56:
1263:
312:
2093:
2103:
303:, in the volume outside its event horizon. In some cases of energy extraction, a rotating black hole may gradually reduce to a Schwarzschild black hole, the minimum configuration from which no further energy can be extracted, although the Kerr black hole's rotation velocity will never quite reach zero.
138:
348:
around the black hole. Hence, when we observe a distant background galaxy (or some other celestial body), we may be lucky to see the same image of the galaxy multiple times, albeit more and more distorted. A complete mathematical description for how light bends around the equatorial plane of a Kerr
236:
Note that astrophysical black holes are expected to have non-zero angular momentum, due to their formation via collapse of rotating stellar objects, but effectively zero charge, since any net charge will quickly attract the opposite charge and neutralize. For this reason the term "astrophysical"
169:
These numbers represent the conserved attributes of an object which can be determined from a distance by examining its electromagnetic and gravitational fields. All other variations in the black hole will either escape to infinity or be swallowed up by the black hole. This is because anything
158:
257:
and realistic collisions have non-zero angular momentum, it is expected that all black holes in nature are rotating black holes. Since observed astronomical objects do not possess an appreciable net electric charge, only the Kerr solution has astrophysical relevance.
59:
The boundaries of a Kerr black hole relevant to astrophysics. Note that there are no physical "surfaces" as such. The boundaries are mathematical surfaces, or sets of points in spacetime, relevant to analysis of the black hole's properties and
157:
504:
1988:
137:
1090:
Brahma, Suddhasattwa; Chen, Che-Yu; Yeom, Dong-han (2021). "Testing Loop
Quantum Gravity from Observational Consequences of Nonsingular Rotating Black Holes".
643:
Cromb, Marion; Gibson, Graham M.; Toninelli, Ermes; Padgett, Miles J.; Wright, Ewan M.; Faccio, Daniele (2020). "Amplification of waves from a rotating body".
77:. Two of those rotate: the Kerr and KerrâNewman black holes. It is generally believed that every black hole decays rapidly to a stable black hole; and, by the
1012:
697:
711:
Williams, R. K. (1995). "Extracting X rays, Î rays, and relativistic ee pairs from supermassive Kerr black holes using the
Penrose mechanism".
253:
or from the collapse or collision of a collection of compact objects, stars, or gas with a total non-zero angular momentum. As all known stars
1344:
820:
344:
In the vicinity of a black hole, space curves so much that light rays are deflected, and very nearby light can be deflected so much that it
1349:
149:, approaching zero velocity at the horizon relative to a stationary probe on site while being whirled around forever by the black hole's
2068:
1725:
395:. These are, however, magnified greatly for the purpose of story telling. Kerr black holes are also key to the "Swan Song" project by
141:
While from an infalling observer's perspective the plunge into a rotating black hole occurs in a finite proper time and with very high
525:
1663:
1489:
1389:
81:, that (except for quantum fluctuations) stable black holes can be completely described at any moment in time by these 11 numbers:
315:
Rotating black hole from the perspective of the distant observer. The different frames show the black hole from different angles.
295:
A rotating black hole can produce large amounts of energy at the expense of its rotational energy. This can happen through the
1166:
594:
1705:
55:
1794:
619:
1789:
1674:
223:
1710:
1506:
1932:
1613:
1252:
1700:
1575:
2106:
1618:
1521:
1309:
330:
1628:
1922:
1887:
1877:
911:
368:
Rotating black holes have two temperature states they can exist in: heating (losing energy) and cooling.
146:
85:
479:
341:, which are believed to be representative of all rotating black hole solutions, in the exterior region.
1608:
1560:
1543:
1242:
441:
2063:
1565:
1479:
1227:
1159:
419:
263:
162:
1740:
70:
1917:
1453:
1416:
1319:
1314:
1232:
1040:
384:
1947:
1835:
1820:
1679:
1372:
1186:
338:
324:
246:
228:
1825:
1638:
1382:
1237:
2127:
2096:
1804:
1776:
1659:
1587:
1555:
1399:
1207:
1152:
1109:
951:
858:
777:
720:
662:
204:
433:â solution representing interior geometry of black holes formed by gravitational collapse.
