Gamma-ray burst - Knowledge

13372: 613: 337:. All such searches were unsuccessful, and in a few cases particularly well-localized bursts (those whose positions were determined with what was then a high degree of accuracy) could be clearly shown to have no bright objects of any nature consistent with the position derived from the detecting satellites. This suggested an origin of either very faint stars or extremely distant galaxies. Even the most accurate positions contained numerous faint stars and galaxies, and it was widely agreed that final resolution of the origins of cosmic gamma-ray bursts would require both new satellites and faster communication. 1100: 10503: 656:) a source of very small physical diameter in stellar terms; less than 0.2 light-seconds (about 60,000 km or 37,000 miles – four times the Earth's diameter). The observation of minutes to hours of X-ray flashes after a short gamma-ray burst is consistent with small particles of a primary object like a neutron star initially swallowed by a black hole in less than two seconds, followed by some hours of lesser energy events, as remaining fragments of tidally disrupted neutron star material (no longer 13297: 750: 1036: 932:

systems with a carbon–oxygen core and a companion neutron star or a black hole. Furthermore, the energy of GRBs in the model is isotropic instead of collimated. The creators of the model have noted the numerous drawbacks of the standard "fireball" model as motivation for developing the model, such as the markedly different energetics for supernova and gamma-ray bursts, and the fact that the existence of extremely narrow beaming angles have never been observationally corroborated.

580: 1283: 13309: 11833: 11333: 604:, suggesting the existence of two separate populations: a "short" population with an average duration of about 0.3 seconds and a "long" population with an average duration of about 30 seconds. Both distributions are very broad with a significant overlap region in which the identity of a given event is not clear from duration alone. Additional classes beyond this two-tiered system have been proposed on both observational and theoretical grounds. 13396: 38: 684: 13420: 11843: 11343: 13360: 300: – not biased towards any particular direction in space. If the sources were from within our own galaxy, they would be strongly concentrated in or near the galactic plane. The absence of any such pattern in the case of GRBs provided strong evidence that gamma-ray bursts must come from beyond the Milky Way. However, some Milky Way models are still consistent with an isotropic distribution. 876: 13408: 628: 232: 741:. The low detection rate may be a result of low sensitivity of current detectors to long-duration events, rather than a reflection of their true frequency. A 2013 study, on the other hand, shows that the existing evidence for a separate ultra-long GRB population with a new type of progenitor is inconclusive, and further multi-wavelength observations are needed to draw a firmer conclusion. 13384: 1146:, estimates of the expected rate (for long-duration GRBs) can range from one burst every 10,000 years, to one burst every 1,000,000 years. Only a small percentage of these would be beamed towards Earth. Estimates of rate of occurrence of short-duration GRBs are even more uncertain because of the unknown degree of collimation, but are probably comparable. 1044:

the observed diversity of light curves, spectra, and other characteristics. Particularly challenging is the need to explain the very high efficiencies that are inferred from some explosions: some gamma-ray bursts may convert as much as half (or more) of the explosion energy into gamma-rays. Early observations of the bright optical counterparts to

1294:, have been observed, and the question of whether one has ever occurred remains unresolved. In light of evolving understanding of gamma-ray bursts and their progenitors, the scientific literature records a growing number of local, past, and future GRB candidates. Long duration GRBs are related to superluminous supernovae, or hypernovae, and most 271:, filed the data away for investigation. As additional Vela satellites were launched with better instruments, the Los Alamos team continued to find inexplicable gamma-ray bursts in their data. By analyzing the different arrival times of the bursts as detected by different satellites, the team was able to determine rough estimates for the 5368:; Kulkarni, S. R.; Berger, E.; Fox, D. W.; Sako, M.; Frail, D. A.; Gal-Yam, A.; Moon, D. S.; Cenko, S. B.; Yost, S. A.; Phillips, M. M.; Persson, S. E.; Freedman, W. L.; Wyatt, P.; Jayawardhana, R.; Paulson, D. (2004). "The sub-energetic γ-ray burst GRB 031203 as a cosmic analogue to the nearby GRB 980425". 1465:

GRBs are named after the date on which they are discovered: the first two digits being the year, followed by the two-digit month and two-digit day and a letter with the order they were detected during that day. The letter 'A' is appended to the name for the first burst identified, 'B' for the second,

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Because of the immense distances of most gamma-ray burst sources from Earth, identification of the progenitors, the systems that produce these explosions, is challenging. The association of some long GRBs with supernovae and the fact that their host galaxies are rapidly star-forming offer very strong

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Short (time duration) GRBs appear to come from a lower-redshift (i.e. less distant) population and are less luminous than long GRBs. The degree of beaming in short bursts has not been accurately measured, but as a population they are likely less collimated than long GRBs or possibly not collimated at

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of 5.8, comparable to that of the dimmest naked-eye stars despite the burst's distance of 7.5 billion light years. This combination of brightness and distance implies an extremely energetic source. Assuming the gamma-ray explosion to be spherical, the energy output of GRB 080319B would be within

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Greiner, Jochen; Mazzali, Paolo A.; Kann, D. Alexander; Krühler, Thomas; Pian, Elena; Prentice, Simon; Olivares E., Felipe; Rossi, Andrea; Klose, Sylvio; Taubenberger, Stefan; Knust, Fabian; Afonso, Paulo M. J.; Ashall, Chris; Bolmer, Jan; Delvaux, Corentin; Diehl, Roland; Elliott, Jonathan; Filgas,

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would only be a short increase in ultraviolet radiation at ground level, lasting from less than a second to tens of seconds. This ultraviolet radiation could potentially reach dangerous levels depending on the exact nature and distance of the burst, but it seems unlikely to be able to cause a global

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on 28 March 2011. This event had a gamma-ray duration of about 2 days, much longer than even ultra-long GRBs, and was detected in many frequencies for months and years after. It occurred at the center of a small elliptical galaxy at redshift 3.8 billion light years away. This event has been accepted

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Because their energy is strongly focused, the gamma rays emitted by most bursts are expected to miss the Earth and never be detected. When a gamma-ray burst is pointed towards Earth, the focusing of its energy along a relatively narrow beam causes the burst to appear much brighter than it would have

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suddenly rip the neutron stars apart and they collapse into a single black hole. The infall of matter into the new black hole produces an accretion disk and releases a burst of energy, analogous to the collapsar model. Numerous other models have also been proposed to explain short gamma-ray bursts,

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Events with a duration of less than about two seconds are classified as short gamma-ray bursts. These account for about 30% of gamma-ray bursts, but until 2005, no afterglow had been successfully detected from any short event and little was known about their origins. Since then, several dozen short

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Although some light curves can be roughly reproduced using certain simplified models, little progress has been made in understanding the full diversity observed. Many classification schemes have been proposed, but these are often based solely on differences in the appearance of light curves and may

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Virgili, F. J.; Mundell, C. G.; Pal'Shin, V.; Guidorzi, C.; Margutti, R.; Melandri, A.; Harrison, R.; Kobayashi, S.; Chornock, R.; Henden, A.; Updike, A. C.; Cenko, S. B.; Tanvir, N. R.; Steele, I. A.; Cucchiara, A.; Gomboc, A.; Levan, A.; Cano, Z.; Mottram, C. J.; Clay, N. R.; Bersier, D.; Kopač,

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Levan, A. J.; Tanvir, N. R.; Starling, R. L. C.; Wiersema, K.; Page, K. L.; Perley, D. A.; Schulze, S.; Wynn, G. A.; Chornock, R.; Hjorth, J.; Cenko, S. B.; Fruchter, A. S.; O'Brien, P. T.; Brown, G. C.; Tunnicliffe, R. L.; Malesani, D.; Jakobsson, P.; Watson, D.; Berger, E.; Bersier, D.; Cobb, B.

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Hjorth, Jens; Sollerman, Jesper; Møller, Palle; Fynbo, Johan P. U.; Woosley, Stan E.; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Tanvir, Nial R.; Greiner, Jochen; Andersen, Michael I.; Castro-Tirado, Alberto J.; Castro Cerón, José María; Fruchter, Andrew S.; Gorosabel, Javier; Jakobsson, Páll; Kaper, Lex (2003-06-19).

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layer near the ocean surface were much harder hit than deep-water dwellers, which tended to remain within quite restricted areas. This is in contrast to the usual pattern of extinction events, wherein species with more widely spread populations typically fare better. A possible explanation is that

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The means by which gamma-ray bursts convert energy into radiation remains poorly understood, and as of 2010 there was still no generally accepted model for how this process occurs. Any successful model of GRB emission must explain the physical process for generating gamma-ray emission that matches

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Most observed events (70%) have a duration of greater than two seconds and are classified as long gamma-ray bursts. Because these events constitute the majority of the population and because they tend to have the brightest afterglows, they have been observed in much greater detail than their short

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New developments since the 2000s include the recognition of short gamma-ray bursts as a separate class (likely from merging neutron stars and not associated with supernovae), the discovery of extended, erratic flaring activity at X-ray wavelengths lasting for many minutes after most GRBs, and the

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There is a very good chance (but no certainty) that at least one lethal GRB took place during the past 5 billion years close enough to Earth as to significantly damage life. There is a 50% chance that such a lethal GRB took place within two kiloparsecs of Earth during the last 500 million years,

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All in all, a GRB within a few kiloparsecs, with its energy directed towards Earth, will mostly damage life by raising the UV levels during the burst itself and for a few years thereafter. Models show that the destructive effects of this increase can cause up to 16 times the normal levels of DNA

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Rastinejad, Jillian C.; Gompertz, Benjamin P.; Levan, Andrew J.; Fong, Wen-fai; Nicholl, Matt; Lamb, Gavin P.; Malesani, Daniele B.; Nugent, Anya E.; Oates, Samantha R.; Tanvir, Nial R.; de Ugarte Postigo, Antonio; Kilpatrick, Charles D.; Moore, Christopher J.; Metzger, Brian D.; Ravasio, Maria

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Levan, Andrew J.; Malesani, Daniele B.; Gompertz, Benjamin P.; Nugent, Anya E.; Nicholl, Matt; Oates, Samantha R.; Perley, Daniel A.; Rastinejad, Jillian; Metzger, Brian D.; Schulze, Steve; Stanway, Elizabeth R.; Inkenhaag, Anne; Zafar, Tayyaba; Agüí Fernández, J. Feliciano; Chrimes, Ashley A.

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is that of the binary-driven hypernova (BdHN) model. The model succeeds and improves upon both the fireshell model and the induced gravitational collapse (IGC) paradigm suggested before, and explains all aspects of gamma-ray bursts. The model posits long gamma-ray bursts as occurring in binary

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from Earth. This was the first accurate determination of the distance to a GRB, and together with the discovery of the host galaxy of 970228 proved that GRBs occur in extremely distant galaxies. Within a few months, the controversy about the distance scale ended: GRBs were extragalactic events

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of gamma-ray bursts are extremely diverse and complex. No two gamma-ray burst light curves are identical, with large variation observed in almost every property: the duration of observable emission can vary from milliseconds to tens of minutes, there can be a single peak or several individual

439:(with BATSE) was deorbited in 2000. However, the revolution in the study of gamma-ray bursts motivated the development of a number of additional instruments designed specifically to explore the nature of GRBs, especially in the earliest moments following the explosion. The first such mission, 1161:

Earth's atmosphere is very effective at absorbing high energy electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays and gamma rays, so these types of radiation would not reach any dangerous levels at the surface during the burst event itself. The immediate effect on life on Earth from a GRB within a few

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All GRBs observed to date have occurred well outside the Milky Way galaxy and have been harmless to Earth. However, if a GRB were to occur within the Milky Way within 5,000 to 8,000 light-years and its emission were beamed straight towards Earth, the effects could be harmful and potentially

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Laskar, Tanmoy; Escorial, Alicia Rouco; Schroeder, Genevieve; Fong, Wen-fai; Berger, Edo; Veres, Péter; Bhandari, Shivani; Rastinejad, Jillian; Kilpatrick, Charles D.; Tohuvavohu, Aaron; Margutti, Raffaella; Alexander, Kate D.; DeLaunay, James; Kennea, Jamie A.; Nugent, Anya (2022-08-01).

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is emitted. Recently some otherwise "short" GRBs have been shown to be followed by a second, much longer emission episode that when included in the burst light curve results in T90 durations of up to several minutes: these events are only short in the literal sense when this component is

802:. The approximate angular width of the jet (that is, the degree of spread of the beam) can be estimated directly by observing the achromatic "jet breaks" in afterglow light curves: a time after which the slowly decaying afterglow begins to fade rapidly as the jet slows and can no longer 1091:. This model has generally been successful in modeling the behavior of many observed afterglows at late times (generally, hours to days after the explosion), although there are difficulties explaining all features of the afterglow very shortly after the gamma-ray burst has occurred. 631:

GRB 211106A, one of the most energetic short GRB registered, in the first-ever time-lapse movie of a short GRB in millimeter-wavelength light, as seen with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and pinpointed to a distant host galaxy captured using the Hubble Space

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flux comparable to a bright star of our galaxy despite a distance of billions of light years (compared to a few tens of light years for most visible stars). Most of this energy is released in gamma rays, although some GRBs have extremely luminous optical counterparts as well.

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Since GRBs are thought to involve beamed emission along two jets in opposing directions, only planets in the path of these jets would be subjected to the high energy gamma radiation. A GRB would be able to vaporize anything in its beams out to around 200 light-years.

