Supernova - Knowledge

495: 3443:, but none have so far been detected. The only gravitational wave events so far detected are from mergers of black holes and neutron stars, probable remnants of supernovae. Like the neutrino emissions, the gravitational waves produced by a core-collapse supernova are expected to arrive without the delay that affects light. Consequently, they may provide information about the core-collapse process that is unavailable by other means. Most gravitational-wave signals predicted by supernova models are short in duration, lasting less than a second, and thus difficult to detect. Using the arrival of a neutrino signal may provide a trigger that can identify the time window in which to seek the gravitational wave, helping to distinguish the latter from background noise. 3542:. There is a smaller chance that the next core collapse supernova will be produced by a different type of massive star such as a yellow hypergiant, luminous blue variable, or Wolf–Rayet. The chances of the next supernova being a type Ia produced by a white dwarf are calculated to be about a third of those for a core collapse supernova. Again it should be observable wherever it occurs, but it is less likely that the progenitor will ever have been observed. It is not even known exactly what a type Ia progenitor system looks like, and it is difficult to detect them beyond a few parsecs. The total supernova rate in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 2 and 12 per century, although one has not actually been observed for several centuries. 23750: 1564: 952: 2241:). In the most extreme cases, ultra-stripped supernovae can occur in naked metal cores, barely above the Chandrasekhar mass limit. SN 2005ek might be the first observational example of an ultra-stripped supernova, giving rise to a relatively dim and fast decaying light curve. The nature of ultra-stripped supernovae can be both iron core-collapse and electron capture supernovae, depending on the mass of the collapsing core. Ultra-stripped supernovae are believed to be associated with the second supernova explosion in a binary system, producing for example a tight double neutron star system. 23774: 2367: 3220: 3127: 2319: 16639: 19484: 2032:. These thermal neutrinos are several times more abundant than the electron-capture neutrinos. About 10 joules, approximately 10% of the star's rest mass, is converted into a ten-second burst of neutrinos, which is the main output of the event. The suddenly halted core collapse rebounds and produces a shock wave that stalls in the outer core within milliseconds as energy is lost through the dissociation of heavy elements. A process that is not clearly understood is necessary to allow the outer layers of the core to reabsorb around 10 joules (1 3135: 23762: 1467: 3284: 3546:

most-massive red supergiants shed their atmospheres and evolve to Wolf–Rayet stars before their cores collapse. All Wolf–Rayet stars end their lives from the Wolf–Rayet phase within a million years or so, but again it is difficult to identify those that are closest to core collapse. One class that is expected to have no more than a few thousand years before exploding are the WO Wolf–Rayet stars, which are known to have exhausted their core helium. Only eight of them are known, and only four of those are in the Milky Way.

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of hydrogen in the ejecta from the atmosphere of the supergiant progenitor star. In the initial destruction this hydrogen becomes heated and ionised. The majority of type II supernovae show a prolonged plateau in their light curves as this hydrogen recombines, emitting visible light and becoming more transparent. This is then followed by a declining light curve driven by radioactive decay although slower than in type I supernovae, due to the efficiency of conversion into light by all the hydrogen.

1640:-56. The peak luminosity of the light curve is extremely consistent across normal type Ia supernovae, having a maximum absolute magnitude of about −19.3. This is because typical type Ia supernovae arise from a consistent type of progenitor star by gradual mass acquisition, and explode when they acquire a consistent typical mass, giving rise to very similar supernova conditions and behaviour. This allows them to be used as a secondary standard candle to measure the distance to their host galaxies. 2204:, and they occur at moderate to high metallicity where continuum driven winds cause sufficiently high mass-loss rates. Observations of type Ib/c supernova do not match the observed or expected occurrence of Wolf–Rayet stars. Alternate explanations for this type of core collapse supernova involve stars stripped of their hydrogen by binary interactions. Binary models provide a better match for the observed supernovae, with the proviso that no suitable binary helium stars have ever been observed. 870: 943:(JWST) has significantly advanced our understanding of supernovae by identifying around 80 new instances through its JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. This includes the most distant spectroscopically confirmed supernova at a redshift of 3.6, indicating its explosion occurred when the universe was merely 1.8 billion years old. These findings offer crucial insights into the early universe's stellar evolution and the frequency of supernovae during its formative years. 1499: 20961: 1968: 2719:, and black holes presumably do as well, although they are far harder to observe in isolation. The initial impetus can be substantial, propelling an object of more than a solar mass at a velocity of 500 km/s or greater. This indicates an expansion asymmetry, but the mechanism by which momentum is transferred to the compact object remains a puzzle. Proposed explanations for this kick include convection in the collapsing star, asymmetric ejection of matter during 23798: 1138:, for SuperNova, is a standard prefix. Until 1987, two-letter designations were rarely needed; since 1988, they have been needed every year. Since 2016, the increasing number of discoveries has regularly led to the additional use of three-letter designations. After zz comes aaa, then aab, aac, and so on. For example, the last supernova retained in the Asiago Supernova Catalogue when it was terminated on 31 December 2017 bears the designation SN 2017jzp. 1009: 20814: 20314: 18765: 17238: 3605: 3001:. The progenitors of type IIn supernovae also have high rates of mass loss in the period just prior to their explosions. Type Ic supernovae have been observed to occur in regions that are more metal-rich and have higher star-formation rates than average for their host galaxies. The table shows the progenitor for the main types of core collapse supernova, and the approximate proportions that have been observed in the local neighbourhood. 1061: 2184: 3346: 469: 2696: 20824: 20324: 17248: 23738: 2091:, the fusion of oxygen and heavier elements is so energetic that the entire star is disrupted, causing a supernova. At the upper end of the mass range, the supernova is unusually luminous and extremely long-lived due to many solar masses of ejected Ni. For even larger core masses, the core temperature becomes high enough to allow photodisintegration and the core collapses completely into a black hole. 1365: 3519: 23786: 2952:

comparable to other core collapse supernovae but neutrino production is thought to be very low, hence the kinetic and electromagnetic energy released is very high. The cores of these stars are much larger than any white dwarf and the amount of radioactive nickel and other heavy elements ejected from their cores can be orders of magnitude higher, with consequently high visual luminosity.

21467: 19347: 18776: 1311: 29: 1621:. At this point, it becomes a white dwarf star, composed primarily of carbon and oxygen. Eventually, the secondary star also evolves off the main sequence to form a red giant. Matter from the giant is accreted by the white dwarf, causing the latter to increase in mass. The exact details of initiation and of the heavy elements produced in the catastrophic event remain unclear. 3252:

clearly imaged. Population modelling shows that the observed type Ib/c supernovae could be reproduced by a mixture of single massive stars and stripped-envelope stars from interacting binary systems. The continued lack of unambiguous detection of progenitors for normal type Ib and Ic supernovae may be due to most massive stars collapsing directly to a black hole

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each type of supernovae is delivered promptly, the light curves are dominated by subsequent radioactive heating of the rapidly expanding ejecta. The intensely radioactive nature of the ejecta gases was first calculated on sound nucleosynthesis grounds in the late 1960s, and this has since been demonstrated as correct for most supernovae. It was not until

3369:, while all heavier elements are synthesised in stars, supernovae, and collisions between neutron stars (thus being indirectly due to supernovae). Supernovae tend to enrich the surrounding interstellar medium with elements other than hydrogen and helium, which usually astronomers refer to as "metals". These ejected elements ultimately enrich the 2157:. Extremely luminous stars at near solar metallicity will lose all their hydrogen before they reach core collapse and so will not form a supernova of type II. At low metallicity, all stars will reach core collapse with a hydrogen envelope but sufficiently massive stars collapse directly to a black hole without producing a visible supernova. 2137:) evolve in a complex fashion, progressively burning heavier elements at hotter temperatures in their cores. The star becomes layered like an onion, with the burning of more easily fused elements occurring in larger shells. Although popularly described as an onion with an iron core, the least massive supernova progenitors only have oxygen- 2399:

decline at a rate slightly greater than the decay rate of the radioactive cobalt (which has the longer half-life and controls the later curve), because the ejected material becomes more diffuse and less able to convert the high energy radiation into visual radiation. After several months, the light curve changes its decline rate again as

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Hodapp, K. W.; Howell, D. A.; Huber, M.; Kaiser, N.; Leloudas, G.; Magill, L.; Magnier, E. A.; McCrum, M. G.; Metcalfe, N.; Price, P. A.; Rest, A.; Sollerman, J.; Sweeney, W.; Taddia, F.; Taubenberger, S.; Tonry, J. L.; Wainscoat, R. J.; Waters, C.; Young, D. (2013). "Super-luminous Type Ic Supernovae: Catching a Magnetar by the Tail".

2964: 2963: 2968: 2967: 2962: 1798:(including LBVs). The narrow spectral lines for which they are named occur because the supernova is expanding into a small dense cloud of circumstellar material. It appears that a significant proportion of supposed type IIn supernovae are supernova impostors, massive eruptions of LBV-like stars similar to the Great Eruption of 2969: 2424:

by the highly efficient conversion of kinetic energy of the ejecta into electromagnetic radiation by interaction with the dense shell of material. This only occurs when the material is sufficiently dense and compact, indicating that it has been produced by the progenitor star itself only shortly before the supernova occurs.