8:
1927:
1902:
1872:
1830:
1784:
1421:
1287:
1282:
942:(1989). "Thermodynamic phase transitions of Kerr-Newman black holes in de Sitter space".
915:
756:"Energy Extraction from a Rotating Black Hole by Magnetic Reconnection in the Ergosphere"
483:
401:
388:
360:
and thus black holesâwhich were the solution to
Einstein's equation of 1915âwere stable.
1113:
955:
862:
781:
724:
666:
1761:
1633:
1538:
1329:
1297:
1262:
1222:
1217:
1133:
1099:
1060:
967:
919:
887:
846:
801:
767:
678:
652:
600:
572:
547:
456:
396:
173:
In terms of these properties, the four types of black holes can be defined as follows:
74:
698:"After 50 Years, Experiment Finally Shows Energy Could Be Extracted From a Black Hole"
2132:
1907:
1897:
1892:
1592:
1580:
1533:
1474:
1443:
1433:
1367:
1137:
1125:
971:
963:
892:
874:
793:
736:
682:
624:
604:
590:
116:
1013:"Meet the man trying to send a warning about history's worst tragedies back to 1935"
805:
2058:
2018:
1766:
1715:
1570:
1484:
1277:
1247:
1121:
1117:
959:
882:
866:
785:
728:
670:
582:
526:"It is said that most black holes likely have spin. What exactly is it that spins?"
451:
357:
254:
105:
30:
2078:
2028:
2003:
1799:
1643:
1550:
1516:
1428:
446:
430:
414:
392:
296:
284:
261:
In late 2006, astronomers reported estimates of the spin rates of black holes in
127:
94:
78:
1031:"ĐĐ”ŃĐœŃŃ ŃĐșĐŸĐ»Đ° ĐșĐŸŃĐŒĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐŸĐłĐŸ ĐžŃĐșŃŃŃŃĐČĐ°. Summer School of Space Art with Joe Davis"
1993:
1978:
1745:
1684:
1528:
1202:
870:
586:
150:
1030:
674:
271:, may rotate 1,150 times per second, approaching the theoretical upper limit.
2121:
2053:
1973:
1501:
1496:
878:
797:
732:
345:
268:
170:
happening inside the black hole horizon cannot affect events outside of it.
2008:
1882:
1850:
1458:
1377:
1129:
1078:
896:
740:
500:
377:
352:
In 2022, it was mathematically demonstrated that the equilibrium found by
2048:
1998:
1952:
1855:
1730:
1669:
1394:
1302:
939:
629:
543:
380:
334:
320:
209:
311:
2038:
1968:
1937:
1912:
1865:
1860:
1845:
1511:
1448:
1438:
1339:
1175:
910:
Giorgi, Elena; Klainerman, Sergiu; Szeftel, Jeremie (19 October 2022).
436:
300:
145:(left), from the perspective of a coordinate observer at infinity they
26:
821:"Danish Student solves how the Universe is reflected near black holes"
2073:
1720:
1623:
1411:
1406:
425:
280:
755:
1983:
1942:
1840:
1104:
924:
789:
657:
577:
353:
142:
49:
772:
552:
2023:
1035:
37:
847:"Divergent reflections around the photon sphere of a black hole"
505:"This Is Why Black Holes Must Spin At Almost The Speed Of Light"
2043:
2033:
2013:
1735:
1334:
1324:
546:(15 January 2008). "The Kerr spacetime: A brief introduction".
509:
33:. In particular, it rotates about one of its axes of symmetry.
1144:
41:
642:
290:
250:
161:
Prograde bound orbit around a black hole rotating with a
69:
There are four known, exact, black hole solutions to the
45:
985:
237:
black hole is usually reserved for the Kerr black hole.
909:
567:
Capelo, Pedro R. (2019). "Astrophysical black holes".
376:
Kerr black holes are featured extensively in the 2009
1058:
Misner, C. W.; Thorne, K. S.; Wheeler, J. A. (1973).