596:" event, a weak burst that is then followed (after seconds to minutes of no emission at all) by the much more intense "true" bursting episode. The light curves of some events have extremely chaotic and complicated profiles with almost no discernible patterns. 308:

For decades after the discovery of GRBs, astronomers searched for a counterpart at other wavelengths: i.e., any astronomical object in positional coincidence with a recently observed burst. Astronomers considered many distinct classes of objects, including

1071:) that follows gamma-ray bursts is better understood. Any energy released by the explosion not radiated away in the burst itself takes the form of matter or energy moving outward at nearly the speed of light. As this matter collides with the surrounding 365:

and interstellar gas. Early searches for this afterglow were unsuccessful, largely because it is difficult to observe a burst's position at longer wavelengths immediately after the initial burst. The breakthrough came in February 1997 when the satellite

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Chang, Hsiang-Kuang; Lin, Chi-Hsun; Tsao, Che-Chih; Chu, Che-Yen; Yang, Shun-Chia; Huang, Chien-You; Wang, Chao-Hsi; Su, Tze-Hsiang; Chung, Yun-Hsin; Chang, Yung-Wei; Gong, Zi-Jun; Hsiang, Jr-Yue; Lai, Keng-Li; Lin, Tsu-Hsuan; Lu, Chia-Yu (2022-01-15).

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that then propagates forward into interstellar space. A second shock wave, the reverse shock, may propagate back into the ejected matter. Extremely energetic electrons within the shock wave are accelerated by strong local magnetic fields and radiate as

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450 million years ago may have been caused by a GRB. Estimates suggest that approximately 20–60% of the total phytoplankton biomass in the Ordovician oceans would have perished in a GRB, because the oceans were mostly oligotrophic and clear. The

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Gamma ray bursts can have harmful or destructive effects on life. Considering the universe as a whole, the safest environments for life similar to that on Earth are the lowest density regions in the outskirts of large galaxies. Our knowledge of

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Troja, E.; Cusumano, G.; O'Brien, P. T.; Zhang, B.; Sbarufatti, B.; Mangano, V.; Willingale, R.; Chincarini, G.; Osborne, J. P. (2007-08-01). "Swift Observations of GRB 070110: An Extraordinary X-Ray Afterglow Powered by the Central Engine".

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The massive-star model probably does not explain all types of gamma-ray burst. There is strong evidence that some short-duration gamma-ray bursts occur in systems with no star formation and no massive stars, such as elliptical galaxies and

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than the typical supernova. Very bright supernovae have been observed to accompany several of the nearest GRBs. Further support for focusing of the output of GRBs comes from observations of strong asymmetries in the spectra of nearby

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Kippen, R.M.; Briggs, M. S.; Kommers, J. M.; Kouveliotou, C.; Hurley, K.; Robinson, C. R.; Van Paradijs, J.; Hartmann, D. H.; Galama, T. J.; Vreeswijk, P. M. (October 1998). "On the Association of Gamma-Ray Bursts with Supernovae".

846:, accepts the extreme isotropic energy totals as being true, with there being no need to correct for beaming. They also note that the extreme beaming angles in the standard "fireball" model have never been physically corroborated. 2776: 959:. The favored hypothesis for the origin of most short gamma-ray bursts is the merger of a binary system consisting of two neutron stars. According to this model, the two stars in a binary slowly spiral towards each other because 9749: 691:

about an hour after it was first detected reaching Earth on October 9, 2022. The bright rings form as a result of X-rays scattered from otherwise unobservable dust layers within our galaxy that lie in the direction of the

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Zhang, B.; et al. (2009). "Discerning the physical origins of cosmological gamma-ray bursts based on multiple observational criteria: the cases of z = 6.7 GRB 080913, z = 8.2 GRB 090423, and some short/hard GRBs".

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Gendre, B.; Stratta, G.; Atteia, J. L.; Basa, S.; Boër, M.; Coward, D. M.; Cutini, S.; d'Elia, V.; Howell, E. J; Klotz, A.; Piro, L. (2013). "The Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Burst 111209A: The Collapse of a Blue Supergiant?".

1209:, but models show only about a 1% reduction of the total sunlight spectrum, lasting a few years. However, the smog could potentially cause a cooling effect on Earth's climate, producing a "cosmic winter" (similar to an 915:

out along the rotational axis, which pummel through the stellar envelope and eventually break through the stellar surface and radiate as gamma rays. Some alternative models replace the black hole with a newly formed

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identified a fading optical counterpart 20 hours after the burst. Once the GRB faded, deep imaging was able to identify a faint, distant host galaxy at the location of the GRB as pinpointed by the optical afterglow.

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Thomas, Brian C.; Melott, Adrian Lewis; Jackman, Charles H.; Laird, Claude M.; Medvedev, Mikhail V.; Stolarski, Richard S.; Gehrels, Neil; Cannizzo, John K.; Hogan, Daniel P.; Ejzak, Larissa M. (20 November 2005).

447:, was launched in 2004 and as of May 2024 is still operational. Swift is equipped with a very sensitive gamma-ray detector as well as on-board X-ray and optical telescopes, which can be rapidly and automatically 263:, the Vela 4 and Vela 3 satellites detected a flash of gamma radiation unlike any known nuclear weapons signature. Uncertain what had happened but not considering the matter particularly urgent, the team at the 5437:

Le Floc'h, E.; Charmandaris, V.; Gordon, K.; Forrest, W. J.; Brandl, B.; Schaerer, D.; Dessauges-Zavadsky, M.; Armus, L. (2011). "The first Infrared study of the close environment of a long Gamma-Ray Burst".

2536:"All in the family: Kin of gravitational wave source discovered – New observations suggest that kilonovae – immense cosmic explosions that produce silver, gold and platinum – may be more common than thought" 701:

as well, unambiguously associating long GRBs with the deaths of massive stars. Long GRB afterglow observations, at high redshift, are also consistent with the GRB having originated in star-forming regions.

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Because of the very faint luminosity of this galaxy, its exact distance was not measured for several years. Well after then, another major breakthrough occurred with the next event registered by BeppoSAX,

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Aimuratov, Y.; Becerra, L. M.; Bianco, C. L.; Cherubini, C.; Valle, M. Della; Filippi, S.; Li, Liang; Moradi, R.; Rastegarnia, F.; Rueda, J. A.; Ruffini, R.; Sahakyan, N.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, S. R. (2023).

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trilobites remaining in deep water would be more shielded from the increased UV radiation associated with a GRB. Also supportive of this hypothesis is the fact that during the late Ordovician, burrowing

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been were its energy emitted spherically. The total energy of typical gamma-ray bursts has been estimated at 3 × 10 J, – which is larger than the total energy (10 J) of ordinary

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Troja, E.; Fryer, C. L.; O’Connor, B.; Ryan, G.; Dichiara, S.; Kumar, A.; Ito, N.; Gupta, R.; Wollaeger, R. T.; Norris, J. P.; Kawai, N.; Butler, N. R.; Aryan, A.; Misra, K.; Hosokawa, R. (2022-12-08).

412:), coincident in location, indicating a clear connection between GRBs and the deaths of very massive stars. This burst provided the first strong clue about the nature of the systems that produce GRBs. 3796:

E.; Covino, S.; Cucchiara, A.; de Ugarte Postigo, A.; Fox, D. B.; Gal-Yam, A.; Goldoni, P.; Gorosabel, J.; Kaper, L.; et al. (2014). "A new population of ultra-long duration gamma-ray bursts".

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Although nearby GRBs hitting Earth with a destructive shower of gamma rays are only hypothetical events, high energy processes across the galaxy have been observed to affect the Earth's atmosphere.

1193:, with models showing a possible global reduction of 25–35%, with as much as 75% in certain locations, an effect that would last for years. This reduction is enough to cause a dangerously elevated 600:

not always reflect a true physical difference in the progenitors of the explosions. However, plots of the distribution of the observed duration for a large number of gamma-ray bursts show a clear

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of 16 bursts and definitively rule out a terrestrial or solar origin. Contrary to popular belief, the data was never classified. After thorough analysis, the findings were published in 1973 as an

3729:; Schmidl, Sebastian; Schweyer, Tassilo; Sudilovsky, Vladimir; Tanga, Mohit; et al. (2015-07-08). "A very luminous magnetar-powered supernova associated with an ultra-long γ-ray burst". 3202:

Tanvir, N. R.; Levan, A. J.; Fruchter, A. S.; Hjorth, J.; Hounsell, R. A.; Wiersema, K.; Tunnicliffe, R. L. (2013). "A 'kilonova' associated with the short-duration γ-ray burst GRB 130603B".

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damage. It has proved difficult to assess a reliable evaluation of the consequences of this on the terrestrial ecosystem, because of the uncertainty in biological field and laboratory data.

1213:, but without an impact), but only if it occurs simultaneously with a global climate instability. Thirdly, the elevated nitrogen dioxide levels in the atmosphere would wash out and produce 2780: 3962:

D.; Japelj, J.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Svinkin, D.; Golenetskii, S.; Hartmann, D. H.; Milne, P. A.; et al. (2013). "Grb 091024A and the Nature of Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Bursts".

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These events are at the tail end of the long GRB duration distribution, lasting more than 10,000 seconds. They have been proposed to form a separate class, caused by the collapse of a

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Bloom, J.S.; et al. (2006). "Closing in on a Short-Hard Burst Progenitor: Constraints from Early-Time Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Possible Host Galaxy of GRB 050509b".

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Since 2011, only 4 jetted TDEs have been discovered, of which 3 were detected in gamma-rays (including Swift J1644+57). It is estimated that just 1% of all TDEs are jetted events.

193:; after thorough analysis, this was published in 1973. Following their discovery, hundreds of theoretical models were proposed to explain these bursts, such as collisions between 3264: 463:. Meanwhile, on the ground, numerous optical telescopes have been built or modified to incorporate robotic control software that responds immediately to signals sent through the 9729: 644:

The true nature of these objects was initially unknown, and the leading hypothesis was that they originated from the mergers of binary neutron stars or a neutron star with a

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have been cited as possible future gamma-ray burst progenitors. It is unclear if any star in the Milky Way has the appropriate characteristics to produce a gamma-ray burst.

641:. This rules out a link to massive stars, confirming that short events are physically distinct from long events. In addition, there has been no association with supernovae. 2000:

Thomas, Brian C.; Jackman, Charles H.; Melott, Adrian L.; Laird, Claude M.; Stolarski, Richard S.; Gehrels, Neil; Cannizzo, John K.; Hogan, Daniel P. (28 February 2005).

857:, stating that "Our measurements show that the energy released in very-high-energy gamma-rays is comparable to the amount radiated at all lower energies taken together". 11228: 533:

in 2019. (Note, this is about a thousand times lower energy than the highest energy light observed from any source, which is 1.4 petaelectronvolts as of the year 2021.)

8759: 467:. This allows the telescopes to rapidly repoint towards a GRB, often within seconds of receiving the signal and while the gamma-ray emission itself is still ongoing. 4326: 733:. Only a small number have been identified to date, their primary characteristic being their gamma ray emission duration. The most studied ultra-long events include 660:) remain in orbit to spiral into the black hole, over a longer period of time. A small fraction of short gamma-ray bursts are probably produced by giant flares from 753:

Artist's illustration of a bright gamma-ray burst occurring in a star-forming region. Energy from the explosion is beamed into two narrow, oppositely directed jets.

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Martin, Osmel; Cardenas, Rolando; Guimarais, Mayrene; Peñate, Liuba; Horvath, Jorge; Galante, Douglas (2010). "Effects of gamma ray bursts in Earth's biosphere".

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Melott, A.L. & Thomas, B.C. (2009). "Late Ordovician geographic patterns of extinction compared with simulations of astrophysical ionizing radiation damage".

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are thought to end their life cycles in core-collapse supernovae with an associated long-duration GRB. Knowledge of GRBs, however, is from metal-poor galaxies of

11754: 8896: 8030: 6470: 443:, was launched in 2000 and functioned until 2006, providing most of the major discoveries during this period. One of the most successful space missions to date, 983:

is that in the course of a gravitational collapse and in reaching the event horizon of a black hole, all matter disintegrates into a burst of gamma radiation.

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Abbott, B.; et al. (2008). "Search for Gravitational Waves Associated with 39 Gamma-Ray Bursts Using Data from the Second, Third, and Fourth LIGO Runs".

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Zhang, Bing; Mészáros, Peter (2001-05-01). "Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow with Continuous Energy Injection: Signature of a Highly Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar".

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is toxic to a variety of organisms, including amphibian life, but models predict that it would not reach levels that would cause a serious global effect. The

12749: 12088: 12045: 387:. This event was localized within four hours of its discovery, allowing research teams to begin making observations much sooner than any previous burst. The 201:. Little information was available to verify these models until the 1997 detection of the first X-ray and optical afterglows and direct measurement of their 9289:

Ricker, G.R.; Vanderspek, R.K. (2003). "The High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE): Mission and Science Overview". In Ricker, G.R.; Vanderspek, R.K. (eds.).

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event detected in 2017 (which has been associated with GRB170817A, a burst detected 1.7 seconds later), may have been produced by the same mechanism – the

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will in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime) and extremely rare (a few per galaxy per million years). All observed GRBs have originated from outside the

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converts lighter elements into heavier ones. When fusion no longer generates enough pressure to counteract gravity, the star rapidly collapses to form a

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gamma-ray burst afterglows have been detected and localized, several of which are associated with regions of little or no star formation, such as large

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Ruffini, R.; Muccino, M.; Bianco, C. L.; Enderli, M.; Izzo, L.; Kovacevic, M.; Penacchioni, A. V.; Pisani, G. B.; Rueda, J. A.; Wang, Y. (2014-05-01).