2283:, about 31 million light-years from Earth) appeared to be the first observation of an electron-capture supernova. The 1054 supernova explosion that created the Crab Nebula in our galaxy had been thought to be the best candidate for an electron-capture supernova, and the 2021 paper makes it more likely that this was correct. 2339:, such as SN 1987A, is explained by those predicted radioactive decays. Although the luminous emission consists of optical photons, it is the radioactive power absorbed by the ejected gases that keeps the remnant hot enough to radiate light. The radioactive decay of Ni through its daughters Co to Fe produces gamma-ray 1484:: the type number is based on the light observed from the supernova, not necessarily its cause. For example, type Ia supernovae are produced by runaway fusion ignited on degenerate white dwarf progenitors, while the spectrally similar type Ib/c are produced from massive stripped progenitor stars by core collapse. 1036:); on average, more-distant objects recede with greater velocity than those nearby, and so have a higher redshift. Thus the search is split between high redshift and low redshift, with the boundary falling around a redshift range of z=0.1–0.3, where z is a dimensionless measure of the spectrum's frequency shift. 1986:), resulting in a rapid increase in temperature and density. What follows depends on the mass and structure of the collapsing core, with low-mass degenerate cores forming neutron stars, higher-mass degenerate cores mostly collapsing completely to black holes, and non-degenerate cores undergoing runaway fusion. 2378:

material. The light curves can be significantly different at other wavelengths. For example, at ultraviolet wavelengths there is an early extremely luminous peak lasting only a few hours corresponding to the breakout of the shock launched by the initial event, but that breakout is hardly detectable optically.

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supernova without progressing to a different evolutionary stage. One study has shown a possible route for low-luminosity post-red supergiant luminous blue variables to collapse, most likely as a type IIn supernova. Several examples of hot luminous progenitors of type IIn supernovae have been detected:

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Foley, R. J.; Challis, P. J.; Chornock, R.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Li, W.; Marion, G. H.; Morrell, N. I.; Pignata, G.; Stritzinger, M. D.; Silverman, J. M.; Wang, X.; Anderson, J. P.; Filippenko, A. V.; Freedman, W. L.; Hamuy, M.; Jha, S. W.; Kirshner, R. P.; McCully, C.; Persson, S. E.; Phillips, M. M.;

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Foley, Ryan J.; Chornock, Ryan; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Ganeshalingam, Mohan; Kirshner, Robert P.; Li, Weidong; Cenko, S. Bradley; Challis, Peter J.; Friedman, Andrew S.; Modjaz, Maryam; Silverman, Jeffrey M.; Wood-Vasey, W. Michael (2009). "SN 2008ha: an extremely low luminosity and exceptionally low

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Blue supergiants form an unexpectedly high proportion of confirmed supernova progenitors, partly due to their high luminosity and easy detection, while not a single Wolf–Rayet progenitor has yet been clearly identified. Models have had difficulty showing how blue supergiants lose enough mass to reach

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The light curves for type II supernovae are characterised by a much slower decline than type I, on the order of 0.05 magnitudes per day, excluding the plateau phase. The visual light output is dominated by kinetic energy rather than radioactive decay for several months, due primarily to the existence

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Type Ib and Ic light curves are similar to type Ia although with a lower average peak luminosity. The visual light output is again due to radioactive decay being converted into visual radiation, but there is a much lower mass of the created nickel-56. The peak luminosity varies considerably and there

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The light curves for type Ia are mostly very uniform, with a consistent maximum absolute magnitude and a relatively steep decline in luminosity. Their optical energy output is driven by radioactive decay of ejected nickel-56 (half-life 6 days), which then decays to radioactive cobalt-56 (half-life 77

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Within a massive, evolved star (a) the onion-layered shells of elements undergo fusion, forming an iron core (b) that reaches Chandrasekhar-mass and starts to collapse. The inner part of the core is compressed into neutrons (c), causing infalling material to bounce (d) and form an outward-propagating

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Very massive stars can undergo core collapse when nuclear fusion becomes unable to sustain the core against its own gravity; passing this threshold is the cause of all types of supernova except type Ia. The collapse may cause violent expulsion of the outer layers of the star resulting in a supernova.

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and would begin to collapse. However, the current view is that this limit is not normally attained; increasing temperature and density inside the core ignite carbon fusion as the star approaches the limit (to within about 1%) before collapse is initiated. In contrast, for a core primarily composed of

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absorption line. Type I supernovae without this strong line are classified as type Ib and Ic, with type Ib showing strong neutral helium lines and type Ic lacking them. Historically, the light curves of type I supernovae were seen as all broadly similar, too much so to make useful distinctions. While

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De, K.; Kasliwal, M. M.; Ofek, E. O.; Moriya, T. J.; Burke, J.; Cao, Y.; Cenko, S. B.; Doran, G. B.; Duggan, G. E.; Fender, R. P.; Fransson, C.; Gal-Yam, A.; Horesh, A.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Laher, R. R.; Lunnan, R.; Manulis, I.; Masci, F.; Mazzali, P. A.; Nugent, P. E.; Perley, D. A.; Petrushevska, T.;

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Silverman, J. M.; Nugent, P. E.; Gal-Yam, A.; Sullivan, M.; Howell, D. A.; Filippenko, A. V.; Arcavi, I.; Ben-Ami, S.; Bloom, J. S.; Cenko, S. B.; Cao, Y.; Chornock, R.; Clubb, K. I.; Coil, A. L.; Foley, R. J.; Graham, M. L.; Griffith, C. V.; Horesh, A.; Kasliwal, M. M.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Leonard, D.

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Identification of candidates for a type Ia supernova is much more speculative. Any binary with an accreting white dwarf might produce a supernova although the exact mechanism and timescale is still debated. These systems are faint and difficult to identify, but the novae and recurrent novae are such

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Type Ia supernovae are thought to be potentially the most dangerous if they occur close enough to the Earth. Because these supernovae arise from dim, common white dwarf stars in binary systems, it is likely that a supernova that can affect the Earth will occur unpredictably and in a star system that

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There are a number of difficulties reconciling modelled and observed stellar evolution leading up to core collapse supernovae. Red supergiants are the progenitors for the vast majority of core collapse supernovae, and these have been observed but only at relatively low masses and luminosities, below

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Type Ib and Ic supernovae are hypothesised to have been produced by core collapse of massive stars that have lost their outer layer of hydrogen and helium, either via strong stellar winds or mass transfer to a companion. They normally occur in regions of new star formation, and are extremely rare in

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As survey programmes rapidly increase the number of detected supernovae, collated collections of observations (light decay curves, astrometry, pre-supernova observations, spectroscopy) have been assembled. The Pantheon data set, assembled in 2018, detailed 1048 supernovae. In 2021, this data set was

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Because supernovae are relatively rare events within a galaxy, occurring about three times a century in the Milky Way, obtaining a good sample of supernovae to study requires regular monitoring of many galaxies. Today, amateur and professional astronomers are finding several hundred every year, some

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Gal-Yam, A.; Bruch, R.; Schulze, S.; Yang, Y.; Perley, D. A.; Irani, I.; Sollerman, J.; Kool, E. C.; Soumagnac, M. T.; Yaron, O.; Strotjohann, N. L.; Zimmerman, E.; Barbarino, C.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Kasliwal, M. M.; De, K.; Yao, Y.; Fremling, C.; Yan, L.; Ofek, E. O.; Fransson, C.; Filippenko, A. V.;

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Drout, M. R.; Soderberg, A. M.; Mazzali, P. A.; Parrent, J. T.; Margutti, R.; Milisavljevic, D.; Sanders, N. E.; Chornock, R.; Foley, R. J.; Kirshner, R. P.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Brown, P. J.; Cenko, S. B.; Chakraborti, S.; Challis, P.; Friedman, A.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Hicken, M.; Jensen, C.;

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Inserra, C.; Smartt, S. J.; Jerkstrand, A.; Valenti, S.; Fraser, M.; Wright, D.; Smith, K.; Chen, T.-W.; Kotak, R.; Pastorello, A.; Nicholl, M.; Bresolin, S. F.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Benetti, S.; Botticella, M. T.; Burgett, W. S.; Chambers, K. C.; Ergon, M.; Flewelling, H.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Geier, S.;

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Malesani, D.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Hjorth, J.; Leloudas, G.; Sollerman, J.; Stritzinger, M. D.; Vreeswijk, P. M.; Watson, D. J.; Gorosabel, J.; Michałowski, M. J.; Thöne, C. C.; Augusteijn, T.; Bersier, D.; Jakobsson, P.; Jaunsen, A. O.; Ledoux, C.; Levan, A. J.; Milvang-Jensen, B.; Rol, E.; Tanvir, N.

