
13423:Sikh
13330:Qing
13325:Ming
13257:Wari
13225:Tran
13210:Dinh
12980:Yuan
12970:Mali
12879:Pala
12869:Inca
12820:Yuan
12810:Song
12805:Liao
12800:Tang
12573:Kush
12455:Dʿmt
12243:Jebe
12197:Duwa
11666:East
11603:Asia
11557:Ukek
11507:Dadu
11315:Life
11242:Orda
11177:Khan
11021:Rock
11006:Jazz
11001:Folk
10867:wine
10652:Jews
9982:Navy
9972:Army
9951:LGBT
8875:Iran
8813:ISBN
8778:ISBN
8751:ISBN
8735:ISBN
8717:ISBN
8698:ISBN
8660:ISBN
8621:ISBN
8602:ISBN
8570:ISBN
8548:ISBN
8361:ISBN
8288:ISBN
8258:ISBN
8227:ISBN
8169:ISBN
8139:ISBN
8112:ISBN
8090:Ibid
7820:ISBN
7743:ISBN
7711:īrān
7684:ISBN
7613:2016
7602:ISSN
7533:ISBN
7496:ISBN
6905:Arpa
6884:Musa
6700:Söse
6535:Baba
5306:Musa
5142:Söse
4954:1295
4128:news
4096:any
4094:cite
3953:Musa
3810:Wars
3775:Name
3745:1979
3735:1979
2755:Elam
2590:Iran
2194:IX-X
1938:Iraq
1934:Iran
1860:and
1754:and
1752:Kufa
1724:Iran
1720:Iraq
1548:Iran
1472:and
1290:Homs
1225:and
1217:and
1201:and
1121:and
1043:Ghor
952:and
895:and
893:Fars
863:and
861:Jebe
814:ulus
810:khan
707:Iraq
695:Iran
682:and
664:Iran
644:lit.
596:or
592:The
250:Area
209:Khan
13597:Mac
13034:Oyo
12943:Edo
12815:Jīn
12795:Sui
12448:Jin
12443:Han
12438:Qin
12283:Aju
11011:Pop
10814:Art
10397:TCI
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