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318:. Those powerful jets plough through stellar material produce strong shock waves, with the vigorous winds of newly-formed Ni blowing off the accretion disk, detonating the hypernova explosion. The ejected radioactive decay of Ni renders the visible outburst substantially more luminous than a standard supernova. The jets also beam high energy particles and gamma rays directly outward and thereby produce
3810:
20:
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314:— will undergo a supernova explosion, but so much of the ejected mass falls back onto the core remnant that it still collapses into a black hole. If such a star is rotating slowly, then it will produce a faint supernova, but if the star is rotating quickly enough, then the fallback to the black hole will produce
137:, with a luminosity 100 times higher than a standard Type Ib. This supernova was the first to be associated with a gamma-ray burst (GRB) and it produced a shockwave containing an order of magnitude more energy than a normal supernova. Other scientists prefer to call these objects simply broad-lined
261:
generated in the collapsing core escape without driving the ejection of material. It is thought that rotation of the supernova progenitor drives a jet that accelerates material away from the explosion at close to the speed of light. Binary systems are increasingly being studied as the best method
343:
expelled all its outer layers. Observations have failed to detect any such progenitors. It is still not conclusively shown that the progenitors are actually a different type of object, but several cases suggest that lower-mass "helium giants" are the progenitors. These stars are not sufficiently
121:
to a faint galaxy roughly 6 billion light years away. From analyzing the spectroscopic data for both the GRB 970508 and its host galaxy, Bloom et al. concluded in 1998 that a hypernova was the likely cause. That same year, hypernovae were hypothesized in greater detail by Polish astronomer
344:
massive to expel their envelopes simply by stellar winds, and they would be stripped by mass transfer to a binary companion. Helium giants are increasingly favoured as the progenitors of type Ib supernovae, but the progenitors of type Ic supernovae is still uncertain.
1458:
Hjorth, Jens; Sollerman, Jesper; Møller, Palle; Fynbo, Johan P. U.; Woosley, Stan E.; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Tanvir, Nial R.; Greiner, Jochen; Andersen, Michael I.; et al. (2003). "A very energetic supernova associated with the γ-ray burst of 29 March 2003".
996:
Mösta, Philipp; Richers, Sherwood; Ott, Christian D.; Haas, Roland; Piro, Anthony L.; Boydstun, Kristen; Abdikamalov, Ernazar; Reisswig, Christian; Schnetter, Erik (2014). "Magnetorotational Core-Collapse
Supernovae in Three Dimensions".
304:) — though chemical composition and rotational rate are also significant — the explosion energy is insufficient to expel the outer layers of the star, and it will collapse into a black hole without producing a visible supernova outburst.
334:
The mechanism for producing the stripped progenitor, a carbon-oxygen star lacking any significant hydrogen or helium, of type Ic supernovae was once thought to be an extremely evolved massive star, for example a type WO
168:. This object is not thought to be a hypernova; instead, it is likely to be a huge gas cloud being absorbed by a massive black hole. The event was also assigned the random name "ZTF20abrbeie" by the
293:. The word is now sometimes used to refer to a specific model for the collapse of a fast-rotating star. When core collapse occurs in a star with a core at least around fifteen times the
3587:
326:
bursts; the jets can last for several seconds or longer and correspond to long-duration gamma-ray bursts, but they do not appear to explain short-duration gamma-ray bursts.
359:
by the core collapse of a close companion consisting of a stripped carbon-oxygen core. The induced neutron star collapse allows for the formation of jets and high-energy
1213:
Tauris, T. M.; Langer, N.; Moriya, T. J.; Podsiadlowski, Ph.; Yoon, S.-C.; Blinnikov, S. I. (2013). "ULTRA-STRIPPED TYPE Ic SUPERNOVAE FROM CLOSE BINARY EVOLUTION".
842:
910:
Nomoto, Ken'Ichi; Maeda, Keiichi; Mazzali, Paolo A.; Umeda, Hideyuki; Deng, Jinsong; Iwamoto, Koichi (2004). "Hypernovae and Other Black-Hole-Forming
Supernovae".
1944:
189:, an order of magnitude higher than a typical core collapse supernova. The ejected nickel masses are large and the ejection velocity up to 99% of the
133:
from the late 20th century has since been refined to refer to those supernovae with unusually large kinetic energy. The first hypernova observed was
1050:
Nakauchi, Daisuke; Kashiyama, Kazumi; Nagakura, Hiroki; Suwa, Yudai; Nakamura, Takashi (2015). "Optical
Synchrotron Precursors of Radio Hypernovae".