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Merle, Thibault; Hamers, Adrian S.; Van Eck, Sophie; Jorissen, Alain; Van der Swaelmen, Mathieu; Pollard, Karen; Smiljanic, Rodolfo; Pourbaix, Dimitri; Zwitter, Tomaž; Traven, Gregor; Gilmore, Gerry; Randich, Sofia; Gonneau, Anaïs; Hourihane, Anna; Sacco, Germano; Worley, C. Clare (12 May 2022). "A

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Perlmutter, S. A.; Gabi, S.; Goldhaber, G.; Goobar, A.; Groom, D. E.; Hook, I. M.; Kim, A. G.; Kim, M. Y.; Lee, J. C.; Pain, R.; Pennypacker, C. R.; Small, I. A.; Ellis, R. S.; McMahon, R. G.; Boyle, B. J.; Bunclark, P. S.; Carter, D.; Irwin, M. J.; Glazebrook, K.; Newberg, H. J. M.; Filippenko, A.

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Standard type Ia supernovae derive their energy from a runaway nuclear fusion of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf. The details of the energetics are still not fully understood, but the result is the ejection of the entire mass of the original star at high kinetic energy. Around half a solar mass of that

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Initial asymmetries have also been confirmed in type Ia supernovae through observation. This result may mean that the initial luminosity of this type of supernova depends on the viewing angle. However, the expansion becomes more symmetrical with the passage of time. Early asymmetries are detectable

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Type IIn supernovae are characterised by additional narrow spectral lines produced in a dense shell of circumstellar material. Their light curves are generally very broad and extended, occasionally also extremely luminous and referred to as a superluminous supernova. These light curves are produced

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In type II-L the plateau is absent because the progenitor had relatively little hydrogen left in its atmosphere, sufficient to appear in the spectrum but insufficient to produce a noticeable plateau in the light output. In type IIb supernovae the hydrogen atmosphere of the progenitor is so depleted

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The ejecta gases would dim quickly without some energy input to keep them hot. The source of this energy—which can maintain the optical supernova glow for months—was, at first, a puzzle. Some considered rotational energy from the central pulsar as a source. Although the energy that initially powers

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Abnormally bright type Ia supernovae occur when the white dwarf already has a mass higher than the Chandrasekhar limit, possibly enhanced further by asymmetry, but the ejected material will have less than normal kinetic energy. This super-Chandrasekhar-mass scenario can occur, for example, when the

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Nicholl, M.; Smartt, S. J.; Jerkstrand, A.; Inserra, C.; McCrum, M.; Kotak, R.; Fraser, M.; Wright, D.; Chen, T. W.; Smith, K.; Young, D. R.; Sim, S. A.; Valenti, S.; Howell, D. A.; Bresolin, F.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Tonry, J. L.; Huber, M. E.; Rest, A.; Pastorello, A.; Tomasella, L.; Cappellaro, E.;

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such as oxygen and neon, and elements heavier than zinc. The latter is especially true with electron capture supernovae. The bulk of the material ejected by type II supernovae is hydrogen and helium. The heavy elements are produced by: nuclear fusion for nuclei up to S; silicon photodisintegration

3194:, respectively. The former is consistent with the expected upper mass limits for white dwarf progenitors to form, but the latter is not consistent with massive star populations in the Local Group. The upper limit for red supergiants that produce a visible supernova explosion has been calculated at 2943:

which may produce a brief energetic and directional burst of gamma rays and also transfers substantial further energy into the ejected material. This is one scenario for producing high-luminosity supernovae and is thought to be the cause of type Ic hypernovae and long-duration gamma-ray bursts. If

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The late-time decay phase of visual light curves for different supernova types all depend on radioactive heating, but they vary in shape and amplitude because of the underlying mechanisms, the way that visible radiation is produced, the epoch of its observation, and the transparency of the ejected

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that are the sites of star formation. Thus, each stellar generation has a slightly different composition, going from an almost pure mixture of hydrogen and helium to a more metal-rich composition. Supernovae are the dominant mechanism for distributing these heavier elements, which are formed in a

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Type II supernovae with normal spectra dominated by broad hydrogen lines that remain for the life of the decline are classified on the basis of their light curves. The most common type shows a distinctive "plateau" in the light curve shortly after peak brightness where the visual luminosity stays

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Perets, H. B.; Gal-Yam, A.; Mazzali, P. A.; Arnett, D.; Kagan, D.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Arcavi, I.; Cenko, S. B.; Fox, D. B.; Leonard, D. C.; Moon, D.-S.; Sand, D. J.; Soderberg, A. M.; Anderson, J. P.; James, P. A.; Foley, R. J.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Ofek, E. O.; Bildsten, L.; Nelemans, G.;

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Dong, Subo; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W. -S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; Basu, U.; Beacom, J. F.; Bersier, D.; Brimacombe, J.; Brown, J. S.; Bufano, F.; Chen, Ping; Conseil, E.; Danilet, A. B.; Falco, E.; Grupe, D.;

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that drives highly directional jets, propelling matter at a high velocity out of the star, and driving transverse shocks that completely disrupt the star. These jets might play a crucial role in the resulting supernova. (A similar model is used for explaining long gamma-ray bursts.) The dominant

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When a supernova occurs inside a small dense cloud of circumstellar material, it will produce a shock wave that can efficiently convert a high fraction of the kinetic energy into electromagnetic radiation. Even though the initial energy was entirely normal the resulting supernova will have high

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The core collapse of some massive stars may not result in a visible supernova. This happens if the initial core collapse cannot be reversed by the mechanism that produces an explosion, usually because the core is too massive. These events are difficult to detect, but large surveys have detected

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A second model for the formation of type Ia supernovae involves the merger of two white dwarf stars, with the combined mass momentarily exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit. This is sometimes referred to as the double-degenerate model, as both stars are degenerate white dwarfs. Due to the possible

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Hayden, B. T.; Garnavich, P. M.; Kessler, R.; Frieman, J. A.; Jha, S. W.; Bassett, B.; Cinabro, D.; Dilday, B.; Kasen, D.; Marriner, J.; Nichol, R. C.; Riess, A. G.; Sako, M.; Schneider, D. P.; Smith, M.; Sollerman, J. (2010). "The Rise and Fall of Type Ia Supernova Light Curves in the SDSS-II

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Statistically, the most common variety of core-collapse supernova is type II-P, and the progenitors of this type are red supergiants. It is difficult to identify which of those supergiants are in the final stages of heavy element fusion in their cores and which have millions of years left. The

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of life on the planet. Geological records suggest that nearby supernova events have led to an increase in cosmic rays, which in turn produced a cooler climate. A greater temperature difference between the poles and the equator created stronger winds, increased ocean mixing, and resulted in the

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are extremely rare and visually relatively faint, so it is difficult to say whether such progenitors are missing or just yet to be observed. Very luminous progenitors have not been securely identified, despite numerous supernovae being observed near enough that such progenitors would have been

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while it may show a small shoulder in the visual at about 40 days, but this is only a hint of a secondary maximum that occurs in the infra-red as certain ionised heavy elements recombine to produce infra-red radiation and the ejecta become transparent to it. The visual light curve continues to

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Stars with an initial mass up to about 90 times the Sun, or a little less at high metallicity, result in a type II-P supernova, which is the most commonly observed type. At moderate to high metallicity, stars near the upper end of that mass range will have lost most of their hydrogen when core

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Theoretical models of SNIa have remained limited because of uncertainties in the explosion mechanisms. SNIa explosions are driven by fast thermonuclear burning in C/O white dwarf (WD) stars with a mass close to, or below, the Chandrasekhar mass limit of ≈1.4 solar masses Beyond this general

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Bersten, M. C.; Folatelli, G.; García, F.; Van Dyk, S. D.; Benvenuto, O. G.; Orellana, M.; Buso, V.; Sánchez, J. L.; Tanaka, M.; Maeda, K.; Filippenko, A. V.; Zheng, W.; Brink, T. G.; Cenko, S. B.; De Jaeger, T.; Kumar, S.; Moriya, T. J.; Nomoto, K.; Perley, D. A.; Shivvers, I.; Smith, N. (21

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of more recent supernovae have been found, and observations of supernovae in other galaxies suggest they occur in the Milky Way on average about three times every century. A supernova in the Milky Way would almost certainly be observable through modern astronomical telescopes. The most recent

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Copin, Y.; Blanc, N.; Bongard, S.; Gangler, E.; Saugé, L.; Smadja, G.; Antilogus, P.; Garavini, G.; Gilles, S.; Pain, R.; Aldering, G.; Bailey, S.; Lee, B.C.; Loken, S.; Nugent, P. E.; Perlmutter, S. A.; Scalzo, R.; Thomas, R.C.; Wang, L.; Weaver, B.A.; Pécontal, E.; Kessler, R.; Baltay, C.;

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Supernovae are a major source of elements in the interstellar medium from oxygen through to rubidium, though the theoretical abundances of the elements produced or seen in the spectra varies significantly depending on the various supernova types. Type Ia supernovae produce mainly silicon and

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It is thought that higher mass red supergiants do not explode as supernovae, but instead evolve back towards hotter temperatures. Several progenitors of type IIb supernovae have been confirmed, and these were K and G supergiants, plus one A supergiant. Yellow hypergiants or LBVs are proposed

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Although pair-instability supernovae are core collapse supernovae with spectra and light curves similar to type II-P, the nature after core collapse is more like that of a giant type Ia with runaway fusion of carbon, oxygen and silicon. The total energy released by the highest-mass events is

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of material from a companion, the collision of two white dwarfs, or accretion that causes ignition in a shell that then ignites the core. The dominant mechanism by which type Ia supernovae are produced remains unclear. Despite this uncertainty in how type Ia supernovae are produced, type Ia

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Barwick, S. W; Beacom, J. F; Cianciolo, V.; Dodelson, S.; Feng, J. L; Fuller, G. M; Kaplinghat, M.; McKay, D. W; Meszaros, P.; Mezzacappa, A.; Murayama, H.; Olive, K. A; Stanev, T.; Walker, T. P (2004). "APS Neutrino Study: Report of the Neutrino Astrophysics and Cosmology Working Group".