353:, launched in April 1996, provided the first accurate positions of gamma-ray bursts, allowing follow-up observations and identification of the sources. 5665: 891:

evidence that long gamma-ray bursts are associated with massive stars. The most widely accepted mechanism for the origin of long-duration GRBs is the

9873: 9627: 8073: 7061: 6016: 459:, which detects bursts at a rate of several hundred per year, some of which are bright enough to be observed at extremely high energies with Fermi's 1340: 13142: 7268:

Frederiks, D.; et al. (2008). "GRB 051103 and GRB 070201 as Giant Flares from SGRs in Nearby Galaxies". In Galassi; Palmer; Fenimore (eds.).

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types and their distribution suggests that life as we know it can only exist in about 10% of all galaxies. Furthermore, galaxies with a redshift,

8642: 853:, astronomers may have been missing half of the total energy that gamma-ray bursts produce, with Konstancja Satalecka, an astrophysicist at the 13040: 10353: 1060:

are scattered by relativistic electrons within the explosion, augmenting their energy by a large factor and transforming them into gamma-rays.

11959: 10584: 8310: 920:, although most other aspects of the model (the collapse of the core of a massive star and the formation of relativistic jets) are the same. 653: 10589: 697:

counterparts. Almost every well-studied long gamma-ray burst has been linked to a galaxy with rapid star formation, and in many cases to a

652:, and evidence for a kilonova associated with GRB 130603B was seen. The mean duration of these events of 0.2 seconds suggests (because of 374:) and when the X-ray camera was pointed towards the direction from which the burst had originated, it detected fading X-ray emission. The 12093: 10378: 9992: 7112: 6636:

Berger, E.; et al. (2007). "Galaxy Clusters Associated with Short GRBs. I. The Fields of GRBs 050709, 050724, 050911, and 051221a".

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Simić, S.; et al. (2005). "A model for temporal variability of the GRB light curve". In Bulik, T.; Rudak, B.; Madejski, G. (eds.).

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Bloom, J. S.; et al. (2011). "A Possible Relativistic Jetted Outburst from a Massive Black Hole Fed by a Tidally Disrupted Star".

3272: 7833:

Hurley, K.; et al. (2005). "An exceptionally bright flare from SGR 1806–20 and the origins of short-duration gamma-ray bursts".

13199: 13137: 11594: 10903: 10729: 10629: 5612: 4565:"Induced Gravitational Collapse, Binary-Driven Hypernovae, Long Gramma-ray Bursts and Their Connection with Short Gamma-ray Bursts" 1628: 1242: 713:(2023). with around 64s and 35s respectively have been also argued to belong to this class of long GRBs from neutron star mergers. 3851:"Are Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Bursts Caused by Blue Supergiant Collapsars, Newborn Magnetars, or White Dwarf Tidal Disruption Events?" 2633: 1652: 11872: 10236: 8331:

Mazzali, P.A.; et al. (2005). "An Asymmetric Energetic Type Ic Supernova Viewed Off-Axis, and a Link to Gamma Ray Bursts".

1124:. Currently, orbiting satellites detect on average approximately one GRB per day. The closest observed GRB as of March 2014 was 11379: 1588: 1449: 592:

subpulses, and individual peaks can be symmetric or with fast brightening and very slow fading. Some bursts are preceded by a "

1933:

Rodríguez-López, Lien; Cardenas, Rolando; González-Rodríguez, Lisdelys; Guimarais, Mayrene; Horvath, Jorge (24 January 2021).

1170:

The long-term effects from a nearby burst are more dangerous. Gamma rays cause chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving

518:, are "striking", suggesting the two separate events may both be the result of the merger of neutron stars, and both may be a 12278: 11818: 10406: 10190: 10171: 9806: 9523: 8992: 8494: 7907: 6235: 4398: 4015:

Zhang, Bin-Bin; Zhang, Bing; Murase, Kohta; Connaughton, Valerie; Briggs, Michael S. (2014). "How Long does a Burst Burst?".

3535: 1683: 1116:, higher than 0.5 are unsuitable for life as we know it, because of their higher rate of GRBs and their stellar compactness. 757:

Gamma-ray bursts are very bright as observed from Earth despite their typically immense distances. An average long GRB has a

154:, implying that the explosions are both extremely energetic (a typical burst releases as much energy in a few seconds as the 9060:

Podsiadlowski, Ph.; et al. (2004). "The Rates of Hypernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: Implications for Their Progenitors".

8766: 7006:

Ejzak, L.M.; et al. (2007). "Terrestrial Consequences of Spectral and Temporal Variability in Ionizing Photon Events".

6767:

Bloom, J.S.; et al. (2009). "Observations of the Naked-Eye GRB 080319B: Implications of Nature's Brightest Explosion".

3725:

Robert; Fynbo, Johan P. U.; Graham, John F.; Guelbenzu, Ana Nicuesa; Kobayashi, Shiho; Leloudas, Giorgos; Savaglio, Sandra;

12216: 8781: 8796:

Nousek, J.A.; et al. (2006). "Evidence for a Canonical Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curve in the Swift XRT Data".

1700: 77:

describes the bursts as the "most powerful class of explosions in the universe". They are the most energetic and luminous

12771: 12211: 12110: 10363: 10326: 8966:

Pedersen, H.; et al. (1986). "Deep Searches for Burster Counterparts". In Liang, Edison P.; Petrosian, Vahé (eds.).

7739:

Hurley, K.; Cline, T.; Epstein, R. (1986). "Error Boxes and Spatial Distribution". In Liang, E.P.; Petrosian, V. (eds.).

6251:

Van Den Heuvel, E. P. J.; Yoon, S.-C. (2007). "Long gamma-ray burst progenitors: Boundary conditions and binary models".

1306:, and it is impossible to directly extrapolate to encompass more evolved galaxies and stellar environments with a higher 1132:=0.0085) in an SBc-type dwarf galaxy. GRB 980425 was far less energetic than the average GRB and was associated with the 1030: 806:

its radiation as effectively. Observations suggest significant variation in the jet angle from between 2 and 20 degrees.

545: 464: 226: 9725: 6873:

Burrows, D.N.; et al. (2006). "Jet Breaks in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts. II. The Collimated Afterglow of GRB 051221A".

5143:

Liang, E. P.; Crider, A.; Boettcher, M.; Smith, I. A. (1999-03-29). "GRB990123: The Case for Saturated Comptonization".

357:

Several models for the origin of gamma-ray bursts postulated that the initial burst of gamma rays should be followed by

13171: 11865: 10945: 10359: 9363:

Rykoff, E.; et al. (2009). "Looking into the Fireball: ROTSE-III and Swift Observations of Early GRB Afterglows".

8171:

Levan, A. J.; et al. (2011). "An Extremely Luminous Panchromatic Outburst from the Nucleus of a Distant Galaxy".

7425:

Gehrels, N.; et al. (2005). "A short gamma-ray burst apparently associated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift

5262:

Piran, Tsvi; Jimenez, Raul (5 December 2014). "Possible Role of Gamma Ray Bursts on Life Extinction in the Universe".

705:

In December 2022, astronomers reported the observation of GRB 211211A, the first evidence of a long GRB produced by a

12191: 11034: 10209: 9164:

Prochaska, J.X.; et al. (2006). "The Galaxy Hosts and Large-Scale Environments of Short-Hard Gamma-Ray Bursts".

8981: 8956: 8948: 7823: 7754: 7209:

Frail, D.A.; et al. (2000). "A 450 Day Light Curve of the Radio Afterglow of GRB 970508: Fireball Calorimetry".

4240:"Time-reversed Gamma-Ray Burst Light-curve Characteristics as Transitions between Subluminal and Superluminal Motion" 1603: 1129: 8406:

McMonigal, Brendan; Lewis, Geraint F; O'Byrne, Philip (2012). "The Alcubierre Warp Drive: On the Matter of Matter".

7486:

Grupe, D.; et al. (2006). "Jet Breaks in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts. I: The Uncollimated Afterglow of GRB 050724".

239:, with no concentration towards the plane of the Milky Way, which runs horizontally through the center of the image. 12756: 12452: 11029: 10273: 7308:

Galama, T.J.; et al. (1998). "An unusual supernova in the error box of the gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998".

4298: 1466:

and so on. For bursts before the year 2010, this letter was only appended if more than one burst occurred that day.

1346: 568: 13371: 10914: 5052:

Winterberg, Friedwardt (2001 Aug 29). "Gamma-Ray Bursters and Lorentzian Relativity". Z. Naturforsch 56a: 889–892.

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including the merger of a neutron star and a black hole, the accretion-induced collapse of a neutron star, or the

12803: 12300: 12273: 11904: 11777: 10950: 10746: 10282: 6518: 4104:

Dereli-Bégué, Hüsne; Pe’er, Asaf; Ryde, Felix; Oates, Samantha R.; Zhang, Bing; Dainotti, Maria G. (2022-09-24).

1475:

The duration of a burst is typically measured by T90, the duration of the period which 90 percent of the burst's

452: 190: 179: 17: 9869:"Low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts as a distinct GRB population: a firmer case from multiple criteria constraints" 6569: 5586: 1103:

On 27 October 2015, at 22:40 GMT, the NASA/ASI/UKSA Swift satellite discovered its 1000th gamma-ray burst (GRB).

12161: 11846: 11172: 10853: 10492: 10257: 5641: 1142:

Estimating the exact rate at which GRBs occur is difficult; for a galaxy of approximately the same size as the

440: 296:) instrument, an extremely sensitive gamma-ray detector, provided data that showed the distribution of GRBs is 264: 8122:

Krolik J.; Piran T. (2011). "Swift J1644+57: A White Dwarf Tidally Disrupted by a 10^4 M_{odot} Black Hole?".

7535:

Guetta, D.; Piran, T. (2006). "The BATSE-Swift luminosity and redshift distributions of short-duration GRBs".

5887:"Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Earth: Exploration of Atmospheric, Biological, Climatic, and Biogeochemical Effects" 247:

satellites, which were built to detect gamma radiation pulses emitted by nuclear weapons tested in space. The

13452: 12551: 12457: 11909: 11803: 11782: 10940: 10815: 10230: 9923: 9819: 9678: 9463: 9414: 9316: 9062: 9014: 8973: 7999: 7950: 7919: 7815: 7746: 7684: 7300: 7162: 2688:

Veres, P; et al. (20 November 2019). "Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst".

1753: 1414: 1002: 456: 444: 436: 428: 289: 209:, and thus their distances and energy outputs. These discoveries, and subsequent studies of the galaxies and 6419:

Akerlof, C.; et al. (1999). "Observation of contemporaneous optical radiation from a gamma-ray burst".

5092: 935:

The closest analogs within the Milky Way galaxy of the stars producing long gamma-ray bursts are likely the

571:

to track GRBs and other bright gamma-ray transients with energies ranging from 50 keV to 2 MeV in Q4 2026.

13442: 13204: 12601: 12501: 11346: 10858: 10761: 10549: 8228:

MacFadyen, A.I.; Woosley, S. (1999). "Collapsars: Gamma-Ray Bursts and Explosions in "Failed Supernovae"".

5673: 4827: 4181:"Plasmas in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Particle Acceleration, Magnetic Fields, Radiative Processes and Environments" 10868: 9012:

Piran, T. (1992). "The implications of the Compton (GRO) observations for cosmological gamma-ray bursts".

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Frail, D.A.; et al. (2001). "Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir".

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Racusin, J.L.; et al. (2008). "Broadband observations of the naked-eye gamma-ray burst GRB080319B".

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Melott, A.L.; et al. (2004). "Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?".

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Bonnell, J. T.; Klebesadel, R. W. (1996). "A brief history of the discovery of cosmic gamma-ray bursts".

1760:) (16 October 2017). "GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral". 1325: 1267: 870: 794:, and are the most relativistic jets in the universe. The matter in gamma-ray burst jets may also become 772: 549: 31: 11723: 7812:

Gamma-Ray Burst and Afterglow Astronomy, 2001: A Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission

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and its surrounding nebula. Wolf–Rayet stars are candidates for being progenitors of long-duration GRBs.

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Watson, D.; et al. (2006). "Are short γ-ray bursts collimated? GRB 050709, a flare but no break".

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Gamma-Ray Burst and Afterglow Astronomy 2001: A Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission

8968: 8600: 8279: 7741: 7537: 5351: 3077: 2970:"The First Short GRB Millimeter Afterglow: The Wide-angled Jet of the Extremely Energetic SGRB 211106A" 2661: 375: 10049:

Wozniak, P.R.; et al. (2009). "Gamma-Ray Burst at the Extreme: The Naked-Eye Burst GRB 080319B".

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Klebesadel R.W.; Strong I.B.; Olson R.A. (1973). "Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin".

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Paczyński, B. (1999). "Gamma-Ray Burst–Supernova relation". In M. Livio; N. Panagia; K. Sahu (eds.).

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Chattopadhyay, T.; et al. (2007). "Statistical Evidence for Three Classes of Gamma-Ray Bursts".

6574: 5891: 1822: 1335: 1133: 1052:, whose optical light curves were extrapolations of the gamma-ray light spectra, have suggested that 832: 819: 593: 522:, which may be more common in the universe than previously understood, according to the researchers. 53:. Theoretically, energy may be released during the collapse along the axis of rotation to form a GRB. 9271: 8733: 8365: 7243: 4444: 3027: 2752: 2535: 1018:

traveling at near the speed of light was launched, and lasted roughly 1.5 years before turning off.