242:
173:
70:, but with unusually broad spectral lines indicating an extremely high expansion velocity. Hypernovae are one of the mechanisms for producing long
262:
for both stripping stellar envelopes to leave a bare carbon-oxygen core, and for inducing the necessary spin conditions to drive a hypernova.
437:
2159:
519:
Barrington, R. E.; Belrose, J. S. (1963). "Preliminary
Results from the Very-Low Frequency Receiver Aboard Canada's Alouette Satellite".
202:
201:
energy released by these events varies from comparable to other type Ic supernova, to some of the most luminous supernovae known such as
172:. This name and the seeming ferocity of the event led to nickname "Scary Barbie", drawing the attention of the mainstream press.
62:, an order of magnitude higher than most supernovae, with a luminosity at least 10 times greater. Hypernovae release such intense
2139:
1747:
3619:
945:
697:
78:, though that classification also includes other types of extremely luminous stellar explosions that have different origins.
703:
141:. Since then the term has been applied to a variety of objects, not all of which meet the standard definition; for example
1536:
2169:
969:
Mazzali, P. A.; Nomoto, K.; Deng, J.; Maeda, K.; Tominaga, N. (2005). "The
Properties of Hypernovae in Gamma Ray Bursts".
2154:
832:
1160:
Fujimoto, S. I.; Nishimura, N.; Hashimoto, M. A. (2008). "Nucleosynthesis in
Magnetically Driven Jets from Collapsars".
492:
Gass, H.; Liebert, James; Wehrse, R. (1988). "Spectrum analysis of the extremely metal-poor carbon dwarf star G 77-61".
3594:
2913:
833:"Astronomers are baffled by a newly discovered cosmic explosion that shines 570 billion times brighter than the sun"
1939:
1266:
Ruffini, R.; Karlica, M.; Sahakyan, N.; Rueda, J. A.; Wang, Y.; Mathews, G. J.; Bianco, C. L.; Muccino, M. (2018).
3773:
3306:
1975:
220:
were extremely broadened and the light curve showed a very rapid brightening phase, reaching the brightness of a
3599:
3236:
3220:
2255:
2184:
1916:
1599:
1329:
MacFadyen, A. I.; Woosley, S. E. (1999). "Collapsars: Gamma-Ray Bursts and
Explosions in 'Failed Supernovae'".
238:. All supernovae associated with GRBs have shown the high-energy ejecta that characterises them as hypernovae.
3857:
3646:
3513:
23:
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3629:
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2174:
2149:
1960:
1659:
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2179:
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372:
42:
which is believed to result from an extreme core collapse scenario. In this case, a massive star (>30
2933:
3862:
3842:
3764:
3634:
3565:
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1980:
1970:
1589:
277:
The collapsar model describes a type of supernova that produces a gravitationally collapsed object, or
91:
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3518:
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3077:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
1644:
1569:
1411:
169:
98:. The term had previously been used to describe hypothetical explosions from diverse events such as
2784:
2658:
2293:
2164:
1529:
387: – Hypothetical violent explosion resulting from conversion of a neutron star to a quark star
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2962:
2888:
2459:
2385:
2189:
1594:
1584:
254:
95:
75:
1378:
Woosley, S. E. (1993). "Gamma-ray bursts from stellar mass accretion disks around black holes".
778:
Moriya, Takashi J.; Sorokina, Elena I.; Chevalier, Roger A. (2018). "Superluminous
Supernovae".
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3005:
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2444:
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1934:
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348:
286:
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182:
Hypernovae are thought to be supernovae with ejecta having a kinetic energy larger than about
74:, which range from 2 seconds to over a minute in duration. They have also been referred to as
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1985:
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978:
925:
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668:
619:
571:
528:
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413:
245:
have been observed as counterparts to hypernovae, and have been termed "radio hypernovae".