1057:
912:A Researcher Shores Up Einstein's Theory With Math
306:
274:
2119:
399:. They are also a key element in the 2014 film
1089:
695:
474:
472:
1160:
818:
495:
493:
283:is thought to be observed as the emission of
523:
499:
279:The formation of a rotating black hole by a
469:
333:. There are two known exact solutions, the
16:Black hole which possesses angular momentum
1726:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
1167:
1153:
754:Koide, Shinji; Arai, Kenzo (August 2008).
490:
1103:
923:
886:
819:Communication, N. B. I. (9 August 2021).
771:
753:
656:
576:
551:
1010:
710:
310:
291:Conversion to a Schwarzschild black hole
156:
136:
54:
844:
329:A rotating black hole is a solution of
245:Rotating black holes are formed in the
64:
2120:
1068:
1043:from the original on 22 December 2021.
986:"æłćźç§ćŠăSteins;Gate(ă·ă„ăżă€ăłășăČăŒă)ăć
ŹćŒWebă”ă€ă"
938:
566:
542:
1148:
1077:
617:
371:
2102:
1083:The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole
363:
13:
1051:
618:Hayes, Jacqui (24 November 2006).
569:Formation of the First Black Holes
349:black hole was published in 2021.
14:
2144:
267:. A black hole in the Milky Way,
2101:
2092:
2091:
1390:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff limit
1261:
480:"Why and how do planets rotate?"
1507:Innermost stable circular orbit
1174:
1023:
1004:
978:
932:
903:
845:Sneppen, Albert (9 July 2021).
838:
812:
747:
696:Michelle Starr (25 June 2020).
620:"Black hole spins at the limit"
307:Kerr metric, KerrâNewman metric
1933:Timeline of black hole physics
1122:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.181301
1064:(2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman.
704:
689:
636:
611:
560:
536:
517:
391:), for their possibilities in
275:Relation with gamma ray bursts
1:
1701:Nonsingular black hole models
944:Classical and Quantum Gravity
524:Robert Walty (22 July 2019).
462:
442:Kerr black holes as wormholes
240:
73:, which describe gravity in
7:
1923:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
1888:Hypercompact stellar system
1878:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
408:
10:
2149:
1609:Black hole complementarity
1576:Bousso's holographic bound
1561:Quasi-periodic oscillation
1259:
1253:MalamentâHogarth spacetime
964:10.1088/0264-9381/6/12/018
871:10.1038/s41598-021-93595-w
587:10.1142/9789813227958_0001
318:
2087:
1961:
1813:
1775:
1754:
1693:
1652:
1601:
1480:Gravitational singularity
1467:
1360:
1270:
1195:
1182:
1011:Mark Hay (23 July 2020).
760:The Astrophysical Journal
675:10.1038/s41567-020-0944-3
420:Black hole spin parameter
331:Einstein's field equation
264:The Astrophysical Journal
2064:PSO J030947.49+271757.31
1989:SDSS J150243.09+111557.3
1522:BlandfordâZnajek process
1069:Macvey, John W. (1990).
733:10.1103/PhysRevD.51.5387
299:inside the black hole's
71:Einstein field equations
36:All celestial objects â
1320:Active galactic nucleus
1092:Physical Review Letters
1948:Tidal disruption event
1918:Supermassive dark star
1836:Black holes in fiction
1821:Outline of black holes
1454:Supermassive dark star
1373:Gravitational collapse
316:
249:of a massive spinning
247:gravitational collapse
166:
154:
61:
52:, black holes â spin.
1826:Black Hole Initiative
1639:Holographic principle
346:travels several times
319:Further information:
314:
160:
140:
58:
1629:Final parsec problem
1588:Schwarzschild radius
1085:. Princeton U Press.
1073:. Scarborough House.
65:Types of black holes
1928:Superluminal motion
1903:Population III star
1873:Gravitational waves
1831:Black hole starship
1614:Information paradox
1114:2021PhRvL.126r1301B
956:1989CQGra...6.1909D
916:Columbia University
863:2021NatSR..1114247S
782:2008ApJ...682.1124K
725:1995PhRvD..51.5387W
667:2020NatPh..16.1069C
484:Scientific American
457:Stellar black holes
192: > 0)
124:(three components),
113:(three components),
102:(three components),
23:rotating black hole
1762:Optical black hole
1675:ReissnerâNordström
1634:Firewall (physics)
1539:Gravitational lens
1039:. 10 August 2020.