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designates the third supernova reported in the year 2003. The last supernova of 2005, SN 2005nc, was the 367th (14 × 26 + 3 = 367). Since 2000, professional and amateur astronomers have been finding several hundred supernovae each year (572 in 2007, 261 in 2008, 390 in 2009; 231 in 2013).

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The supernova classification type is closely tied to the type of progenitor star at the time of the collapse. The occurrence of each type of supernova depends on the star's metallicity, since this affects the strength of the stellar wind and thereby the rate at which the star loses mass.

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The next supernova in the Milky Way will likely be detectable even if it occurs on the far side of the galaxy. It is likely to be produced by the collapse of an unremarkable red supergiant, and it is very probable that it will already have been catalogued in infrared surveys such as

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Tanaka, M.; Kawabata, K. S.; Yamanaka, M.; Maeda, K.; Hattori, T.; Aoki, K.; Nomoto, K. I.; Iye, M.; Sasaki, T.; Mazzali, P. A.; Pian, E. (2010). "Spectropolarimetry of Extremely Luminous Type Ia Supernova 2009dc: Nearly Spherical Explosion of Super-Chandrasekhar Mass White Dwarf".

8019:

Howell, D. A.; Sullivan, M.; Nugent, P. E.; Ellis, R. S.; Conley, A. J.; Le Borgne, D.; Carlberg, R. G.; Guy, J.; Balam, D.; Basa, S.; Fouchez, D.; Hook, I. M.; Hsiao, E. Y.; Neill, J. D.; Pain, R.; Perrett, K. M.; Pritchet, C. J. (2006). "The type Ia supernova SNLS-03D3bb from a

10542:

In 1980, Ken'ichi Nomoto of the University of Tokyo predicted a third type called an electron capture supernova. ... In an electron capture supernova, as the core runs out of fuel, gravity forces electrons in the core into their atomic nuclei, causing the star to collapse in on

2734:

above the core. The convection can create variations in the local abundances of elements, resulting in uneven nuclear burning during the collapse, bounce and resulting expansion. Another possible explanation is that accretion of gas onto the central neutron star can create a

2753: 1526:

over intergalactic distances. Some calibrations are required to compensate for the gradual change in properties or different frequencies of abnormal luminosity supernovae at high redshift, and for small variations in brightness identified by light curve shape or spectrum.

14188:

Rho, Jeonghee; Milisavljevic, Danny; Sarangi, Arkaprabha; Margutti, Raffaella; Chornock, Ryan; Rest, Armin; Graham, Melissa; Craig Wheeler, J.; DePoy, Darren; Wang, Lifan; Marshall, Jennifer; Williams, Grant; Street, Rachel; Skidmore, Warren; Haojing, Yan; Bloom, Joshua;

1403:

relatively constant for several months before the decline resumes. These are called type II-P referring to the plateau. Less common are type II-L supernovae that lack a distinct plateau. The "L" signifies "linear" although the light curve is not actually a straight line.

14193:; Lee, Chien-Hsiu; Cowperthwaite, Philip S.; Stringfellow, Guy S.; Coppejans, Deanne; Terreran, Giacomo; Sravan, Niharika; Geballe, Thomas R.; Evans, Aneurin; Marion, Howie (2019). "Astro2020 Science White Paper: Are Supernovae the Dust Producer in the Early Universe?". 2382:

days). These radioisotopes excite the surrounding material to incandescence. Modern studies of cosmology rely on Ni radioactivity providing the energy for the optical brightness of supernovae of type Ia, which are the "standard candles" of cosmology but whose diagnostic

2222:(GRB), though it is also believed that any hydrogen-stripped type Ib or Ic supernova could produce a GRB, depending on the circumstances of the geometry. The mechanism for producing this type of GRB is the jets produced by the magnetic field of the rapidly spinning 8723:

Smith, N.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Chornock, R.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Silverman, J. M.; Steele, T. N.; Griffith, C. V.; Joubert, N.; Lee, N. Y.; Lowe, T. B.; Mobberley, M. P.; Winslow, D. M. (2009). "Sn 2008S: A Cool Super-Eddington Wind in a Supernova Impostor".

2812:) path with a half life of 77 days into stable Fe. These two processes are responsible for the electromagnetic radiation from type Ia supernovae. In combination with the changing transparency of the ejected material, they produce the rapidly declining light curve. 16032:

Van Boekel, R.; Kervella, P.; Schöller, M.; Herbst, T.; Brandner, W.; De Koter, A.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Hillier, D. J.; Paresce, F.; Lenzen, R.; Lagrange, A.-M. (2003). "Direct measurement of the size and shape of the present-day stellar wind of eta Carinae".

1785:

is the proportion of elements other than hydrogen or helium, as compared to the Sun. The initial mass is the mass of the star prior to the supernova event, given in multiples of the Sun's mass, although the mass at the time of the supernova may be much lower.

13173:

Galbany, L.; Anderson, J. P.; Sánchez, S. F.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Pedraz, S.; González-Gaitán, S.; Stanishev, V.; Domínguez, I.; Moreno-Raya, M. E.; Wood-Vasey, W. M.; Mourão, A. M.; Ponder, K. A.; Badenes, C.; Mollá, M.; López-Sánchez, A. R. (13 March 2018).

2985:. Core collapse supernovae are only found in galaxies undergoing current or very recent star formation, since they result from short-lived massive stars. They are most commonly found in type Sc spirals, but also in the arms of other spiral galaxies and in 2362:

decaying to Fe. Later measurements by space gamma-ray telescopes of the small fraction of the Co and Co gamma rays that escaped the SN 1987A remnant without absorption confirmed earlier predictions that those two radioactive nuclei were the power sources.

2268:

O+Ne+Mg core, imploded after its core ran out of nuclear fuel, causing gravity to compress the electrons in the star's core into their atomic nuclei, leading to a supernova explosion and leaving behind a neutron star. In June 2021, a paper in the journal

1789:

Type IIn supernovae are not listed in the table. They can be produced by various types of core collapse in different progenitor stars, possibly even by type Ia white dwarf ignitions, although it seems that most will be from iron core collapse in luminous

13965:

Eichler, M.; Nakamura, K.; Takiwaki, T.; Kuroda, T.; Kotake, K.; Hempel, M.; Cabezón, R.; Liebendörfer, M.; Thielemann, F-K (2018). "Nucleosynthesis in 2D core-collapse supernovae of 11.2 and 17.0 M⊙ progenitors: Implications for Mo and Ru production".

3385:

The kinetic energy of an expanding supernova remnant can trigger star formation by compressing nearby, dense molecular clouds in space. The increase in turbulent pressure can also prevent star formation if the cloud is unable to lose the excess energy.

6685:

Bianco, F. B.; Modjaz, M.; Hicken, M.; Friedman, A.; Kirshner, R. P.; Bloom, J. S.; Challis, P.; Marion, G. H.; Wood-Vasey, W. M.; Rest, A. (2014). "Multi-color Optical and Near-infrared Light Curves of 64 Stripped-envelope Core-Collapse Supernovae".

1329:

A small number of type Ia supernovae exhibit unusual features, such as non-standard luminosity or broadened light curves, and these are typically categorised by referring to the earliest example showing similar features. For example, the sub-luminous

1644:

combinations of mass and chemical composition of the pair there is much variation in this type of event, and, in many cases, there may be no supernova at all, in which case they will have a less luminous light curve than the more normal SN type Ia.

2195:

These supernovae, like those of type II, are massive stars that undergo core collapse. Unlike the progenitors of type II supernovae, the stars which become types Ib and Ic supernovae have lost most of their outer (hydrogen) envelopes due to strong

3473:. In 2009, elevated levels of nitrate ions were found in Antarctic ice, which coincided with the 1006 and 1054 supernovae. Gamma rays from these supernovae could have boosted atmospheric levels of nitrogen oxides, which became trapped in the ice. 966:

when near maximum brightness, others on old astronomical photographs or plates. Supernovae in other galaxies cannot be predicted with any meaningful accuracy. Normally, when they are discovered, they are already in progress. To use supernovae as

12088:

Wang, L.; Baade, D.; Höflich, P. A.; Khokhlov, A. M.; Wheeler, J. C.; Kasen, D.; Nugent, P. E.; Perlmutter, S. A.; Fransson, C.; Lundqvist, P. (2003). "Spectropolarimetry of SN 2001el in NGC 1448: Asphericity of a Normal Type Ia Supernova".