1609:
253:
Models for hypernova focus on the efficient transfer of energy into the ejecta. In normal
8:
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432:
290:
271:
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1081:
1028:
689:
Extreme
Explosions: Supernovae, Hypernovae, Magnetars, and Other Unusual Cosmic Blasts
3662:
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2001:
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627:
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features, but strong silicon lines identified it as a type Ic supernova. The main
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3105:
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1697:
937:
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336:
217:
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71:
94:. It referred to the extremely high energy of the explosion compared to typical
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3142:
3117:
3050:
2739:
2607:
2493:
2395:
2285:
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1824:
1780:
1754:
1442:
1302:
1267:
866:""Multiwavelength observations of the extraordinary accretion event AT2021lwx""
190:
103:
59:
51:
1145:
1128:
809:
307:
A star with a core mass slightly below this level — in the range of 5–15
3836:
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3416:
3291:
3000:
2823:
2794:
2772:
2390:
2363:
2340:
2241:
2028:
892:
865:
193:. These are typically of type Ic, and some are associated with long-duration
3751:
3426:
3376:
3371:
3271:
3154:
3137:
3095:
3065:
3055:
2990:
2873:
2818:
2799:
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2749:
2592:
2585:
2424:
2345:
2328:
2006:
1906:
1879:
1857:
1498:
1425:
914:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 302. pp. 277–325.
404:
Woosley, S. E.; Weaver, T. A. (1981). "Theoretical models for supernovae".
352:
340:
381: – Compact exotic star which forms matter consisting mostly of quarks
3667:
3339:
3331:
3321:
3301:
3276:
3205:
3127:
2883:
2858:
2853:
2767:
2727:
2688:
2653:
2636:
2631:
2303:
2108:
2016:
1911:
1901:
1889:
1814:
1727:
1473:
1345:
920:
739:
663:
614:
142:
1490:
562:
Park, Seok J.; Vishniac, Ethan T. (1991). "Are
Hypernovae Detectable?".
3251:
2948:
2921:
2898:
2878:
2863:
2715:
2619:
2597:
2575:
2570:
2434:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2093:
1894:
1770:
1732:
1629:
384:
378:
356:
294:
278:
209:
118:
107:
99:
63:
43:
725:
Woosley (1999). "Gamma-Ray Bursts and Type Ic Supernovae: SN 1998bw".
3438:
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3070:
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3025:
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2938:
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2083:
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2073:
2068:
2023:
1717:
1654:
1649:
1545:
540:
323:
153:
134:
39:
27:
1129:"Nucleosynthesis of the Elements in Faint Supernovae and Hypernovae"
90:
was used to describe a theoretical type of supernova now known as a
3431:
3132:
2806:
2565:
2538:
2088:
2053:
2048:
2043:
1867:
1707:
1401:
1362:
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882:
792:
756:
631:
583:
258:
157:
114:
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451:
3706:
3181:
2943:
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2646:
2641:
2560:
2063:
2033:
2011:
375: – Types of celestial objects that can emit gamma-ray bursts
347:
One proposed mechanism for producing gamma-ray bursts is induced
3696:
3684:
2903:
2789:
2058:
1862:
1212:
360:
213:
149:
1328:
1268:"A GRB Afterglow Model Consistent with Hypernova Observations"
1514:
1049:
863:
319:
185:
165:
161:
16:
Supernova that ejects a large mass at unusually high velocity
1127:
Nomoto, Ken'Ichi; Moriya, Takashi; Tominaga, Nozomu (2009).
285:", was formerly used to refer to the end product of stellar
19:
3045:
2264:
1722:
1265:
282:
3746:
1457:
1159:
3411:
208:
The archetypal hypernova, SN 1998bw, was associated with
2233:
1945:
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
909:
777:
968:
363:
that have been difficult to model from a single star.
164:
wavelengths and an overall energy of 1.5 10
50:
emitting twin astrophysical jets and surrounded by an
3762:
1409:
Piran, T. (2004). "The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts".
156:
was published with an extremely strong emission from
1126:
224:
at day 16. The total ejected mass was about 10
106:
stars in the early universe, or from events such as
1133:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
995:
685:
433:"Explosion Mechanisms of Core-Collapse Supernovae"
148:In 2023, the observation of the highly energetic,
971:1604-2004: Supernovae as Cosmological Lighthouses
870:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
518:
491:
3834:
600:Bloom (1998). "The Host Galaxy of GRB 970508".
212:. Its spectrum showed no hydrogen and no clear
1377:
231:and the mass of nickel ejected about 0.4
2249:
1530:
905:
903:
830:
512:
438:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
403:
281:. The word "collapsar", short for "collapsed
2160:Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey
1153:
679:
646:
561:
58:that ejects material with an unusually high
1259:
1043:
962:
595:
593:
126:as supernovae from rapidly spinning stars.
2256:
2242:
1537:
1523:
1206:
1120:
900:
771:
718:
113:In February 1997, Dutch-Italian satellite
1472:
1424:
1408:
1344:
1301:
1283:
1226:
1173:
1144:
1063:
1010:
989:
919:
891:
881:
824:
791:
738:
692:. Springer Science & Business Media.