940:Davies, Paul C. W.
851:Scientific Reports
372:In popular culture
339:KerrâNewman metric
325:KerrâNewman metric
317:
224:ReissnerâNordström
167:
155:
75:general relativity
62:
2115:
2114:
1908:Supermassive star
1898:Naked singularity
1893:Membrane paradigm
1619:Cosmic censorship
1593:Spaghettification
1581:Immirzi parameter
1534:Hawking radiation
1475:Astrophysical jet
1444:Supermassive star
1434:Binary black hole
1368:Stellar evolution
1310:Intermediate-mass
950:(12): 1909â1914.
719:(10): 5387â5427.
713:Physical Review D
651:(10): 1069â1073.
596:978-981-322-794-1
571:. pp. 1â22.
503:(1 August 2019).
234:
233:
2140:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2094:
1767:Sonic black hole
1716:Dark-energy star
1571:Bekenstein bound
1556:Mâsigma relation
1485:Ring singularity
1265:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1107:
1086:
1074:
1065:
1045:
1044:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
982:
976:
975:
936:
930:
929:
927:
907:
901:
900:
890:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
816:
810:
809:
775:
751:
745:
744:
708:
702:
701:
693:
687:
686:
660:
640:
634:
633:
628:. Archived from
615:
609:
608:
580:
564:
558:
557:
555:
540:
534:
533:
521:
515:
514:
497:
488:
487:
486:. 14 April 2003.
476:
452:Ring singularity
364:State transition
285:gamma ray bursts
220: â 0)
201: = 0)
185: = 0)
176:
175:
106:angular momentum
31:angular momentum
2148:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2083:
2059:ULAS J1342+0928
2019:SDSS J0849+1114
2004:Phoenix Cluster
1957:
1809:
1771:
1750:
1689:
1648:
1644:No-hair theorem
1597:
1551:Bondi accretion
1517:Penrose process
1463:
1429:Gamma-ray burst
1356:
1266:
1257:
1243:Direct collapse
1191:
1178:
1173:
1054:
1052:Further reading
1049:
1048:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
984:
983:
979:
937:
933:
908:
904:
843:
839:
829:
827:
817:
813:
752:
748:
709:
705:
694:
690:
641:
637:
625:Cosmos magazine
616:
612:
597:
565:
561:
541:
537:
522:
518:
498:
491:
478:
477:
470:
465:
447:Penrose process
431:BKL singularity
415:Black hole bomb
411:
393:time travelling
374:
366:
327:
309:
297:Penrose process
293:
277:
243:
153:effect (right).
128:electric charge
95:linear momentum
79:no-hair theorem
67:
29:that possesses
17:
12:
11:
5:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2079:Swift J1644+57
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:MS 0735.6+7421
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:Sagittarius A*
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
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1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
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1802:
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1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1566:Thermodynamics
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1529:Accretion disk
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1477:
1471:
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1456:
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1402:
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1327:
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1307:
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1305:
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1268:
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1260:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:BTZ black hole
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1098:(18): 181301.
1087:
1075:
1066:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1022:
1003:
977:
931:
902:
837:
811:
790:10.1086/589497
746:
703:
688:
645:Nature Physics
635:
632:on 7 May 2012.
610:
595:
559:
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516:
489:
467:
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226:
221:
213:
212:
207:
202:
194:
193:
186:
181:Non-rotating (
179:
163:spin parameter
151:frame-dragging
135:
134:
125:
114:
103:
92:
66:
63:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2145:
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2108:
2100:
2098:
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2089:
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2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Markarian 501
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
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2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:XTE J1118+480
1977:
1975:
1974:XTE J1650-500
1972:
1970:
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2009:PKS 1302-102
1883:Gravity well
1851:Compact star
1805:Microquasars
1790:Most massive
1694:Alternatives
1459:X-ray binary
1378:Neutron star
1315:Supermassive
1292:Hawking star
1233:Supermassive
1212:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1070:
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1034:
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994:. Retrieved
989:
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857:(1): 14247.