612: 235:

Positions on the sky of all gamma-ray bursts detected during the BATSE mission. The distribution is

13462: 13320: 13209: 13104: 13030: 12857: 12486: 12186: 11888: 11584: 11554: 11443: 11402: 10980: 10335: 10024: 8636: 8598:

Metzger, B.; et al. (2007). "Proto-Neutron Star Winds, Magnetar Birth, and Gamma-Ray Bursts".

7584:

Hakkila, J.; et al. (2003). "How Sample Completeness Affects Gamma-Ray Burst Classification".

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Boer, Michel; Gendre, Bruce; Stratta, Giulia (2013). "Are Ultra-long Gamma-Ray Bursts different?".

2121:

Bonnell, JT; Klebesadel, RW (1996). "A brief history of the discovery of cosmic gamma-ray bursts".

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Piran, T. (1997). "Toward understanding gamma-ray bursts". In Bahcall, J.N.; Ostriker, J. (eds.).

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Schirber, Michael (2014-12-08). "Focus: Gamma-Ray Bursts Determine Potential Locations for Life".

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has been hypothesised by some researchers to have occurred as a result of such a gamma-ray burst.

13315: 12884: 12739: 12035: 11501: 11157: 10693: 10656: 10559: 10554: 10472: 9533: 7899: 4884: 1934: 1303: 1099: 1011: 960: 791: 698: 256: 121: 9412:

Sari, R; Piran, T; Narayan, R (1998). "Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows".

8549:

Meszaros, P.; Rees, M.J. (1997). "Optical and Long-Wavelength Afterglow from Gamma-Ray Bursts".

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Meegan, C.A.; et al. (1992). "Spatial distribution of gamma-ray bursts observed by BATSE".

6073:"Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4" 5642:"Scientists are exploring how deadly gamma-ray bursts could sterilize — or vaporize — the Earth" 4648: 3028:"Out With a Bang: Explosive Neutron Star Merger Captured for the First Time in Millimeter Light" 1573: 835:

and from radio observations taken long after bursts when their jets are no longer relativistic.

782:

Gamma-ray bursts are thought to be highly focused explosions, with most of the explosion energy

13330: 13164: 13111: 13005: 12828: 12673: 12031: 11836: 11433: 11187: 11075: 11060: 10919: 10612: 10426: 10019: 8728: 8360: 7238: 2531: 1877: 1442: 1295: 1007: 992: 969: 726: 616: 85:. Gamma-ray bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several hours. After the initial flash of 6223: 5953:"AD 775 pulse of cosmogenic radionuclides production as imprint of a Galactic gamma-ray burst" 2805:"The Gamma-ray Transients Monitor (GTM) on board Formosat-8B and its GRB detection efficiency" 1504: 923:

However, a new model which has gained support and was developed by the Italian astrophysicist

89:, an "afterglow" is emitted, which is longer lived and usually emitted at longer wavelengths ( 12734: 12546: 12008: 11969: 11479: 11365: 11065: 10878: 10622: 10477: 10101: 10051: 9365: 9166: 8798: 8652: 8551: 8230: 7635: 7586: 7488: 7378: 7211: 7008: 6959: 6875: 6769: 6720: 6638: 6589: 2569: 980: 973: 277: 78: 10015: 9966: 7682:

Hjorth, J.; et al. (2005). "GRB 050509B: Constraints on Short Gamma-Ray Burst Models".

7560: 7125: 6274: 5781: 4853: 13099: 12896: 12798: 12663: 12625: 12375: 12179: 12073: 11701: 11689: 11496: 11336: 11044: 11016: 10899: 10827: 10795: 10639: 10447: 10392: 10163: 10120: 10070: 10033: 10011: 9962: 9892: 9838: 9798: 9763: 9697: 9646: 9609: 9561: 9482: 9433: 9384: 9335: 9294: 9234: 9185: 9134: 9081: 9048: 9023: 8915: 8866: 8817: 8720: 8671: 8616: 8570: 8513: 8464: 8425: 8352: 8319: 8288: 8249: 8192: 8143: 8092: 8039: 8008: 7969: 7928: 7854: 7775: 7703: 7654: 7605: 7556: 7507: 7450: 7397: 7329: 7273: 7230: 7181: 7121: 7080: 7027: 6978: 6937: 6894: 6837: 6788: 6739: 6706: 6657: 6608: 6540: 6489: 6440: 6373: 6330: 6270: 6186: 6084: 6035: 5974: 5910: 5834: 5777: 5719: 5511: 5457: 5387: 5281: 5162: 4906: 4849: 4792: 4738: 4586: 4524: 4466: 4261: 4202: 4127: 4034: 3981: 3927: 3872: 3815: 3748: 3687: 3584: 3563:"A long-duration gamma-ray burst of dynamical origin from the nucleus of an ancient galaxy" 3483: 3417: 3340: 3221: 3160: 2991: 2816: 2709: 2588: 2219: 2184: 2130: 2084: 2023: 1956: 1896: 1779: 1757: 1530: 939:, extremely hot and massive stars, which have shed most or all of their hydrogen envelope. 907:. Matter near the star's core rains down towards the center and swirls into a high-density 803: 779:(the energy which would be released were the Sun to be converted entirely into radiation). 758: 661: 601: 9817:

Vietri, M.; Stella, L. (1998). "A Gamma-Ray Burst Model with Small Baryon Contamination".

9750:"Transient optical emission from the error box of the gamma-ray burst of 28 February 1997" 9676:

Thorsett, S.E. (1995). "Terrestrial implications of cosmological gamma-ray burst models".

7997:

Kouveliotou, C.; et al. (1993). "Identification of two classes of gamma-ray bursts".

5812: 5549: 8: 13424: 13240: 13020: 12891: 12813: 12411: 12357: 12305: 12268: 12258: 11964: 11674: 11652: 11534: 11428: 11167: 11142: 11112: 11070: 11024: 10661: 10527: 10522: 10452: 7917:

Klebesadel, R.; et al. (1973). "Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin".

5886: 5365: 3138: 2777:"Lobster-inspired £3.8m super lightweight mirror chosen for Chinese-French space mission" 2565:"A luminous blue kilonova and an off-axis jet from a compact binary merger at z = 0.1341" 2001: 1453: 1404: 1299: 936: 880: 706: 560: 495: 388: 163: 58: 10124: 10074: 9896: 9842: 9767: 9701: 9650: 9613: 9565: 9486: 9437: 9388: 9339: 9298: 9238: 9189: 9138: 9085: 9052: 9027: 8919: 8870: 8821: 8724: 8675: 8620: 8574: 8517: 8468: 8429: 8356: 8323: 8292: 8253: 8196: 8147: 8096: 8043: 8012: 7973: 7932: 7858: 7779: 7707: 7658: 7609: 7511: 7454: 7401: 7333: 7277: 7234: 7185: 7133: 7084: 7057:"Gamma-ray burst efficiency and possible physical processes shaping the early afterglow" 7031: 6982: 6941: 6898: 6841: 6792: 6743: 6710: 6661: 6612: 6544: 6493: 6444: 6377: 6334: 6190: 6088: 6039: 5978: 5914: 5838: 5723: 5515: 5461: 5391: 5285: 5166: 4910: 4796: 4742: 4590: 4528: 4470: 4265: 4206: 4131: 4038: 3985: 3931: 3876: 3819: 3752: 3691: 3588: 3487: 3421: 3344: 3225: 3164: 2995: 2820: 2713: 2592: 2223: 2188: 2134: 2088: 2027: 1960: 1900: 1783: 1534: 1437:

of 1979, an extremely bright burst that was successfully localized to supernova remnant

798:, or faster than the speed of light in the jet medium, with there also being effects of 13412: 13400: 12943: 12938: 12916: 12901: 12793: 12581: 12561: 12511: 12474: 12464: 12315: 12152: 11718: 11696: 11544: 11486: 11001: 10873: 10778: 10569: 10537: 10502: 10462: 10457: 10136: 10132: 10110: 10086: 10060: 10037: 10001: 9978: 9952: 9910: 9882: 9854: 9828: 9779: 9713: 9687: 9664: 9636: 9599: 9498: 9472: 9449: 9423: 9400: 9374: 9351: 9325: 9258: 9224: 9201: 9175: 9152: 9124: 9097: 9071: 8931: 8905: 8882: 8856: 8833: 8807: 8746: 8710: 8687: 8661: 8606: 8586: 8560: 8537: 8503: 8480: 8441: 8415: 8386: 8342: 8265: 8239: 8216: 8182: 8159: 8133: 8110: 8082: 8055: 7985: 7959: 7892: 7878: 7844: 7791: 7727: 7693: 7670: 7644: 7621: 7595: 7572: 7546: 7523: 7497: 7474: 7440: 7413: 7387: 7345: 7319: 7256: 7220: 7197: 7171: 7098: 7070: 7043: 7017: 6994: 6968: 6910: 6884: 6861: 6827: 6804: 6778: 6755: 6729: 6696: 6673: 6647: 6624: 6598: 6556: 6552: 6530: 6505: 6479: 6456: 6430: 6407: 6346: 6320: 6286: 6260: 6105: 6072: 6053: 6025: 5992: 5964: 5926: 5900: 5866: 5824: 5793: 5767: 5735: 5709: 5527: 5501: 5473: 5447: 5419: 5377: 5305: 5271: 5178: 5152: 4896: 4885:"Hypercritical Accretion, Induced Gravitational Collapse, and Binary-Driven Hypernovae" 4839: 4808: 4782: 4754: 4728: 4649:"The Most Powerful Explosions in the Universe Emit Way More Energy Than Anyone Thought" 4576: 4514: 4456: 4251: 4192: 4156: 4117: 4106:"A wind environment and Lorentz factors of tens explain gamma-ray bursts X-ray plateau" 4105: 4050: 4024: 3997: 3971: 3943: 3917: 3890: 3862: 3831: 3805: 3772: 3738: 3703: 3677: 3574: 3512: 3473: 3461: 3407: 3330: 3245: 3211: 3184: 3150: 3009: 2981: 2733: 2699: 2609: 2578: 2564: 2047: 2013: 1972: 1946: 1912: 1886: 1803: 1769: 1660: 1520: 1198: 1076: 1053: 944: 799: 491: 361:: slowly fading emission at longer wavelengths created by collisions between the burst 10082: 9396: 8155: 6949: 6800: 4918: 4624:"Record-Breaking Gamma Rays Reveal Secrets of the Universe's Most Powerful Explosions" 3885: 3850: 2172: 1508: 1189:

gas. The nitrogen oxides cause dangerous effects on three levels. First, they deplete

13176: 13077: 12872: 12680: 12645: 12606: 12556: 12447: 12431: 12174: 12137: 12115: 12100: 12083: 12001: 11808: 11647: 11574: 11147: 11137: 11132: 10832: 10820: 10773: 10714: 10683: 10673: 10607: 10292: 10205: 10186: 10167: 10090: 10041: 9905: 9868: 9858: 9802: 9659: 9622: 9582: 9519: 9502: 9355: 9262: 9250: 9147: 9110: 9101: 8977: 8952: 8750: 8691: 8398: 8378: 8333: 8208: 8173: 8163: 8114: 8105: 8068: 8059: 7989: 7903: 7870: 7819: 7750: 7674: 7466: 7093: 7056: 6928: 6853: 6818: 6677: 6399: 6391: 6364: 6311: 6231: 6204: 6110: 5996: 5858: 5739: 5411: 5297: 4922: 4865: 4604: 4542: 4482: 4394: 4279: 4220: 4161: 4143: 4046: 4001: 3993: 3947: 3939: 3894: 3827: 3764: 3707: 3699: 3600: 3562: 3517: 3499: 3441: 3433: 3395: 3364: 3356: 3249: 3237: 3176: 3013: 2834: 2737: 2725: 2614: 1976: 1807: 1795: 1679: 1554: 1546: 1409: 1015: 904: 823: 815: 795: 767: 638: 448: 10180: 10140: 9982: 9914: 9717: 9668: 9560:. American Institute of Physics Conference Series. Vol. 801. pp. 139–140. 9453: 9404: 9205: 8935: 8886: 8837: 8590: 8541: 8390: 8269: 8220: 7731: 7625: 7576: 7527: 7417: 7260: 7047: 6998: 6914: 6865: 6808: 6628: 6560: 6509: 6350: 6290: 5870: 5797: 5477: 5469: 5309: 5240: 5182: 4812: 4758: 4054: 3835: 2051: 1916: 13364: 13325: 13260: 13089: 13067: 12911: 12879: 12867: 12843: 12469: 12416: 12406: 12365: 12295: 12290: 12019: 11927: 11620: 11522: 11298: 11258: 11006: 10955: 10810: 10724: 10517: 10487: 10128: 10078: 10029: 9970: 9900: 9846: 9783: 9771: 9754: 9705: 9654: 9590: 9569: 9490: 9441: 9392: 9343: 9302: 9242: 9215: 9193: 9156: 9142: 9111:"The nature of HI absorbers in GRB afterglows: clues from hydrodynamic simulations" 9089: 9031: 8923: 8874: 8825: 8738: 8679: 8624: 8578: 8529: 8521: 8484: 8472: 8455: 8445: 8433: 8370: 8296: 8257: 8200: 8151: 8100: 8047: 8016: 7977: 7936: 7882: 7862: 7835: 7795: 7783: 7766: 7719: 7711: 7662: 7613: 7564: 7515: 7478: 7458: 7431: 7405: 7349: 7337: 7310: 7281: 7248: 7201: 7189: 7129: 7102: 7088: 7035: 6986: 6945: 6902: 6845: 6796: 6759: 6747: 6665: 6616: 6548: 6521:(2009). "The Large Area Telescope on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Mission". 6497: 6460: 6448: 6421: 6411: 6381: 6338: 6278: 6194: 6100: 6092: 6043: 5982: 5930: 5918: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5785: 5727: 5531: 5519: 5465: 5423: 5403: 5395: 5332: 5293: 5289: 5170: 4914: 4857: 4800: 4746: 4594: 4532: 4474: 4269: 4210: 4151: 4135: 4042: 3989: 3935: 3880: 3823: 3776: 3756: 3695: 3592: 3507: 3491: 3425: 3348: 3229: 3188: 3168: 2999: 2824: 2717: 2690: 2604: 2596: 2227: 2192: 2138: 2092: 2039: 2031: 1964: 1904: 1791: 1787: 1538: 1399: 1330: 1291: 1186: 1072: 1056:

may be the dominant process in some events. In this model, pre-existing low-energy

912: 787: 783: 399: = 0.835, placing the burst at a distance of roughly 6 billion 322: 285: 244: 186: 159: 98: 73:, being the brightest and most extreme explosive events in the entire universe, as 8760:"Report of the 2008 Senior Review of the Astrophysics Division Operating Missions" 8742: 8277:

MacFadyen, A.I. (2006). "Late flares from GRBs – Clues about the Central Engine".