662:
652:
613:
468:
450:
657:. Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst Symposium.
590:
424:
18:
724:
686:David S. Stevenson (5 September 2013).
555:
485:
248:
3835:
2237:
1575:Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)
1518:
599:
430:
397:
270:For a completely collapsed star, see
30:in a spiral arm of galaxy ESO 184-G82
2218:
706:from the original on 25 January 2022
66:that they often appear similar to a
2155:Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope
13:
1321:
845:from the original on April 2, 2016
831:Jessica Orwig (January 14, 2016).
470:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102711-094901
265:
14:
3884:
864:Wiseman, P.; et al. (2023).
406:NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3745:
3735:
3734:
2217:
2208:
2207:
1940:History of supernova observation
1608:
355:is triggered to collapse into a
329:
1096:
857:
2185:SuperNova Early Warning System
1600:Common envelope jets supernova
1544:
1:
3647:Timeline of stellar astronomy
391:
177:
2175:Supernova/Acceleration Probe
2150:High-Z Supernova Search Team
1748:pulsational pair-instability
938:10.1007/978-0-306-48599-2_10
7:
3307:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
2180:Supernova Cosmology Project
1688:Fast blue optical transient
1245:10.1088/2041-8205/778/2/L23
1082:10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/164
1029:10.1088/2041-8205/785/2/L29
431:Janka, Hans-Thomas (2012).
373:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
366:
10:
3889:
3221:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
1443:10.1103/RevModPhys.76.1143
494:Astronomy and Astrophysics
269:
92:pair-instability supernova
81:
3730:
3655:
3504:
3402:
3330:
3229:
3086:
2961:
2839:
2748:
2484:
2475:
2354:
2284:
2271:
2263:
2203:
2132:
1994:
1953:
1927:
1838:
1763:
1675:
1617:
1606:
1552:
1412:Reviews of Modern Physics
1272:The Astrophysical Journal
1215:The Astrophysical Journal
1162:The Astrophysical Journal
1146:10.1017/S1743921310000128
1052:The Astrophysical Journal
999:The Astrophysical Journal
810:10.1007/s11214-018-0493-6
727:The Astrophysical Journal
602:The Astrophysical Journal
564:The Astrophysical Journal
170:Zwicky Transient Facility
3600:With multiple exoplanets
2165:Nearby Supernova Factory
1303:10.3847/1538-4357/aaeac8
255:core collapse supernovae
96:core collapse supernovae
76:superluminous supernovae
2386:Asymptotic giant branch
2190:Supernova Legacy Survey
506:1988A&A...189..194G
291:stellar-mass black hole
86:In the 1980s, the term
72:gamma ray bursts (GRBs)
3722:Tidal disruption event
3211:Circumstellar envelope
2445:Luminous blue variable
2195:Texas Supernova Search
2170:Sloan Supernova Survey
1788:Luminous blue variable
893:10.1093/mnras/stad1000
349:gravitational collapse
287:gravitational collapse
129:The usage of the term
46:) collapses to form a
31:
3247:Effective temperature
1640:Phillips relationship
1381:Astrophysical Journal
1332:Astrophysical Journal
1108:astronomy.swin.edu.au
780:Space Science Reviews
22:
3717:Planet-hosting stars
3595:With resolved images
3566:Historical brightest
3496:Photometric-standard
3422:Solar radio emission
3216:Eddington luminosity
2996:Triple-alpha process
2934:Thorne–Żytkow object
2309:Young stellar object
1104:"Hypernova | COSMOS"
249:Astrophysical models
102:, extremely massive
38:is a very energetic
3873:Astronomical events
3541:Highest temperature
3312:Color–color diagram
3177:Protoplanetary disk
2981:Proton–proton chain
2659:Chemically peculiar
2213:Category:Supernovae
2145:Calán/Tololo Survey
1830:Population III star
1738:Soft gamma repeater
1570:Type Ib and Ic
1491:10.1038/nature01750
1483:2003Natur.423..847H
1435:2004RvMP...76.1143P
1394:1993ApJ...405..273W
1355:1999ApJ...524..262M
1294:2018ApJ...869..101R
1237:2013ApJ...778L..23T
1184:2008ApJ...680.1350F
1074:2015ApJ...805..164N
1021:2014ApJ...785L..29M
983:2005ASPC..342..366M
930:2004ASSL..302..277N
802:2018SSRv..214...59M
749:1999ApJ...516..788W
673:1997astro.ph.12123P
624:1998ApJ...507L..25B
576:1991ApJ...375..565P
533:1963Natur.198..651B
461:2012ARNPS..62..407J
418:1981STIN...8316268W
48:rotating black hole
26:image of hypernova
3546:Lowest temperature
3297:Photometric system
3267:Absolute magnitude
3201:Circumstellar dust
2814:Stellar black hole
2450:Stellar population
2336:Herbig–Haro object
2223:Commons:Supernovae
1875:Stellar black hole
1851:Pulsar wind nebula
1703:Gravitational wave
1426:astro-ph/0405503v1
655:GRBs as Hypernovae
653:Paczynski (1997).