3264:

Supernovae events generate heavier elements that are scattered throughout the surrounding interstellar medium. The expanding shock wave from a supernova can trigger star formation. Galactic cosmic rays are generated by supernova explosions.

337:

Compared to a star's entire history, the visual appearance of a supernova is very brief, sometimes spanning several months, so that the chances of observing one with the naked eye are roughly once in a lifetime. Only a tiny fraction of the

2411:

and tend to have broadened light curves in addition to the increased peak luminosity. The source of the extra energy is thought to be relativistic jets driven by the formation of a rotating black hole, which also produce gamma-ray bursts.

8139:

Fink, M.; Kromer, M.; Hillebrandt, W.; Röpke, F. K.; Pakmor, R.; Seitenzahl, I. R.; Sim, S. A. (October 2018). "Thermonuclear explosions of rapidly differentially rotating white dwarfs: Candidates for superluminous Type Ia supernovae?".

10169:

Tauris, T. M.; Kramer, M.; Freire, P. C. C.; Wex, N.; Janka, H.-T.; Langer, N.; Podsiadlowski, Ph.; Bozzo, E.; Chaty, S.; Kruckow, M. U.; Heuvel, E. P. J. van den; Antoniadis, J.; Breton, R. P.; Champion, D. J. (13 September 2017).

2354:, that are absorbed and dominate the heating and thus the luminosity of the ejecta at intermediate times (several weeks) to late times (several months). Energy for the peak of the light curve of SN1987A was provided by the decay of 2322:

Typical light curves for several types of supernovae; in practice, magnitude and duration varies within each type. See Karttunen et al. for types Ia, Ib, II-L and II-P; Modjaz et al. for types Ic and IIb; and Nyholm et al. for type

1043:

and make cosmological predictions. Supernova spectroscopy, used to study the physics and environments of supernovae, is more practical at low than at high redshift. Low redshift observations also anchor the low-distance end of the

15080:

Al Kharusi, S.; BenZvi, S. Y.; Bobowski, J. S.; Bonivento, W.; Brdar, V.; Brunner, T.; Caden, E.; Clark, M.; Coleiro, A.; Colomer-Molla, M.; Crespo-Anadón, J. I.; Depoian, A.; Dornic, D.; Fischer, V.; et al. (1 March 2021).

12887:

Prochaska, J. X.; Bloom, J. S.; Chen, H.-W.; Foley, R. J.; Perley, D. A.; Ramirez-Ruiz, E.; Granot, J.; Lee, W. H.; Pooley, D.; Alatalo, K.; Hurley, K.; Cooper, M. C.; Dupree, A. K.; Gerke, B. F.; Hansen, B. M. S. (10 May 2006).

11578:

de Jaeger, T.; Galbany, L.; González-Gaitán, S.; Kessler, R.; Filippenko, A. V.; Förster, F.; Hamuy, M.; Brown, P. J.; Davis, T. M.; Gutiérrez, C. P.; Inserra, C.; Lewis, G. F.; Möller, A.; Scolnic, D.; Smith, M. (11 July 2020).

3461:. Depending upon the type and energy of the supernova, it could be as far as 3,000 light-years away. In 1996 it was theorised that traces of past supernovae might be detectable on Earth in the form of metal isotope signatures in 2168:

will reach core collapse by pair instability while they still have a hydrogen atmosphere and an oxygen core and the result will be a supernova with type II characteristics but a very large mass of ejected Ni and high luminosity.

5025:

Iyudin, A. F.; Schönfelder, V.; Bennett, K.; Bloemen, H.; Diehl, R.; Hermsen, W.; Lichti, G. G.; Van Der Meulen, R. D.; Ryan, J.; Winkler, C. (1998). "Emission from Ti associated with a previously unknown Galactic supernova".

3161:. It was first described in 2009 by Stephen Smartt, who also coined the term. After performing a volume-limited search for supernovae, Smartt et al. found the lower and upper mass limits for type II-P supernovae to form to be 873:

Jades Deep Field. A team of astronomers studying JADES data identified about 80 objects (circled in green) that changed in brightness over time. Most of these objects, known as transients, are the result of exploding stars or

2233:

Ultra-stripped supernovae occur when the exploding star has been stripped (almost) all the way to the metal core, via mass transfer in a close binary. As a result, very little material is ejected from the exploding star (c.

5242:

Yaron, O.; Perley, D. A.; Gal-Yam, A.; Groh, J. H.; Horesh, A.; Ofek, E. O.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Sollerman, J.; Fransson, C. (13 February 2017). "Confined dense circumstellar material surrounding a regular type II supernova".

432:

began observing SN 1604 at its peak on 17 October 1604, and continued to make estimates of its brightness until it faded from naked eye view a year later. It was the second supernova to be observed in a generation, after

1341:

A small proportion of type Ic supernovae show highly broadened and blended emission lines which are taken to indicate very high expansion velocities for the ejecta. These have been classified as type Ic-BL or Ic-bl.

21698: 21630: 21620: 21610: 21579: 21569: 11233:

Churazov, E.; Sunyaev, R.; Isern, J.; Knödlseder, J.; Jean, P.; Lebrun, F.; Chugai, N.; Grebenev, S.; Bravo, E.; Sazonov, S.; Renaud, M. (2014). "Cobalt-56 γ-ray emission lines from the Type Ia supernova 2014J".

1660:

There is no formal sub-classification for non-standard type Ia supernovae. It has been proposed that a group of sub-luminous supernovae that occur when helium accretes onto a white dwarf should be classified as

8304:

McCully, C.; Jha, S. W.; Foley, R. J.; Bildsten, L.; Fong, W.-F.; Kirshner, R. P.; Marion, G. H.; Riess, A. G.; Stritzinger, M. D. (2014). "A luminous, blue progenitor system for the type Iax supernova 2012Z".

2965: 1672:

One specific type of supernova originates from exploding white dwarfs, like type Ia, but contains hydrogen lines in their spectra, possibly because the white dwarf is surrounded by an envelope of hydrogen-rich

1178:. In each of these two types there are subdivisions according to the presence of lines from other elements or the shape of the light curve (a graph of the supernova's apparent magnitude as a function of time). 494: 1453:

These types would now all be treated as peculiar type II supernovae (IIpec), of which many more examples have been discovered, although it is still debated whether SN 1961V was a true supernova following an

8369:

C.; Li, W.; Matheson, T.; Miller, A. A.; Modjaz, M.; Ofek, E. O.; Pan, Y.-C.; Perley, D. A.; Poznanski, D.; Quimby, R. M. (2013). "Type Ia Supernovae strongly interaction with their circumstellar medium".

3497:(HR 8210), about 150 light-years away, but observations suggest it could be as long as 1.9 billion years before the white dwarf can accrete the critical mass required to become a type Ia supernova. 3374:

star during its period of nuclear fusion. The different abundances of elements in the material that forms a star have important influences on the star's life, and may influence the possibility of having

2764:

they release is almost a minor side-effect. Particularly in the case of core collapse supernovae, the emitted electromagnetic radiation is a tiny fraction of the total energy released during the event.

2152:

If core collapse occurs during a supergiant phase when the star still has a hydrogen envelope, the result is a type II supernova. The rate of mass loss for luminous stars depends on the metallicity and

5575:

Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.-D.; Treffers, R. R.; Modjaz, M. (2001). "The Lick Observatory Supernova Search with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope". In Paczynski, B.; Chen, W.-P.; Lemme, C. (eds.).

10316:

Zheng, W.; Brink, T. G.; Copperwheat, C. M.; Foley, R. J.; Brown, J.; Siebert, M.; Leloudas, G.; Cabrera-Lavers, A. L. (2022). "A WC/WO star exploding within an expanding carbon–oxygen–neon nebula".

909:. This is among the earliest supernovae caught after detonation, and it is the earliest for which spectra have been obtained, beginning six hours after the actual explosion. The star is located in a 8580:

Renzo, M.; Farmer, R.; Justham, S.; Götberg, Y.; De Mink, S. E.; Zapartas, E.; Marchant, P.; Smith, N. (2020). "Predictions for the hydrogen-free ejecta of pulsational pair-instability supernovae".

2050:, there is sufficient fallback to form a black hole. This fallback will reduce the kinetic energy created and the mass of expelled radioactive material, but in some situations, it may also generate 1770:

Electron-positron pair production in a large post-helium burning core removes thermodynamic support and causes initial collapse followed by runaway fusion, resulting in a pair-instability supernova.

15995:

Lobel, A.; Stefanik, R. P.; Torres, G.; Davis, R. J.; Ilyin, I.; Rosenbush, A. E. (2004). "Spectroscopy of the Millennium Outburst and Recent Variability of the Yellow Hypergiant Rho Cassiopeiae".

9932:

Benetti, S.; Mattila, S.; Kankare, E.; Kangas, T.; Leloudas, G.; Sollerman, J.; Taddia, F.; Berger, E. (2013). "Slowly fading super-luminous supernovae that are not pair-instability explosions".