6128: 6057: 4861: 3080:. NASA (2005-10-05) The 30% figure is given here, as well as afterglow discussion. 1932: 540:

satellite for studying the explosions of massive stars by analysing the resulting

13154: 12995: 12426: 12342: 12330: 12310: 12206: 11996: 11976: 11899: 11529: 11491: 11318: 11268: 11243: 11039: 10883: 10790: 10756: 10339: 10305: 10157: 9974: 9792: 9293:. American Institute of Physics Conference Series. Vol. 662. pp. 3–16. 8701: 7804: 7568: 5545: 3726: 3652: 2941: 1247: 998: 827: 722: 537: 175: 13296: 8845:

Paczyński, B.; Rhoads, J.E. (1993). "Radio Transients from Gamma-Ray Bursters".

6685:

Blinnikov, S.; et al. (1984). "Exploding Neutron Stars in Close Binaries".

1263:

species were less likely to go extinct than bivalves that lived on the surface.

13376: 13132: 13072: 13057: 13010: 12906: 12852: 12712: 12370: 12347: 12320: 12238: 12228: 12130: 12125: 11991: 11942: 11559: 11549: 11233: 11218: 10985: 10924: 10768: 10442: 9990:

Woosley, S.E.; Bloom, J.S. (2006). "The Supernova Gamma-Ray Burst Connection".

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The intense radiation of most observed GRBs is thought to be released during a

46: 11589: 8525: 7948:

Kochanek, C.S.; Piran, T. (1993). "Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Ray Bursts".

6620: 6282: 5789: 5731: 4478: 3318: 2829: 2721: 486:

In October 2018, astronomers reported that GRB 150101B (detected in 2015) and

13436: 13275: 13159: 13116: 13062: 13050: 13035: 13025: 12948: 12862: 12838: 12833: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12613: 12201: 12142: 12105: 12057: 11749: 11744: 11713: 11474: 11459: 11293: 11213: 10741: 10736: 9733: 9541: 8997: 6175:"Gamma-ray burst progenitors and the population of rotating Wolf-Rayet stars" 4926: 4869: 4608: 4546: 4486: 4327:"Ask Ethan: Can Gamma-Ray Jets Really Travel Faster Than The Speed Of Light?" 4283: 4224: 4147: 3604: 3503: 3437: 3360: 3319:"A very energetic supernova associated with the γ-ray burst of 29 March 2003" 3180: 2838: 1550: 1210: 404:

originating within faint galaxies at enormous distances. The following year,

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within the Milky Way. It has been hypothesized that a gamma-ray burst in the

140: 11857: 8374: 8204: 6849: 6386: 6359: 5987: 5952: 4599: 4564: 4215: 4180: 2753:"Record-breaking light has more than a quadrillion electron volts of energy" 2043: 1542: 1035: 997:

This class of GRB-like events was first discovered through the detection of

838:

However, a competing model, the binary-driven hypernova model, developed by

284:

Most early hypotheses of gamma-ray bursts posited nearby sources within the

13388: 13301: 13235: 12967: 12953: 12808: 12618: 12586: 12576: 12479: 12325: 12223: 12169: 12078: 11937: 11625: 11599: 11469: 11464: 11388: 11248: 11122: 11090: 10698: 10617: 9254: 8945:

Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Greatest Explosions Since the Big Bang

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Akerlof, C.; et al. (2003). "The ROTSE-III Robotic Telescope System".

6403: 6228:

Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Greatest Explosions Since the Big Bang

6208: 6199: 6174: 6114: 6048: 6011: 5862: 5415: 5301: 4386: 4322: 4165: 3768: 3719: 3717: 3521: 3445: 3368: 3241: 3052:"Explosive neutron star merger captured for first time in millimeter light" 2729: 2618: 1968: 1799: 1629:"NASA Missions Study What May Be a 1-In-10,000-Year Gamma-ray Burst - NASA" 1558: 1500: 964: 924: 839: 526: 499: 252: 206: 198: 129: 5336: 766:, for example, was accompanied by an optical counterpart that peaked at a 579: 13280: 12823: 12818: 12655: 12640: 12516: 12491: 12120: 12040: 11947: 11932: 11684: 11669: 11635: 11564: 11288: 11238: 11192: 11095: 10970: 10909: 10634: 10542: 10006: 9957: 9833: 9692: 9641: 9604: 9477: 9428: 9330: 9180: 9076: 8910: 8861: 8812: 8777: 8715: 8666: 8565: 8508: 8347: 8244: 8087: 7964: 7849: 7698: 7649: 7600: 7551: 7502: 7445: 7392: 7324: 7225: 7176: 7075: 7022: 6889: 6734: 6652: 6603: 6484: 6435: 5905: 5637: 5506: 5407: 5382: 5157: 4787: 4733: 3335: 3155: 2540: 2018: 1434: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1307: 1271: 1218: 1190: 1084: 1068: 1049: 956: 940: 896: 850: 763: 738: 734: 710: 688: 668: 588: 530: 480: 472: 310: 137: 110: 94: 42: 12962: 10310: 9246: 7866: 7462: 6924:"Primordial black-hole evaporation and the quark–gluon phase transition" 5399: 3760: 3714: 3619:"GCN - Circulars - 33410: Solar Orbiter STIX observation of GRB 230307A" 3352: 3233: 1282: 69:) are immensely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant 13230: 13045: 13015: 13000: 12788: 12776: 12536: 12398: 12024: 11813: 11728: 11708: 11679: 11630: 11579: 11278: 11208: 11177: 11152: 11105: 11100: 11085: 10751: 10688: 10678: 10579: 10415: 10181:

Chryssa Kouveliotou; Stanford E. Woosley; Ralph A. M. J., eds. (2012).

6360:"Fermi Observations of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from GRB 080916C" 6096: 5854: 3632: 3618: 1362: 1357: 1125: 1079: 1045: 900: 657: 645: 476: 405: 400: 384: 371: 293: 214: 147: 133: 50: 10263: 9573: 9306: 8650:

Mukherjee, S.; et al. (1998). "Three Types of Gamma-Ray Bursts".

8628: 8300: 7376:

Gehrels, N.; et al. (2004). "The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission".

7285: 6395: 6012:"A Galactic short gamma-ray burst as cause for the C peak in AD 774/5" 5813:"Possible Role of Gamma Ray Bursts on Life Extinction in the Universe" 5700:

Thomas, B.C. (2009). "Gamma-ray bursts as a threat to life on Earth".

5436: 1928: 1926: 281:

article entitled "Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin".

12972: 12761: 12690: 12635: 12630: 12496: 12337: 12243: 11986: 11659: 11642: 11313: 10960: 10863: 10651: 10646: 9775: 8533: 8476: 7787: 7723: 6129:"Illustration of a Short Gamma-Ray Burst Caused by a Collapsing Star" 5590: 3536:"Kilonova Discovery Challenges our Understanding of Gamma-Ray Bursts" 2666: 1251: 1214: 1178: 1143: 1136: 1121: 1063:

The nature of the longer-wavelength afterglow emission (ranging from

892: 811: 503: 460: 409: 318: 236: 210: 171: 117: 106: 86: 10349: 9924:"Explosions in Space May Have Initiated Ancient Extinction on Earth" 6923: 6584: 5951:

Pavlov, A.K.; Blinov, A.V.; Konstantinov, A.N.; et al. (2013).

2231: 2142: 2074: 1286:

Illustration of a short gamma-ray burst caused by a collapsing star.

451:

to observe afterglow emission following a burst. More recently, the

13265: 13250: 12781: 12766: 12668: 12506: 11954: 11664: 11423: 11223: 11182: 11080: 10267: 9850: 9709: 9494: 9461:

Sari, R; Piran, T; Halpern, JP (1999). "Jets in Gamma-Ray Bursts".

9445: 9347: 9197: 9093: 9035: 8927: 8878: 8829: 8683: 8582: 8261: 8051: 8020: 7981: 7940: 7715: 7666: 7617: 7519: 7409: 7252: 7193: 7039: 6990: 6906: 6751: 6701: 6669: 6501: 5922: 5523: 5174: 4804: 4750: 4581: 4519: 4461: 4256: 4197: 4122: 3867: 3743: 3579: 3478: 3412: 3172: 2986: 2704: 2583: 2196: 2096: 2035: 1951: 1923: 1774: 1446: 1255: 1222: 1202: 1194: 1175: 1094: 917: 730: 672: 649: 620: 519: 487: 420: 392: 367: 350: 297: 243:

Gamma-ray bursts were first observed in the late 1960s by the U.S.

202: 167: 102: 82: 10115: 10065: 9887: 9534:"Gamma-Ray Flash Came from Star Being Eaten by Massive Black Hole" 9379: 9229: 9129: 8611: 8603:

SUPERNOVA 1987A: 20 YEARS AFTER: Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters

8420: 8187: 8138: 7341: 6973: 6832: 6783: 6535: 6452: 6325: 6265: 6030: 5969: 5829: 5772: 5714: 5452: 5276: 5136: 4901: 4844: 4828:"On binary-driven hypernovae and their nested late X-ray emission" 4029: 3976: 3960: 3922: 3810: 3682: 3216: 1891: 1525: 671:

was detected only 1.7 s after the detection of gravitational wave

37: 13245: 13094: 12931: 12921: 12729: 12541: 12253: 12248: 11517: 11263: 7764:

Hurley, K. (1992). "Gamma-Ray Bursts – Receding from Our Grasp".

5241:"ESO Telescopes Observe Swift Satellite's 1000th Gamma-ray Burst" 3790: 3788: 3786: 3396:"A kilonova following a long-duration gamma-ray burst at 350 Mpc" 1438: 1260: 1057: 928: 911:. The infall of this material into a black hole drives a pair of 843: 683: 564: 525:

The highest energy light observed from a gamma-ray burst was one

507: 8308:

Marani, G.F.; et al. (1997). "On Similarities among GRBs".

4443:

Rueda, Jorge A.; Ruffini, Remo; Moradi, Rahim; Wang, Yu (2021).

3462:"A nearby long gamma-ray burst from a merger of compact objects" 2002:"Terrestrial Ozone Depletion due to a Milky Way Gamma-Ray Burst" 1823:"Massive star's dying blast caught by rapid-response telescopes" 255:

might attempt to conduct secret nuclear tests after signing the

13255: 13181: 11407: 11357: 11283: 11273: 11253: 10975: 10574: 10564: 10374: 10343: 10288: 4499: 3648:"Extra-Long Blasts Challenge Our Theories of Cosmic Cataclysms" 1574:"The Detection of Very High Energy Photons in Gamma Ray Bursts" 1476: 1320: 1171: 1163: 1109: 948: 883: 667:

The origin of short GRBs in kilonovae was confirmed when short

515: 362: 326: 314: 70: 10384: 10298: 10278: 8894:

Paczyński, B. (1995). "How Far Away Are Gamma-Ray Bursters?".

8778:"Very Large Array Detects Radio Emission From Gamma-Ray Burst" 7299:. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. Archived from 5490: 4883:

Fryer, Chris L.; Rueda, Jorge A.; Ruffini, Remo (2014-09-16).

3783: 875: 12926: 12685: 10369: 10333:

BOOTES: Burst Observer and Optical Transient Exploring System

10253: 9583:"Protecting Life in the Milky Way: Metals Keep the GRBs Away" 9115: 8028:

Lamb, D.Q. (1995). "The Distance Scale to Gamma-Ray Bursts".

5757: 4771: 4503:"GRB-SN Association within the Binary-driven Hypernova Model" 3849:

Ioka, Kunihito; Hotokezaka, Kenta; Piran, Tsvi (2016-12-12).