272:stellar black hole
139:type Ic supernovae
117:was able to trace
54:. It is a type of
32:
3863:Stellar evolution
3843:Stellar phenomena
3760:
3759:
3663:Substellar object
3642:Planetary nebulae
3061:Luminous red nova
2971:Deuterium burning
2957:
2956:
2440:Instability strip
2420:Wolf-Rayet nebula
2374:Horizontal branch
2319:Pre-main-sequence
2231:
2230:
1846:Supernova remnant
1713:Luminous red nova
1625:Carbon detonation
947:978-90-481-6567-4
699:978-1-4614-8136-2
527:(4881): 651–656.
316:relativistic jets
241:Unusually bright
222:type Ia supernova
68:type Ic supernova
56:stellar explosion
3880:
3858:Wolf–Rayet stars
3825:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3752:Stars portal
3750:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3394:Planetary system
3317:Strömgren sphere
3189:Asteroseismology
2910:Black hole star
2482:
2481:
2408:Planetary nebula
2369:Red-giant branch
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2074:Remnant G1.9+0.3
1693:Fast radio burst
1612:
1590:Pair-instability
1539:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1476:
1474:astro-ph/0306347
1467:(6942): 847–50.
1454:
1428:
1419:(4): 1143–1210.
1405:
1374:
1348:
1346:astro-ph/9810274
1316:
1315:
1305:
1287:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1230:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1177:
1168:(2): 1350–1358.
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1067:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1014:
993:
987:
986:
966:
960:
959:
923:
921:astro-ph/0308136
912:Stellar Collapse
907:
898:
897:
895:
885:
876:(3): 3992–4002.
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
838:Business Insider
828:
822:
821:
795:
775:
769:
768:
742:
740:astro-ph/9806299
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
683:
677:
676:
666:
664:astro-ph/9712123
650:
644:
643:
617:
615:astro-ph/9807315
597:
588:
587:
559:
553:
552:
541:10.1038/198651a0
516:
510:
509:
489:
483:
482:
472:
454:
428:
422:
421:
401:
243:radio supernovae
218:absorption lines
195:gamma-ray bursts
188:
152:transient event
124:Bohdan Paczyński
3888:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3744:
3726:
3651:
3620:Milky Way novae
3556:Smallest volume
3500:
3481:Radial velocity
3404:
3398:
3350:Common envelope
3326:
3225:
3194:Helioseismology
3165:Bipolar outflow
3106:Microturbulence
3101:Convection zone
3082:
2976:Lithium burning
2963:Nucleosynthesis
2953:
2835:
2744:
2471:
2350:
2299:Molecular cloud
2280:
2267:
2262:
2232:
2227:
2199:
2128:
2114:SN 2016aps
2094:SN Refsdal
1990:
1949:
1923:
1834:
1820:Wolf–Rayet star
1759:
1698:Gamma-ray burst
1671:
1645:Nucleosynthesis
1613:
1604:
1548:
1543:
1513:
1324:
1322:Further reading
1319:
1264:
1260:
1211:
1207:
1158:
1154:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1048:
1044:
994:
990:
967:
963:
948:
908:
901:
862:
858:
848:
846:
829:
825:
776:
772:
723:
719:
709:
707:
700:
684:
680:
651:
647:
608:(507): L25–28.
598:
591:
560:
556:
517:
513:
490:
486:
429:
425:
402:
398:
394:
369:
337:Wolf-Rayet star
332:
313:
310:
303:
300:
275:
268:
266:Collapsar model
251:
237:
234:
230:
227:
199:electromagnetic
183:
180:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3742:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Largest volume
3548:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3262:Magnetic field
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3172:Accretion disk
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3148:Alfvén surface
3145:
3143:Stellar corona
3140:
3135:
3130:
3120:
3118:Radiation zone
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2740:Blue straggler
2737:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:Main sequence
2496:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2477:Classification
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:Protoplanetary
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:SN 2006gy
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:SN 2011fe
2081:
2079:SN 2007bi
2076:
2071:
2069:SN 2003fg
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2004:
2002:Barnard's Loop
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:Orion–Eridanus
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1825:Super-AGB star
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1755:Symbiotic nova
1752:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1455:
1406:
1402:10.1086/172359
1388:(1): 273–277.