2264:, called an electron-capture supernova. It would arise when a star "in the transitional range (~8 to 10 solar masses) between white dwarf formation and iron core-collapse supernovae", and with a 850:. Techniques were developed for reconstructing supernovae events that have no written records of being observed. The date of the Cassiopeia A supernova event was determined from light echoes off 1422:

was the prototype and only member of the type III supernova class, noted for its broad light curve maximum and broad hydrogen Balmer lines that were slow to develop in the spectrum. SN 1961f in

1134:). Since 1885 the additional letter notation has been used, even if there was only one supernova discovered that year (for example, SN 1885A, SN 1907A, etc.); this last happened with SN 1947A. 2013:

tries to halt the collapse. If the core mass is more than about 15 solar masses then neutron degeneracy is insufficient to stop the collapse and a black hole forms directly with no supernova.

21641: 21636: 3589:, each contain blue stars with sufficient masses to explode as supernovae. Others have gained notoriety as possible, although not very likely, progenitors for a gamma-ray burst; for example 21651: 9562:

R.; Wiersema, K.; Xu, D.; Albert, L.; Bayliss, M. B.; Gall, C.; Grove, L. F.; Koester, B. P.; Leitet, E.; Pursimo, T.; Skillen, I. (2009). "Early Spectroscopic Identification of SN 2008D".

5097:

Kiyota, S.; Masi, G.; Nicholls, B.; Olivares E., F.; Pignata, G.; Pojmanski, G.; Simonian, G. V.; Szczygiel, D. M.; Woźniak, P. R. (2016). "ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova".

13859:

Maeda, K.; Röpke, F.K.; Fink, M.; Hillebrandt, W.; Travaglio, C.; Thielemann, F.-K. (2010). "Nucleosynthesis in Two-Dimensional Delayed Detonation Models of Type Ia Supernova Explosions".

3842: 5220: 7774:

Macri, L. M.; Stanek, K. Z.; Bersier, D.; Greenhill, L. J.; Reid, M. J. (2006). "A New Cepheid Distance to the Maser-Host Galaxy NGC 4258 and Its Implications for the Hubble Constant".

3292:

iron-peak elements, metals such as nickel and iron. Core collapse supernovae eject much smaller quantities of the iron-peak elements than type Ia supernovae, but larger masses of light

2244:

In 2022 a team of astronomers led by researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science reported the first supernova explosion showing direct evidence for a Wolf-Rayet progenitor star.

13703:

François, P.; Matteucci, F.; Cayrel, R.; Spite, M.; Spite, F.; Chiappini, C. (2004). "The evolution of the Milky Way from its earliest phases: Constraints on stellar nucleosynthesis".

2768:

There is a fundamental difference between the balance of energy production in the different types of supernova. In type Ia white dwarf detonations, most of the energy is directed into

2420:(thought to be due to tidal stripping by a companion star) that the light curve is closer to a type I supernova and the hydrogen even disappears from the spectrum after several weeks. 6857:

Shen, K. J.; Weinberg, N. N.; Metzger, B. D.; Piro, A. L.; Quataert, E.; Kiewe, M.; Poznanski, D. (2010). "A faint type of supernova from a white dwarf with a helium-rich companion".

899:

of any other known supernova. The nature of this supernova is debated and several alternative explanations, such as tidal disruption of a star by a black hole, have been suggested.

3157:, respectively. Most progenitors of type II supernovae are not detected and must be considerably fainter, and presumably less massive. This discrepancy has been referred to as the 1781:

The table below lists the known reasons for core collapse in massive stars, the types of stars in which they occur, their associated supernova type, and the remnant produced. The

928:, Argentina, on 20 September 2016. It was the first time that the initial "shock breakout" from an optical supernova had been observed. The progenitor star has been identified in 846:, hence indicators of astronomical distances. Some of the most distant supernovae observed in 2003 appeared dimmer than expected. This supports the view that the expansion of the 18616: 2780:

emission, and while some of this apparently powers the observed destruction, 99%+ of the neutrinos escape the star in the first few minutes following the start of the collapse.

307:, which refers to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix "super-" distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous. The word 15199:

Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Faestermann, T.; Dorfi, E.; Rugel, G.; Wallner, A. (2004). "Fe Anomaly in a Deep-Sea Manganese Crust and Implications for a Nearby Supernova Source".

10238:

Piro, A. L.; Rumsey, C.; Sollerman, J.; Sullivan, M.; Taddia, F. (12 October 2018). "A hot and fast ultra-stripped supernova that likely formed a compact neutron star binary".

5623:; Schwendener, M.; Sinnott, R. W.; Stacey, B.; Suzuki, Y.; Tafirout, R.; Vigorito, C.; Viren, B.; Virtue, C.; Zichichi, A. (2004). "SNEWS: The SuperNova Early Warning System". 4535:

Ritter, Andreas; Parker, Quentin A.; Lykou, Foteini; Zijlstra, Albert A.; Guerrero, Martín A. (1 September 2021), "The Remnant and Origin of the Historical Supernova 1181 AD",

1617:. The two stars now share a common envelope, causing their mutual orbit to shrink. The giant star then sheds most of its envelope, losing mass until it can no longer continue 1802:. In these events, material previously ejected from the star creates the narrow absorption lines and causes a shock wave through interaction with the newly ejected material. 9459:

Faran, T.; Poznanski, D.; Filippenko, A. V.; Chornock, R.; Foley, R. J.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Leonard, D. C.; Li, W.; Modjaz, M.; Serduke, F. J. D.; Silverman, J. M. (2014).

3305:

and that rapidly beta decay into more stable forms. In supernovae, r-process reactions are responsible for about half of all the isotopes of elements beyond iron, although

2944:

the relativistic jets are too brief and fail to penetrate the stellar envelope then a low-luminosity gamma-ray burst may be produced and the supernova may be sub-luminous.

21964: 12947:

Petrosian, Artashes; Navasardyan, Hripsime; Cappellaro, Enrico; McLean, Brian; Allen, Ron; Panagia, Nino; Leitherer, Claus; MacKenty, John; Turatto, Massimo (March 2005).

20209: 10951: 819:

was performed during the 1920s. These were variously called "upper-class Novae", "Hauptnovae", or "giant novae". The name "supernovae" is thought to have been coined by

842:

developed the modern supernova classification scheme beginning in 1941. During the 1960s, astronomers found that the maximum intensities of supernovae could be used as

3573:; the luminous blue variable Eta Carinae that has already produced a supernova impostor; and both components, a blue supergiant and a Wolf–Rayet star, of the Regor or 456:

from dust along the plane of the galactic disk could have dimmed the event sufficiently for it to go unnoticed. The situation for Cassiopeia A is less clear; infrared

5312: 3223:

Approximate stellar evolution pathways of supernova progenitor stars (and lower mass stars) with circle size reflecting relative size and color related to temperature

974:, who greatly outnumber professional astronomers, have played an important role in finding supernovae, typically by looking at some of the closer galaxies through an 11697:

Richardson, D.; Branch, D.; Casebeer, D.; Millard, J.; Thomas, R. C.; Baron, E. (2002). "A Comparative Study of the Absolute Magnitude Distributions of Supernovae".

10976:

Matz, S. M.; Share, G. H.; Leising, M. D.; Chupp, E. L.; Vestrand, W. T.; Purcell, W.R.; Strickman, M.S.; Reppin, C. (1988). "Gamma-ray line emission from SN1987A".

192:

will undergo sudden collapse once it is unable to produce sufficient energy from fusion to counteract the star's own gravity, which must happen once the star begins

9995:

Tauris, T. M.; Langer, N.; Moriya, T. J.; Podsiadlowski, P.; Yoon, S.-C.; Blinnikov, S. I. (2013). "Ultra-stripped Type Ic supernovae from close binary evolution".

21923: 12460:

Smartt, Stephen J.; Nomoto, Ken'ichi; Cappellaro, Enrico; Nakamura, Takayoshi; Umeda, Hideyuki; Iwamoto, Koichi (2009). "Progenitors of core-collapse supernovae".

7249:

Howell, D. A.; Sullivan, M.; Conley, A. J.; Carlberg, R. G. (2007). "Predicted and Observed Evolution in the Mean Properties of Type Ia Supernovae with Redshift".

2815:

Core collapse supernovae are on average visually fainter than type Ia supernovae, but the total energy released is far higher, as outlined in the following table.

7553:

Röpke, F. K.; Hillebrandt, W. (2004). "The case against the progenitor's carbon-to-oxygen ratio as a source of peak luminosity variations in type Ia supernovae".

1102:, followed by the year of discovery, suffixed with a one or two-letter designation. The first 26 supernovae of the year are designated with a capital letter from 21211: 20735: 16973: 15463: 14966:

Ott, C. D.; O'Connor, E. P.; Gossan, S. E.; Abdikamalov, E.; Gamma, U. C. T.; Drasco, S. (2012). "Core-Collapse Supernovae, Neutrinos, and Gravitational Waves".