2662:"Powerful Cosmic Flash Is Likely Another Neutron-Star Merger" 1064: 627: 511: 231: 194: 151: 136:. A subclass of GRBs appears to originate from the merger of 90: 10322: 10246: 9558:

Astrophysical Sources of High Energy Particles and Radiation

6585:"The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on the SWIFT Midex Mission" 3633:"GCN - Circulars - 33412: GRB 230307A: AGILE/MCAL detection" 1995: 1993: 1232: 13270: 9927: 9275: 8069:"Precursor activity in bright, long BATSE gamma-ray bursts" 7362: 7146: 4941:"Binary-driven hypernova model gains observational support" 4825: 4299:"Astrophysicists: Gamma-ray jets exceed the speed of light" 4014: 3842: 3794: 3559: 3392: 2966: 2638: 1935:"Influence of a galactic gamma ray burst on ocean plankton" 854: 675:, which was a signal from the merger of two neutron stars. 553: 514:

emissions, as well as to the nature of the associated host

424: 345: 303: 125: 74: 13383: 10370:

MASTER: Mobile Astronomical System of the Telescope-Robots

10241: 10159:

Gamma-Ray Bursts: The brightest explosions in the Universe

9794:

Gamma-Ray Bursts: The brightest explosions in the Universe

9512:

Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe

9314:

Reichart, Daniel E. (1998). "The Redshift of GRB 970508".

7633:

Horvath, I. (1998). "A Third Class of Gamma-Ray Bursts?".

5877: 5364: 4103: 3315: 2779:. University of Leicester. 26 October 2015. Archived from 10264:

INTEGRAL: INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory

10155: 9790: 9623:"Gamma-ray bursts from synchrotron self-Compton emission" 8405: 6221: 5142: 3723: 3201: 1990: 1014:, shredding the star. In the case of Swift J1644+57, an 776: 260: 155: 10332: 7110:

Fishman, C.J.; Meegan, C.A. (1995). "Gamma-Ray Bursts".

5950: 5883: 1999: 1874: 1820: 483:, is now the most distant known object in the universe. 217:

of GRBs, definitively placing them in distant galaxies.

11755:

Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

8897:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

8031:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

6471:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

3666: 3265:"Kilonova Alert! Hubble Solves Gamma Ray Burst Mystery" 502:. The similarities between the two events, in terms of 479:) objects in the universe. The most distant known GRB, 213:

associated with the bursts, clarified the distance and

4442: 3458: 3078:

In a Flash NASA Helps Solve 35-year-old Cosmic Mystery

2530: 1601: 895:

model, in which the core of an extremely massive, low-

13348: 12089:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

10350:

GROND: Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Near-infrared Detector

6226:. In Mario Livio; Nino Panagia; Kailash Sahu (eds.). 5484: 1870: 1868: 1128:, located 40 megaparsecs (130,000,000 ly) away ( 174:, pointing directly towards the Earth, could cause a 12015:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

9272:"New Gamma-Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record" 7359:"NASA's Swift Catches Farthest Ever Gamma-Ray Burst" 7296:

Proceedings of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era

6143: 2254: 2252: 1290:

No gamma-ray bursts from within our own galaxy, the

1270:

was the result of a short GRB, though a very strong

1201:, which darkens the sky and blocks out parts of the 1197:

at the surface. Secondly, the nitrogen oxides cause

292:(CGRO) and its Burst and Transient Source Explorer ( 30:

For bursts of gamma rays of terrestrial origin, see

3848: 2942:"Hubble captures infrared glow of a kilonova blast" 2173:"Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin" 1701:"New Kind of Gamma Ray Burst is Ultra Long-Lasting" 10375:ROTSE: Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment 7891: 6250: 6009: 4563:Rueda, J. A.; Ruffini, R.; Wang, Y. (2019-05-09). 1865: 1604:"Gamma-Ray Bursts: Black Hole Birth Announcements" 1341:Gamma-ray Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 1277: 9874:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9628:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8699:Nakar, E. (2007). "Short-hard gamma-ray bursts". 8121: 8074:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7062:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6017:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5666:"Cosmic energy burst disturbs Earth's atmosphere" 4882: 3907: 2385: 2383: 2249: 2209: 2120: 1238:causing one of the major mass extinction events. 408:was followed within a day by a bright supernova ( 13434: 13143:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 10289:AGILE: Astro-rivelatore Gamma a Immagini Leggero 4562: 1095:Rate of occurrence and potential effects on life 9867:Virgili, F.J.; Liang, E.-W.; Zhang, B. (2009). 7270:American Institute of Physics Conference Series 5584: 4237: 2801: 1572:Misra, Kuntal; Ghosh, Ankur; Resmi, L. (2023). 1571: 1499: 13041:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 10323:The Gamma-ray bursts Coordinates Network (GCN) 2380: 1678:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xv, 2. 1001:(originally classified as GRB 110328A) by the 716: 536:The Space Variable Objects Monitor is a small 12046:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 11887: 11873: 11373: 10400: 10360:KAIT: The Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope 10247:Swift Mission Operations Center at Penn State 8311:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 5587:"Can gamma-ray bursts destroy life on Earth?" 4718: 4238:Hakkila, Jon; Nemiroff, Robert (2019-09-23). 2912: 2625: 1856: 1854: 1722: 1720: 7810:. In Ricker, G.R.; Vanderspek, R.K. (eds.). 5810: 5550:"Gamma-ray burst 'hit Earth in 8th Century'" 5261: 5093:"Why Are Jets from Disrupted Stars So Rare?" 5086: 5084: 4670: 4668: 3139:"Transient Events from Neutron Star Mergers" 3137:Li, Li-Xin; Paczyński, Bohdan (1998-09-21). 3121: 3119: 2681: 2653: 2170: 2154: 2152: 1225:might in fact be of benefit to some plants. 648:. Such mergers were hypothesized to produce 556:), launched on 22 June 2024 (07:00:00 UTC). 41:Artist's illustration showing the life of a 12094:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 9993:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 9726:"TNG caught the farthest GRB observed ever" 8641:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 ( 7805:"A Gamma-Ray Burst Bibliography, 1973–2001" 7113:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 6230:. Cambridge University Press. p. 135. 6149: 5753: 5751: 5749: 4445:"A brief review of binary-driven hypernova" 4393:. Princeton University Press. p. 241. 3136: 2634:"GRB 150101B: A Distant Cousin to GW170817" 2556: 2524: 2349: 2347: 1010:(TDE), where a star wanders too close to a 27:Flashes of gamma rays from distant galaxies 12197:Climate change and civilizational collapse 11880: 11866: 11380: 11366: 10966:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object 10407: 10393: 10274:BATSE: Burst and Transient Source Explorer 10199: 8399:"The Annihilating Effects of Space Travel" 5695: 5693: 5691: 4066: 4064: 3195: 2563:Troja, E.; et al. (16 October 2018). 1851: 1747: 1745: 1717: 1254:that spent portions of their lives in the 986: 415: 10204:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10185:. 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(1995). 6545:2009ApJ...697.1071A 6494:2003PASP..115..132A 6445:1999Natur.398..400A 6378:2009Sci...323.1688A 6372:(5922): 1688–1693. 6335:2008PhRvD..77f2004A 6191:2013RSPTA.37120237V 6089:2015NatCo...6.8611M 6040:2013MNRAS.430...32H 5979:2013MNRAS.435.2878P 5915:2005ApJ...634..509T 5839:2014PhRvL.113w1102P 5724:2009IJAsB...8..183T 5676:on January 24, 2023 5516:1998ApJ...506L..27K 5462:2012ApJ...746....7L 5400:10.1038/nature02757 5392:2004Natur.430..648S 5286:2014PhRvL.113w1102P 5167:1999ApJ...519L..21L 4911:2014ApJ...793L..36F 4797:2007ApJ...665..599T 4743:2001ApJ...552L..35Z 4628:Scientific American 4591:2019Univ....5..110R 4529:2023ApJ...955...93A 4471:2021IJMPD..3030007R 4266:2019ApJ...883...70H 4207:2019Galax...7...33P 4132:2022NatCo..13.5611D 4039:2014ApJ...787...66Z 3986:2013ApJ...778...54V 3932:2015ApJ...800...16B 3877:2016ApJ...833..110I 3820:2014ApJ...781...13L 3761:10.1038/nature14579 3753:2015Natur.523..189G 3692:2013ApJ...766...30G 3589:2023NatAs...7..976L 3488:2022Natur.612..228T 3422:2022Natur.612..223R 3382:Pontzen et al. 2010 3353:10.1038/nature01750 3345:2003Natur.423..847H 3234:10.1038/nature12505 3226:2013Natur.500..547T 3165:1998ApJ...507L..59L 2996:2022ApJ...935L..11L 2821:2022AdSpR..69.1249C 2714:2019Natur.575..459M 2593:2018NatCo...9.4089T 2534:(16 October 2018). 2224:1996AIPC..384..977B 2189:1973ApJ...182L..85K 2135:1996AIPC..384..977B 2089:1973ApJ...182L..85K 2028:2005ApJ...622L.153T 1961:2021AN....342...45R 1901:2009Pbio...35..311M 1784:2017PhRvL.119p1101A 1758:Virgo Collaboration 1535:2012Sci...337..932G 1405:Soft gamma repeater 1025:Emission mechanisms 861:all in some cases. 707:neutron star merger 639:elliptical galaxies 561:Taiwan Space Agency 251:suspected that the 128:implodes to form a 59:gamma-ray astronomy 13336:Doomsday scenarios 12902:Beast of the Earth 12794:Book of Revelation 12582:Virtual black hole 12562:False vacuum decay 12512:Pollinator decline 12475:Biological warfare 12465:Biotechnology risk 12316:Resource depletion 11719:Pulsar wind nebula 11697:Stellar black hole 11002:Optical black hole 10915:Reissner–Nordström 10874:Firewall (physics) 10779:Gravitational lens 10338:2013-04-23 at the 10304:2009-04-04 at the 8976:. pp. 39–46. 7749:. pp. 33–38. 6185:(1992): 20120237. 6097:10.1038/ncomms9611 5068:Astronomy Magazine 3540:Gemini Observatory 2919:Chattopadhyay 2007 1939:Astronomical Notes 1847:Podsiadlowski 2004 1509:"Gamma-Ray Bursts" 1452:, more related to 1288: 1199:photochemical smog 1105: 1041: 888: 833:type Ic supernovae 800:time reversibility 755: 694: 634: 625: 585: 492:gravitational wave 433: 355: 241: 55: 13458:Stellar phenomena 13346: 13345: 13177:Zombie apocalypse 13078:Postmillennialism 12873:Great Tribulation 12646:Stellar collision 12607:Near-Earth object 12557:Geomagnetic storm 12525: 12524: 12448:Biodiversity loss 12432:Genetic pollution 12386: 12385: 12175:Biodiversity loss 12138:Societal collapse 12116:Nuclear holocaust 12101:Economic collapse 12084:Doomsday argument 12002:Antimatter weapon 11855: 11854: 11648:Supernova remnant 11438:Ultra-long period 11355: 11354: 11148:Supermassive star 11138:Naked singularity 11133:Membrane paradigm 10859:Cosmic censorship 10833:Spaghettification 10821:Immirzi parameter 10774:Hawking radiation 10715:Astrophysical jet 10684:Supermassive star 10674:Binary black hole 10608:Stellar evolution 10550:Intermediate-mass 10225:GRB mission sites 10192:978-0-521-66209-3 10173:978-3-540-39085-5 9808:978-3-540-39085-5 9574:10.1063/1.2141849 9525:978-0-521-80053-2 9307:10.1063/1.1579291 9274:(Press release). 9223:(7210): 183–188. 8780:(Press release). 8629:10.1063/1.2803618 8408:Physical Review D 8301:10.1063/1.2207856 8181:(6039): 199–202. 7909:978-0-19-514570-0 7894:The Biggest Bangs 7439:(7060): 851–854. 7318:(6703): 670–672. 7286:10.1063/1.2943461 6929:Nuclear Physics A 6826:(6039): 203–206. 6312:Physical Review D 6237:978-0-521-79141-0 5376:(7000): 648–650. 5243:. 6 November 2015 4400:978-0-691-13543-4 3737:(7559): 189–192. 3472:(7939): 228–231. 3406:(7939): 223–227. 3329:(6942): 847–850. 3210:(7464): 547–549. 2698:(7783): 459–463. 2376:van Paradijs 1997 1685:978-1-107-02761-9 1519:(6097): 932–936. 1410:Stellar evolution 1181:, creating first 1134:Type Ib supernova 1016:astrophysical jet 913:relativistic jets 792:ultrarelativistic 768:visible magnitude 323:globular clusters 288:. From 1991, the 16:(Redirected from 13470: 13448:Gamma-ray bursts 13423: 13422: 13421: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13387: 13386: 13375: 13374: 13363: 13362: 13361: 13354: 13311: 13310: 13302:World portal 13300: 13299: 13261:Financial crisis 13090:Nibiru cataclysm 13068:Premillennialism 12912:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 12880:Son of perdition 12868:Olivet Discourse 12844:Whore of Babylon 12470:Biological agent 12417:Human extinction 12407:Extinction event 12395: 12394: 12366:Overexploitation 12296:Land consumption 12291:Land degradation 12158: 12157: 12020:Micro black hole 11928:Chemical warfare 11882: 11875: 11868: 11859: 11858: 11845: 11844: 11835: 11834: 11621:Asteroseismology 11523:Fast radio burst 11382: 11375: 11368: 11359: 11358: 11345: 11344: 11335: 11334: 11007:Sonic black hole 10956:Dark-energy star 10811:Bekenstein bound 10796:M–sigma relation 10725:Ring singularity 10505: 10409: 10402: 10395: 10386: 10385: 10215: 10196: 10183:Gamma-ray bursts 10177: 10144: 10118: 10109:(2): 1696–1724. 10094: 10068: 10045: 10027: 10009: 10007:astro-ph/0609142 9986: 9960: 9958:astro-ph/0604153 9951:(3): L123–L126. 9937: 9935: 9934: 9918: 9908: 9890: 9863: 9862: 9836: 9834:astro-ph/9808355 9812: 9787: 9776:10.1038/386686a0 9744: 9742: 9741: 9721: 9695: 9693:astro-ph/9501019 9672: 9662: 9644: 9642:astro-ph/0405488 9617: 9607: 9605:astro-ph/0604113 9591:Acta Astronomica 9587: 9577: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9542:ScienceDaily LLC 9529: 9506: 9480: 9478:astro-ph/9903339 9457: 9431: 9429:astro-ph/9712005 9408: 9382: 9359: 9333: 9331:astro-ph/9712100 9310: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9266: 9232: 9209: 9183: 9181:astro-ph/0510022 9160: 9150: 9132: 9105: 9079: 9077:astro-ph/0403399 9056: 9039: 9008: 9006: 9005: 8987: 8962: 8951:. pp. 1–8. 8939: 8913: 8911:astro-ph/9505096 8890: 8864: 8862:astro-ph/9307024 8841: 8815: 8813:astro-ph/0508332 8792: 8790: 8789: 8773: 8771: 8765:. Archived from 8764: 8754: 8736: 8718: 8716:astro-ph/0701748 8709:(1–6): 166–236. 8695: 8669: 8667:astro-ph/9802085 8646: 8640: 8632: 8614: 8594: 8568: 8566:astro-ph/9606043 8545: 8511: 8509:astro-ph/0309415 8488: 8477:10.1038/355143a0 8449: 8423: 8402: 8394: 8368: 8350: 8348:astro-ph/0505199 8327: 8304: 8273: 8247: 8245:astro-ph/9810274 8224: 8190: 8167: 8141: 8118: 8108: 8090: 8088:astro-ph/0411753 8063: 8024: 7993: 7967: 7965:astro-ph/9305015 7944: 7913: 7897: 7886: 7852: 7850:astro-ph/0502329 7829: 7809: 7799: 7788:10.1038/357112a0 7760: 7735: 7701: 7699:astro-ph/0506123 7692:(2): L117–L120. 7678: 7652: 7650:astro-ph/9803077 7629: 7603: 7601:astro-ph/0209073 7580: 7554: 7552:astro-ph/0511239 7531: 7505: 7503:astro-ph/0603773 7482: 7448: 7446:astro-ph/0505630 7421: 7395: 7393:astro-ph/0405233 7386:(2): 1005–1020. 7372: 7370: 7369: 7353: 7327: 7325:astro-ph/9806175 7304: 7289: 7264: 7246: 7228: 7226:astro-ph/9910319 7205: 7179: 7177:astro-ph/0102282 7170:(1): L557–L558. 7156: 7154: 7153: 7137: 7106: 7096: 7078: 7076:astro-ph/0601054 7051: 7025: 7023:astro-ph/0604556 7002: 6976: 6967:(2): 1017–1023. 6953: 6918: 6892: 6890:astro-ph/0604320 6869: 6835: 6812: 6786: 6763: 6737: 6735:astro-ph/0505480 6714: 6704: 6681: 6655: 6653:astro-ph/0608498 6632: 6606: 6604:astro-ph/0507410 6597:(3–4): 143–164. 6579: 6564: 6538: 6529:(2): 1071–1102. 6513: 6487: 6485:astro-ph/0210238 6478:(803): 132–140. 6464: 6438: 6436:astro-ph/9903271 6415: 6389: 6354: 6328: 6295: 6294: 6268: 6259:(1–3): 177–183. 6248: 6242: 6241: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6202: 6173:Vink JS (2013). 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6108: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6051: 6033: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5990: 5972: 5963:(4): 2878–2884. 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5908: 5906:astro-ph/0505472 5881: 5875: 5874: 5832: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5775: 5755: 5744: 5743: 5717: 5697: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5582: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5546:Morelle, Rebecca 5542: 5536: 5535: 5509: 5507:astro-ph/9806364 5488: 5482: 5481: 5455: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5385: 5383:astro-ph/0408096 5366:Soderberg, A. M. 5362: 5356: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5279: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5237: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5215: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5160: 5158:astro-ph/9903438 5140: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5121:Fishman, G. 1995 5118: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4904: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4847: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4790: 4788:astro-ph/0702220 4769: 4763: 4762: 4736: 4734:astro-ph/0011133 4716: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4584: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4522: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4464: 4440: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4383: 4377: 4372: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4259: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4218: 4200: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4159: 4125: 4101: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4032: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3979: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3925: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3888: 3870: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3813: 3792: 3781: 3780: 3746: 3727:Schady, Patricia 3721: 3712: 3711: 3685: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3582: 3567:Nature Astronomy 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3481: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3415: 3390: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3338: 3336:astro-ph/0306347 3313: 3307: 3302: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271:. Archived from 3260: 3254: 3253: 3219: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3158: 3156:astro-ph/9807272 3134: 3128: 3123: 3114: 3109: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3007: 2989: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2905: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2872: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2832: 2815:(2): 1249–1255. 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2707: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2586: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2528: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2506: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2437: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2351: 2342: 2337: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2247: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2118: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2072: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2044:2060/20050179464 2021: 2019:astro-ph/0411284 2012:(2): L153–L156. 1997: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1954: 1930: 1921: 1920: 1894: 1872: 1863: 1858: 1849: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1777: 1749: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1727:Kouveliotou 1994 1724: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1659:. Archived from 1649: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1608:science.nasa.gov 1599: 1593: 1592: 1578: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1528: 1497: 1481: 1473: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1431: 1400:Relativistic jet 1331:Fast radio burst 1300:Wolf–Rayet stars 1187:nitrogen dioxide 1157:Effects on Earth 1073:interstellar gas 937:Wolf–Rayet stars 773:rest-mass energy 542:gamma-ray bursts 527:teraelectronvolt 429:Swift Spacecraft 331:Seyfert galaxies 286:Milky Way Galaxy 160:Milky Way galaxy 63:gamma-ray bursts 21: 13478: 13477: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13468: 13467: 13463:Cosmic doomsday 13433: 13432: 13429: 13419: 13417: 13407: 13405: 13395: 13393: 13381: 13369: 13359: 13357: 13349: 13347: 13342: 13321:Future problems 13294: 13285: 13219: 13188: 13155:Climate fiction 13121: 12996:2012 phenomenon 12979: 12885:Sheep and Goats 12772:2 Thessalonians 12650: 12567:Gamma-ray burst 12521: 12436: 12427:Genetic erosion 12382: 12352: 12343:Water pollution 12311:Ozone depletion 12207:Desertification 12147: 12062: 11997:Doomsday device 11977:Nuclear warfare 11916: 11891: 11886: 11856: 11851: 11823: 11792: 11765: 11759: 11733: 11604: 11540:Gamma-ray burst 11530:Bondi accretion 11506: 11448: 11434:Anomalous X-ray 11412: 11391: 11386: 11356: 11351: 11323: 11299:ULAS J1342+0928 11259:SDSS J0849+1114 11244:Phoenix Cluster 11197: 11049: 11011: 10990: 10929: 10888: 10884:No-hair theorem 10837: 10791:Bondi accretion 10757:Penrose process 10703: 10669:Gamma-ray burst 10596: 10506: 10497: 10483:Direct collapse 10431: 10418: 10413: 10340:Wayback Machine 10306:Wayback Machine 10222: 10212: 10193: 10174: 10152: 10150:Further reading 10147: 9932: 9930: 9809: 9739: 9737: 9585: 9547: 9545: 9526: 9324:(2): L99–L101. 9280: 9278: 9047:. p. 343. 