1375:
1363:10.1086/307790
1339:(1): 262–289.
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1258:
1205:
1192:10.1086/529416
1152:
1119:
1095:
1042:
988:
961:
946:
899:
856:
823:
770:
757:10.1086/307131
733:(2): 788–796.
717:
698:
678:
645:
632:10.1086/311682
589:
584:10.1086/170217
554:
511:
484:
445:(1): 407–451.
423:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
382:
376:
368:
365:
331:
328:
311:
308:
301:
298:
267:
264:
250:
247:
235:
232:
228:
225:
191:speed of light
179:
176:
104:population III
83:
80:
60:kinetic energy
52:accretion disk
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3885:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Intergalactic
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Galactic year
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Most luminous
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Proper motion
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Constellation
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Solar eclipse
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:Earth-centric
3401:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Alpha process
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:Helium planet
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Parker's star
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Lambda Boötis
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Superluminous
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Main sequence
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Hayashi track
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
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2240:
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2236:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2196:
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2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
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2161:
2158:
2156:
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2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:SN 2014J
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:SN 1994D
2052:
2050:
2049:SN 1987A
2047:
2045:
2044:SN 1885A
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Massive stars
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
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1900:
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1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Superluminous
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Type Iax
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
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1427:
1422:
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1407:
1403:
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1368:
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1327:
1326:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
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1269:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
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1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
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1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1034:
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1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
957:
953:
949:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
917:
913:
906:
904:
894:
889:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
844:
840:
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834:
827:
819:
815:
811:
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803:
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789:
785:
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774:
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762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
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732:
728:
721:
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695:
691:
690:
682:
674:
670:
665:
660:
656:
649:
641:
637:
633:
629:
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621:
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611:
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603:
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581:
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573:
569:
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558:
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546:
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530:
526:
522:
515:
507:
503:
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488:
480:
476:
471:
466:
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458:
453:
448:
444:
440:
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427:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
396:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
370:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
342:
338:
330:Binary models
327:
325:
321:
317:
305:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
273:
263:
260:
256:
246:
244:
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211:
206:
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196:
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97:
93:
89:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
21:
3827:Solar System
3615:White dwarfs
3605:Brown dwarfs
3588:Most distant
3536:Most massive
3514:Proper names
3474:Photographic
3427:Solar System
3405:observations
3332:Star systems
3155:Stellar wind
3138:Chromosphere
3111:Oscillations
2991:Helium flash
2841:Hypothetical
2819:X-ray binary
2758:Compact star
2593:Bright giant
2464:
2346:Henyey track
2324:Herbig Ae/Be
2099:Vela Remnant
2064:SN 1006
2029:SN 1000+0216
2007:Cassiopeia A
1976:Most distant
1907:Local Bubble
1880:Compact star
1858:Neutron star
1595:Calcium-rich
1579:
1560:Type Ia
1464:
1460:
1416:
1410:
1385:
1379:
1336:
1330:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1107:
1098:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1002:
998:
991:
974:
970:
964:
911:
873:
869:
859:
847:. Retrieved
836:
826:
783:
779:
773:
730:
726:
720:
708:. Retrieved
688:
681:
654:
648:
605:
601:
567:
563:
557:
524:
520:
514:
497:
493:
487:
442:
436:
426:
409:
405:
399:
353:neutron star
346:
341:stellar wind
339:whose dense
333:
306:
276:
252:
240:
207:
181:
158:mid-infrared
147:
130:
128:
112:
87:
85:
44:solar masses
35:
33:
3853:Hypergiants
3815:Outer space
3803:Spaceflight
3668:Brown dwarf
3444:Circumpolar
3322:Kraft break
3302:Color index
3277:Metallicity
3237:Designation
3206:Cosmic dust
3128:Photosphere
2894:Dark-energy
2869:Electroweak
2854:Black dwarf
2785:Radio-quiet
2768:White dwarf
2654:White dwarf
2304:Bok globule
2109:ASASSN-15lh
2059:SN 185
2017:Crab Nebula
1912:Superbubble
1902:Zombie star
1885:electroweak
1815:White dwarf
1764:Progenitors
1728:Pulsar kick
143:ASASSN-15lh
3868:Star types
3848:Hypernovae
3837:Categories
3630:Candidates
3625:Supernovae
3610:Red dwarfs
3469:Extinction
3257:Kinematics
3252:Luminosity
3230:Properties
3123:Atmosphere
3021:Si burning
3011:Ne burning
2949:White hole
2922:Quasi-star
2849:Blue dwarf
2704:Technetium
2620:Hypergiant
2598:Supergiant
2124:SN 2022jli
2119:SN 2018cow
1986:In fiction
1961:Candidates
1935:Guest star
1793:Supergiant
1771:Hypergiant
1733:Quark-nova
1635:Near-Earth
1618:Physics of
1546:Supernovae
1285:1712.05000
1278:(2): 101.