854:
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828:. Retrieved
824:
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691:
648:
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630:the original
623:
613:
568:
562:
544:Visser, Matt
538:
529:
519:
508:
501:Ethan Siegel
402:Interstellar
400:
378:visual novel
375:
367:
356:in 1963 was
351:
343:
328:
294:
278:
269:GRS 1915+105
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130:
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109:
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98:
97:
88:
68:
35:
22:
20:
18:
2128:Black holes
1999:Centaurus A
1953:Planet Nine
1856:Exotic star
1785:Black holes
1731:Planck star
1680:KerrâNewman
1395:White dwarf
1345:Radio-Quiet
1303:Microquasar
1176:Black holes
1071:Time Travel
1061:Gravitation
766:(2): 1124.
424:Black hole
381:Steins;Gate
335:Kerr metric
321:Kerr metric
229:KerrâNewman
197:Uncharged (
165:of a/M=0.9.
86:massâenergy
2122:Categories
2049:Q0906+6930
2039:Hercules A
1969:Cygnus X-1
1938:White hole
1913:Quasi-star
1866:Preon star
1861:Quark star
1846:Big Bounce
1706:Black star
1664:Derivation
1512:Ergosphere
1468:Properties
1449:Quasi-star
1439:Quark star
1350:Radio-Loud
1238:Primordial
1228:Kugelblitz
1105:2012.08785
925:2205.14808
658:2005.03760
578:1807.06014
463:References
437:Ergosphere
301:ergosphere
188:Rotating (
27:black hole
2074:AT2018hyz
1721:Gravastar
1711:Dark star
1544:Microlens
1417:Hypernova
1412:Micronova
1407:Supernova
1361:Formation
1138:229188123
972:250876065
879:2045-2322
825:nbi.ku.dk
798:0004-637X
773:0805.0044
683:218571203
605:119383808
553:0706.0622
426:spin-flip
397:Joe Davis
281:collapsar
241:Formation
216:Charged (
147:slow down
2133:Rotation
2097:Category
1984:A0620-00
1943:Wormhole
1841:Big Bang
1741:Fuzzball
1624:ER = EPR
1490:Theorems
1288:Electron
1283:Extremal
1213:Rotating
1130:34018784
1081:(2007).
1041:Archived
996:29 April
897:34244573
806:16509742
741:10018300
409:See also
354:Roy Kerr
337:and the
143:rapidity
117:position
50:galaxies
2107:Commons
2069:P172+18
2024:TON 618
1962:Notable
1814:Related
1800:Quasars
1795:Nearest
1755:Analogs
1685:Hayward
1653:Metrics
1298:Stellar
1223:Virtual
1218:Charged
1187:Outline
1110:Bibcode
1036:YouTube
952:Bibcode
888:8270963
859:Bibcode
830:23 July
778:Bibcode
721:Bibcode
663:Bibcode
38:planets
2044:3C 273
2034:NeVe 1
2014:OJ 287
1736:Q star
1602:Issues
1335:Blazar
1325:Quasar
1136:
1128:
970:
895:
885:
877:
804:
796:
739:
681:
603:
593:
510:Forbes
383:(also
358:stable
255:rotate
1777:Lists
1278:Micro
1248:Rogue
1196:Types
1134:S2CID
1100:arXiv
968:S2CID
920:arXiv
802:S2CID
768:arXiv
679:S2CID
653:arXiv
601:S2CID
573:arXiv
548:arXiv
389:manga
42:stars
25:is a
1746:Geon
1670:Kerr
1271:Size
1126:PMID
998:2020
893:PMID
875:ISSN
832:2022
794:ISSN
737:PMID
591:ISBN
323:and
251:star
210:Kerr
1340:OVV
1330:LQG
1118:doi
1096:126
1017:Mic
960:doi
883:PMC
867:doi
786:doi
764:682
729:doi
671:doi
583:doi
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46:Sun
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