9003: 9001: 8984: 8959: 8787: 8785: 8769: 8762: 8734:10.1.1.317.1544 8702:Physics Reports 8637:cite conference 8634: 8633: 8366:10.1.1.336.4043 7910: 7826: 7807: 7757: 7367: 7365: 7244:10.1.1.316.9937 7151: 7149: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6220: 6216: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6131:. July 26, 2021 6127: 6126: 6122: 6069: 6065: 6008: 6004: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5882: 5878: 5809: 5805: 5756: 5747: 5698: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5650: 5648: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5543: 5539: 5489: 5485: 5435: 5431: 5363: 5359: 5348: 5344: 5321: 5317: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5190: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5104: 5089: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4881: 4877: 4824: 4820: 4770: 4766: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4657: 4655: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4630: 4620: 4616: 4561: 4554: 4498: 4494: 4441: 4430: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4335: 4333: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4305: 4295: 4291: 4236: 4232: 4177: 4173: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4013: 4009: 3959: 3955: 3906: 3902: 3847: 3843: 3793: 3784: 3722: 3715: 3665: 3661: 3653:Quanta magazine 3644: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3457: 3453: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3275:on 3 March 2016 3261: 3257: 3200: 3196: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3026: 3025: 3021: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2749: 2745: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2630: 2626: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2544:(Press release) 2529: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2250: 2243: 2239: 2232:10.1063/1.51630 2208: 2204: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2150: 2143:10.1063/1.51630 2119: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2073: 2066: 2056: 2054: 1998: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1931: 1924: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1819: 1815: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1672: 1668: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1600: 1596: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1505:Mészáros, Péter 1498: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1316: 1280: 1248:late Ordovician 1235: 1159: 1097: 1075:, it creates a 1033: 1027: 995: 989: 881:Wolf–Rayet star 873: 867: 747: 719: 681: 610: 577: 563:is launching a 544:, developed by 538:X-ray telescope 418: 343: 306: 229: 223: 187:Vela satellites 176:mass extinction 124:as a high-mass 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Gamma ray burst 15: 12: 11: 5: 13476: 13466: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13428: 13427: 13415: 13403: 13391: 13379: 13367: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13340: 13339: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13316:Apocalypticism 13305: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13227: 13225: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13196: 13194: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13186: 13185: 13184: 13174: 13169: 13168: 13167: 13160:Disaster films 13157: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13145: 13135: 13133:Alien invasion 13129: 13127: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13108: 13107: 13102: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13081: 13080: 13075: 13073:Amillennialism 13070: 13060: 13058:Millenarianism 13055: 13054: 13053: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13011:Apocalypticism 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12987: 12985: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12975: 12965: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12907:Dhu al-Qarnayn 12904: 12899: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12876: 12875: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12853:Great Apostasy 12850: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12791: 12786: 12785: 12784: 12779: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12742: 12732: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12720: 12710: 12700: 12698:Last Judgement 12695: 12694: 12693: 12688: 12678: 12677: 12676: 12671: 12660: 12658: 12656:Eschatological 12652: 12651: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12599: 12594: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12533: 12531: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12520: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12455: 12444: 12442: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12403: 12401: 12392: 12388: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12371:Overpopulation 12368: 12362: 12360: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12348:Water scarcity 12345: 12340: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12323: 12321:Sea level rise 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12287: 12286: 12284:on marine life 12281: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12239:Global warming 12236: 12231: 12229:Global dimming 12226: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12187:Cascade effect 12184: 12183: 12182: 12172: 12166: 12164: 12162:Climate change 12155: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12081: 12076: 12070: 12068: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12060: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12022: 12012: 12006: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11992:Doomsday Clock 11989: 11984: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11943:Cyberterrorism 11940: 11930: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11902: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11885: 11884: 11877: 11870: 11862: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11849: 11839: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11769: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11741: 11739: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11623: 11618: 11612: 11610: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11550:Neutron matter 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11462: 11456: 11454: 11453:Binary pulsars 11450: 11449: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11431: 11420: 11418: 11417:Single pulsars 11414: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11385: 11384: 11377: 11370: 11362: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11349: 11339: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11321: 11319:Swift J1644+57 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11269:MS 0735.6+7421 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11234:Sagittarius A* 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11205: 11203: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11021: 11019: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10998: 10996: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10896: 10894: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10845: 10843: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10813: 10808: 10806:Thermodynamics 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10776: 10771: 10769:Accretion disk 10766: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10717: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10644: 10643: 10642: 10632: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10615: 10610: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10552: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10530: 10525: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10443:BTZ black hole 10439: 10437: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10412: 10411: 10404: 10397: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10372: 10367: 10357: 10347: 10330: 10319: 10318: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10296: 10286: 10276: 10271: 10261: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10227: 10226: 10221: 10220:External links 10218: 10217: 10216: 10210: 10197: 10191: 10178: 10172: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10145: 10095: 10059:(1): 495–502. 10046: 10025:10.1.1.254.373 10000:(1): 507–556. 9987: 9938: 9919: 9864: 9851:10.1086/311674 9827:(1): L45–L48. 9813: 9807: 9788: 9745: 9722: 9710:10.1086/187858 9673: 9635:(3): L35–L39. 9618: 9578: 9553: 9530: 9524: 9507: 9495:10.1086/312109 9471:(1): L17–L20. 9458: 9446:10.1086/311269 9409: 9373:(1): 489–505. 9360: 9348:10.1086/311222 9311: 9286: 9267: 9210: 9198:10.1086/501160 9174:(2): 989–994. 9161: 9106: 9094:10.1086/421347 9070:(1): L17–L20. 9057: 9040: 9036:10.1086/186345 9009: 8988: 8982: 8963: 8957: 8940: 8928:10.1086/133674 8891: 8879:10.1086/187102 8842: 8830:10.1086/500724 8806:(1): 389–400. 8793: 8774: 8772:on 2009-05-12. 8755: 8696: 8684:10.1086/306386 8647: 8595: 8583:10.1086/303625 8559:(1): 232–237. 8546: 8489: 8450: 8403: 8395: 8328: 8305: 8274: 8262:10.1086/307790 8238:(1): 262–289. 8225: 8168: 8119: 8081:(2): 722–731. 8064: 8052:10.1086/133673 8025: 8021:10.1086/186969 7994: 7982:10.1086/187083 7945: 7941:10.1086/181225 7914: 7908: 7887: 7830: 7824: 7800: 7761: 7755: 7736: 7716:10.1086/491733 7679: 7667:10.1086/306416 7630: 7618:10.1086/344568 7594:(1): 320–329. 7581: 7545:(3): 823–828. 7532: 7520:10.1086/508739 7496:(1): 462–467. 7483: 7422: 7410:10.1086/422091 7373: 7354: 7305: 7303:on 2006-08-08. 7290: 7265: 7253:10.1086/309024 7219:(7): 191–204. 7206: 7194:10.1086/338119 7157: 7138: 7107: 7069:(1): 197–206. 7052: 7040:10.1086/509106 7016:(1): 373–384. 7003: 6991:10.1086/520317 6954: 6919: 6907:10.1086/508740 6883:(1): 468–473. 6870: 6813: 6777:(1): 723–737. 6764: 6752:10.1086/498107 6728:(1): 354–368. 6715: 6682: 6670:10.1086/512664 6646:(1): 496–503. 6633: 6580: 6565: 6517:Atwood, W.B.; 6514: 6502:10.1086/345490 6465: 6429:(3): 400–402. 6416: 6355: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6243: 6236: 6214: 6165: 6142: 6120: 6063: 6002: 5943: 5923:10.1086/496914 5899:(1): 509–533. 5876: 5823:(23): 231102. 5803: 5745: 5708:(3): 183–186. 5687: 5657: 5640:(2023-06-06). 5629: 5604: 5577: 5566: 5548:(2013-01-21). 5537: 5524:10.1086/311634 5500:(1): L27–L30. 5483: 5429: 5357: 5342: 5315: 5270:(23): 231102. 5254: 5232: 5221: 5210: 5199: 5188: 5175:10.1086/312100 5151:(1): L21–L24. 5135: 5124: 5113: 5102: 5080: 5054: 5045: 5034: 5031:Blinnikov 1984 5023: 5020:MacFadyen 2006 5012: 5001: 4990: 4979: 4968: 4957: 4932: 4875: 4818: 4805:10.1086/519450 4781:(1): 599–607. 4764: 4751:10.1086/320255 4727:(1): L35–L38. 4711: 4708:MacFadyen 1999 4700: 4689: 4678: 4675:Prochaska 2006 4664: 4639: 4614: 4552: 4492: 4428: 4417: 4406: 4399: 4378: 4364: 4353: 4342: 4325:(2019-10-05). 4314: 4289: 4230: 4171: 4096: 4085: 4074: 4060: 4007: 3953: 3900: 3841: 3782: 3713: 3659: 3638: 3624: 3610: 3573:(8): 976–985. 3561:(2023-06-22). 3552: 3527: 3451: 3385: 3374: 3308: 3297: 3294:Frederiks 2008 3286: 3269:Discovery News 3255: 3194: 3173:10.1086/311680 3129: 3115: 3104: 3093: 3082: 3067: 3043: 3019: 2959: 2933: 2922: 2911: 2900: 2889: 2878: 2867: 2856: 2844: 2794: 2783:on 28 Jan 2021 2768: 2743: 2680: 2652: 2624: 2555: 2523: 2512: 2498: 2487: 2476: 2465: 2454: 2443: 2429: 2425:Schilling 2002 2417: 2406: 2402:Schilling 2002 2394: 2379: 2368: 2365:Paczynski 1993 2357: 2343: 2332: 2321: 2309: 2298: 2287: 2283:Paczyński 1999 2275: 2271:Schilling 2002 2263: 2248: 2237: 2202: 2197:10.1086/181225 2163: 2159:Schilling 2002 2148: 2129:(1): 977–980. 2113: 2102: 2097:10.1086/181225 2064: 2036:10.1086/429799 1989: 1945:(1–2): 45–48. 1922: 1885:(3): 311–320. 1864: 1850: 1839: 1813: 1768:(16): 161101. 1741: 1730: 1716: 1705:Universe Today 1691: 1684: 1666: 1663:on 2012-05-02. 1644: 1619: 1594: 1564: 1507:(2012-08-24). 1491: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1468: 1458: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1279: 1276: 1234: 1231: 1207:photosynthesis 1183:nitrogen oxide 1158: 1155: 1096: 1093: 1029:Main article: 1026: 1023: 999:Swift J1644+57 991:Main article: 988: 985: 909:accretion disk 869:Main article: 866: 863: 842:and others at 786:into a narrow 746: 743: 729:or a new-born 718: 715: 680: 677: 609: 606: 576: 575:Classification 573: 417: 414: 342: 339: 335:BL Lac objects 305: 302: 269:Ray Klebesadel 225:Main article: 222: 219: 205:using optical 47:nuclear fusion 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13475: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13431: 13426: 13416: 13414: 13404: 13402: 13392: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13366: 13356: 13355: 13352: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13331:Risk analysis 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13306: 13304: 13303: 13298: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13276:Social crisis 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13222: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13193:Organizations 13191: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13130: 13128: 13124: 13118: 13117:World to come 13115: 13113: 13110: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13097: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13064: 13063:Millennialism 13061: 13059: 13056: 13052: 13051:Messianic Age 13049: 13048: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13036:Gog and Magog 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13026:Earth Changes 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12988: 12986: 12982: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12940: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12894: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12863:New Jerusalem 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12839:War in Heaven 12837: 12835: 12834:Two witnesses 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12703:Second Coming 12701: 12699: 12696: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12682: 12679: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12666: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12653: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12467: 12466: 12463: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12439: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12396: 12393: 12389: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12202:Deforestation 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12150: 12144: 12143:World War III 12141: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12065: 12059: 12058:Transhumanism 12056: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11975: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921:Technological 11919: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11897: 11894: 11890: 11883: 11878: 11876: 11871: 11869: 11864: 11863: 11860: 11848: 11840: 11838: 11830: 11829: 11826: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11766:investigation 11762: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11750:Centaurus X-3 11748: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11714:Pulsar planet 11712: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11702:Related links 11700: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11691: 11690:Related links 11688: 11687: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11654: 11653:Related links 11651: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11509: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11475:X-ray burster 11473: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11451: 11445: 11442: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11383: 11378: 11376: 11371: 11369: 11364: 11363: 11360: 11348: 11340: 11338: 11330: 11329: 11326: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11294:Markarian 501 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11219:XTE J1118+480 11217: 11215: 11214:XTE J1650-500 11212: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11200: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11098: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10932: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10905: 10901: 10900:Schwarzschild 10898: 10897: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10840: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10742:Photon sphere 10740: 10738: 10737:Event horizon 10735: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10706: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10663: 10662:Related links 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10645: 10641: 10640:Related links 10638: 10637: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10623:Related links 10621: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10536: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10504: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10448:Schwarzschild 10446: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10410: 10405: 10403: 10398: 10396: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10290: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10223: 10213: 10211:9781139226530 10207: 10203: 10198: 10194: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9939: 9929: 9925: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9881:(1): 91–103. 9880: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9814: 9810: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9762:(6626): 686. 9761: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9736:on 8 May 2012 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9680: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9592: 9584: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9543: 9539: 9538:Science Daily 9535: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9287: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9010: 9000: 8999: 8998:Bad Astronomy 8994: 8989: 8985: 8983:0-88318-340-4 8979: 8975: 8971: 8970: 8964: 8960: 8958:0-521-79141-3 8954: 8950: 8946: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8800: 8794: 8784:. 15 May 1997 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8602: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8463:(6356): 143. 8462: 8458: 8457: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8414:(6): 064024. 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7825:0-7354-0122-5 7821: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7774:(6374): 112. 7773: 7769: 7768: 7762: 7758: 7756:0-88318-340-4 7752: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7374: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7342:10.1038/27150 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7148: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 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6397: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6319:(6): 062004. 6318: 6314: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6153: 6146: 6130: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5575: 5570: 5555: 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Retrieved 1607: 1597: 1584: 1581:Physics News 1580: 1567: 1516: 1512: 1495: 1471: 1461: 1429: 1345: 1289: 1265: 1240: 1236: 1227: 1169: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1077:relativistic 1062: 1042: 1020: 996: 978: 965:tidal forces 957:galaxy halos 953: 934: 925:Remo Ruffini 922: 889: 859: 848: 840:Remo Ruffini 837: 808: 796:superluminal 781: 756: 720: 704: 695: 666: 643: 635: 598: 589:light curves 586: 558: 541: 535: 524: 485: 469: 434: 396: 381: 358: 356: 311:white dwarfs 307: 283: 276: 253:Soviet Union 242: 207:spectroscopy 184: 145: 130:neutron star 115: 66: 62: 56: 43:massive star 13413:Outer space 13401:Spaceflight 13312:Categories 13281:Survivalism 12968:Zoroastrian 12824:Seven seals 12819:Seven bowls 12745:Historicism 12641:Solar flare 12517:Overfishing 12492:Defaunation 12279:coral reefs 12041:AI takeover 11960:Nanoweapons 11948:Cybergeddon 11933:Cyberattack 11685:White dwarf 11670:Microquasar 11636:Exotic star 11565:Pulsar kick 11487:Millisecond 11403:Radio-quiet 11239:Centaurus A 11193:Planet Nine 11096:Exotic star 11025:Black holes 10971:Planck star 10920:Kerr–Newman 10635:White dwarf 10585:Radio-Quiet 10543:Microquasar 10416:Black holes 9123:(3): 1523. 7958:: L17–L23. 7120:: 415–458. 5855:2445/133018 5617:www.esa.int 5597:October 27, 5559:January 21, 5229:Nousek 2006 5009:Vietri 1998 4987:Abbott 2007 4976:Stanek 2006 4686:Watson 2006 4116:(1): 5611. 4082:Rykoff 2009 3305:Hurley 2005 3101:Hjorth 2005 2864:Marani 1997 2541:EurekAlert! 2462:McCray 2008 2451:Ricker 2003 2440:Galama 1998 2392:, pp. 90–93 2340:Hurley 1992 2317:Hurley 1986 2273:, pp. 36–37 2261:, pp. 16–40 2245:Meegan 1992 2161:, pp. 12–16 2110:Hurley 2003 1861:Melott 2004 1450:giant flare 1393:GRB 221009A 1388:GRB 190114C 1383:GRB 130427A 1378:GRB 100621A 1373:GRB 080916C 1368:GRB 070714B 1308:metallicity 1272:solar flare 1250:species of 1219:Nitric acid 1085:synchrotron 1050:GRB 080319B 970:evaporation 941:Eta Carinae 897:metallicity 865:Progenitors 851:GRB 190114C 764:GRB 080319B 739:GRB 111209A 735:GRB 101225A 711:GRB 230307A 689:GRB 221009A 669:GRB 170817A 531:GRB 190114C 481:GRB 090429B 473:GRB 080319B 401:light years 178:event. 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9102:119407415 8751:119478065 8729:CiteSeerX 8692:119356154 8612:0704.0675 8534:1808/9204 8421:1202.5708 8361:CiteSeerX 8287:: 48–53. 8188:1104.3356 8164:118446962 8139:1106.0923 8115:118886010 8060:120690877 7990:119478615 7724:2299/1083 7675:119395213 7429:=0.225". 7239:CiteSeerX 6974:0705.4020 6833:1104.3257 6784:0803.3215 6678:118873307 6536:0902.1089 6326:0709.0766 6266:0704.0659 6135:August 3, 6031:1211.2584 5997:118638711 5970:1308.1272 5830:1409.2506 5773:0911.2196 5740:118579150 5715:0903.4710 5646:Big Think 5453:1111.1234 5277:1409.2506 5218:Sari 1998 4927:2041-8213 4902:1409.1473 4870:0004-6361 4845:1404.3946 4653:Space.com 4609:2218-1997 4547:0004-637X 4513:(2): 93. 4487:0218-2718 4350:Sari 1999 4303:Big Think 4284:0004-637X 4250:(1): 70. 4225:2075-4434 4191:(1): 33. 4148:2041-1723 4093:Abdo 2009 4030:1310.2540 4023:(1): 66. 4002:119023750 3977:1310.0313 3970:(1): 54. 3948:118655406 3923:1310.4944 3916:(1): 16. 3895:118629696 3811:1302.2352 3804:(1): 13. 3708:118618287 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10864:ER = EPR 10730:Theorems 10528:Electron 10523:Extremal 10453:Rotating 10336:Archived 10302:Archived 10164:Springer 10141:14280828 9983:15043502 9915:18119432 9799:Springer 9718:15117551 9669:14540608 9454:16691949 9405:14593280 9255:18784718 9206:54915144 8936:15952977 8904:: 1167. 8887:17567870 8838:16661813 8591:10462685 8542:13124815 8391:14330491 8383:15919986 8270:15534333 8221:13118370 8213:21680811 8038:: 1152. 8007:: L101. 7875:15858565 7732:17532533 7626:14606496 7577:11790226 7528:10918630 7471:16208363 7418:17871491 7261:15652654 7048:14012911 6999:14923248 6915:28202288 6866:31819412 6858:21680812 6809:16440948 6629:53986264 6561:26361978 6510:10152025 6404:19228997 6351:11210560 6291:38670919 6209:23630373 6154:. 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