1221:(2): L23.
1113:2024-07-05
1058:(2): 164.
1005:(2): L29.
883:2303.04412
793:1803.01875
392:References
385:Quark-nova
379:Quark star
357:black hole
351:, where a
295:Sun's mass
279:black hole
210:GRB 980425
178:Properties
150:non-quasar
119:GRB 970508
108:black hole
100:hyperstars
64:gamma rays
3791:Astronomy
3561:Brightest
3459:Magnitude
3439:Pole star
3360:Symbiotic
3355:Eclipsing
3287:Starlight
3088:Structure
3078:Supernova
3071:Micronova
3066:Recurrent
3051:Symbiotic
3036:p-process
3031:r-process
3026:s-process
3016:O burning
3006:C burning
2986:CNO cycle
2929:Gravastar
2465:Hypernova
2455:Supernova
2430:Dredge-up
2403:Blue loop
2396:super-AGB
2379:Red clump
2356:Evolution
2314:Protostar
2294:Accretion
2286:Formation
2024:iPTF14hls
1928:Discovery
1718:Micronova
1667:Neutrinos
1660:Îł-process
1655:r-process
1650:p-process
1630:Foe/Bethe
1580:Hypernova
1451:118941182
1312:119449351
1228:1310.6356
1200:118559576
1175:0804.0969
1139:: 34–41.
1090:118228337
1065:1411.1603
1012:1403.1230
956:119421669
849:March 22,
818:119199790
786:(2): 59.
710:18 August
479:118417333
452:1206.2503
412:: 16268.
324:gamma-ray
259:neutrinos
257:, 99% of
203:SN 1999as
154:AT2021lwx
135:SN 1998bw
131:hypernova
110:mergers.
88:hypernova
40:supernova
36:hypernova
28:SN 1998bw
3740:Category
3635:Remnants
3531:Extremes
3491:Parallax
3464:Apparent
3454:Asterism
3432:Sunlight
3382:Globular
3367:Multiple
3292:Variable
3282:Rotation
3242:Dynamics
3133:Starspot
2807:Magnetar
2750:Remnants
2566:Subgiant
2539:Subdwarf
2391:post-AGB
2133:Research
2039:Kepler's
1981:Remnants
1868:magnetar
1839:Remnants
1743:Imposter
1708:Kilonova
1499:12815425
1371:15534333
1253:50835291
1037:17989552
843:Archived
765:17690696
704:Archived
640:18107687
549:41012117
367:See also
312:☉
302:☉
236:☉
229:☉
184:10
115:BeppoSAX
3779:Physics
3765:Portals
3707:Gravity
3656:Related
3576:Nearest
3524:Chinese
3372:Cluster
3345:Contact
3182:Proplyd
3056:Remnant
2944:Blitzar
2918:Hawking
2874:Strange
2824:Burster
2780:Neutron
2733:Extreme
2684:He-weak
2329:T Tauri
2140:ASAS-SN
2034:Tycho's
2012:SN 1054
1995:Notable
1966:Notable
1676:Related
1553:Classes
1507:4405772
1479:Bibcode
1431:Bibcode
1390:Bibcode
1351:Bibcode
1290:Bibcode
1233:Bibcode
1180:Bibcode
1070:Bibcode
1017:Bibcode
979:Bibcode
977:: 366.
926:Bibcode
798:Bibcode
745:Bibcode
669:Bibcode
620:Bibcode
572:Bibcode
570:: 565.
529:Bibcode
502:Bibcode
500:: 194.