12149:"Can Differences in the Nickel Abundance in Chandrasekhar-Mass Models Explain the Relation between the Brightness and Decline Rate of Normal Type Ia Supernovae?" 3651: 1039:

High redshift searches for supernovae usually involve the observation of supernova light curves. These are useful for standard or calibrated candles to generate

21727: 12035:

Khokhlov, A. M.; Höflich, P. A.; Oran, E. S.; Wheeler, J. Craig; Wang, L.; Chtchelkanova, A. Yu. (1999). "Jet-induced Explosions of Core Collapse Supernovae".

11460:

Pastorello, A.; Turatto, M.; Benetti, S.; Cappellaro, E.; Danziger, I. J.; Mazzali, P. A.; Patat, F.; Filippenko, A. V.; Schlegel, D. J.; Matheson, T. (2002).

22350: 16273:

Thoroughgood, T. D.; Dhillon, V. S.; Littlefair, S. P.; Marsh, T. R.; Smith, D. A. (2002). "The recurrent nova U Scorpii – A type Ia supernova progenitor".

11640:"Nearby supernova rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search – II. The observed luminosity functions and fractions of supernovae in a complete sample" 21836: 2973:

Occasional supernovae appear in this sped-up artist's impression of distant galaxies. Each exploding star briefly rivals the brightness of its host galaxy.

2407:

are even occasional type Ib/c supernovae orders of magnitude more and less luminous than the norm. The most luminous type Ic supernovae are referred to as

1624:

Type Ia supernovae produce a characteristic light curve—the graph of luminosity as a function of time—after the event. This luminosity is generated by the

1575:

Within a few seconds of the collapse process, a substantial fraction of the matter in the white dwarf undergoes nuclear fusion, releasing enough energy (1–

1395:, appear to change types: they show lines of hydrogen at early times, but, over a period of weeks to months, become dominated by lines of helium. The term 970:

for measuring distance, observation of their peak luminosity is required. It is therefore important to discover them well before they reach their maximum.

3403:(FRBs) are intense, transient pulses of radio waves that typically last no more than milliseconds. Many explanations for these events have been proposed; 8195: 13057:"Core-collapse, superluminous, and gamma-ray burst supernova host galaxy populations at low redshift: the importance of dwarf and starbursting galaxies" 1348:

are a rare type of very fast supernova with unusually strong calcium lines in their spectra. Models suggest they occur when material is accreted from a

12996:

Shao, X.; Liang, Y. C.; Dennefeld, M.; Chen, X. Y.; Zhong, G. H.; Hammer, F.; Deng, L. C.; Flores, H.; Zhang, B.; Shi, W. B.; Zhou, L. (25 July 2014).

10529: 6089:"The Complete Light-curve Sample of Spectroscopically Confirmed SNe Ia from Pan-STARRS1 and Cosmological Constraints from the Combined Pantheon Sample" 14343:; Van Loon, J. Th.; Smith, J. D. T. (2009). "Measuring Dust Production in the Small Magellanic Cloud Core-Collapse Supernova Remnant 1E 0102.2–7219". 11638:

Li, W.; Leaman, J.; Chornock, R.; Filippenko, A. V.; Poznanski, D.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Wang, X.; Modjaz, M.; Jha, S.; Foley, R. J.; Smith, N. (2011).

13293: 9822: 9710: 7899: 7139: 5619:

Antonioli, P.; Fienberg, R. T.; Fleurot, F.; Fukuda, Y.; Fulgione, W.; Habig, A.; Heise, J.; McDonald, A. B.; Mills, C.; Namba, T.; Robinson, L. J.;

3334:

Remnants of many supernovae consist of a compact object and a rapidly expanding shock wave of material. This cloud of material sweeps up surrounding

1005:

that are produced in great quantities by a supernova, and they are not significantly absorbed by the interstellar gas and dust of the galactic disk.

6278: 2431:

and test models. Average characteristics vary somewhat with distance and type of host galaxy, but can broadly be specified for each supernova type.

21852: 16220:

Tuthill, P. G.; Monnier, J. D.; Lawrance, N.; Danchi, W. C.; Owocki, S. P.; Gayley, K. G. (2008). "The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104".

15146:

Fields, B. D.; Hochmuth, K. A.; Ellis, J. (2005). "Deep-Ocean Crusts as Telescopes: Using Live Radioisotopes to Probe Supernova Nucleosynthesis".

13535:

Yoon, S.-C.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J. S.; Kozyreva, A.; Izzard, R. G. (2012). "On the nature and detectability of Type Ib/c supernova progenitors".

5448:

Reynolds, S. P.; Borkowski, K. J.; Green, D. A.; Hwang, U.; Harrus, I. M.; Petre, R. (2008). "The Youngest Galactic Supernova Remnant: G1.9+0.3".

3243:

The progenitors of type Ib/c supernovae are not observed at all, and constraints on their possible luminosity are often lower than those of known

2149:

may form the majority of core collapse supernovae, although less luminous and so less commonly observed than those from more massive progenitors.

1414:

Zwicky defined additional supernovae types based on a very few examples that did not cleanly fit the parameters for type I or type II supernovae.

22684: 20860: 16370:

Takahashi, K.; Sato, K.; Burrows, A.; Thompson, T. A. (2003). "Supernova Neutrinos, Neutrino Oscillations, and the Mass of the Progenitor Star".

13806:

Nomoto, Ken'Ichi; Leung, Shing-Chi (2018). "Single Degenerate Models for Type Ia Supernovae: Progenitor's Evolution and Nucleosynthesis Yields".

4716: 3928:

Winkler, P. F.; Gupta, G.; Long, K. S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum".

2668:

These magnitudes are measured in the R band. Measurements in V or B bands are common and will be around half a magnitude brighter for supernovae.

11750:

Frail, D. A.; Giacani, E. B.; Goss, W. Miller; Dubner, G. M. (1996). "The Pulsar Wind Nebula Around PSR B1853+01 in the Supernova Remnant W44".

6062: 3831: 1356:-rich star. Because of helium lines in their spectra, they can resemble type Ib supernovae, but are thought to have very different progenitors. 936:

noted: "Observations of stars in the first moments they begin exploding provide information that cannot be directly obtained in any other way."

23622: 22502: 18813: 5212: 2084:, the collapse halts and the star remains intact, but collapse will occur again when a larger core has formed. For cores of around 60–130 153:

Theoretical studies indicate that most supernovae are triggered by one of two basic mechanisms: the sudden re-ignition of nuclear fusion in a

23252: 21712: 21708: 21590: 21504: 19565: 12405: 4683: 2711:

A long-standing puzzle surrounding type II supernovae is why the remaining compact object receives a large velocity away from the epicentre;

2335:

It is now known by direct observation that much of the light curve (the graph of luminosity as a function of time) after the occurrence of a

7426:

Canal, R.; Gutiérrez, J. L. (1997). "The possible white dwarf-neutron star connection". In Isern, J.; Hernanz, M.; Gracia-Berro, E. (eds.).

3608:

Map showing some of the closest core-collapse supernova candidates to Earth within one kiloparsec, most of which are K-type red supergiants.

2948:

luminosity and extended duration since it does not rely on exponential radioactive decay. This type of event may cause type IIn hypernovae.

2123:

never develop a core large enough to collapse and they eventually lose their atmospheres to become white dwarfs. Stars with at least 9

22411: 19570: 17188: 13367: 5950:

V.; Matheson, T.; Dopita, M.; Couch, W. J. (1997). "Measurements of the Cosmological Parameters Ω and Λ from the First Seven Supernovae at

2245: 12249:

Nomoto, Ken'Ichi; Iwamoto, Koichi; Kishimoto, Nobuhiro (1997). "Type Ia Supernovae: Their Origin and Possible Applications in Cosmology".

1450:

Great Outburst was noted. Supernovae in M101 (1909) and M83 (1923 and 1957) were also suggested as possible type IV or type V supernovae.

22096: 21815: 12462: 11425: 8371: 7617: 3229: 2211:

which still have helium in their atmospheres. For a narrow range of masses, stars evolve further before reaching core collapse to become

1277: 1268: 1261: 10490: 10116:

Modjaz, M.; Perets, H. B.; Silverman, J. M.; Wong, D. S. (2013). "The Fast and Furious Decay of the Peculiar Type Ic Supernova 2005ek".

5561: 5398: 4481:

Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, G. (2003), "The SN 1006 Reminant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum",

22477: 22076: 21606: 21565: 20289: 19946: 15555:

Gehrels, N.; Laird, C. M.; Jackman, C. H.; Cannizzo, J. K.; Mattson, B. J.; Chen, W. (2003). "Ozone Depletion from Nearby Supernovae".

14968: 15771:

Tramper, F.; Gräfener, G.; Hartoog, O. E.; Sana, H.; De Koter, A.; Vink, J. S.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; Langer, N.; Garcia, M.; Kaper, L.;

7866:

Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Blinnikov, S.; Canal, R.; Mendez, J.; Sorokina, E.; Visco, A.; Walton, N. (2000). "Type IA supernova progenitors".