457:Bibcode
414:Bibcode
82:History
3697:Galaxy
3685:Planet
3673:Desert
3581:bright
3519:Arabic
3340:Binary
3160:Bubble
2884:Planck
2859:Exotic
2795:Binary
2790:Pulsar
2728:Helium
2689:Barium
2632:Carbon
2625:Yellow
2613:Yellow
2586:Yellow
2425:PG1159
1890:exotic
1863:pulsar
1808:yellow
1776:yellow
1683:Failed
1505:
1497:
1461:Nature
1449:
1369:
1310:
1251:
1198:
1088:
1035:
954:
944:
816:
763:
696:
638:
547:
521:Nature
477:
361:ejecta
214:helium
197:. The
3702:Guest
3506:Lists
3387:Super
3041:Fusor
2914:Black
2899:Quark
2879:Preon
2864:Boson
2800:X-ray
2716:Shell
2669:Ap/Bp
2571:Giant
2489:Early
2435:OH/IR
2265:Stars
1954:Lists
1895:quark
1503:S2CID
1469:arXiv
1447:S2CID
1421:arXiv
1367:S2CID
1341:arXiv
1308:S2CID
1280:arXiv
1249:S2CID
1223:arXiv
1196:S2CID
1170:arXiv
1086:S2CID
1060:arXiv
1033:S2CID
1007:arXiv
952:S2CID
916:arXiv
878:arXiv
814:S2CID
788:arXiv
761:S2CID
735:arXiv
659:arXiv
636:S2CID
610:arXiv
545:S2CID
475:S2CID
447:arXiv
320:x-ray
186:joule
166:Joule
162:X-ray
3377:Open
3272:Mass
3096:Core
3046:Nova
2939:Iron
2889:Dark
2699:Lead
2679:HgMn
2674:CEMP
2603:Blue
2576:Blue
2494:Late
2276:List
1798:blue
1723:Nova
1495:PMID
942:ISBN
851:2016
712:2019
694:ISBN
289:, a
283:star
3678:Sub
3412:Sun
2831:SGR
2608:Red
2581:Red
1803:red
1781:Red
1487:doi
1465:423
1439:doi
1398:doi
1386:405
1359:doi
1337:524
1298:doi
1276:869
1241:doi
1219:778
1188:doi
1166:680
1141:doi
1078:doi
1056:805
1025:doi
1003:785
975:342
934:doi
888:doi
874:522
806:doi
784:214
753:doi
731:516
628:doi
606:507
580:doi
568:375
537:doi
525:198
498:189
465:doi
322:or
160:to
24:ESO
3839::
2711:Be
2664:Am
2647:CH
2642:CN
2561:OB
2556:WR
1501:.
1493:.
1485:.
1477:.
1463:.
1445:.
1437:.
1429:.
1417:76
1415:.
1396:.
1384:.
1365:.
1357:.
1349:.
1335:.
1306:.
1296:.
1288:.
1274:.
1270:.
1247:.
1239:.
1231:.
1217:.
1194:.
1186:.
1178:.
1164:.
1135:.
1131:.
1106:.
1084:.
1076:.
1068:.
1054:.
1031:.
1023:.
1015:.
1001:.
973:.
950:.
940:.
932:.
924:.
902:^
886:.
872:.
868:.
841:.
835:.
812:.
804:.
796:.
782:.
759:.
751:.
743:.
729:.
702:.
667:.
634:.
626:.
618:.
604:.
592:^
578:.
566:.
543:.
535:.
523:.
496:.
473:.
463:.
455:.
443:62
441:.
435:.
410:83
408:.
205:.
145:.
34:A
3767::
2904:Q
2723:B
2637:S
2549:B
2544:O
2532:M
2527:K
2522:G
2517:F
2512:A
2507:B
2502:O
2257:e
2250:t
2243:v
1538:e
1531:t
1524:v
1509:.
1489::
1481::
1471::
1453:.
1441::
1433::
1423::
1404:.
1400::
1392::
1373:.
1361::
1353::
1343::
1314:.
1300::
1292::
1282::
1255:.
1243::
1235::
1225::
1202:.
1190::
1182::
1172::
1149:.
1143::
1137:5
1116:.
1092:.
1080::
1072::
1062::
1039:.
1027::
1019::
1009::
985:.
981::
958:.
936::
928::
918::
896:.
890::
880::
853:.
820:.
808::
800::
790::
767:.
755::
747::
737::
714:.
675:.
671::
661::
642:.
630::
622::
612::
586:.
582::
574::
551:.
539::
531::
508:.
504::
481:.
467::
459::
449::
420:.
416::
309:M
299:M
297:(
274:.
233:M
226:M
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