500:

A 1414 text cites a 1055 report: since "the baleful star appeared, a full year has passed and until now its brilliance has not faded".

319:, who began using it in astrophysics lectures in 1931. Its first use in a journal article came the following year in a publication by 23628: 22343: 21646: 10377: 7524:

Khokhlov, A. M.; Mueller, E.; Höflich, P. A. (1993). "Light curves of Type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms".

1980:

When a stellar core is no longer supported against gravity, it collapses in on itself with velocities reaching 70,000 km/s (0.23

1605:

The model for the formation of this category of supernova is a close binary star system. The larger of the two stars is the first to

1326:

variations in light curves have been studied, classification continues to be made on spectral grounds rather than light-curve shape.

1095: 15610:

Van Der Sluys, M. V.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2003). "The dynamics of the nebula M1-67 around the run-away Wolf-Rayet star WR 124".

13588:

Groh, J. H.; Meynet, G.; Ekström, S. (2013). "Massive star evolution: Luminous blue variables as unexpected supernova progenitors".

13114:

Moriya, Takashi J.; Maeda, Keiichi; Taddia, Francesco; Sollerman, Jesper; Blinnikov, Sergei I.; Sorokina, Elena I. (11 April 2014).

3549:

A number of close or well-known stars have been identified as possible core collapse supernova candidates: the high-mass blue stars

1777:

may generate gamma-rays energetic enough to initiate photodisintegration directly, which will cause a complete collapse of the core.

22024: 21067: 20575: 19884: 19710: 19610: 6311: 2077:

pairs, thereby reducing the radiation pressure) oxygen fusion begins and the collapse may be halted. For core masses of 40–60

2016:

In lower mass cores the collapse is stopped and the newly formed neutron core has an initial temperature of about 100 billion

1446:

with a slow rise to brightness, a maximum lasting many months, and an unusual emission spectrum. The similarity of SN 1961V to the

1020:

Supernova searches fall into two classes: those focused on relatively nearby events and those looking farther away. Because of the

13912:

Wanajo, Shinya; Janka, Hans-Thomas; Müller, Bernhard (2011). "Electron-Capture Supernovae as the Origin of Elements Beyond Iron".

3301:) during the supernova's collapse for elements heavier than iron. The r-process produces highly unstable nuclei that are rich in 23401: 22359: 22019: 21703: 17168: 7699:"A unified mechanism for unconfined deflagration-to-detonation transition in terrestrial chemical systems and type Ia supernovae" 4015:

Supernovae: A survey of current research; Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute, Cambridge, England, 29 June – 10 July 1981

3504:(26 light-years) to destroy half of the Earth's ozone layer, and there are no such candidates closer than about 500 light-years. 10453: 5158:

Leloudas, G.; et al. (2016). "The superluminous transient ASASSN-15lh as a tidal disruption event from a Kerr black hole".

2390:

gamma rays were first detected only in 2014. The initial phases of the light curve decline steeply as the effective size of the

420:, the latest Milky Way supernovae to be observed with the naked eye, had a notable influence on the development of astronomy in 23156: 20360: 16776: 14809: 10923: 2358:

to Co (half-life 6 days) while energy for the later light curve in particular fit very closely with the 77.3-day half-life of

23177: 22927: 20799: 19387: 18648: 16360: 16341: 16121: 15892: 15343: 14817: 13790: 10743: 9389: 9065: 8193:

Wang, B.; Liu, D.; Jia, S.; Han, Z. (2014). "Helium double-detonation explosions for the progenitors of type Ia supernovae".

7504: 7465: 6551: 6479: 5600: 5555: 4790: 4411: 4082: 3997: 10676:

Adams, S. M.; Kochanek, C. S.; Beacom, J. F.; Vagins, M. R.; Stanek, K. Z. (2013). "Observing the Next Galactic Supernova".

7510: 3216:

progenitors for type IIb supernovae, and almost all type IIb supernovae near enough to observe have shown such progenitors.

1752:

When a massive star develops an iron core larger than the Chandrasekhar mass it will no longer be able to support itself by

985:

for hunting supernovae. While such systems are popular with amateurs, there are also professional installations such as the

22336: 16565: 15663:

Cristofari, P; Marcowith, A; Renaud, M; Dwarkadas, V V; Tatischeff, V; Giacinti, G; Peretti, E; Sol, H (18 February 2022).

10871:

Michel, F. Curtis; Kennel, C. F.; Fowler, William A. (13 November 1987). "When Will a Pulsar in Supernova 1987a Be Seen?".

5423: 2226:

formed at the collapsing core of the star. The jets would also transfer energy into the expanding outer shell, producing a

346:

have the capacity to become a supernova, the ability being restricted to those having high mass and those in rare kinds of

21548: 17198: 13479:

Georgy, C. (2012). "Yellow supergiants as supernova progenitors: An indication of strong mass loss for red supergiants?".

7307:

Mazzali, P. A.; Röpke, F. K.; Benetti, S.; Hillebrandt, W. (2007). "A Common Explosion Mechanism for Type Ia Supernovae".

6341: 5302: 5071: 1517:

nuclear fusion, completely disrupting it. There are three avenues by which this detonation is theorised to happen: stable

23702: 22881: 21616: 21335: 20853: 17183: 16278: 7111: 5584: 3240:

had a highly luminous progenitor likely to have been an LBV, but is a peculiar supernova whose exact nature is disputed.

2982: 986: 831:

in 1933, and in a 1934 paper by Baade and Zwicky. By 1938, the hyphen was no longer used and the modern name was in use.

14676:"The Host Galaxies and Progenitors of Fast Radio Bursts Localised with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder" 8520:

Heger, A.; Fryer, C. L.; Woosley, S. E.; Langer, N.; Hartmann, D. H. (2003). "How Massive Single Stars End Their Life".

7401: 23671: 23064: 22826: 22163: 21902: 21788: 19926: 18806: 18623: 17942: 10818:

Nyholm, A.; et al. (2020). "Type IIn supernova light-curve properties measured from an untargeted survey sample".

9214:

Kasen, D.; Woosley, S. E.; Heger, A. (2011). "Pair Instability Supernovae: Light Curves, Spectra, and Shock Breakout".

7555: 3888: 3814: 3297:

rearrangement and quasiequilibrium during silicon burning for nuclei between Ar and Ni; and rapid capture of neutrons (

1535:

There are several means by which a supernova of this type can form, but they share a common underlying mechanism. If a

1506:

A white dwarf star may accumulate sufficient material from a stellar companion to raise its core temperature enough to

22998: 10762:

Modjaz, M.; Gutiérrez, C. P.; Arcavi, I. (August 2019). "New regimes in the observation of core-collapse supernovae".

799:, observation and discovery of fainter and more distant supernovae became possible. The first such observation was of 21959: 21497: 21330: 20015: 19285: 14680: 14074:

Siegel, Daniel M.; Barnes, Jennifer; Metzger, Brian D. (2019). "Collapsars as a major source of r-process elements".

9818:"Modulations in the radio light curve of the Type IIb supernova 2001ig: evidence for a Wolf-Rayet binary progenitor?" 9564: 8784:

Janka, H.-T.; Langanke, K.; Marek, A.; Martínez-Pinedo, G.; Müller, B. (2007). "Theory of core-collapse supernovae".

6374: 5450: 4665: 3338:

during a free expansion phase, which can last for up to two centuries. The wave then gradually undergoes a period of

3320:

elements. However, in the early universe, before AGB stars formed, supernovae may have been the main source of dust.

362:

The earliest record of a possible supernova, known as HB9, was likely viewed by an unknown prehistoric people of the

14575:

Preibisch, T.; Zinnecker, H. (2001). "Triggered Star Formation in the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association (Sco OB2)".

12714:"Recycling of neutron stars in common envelopes and hypernova explosions: Recycling of neutron stars and hypernovae" 4224:

Pankenier, David W. (2006). "Notes on translations of the East Asian records relating to the supernova of AD 1054".

2161:

collapse occurs and the result will be a type II-L supernova. At very low metallicity, stars of around 140–250

1052:

expanded to 1701 light curves for 1550 supernovae taken from 18 different surveys, a 50% increase in under 3 years.

23028: 23018: 20010: 16968: 16529: 16490: 15718:; Kaper, L. (2015). "Massive stars on the verge of exploding: The properties of oxygen sequence Wolf-Rayet stars". 13766: 13365:

Smartt, Stephen J.; Thompson, Todd A.; Kochanek, Christopher S. (2009). "Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae".

6739:

Lyman, J. D.; Levan, A. J.; James, P. A.; Angus, C. R.; Church, R. P.; Davies, M. B.; Tanvir, N. R. (11 May 2016).

6337: 6307: 4068: 3419:, but direct evidence for cosmic ray production has only been found in a small number of remnants. Gamma rays from 2661:

Faint types may be a distinct sub-class. Bright types may be a continuum from slightly over-luminous to hypernovae.

1091: 332: 220:, sweeping up an expanding shell of gas and dust observed as a supernova remnant. Supernovae are a major source of 23749: 19895: 2678:

kinetic energy. Total electromagnetic radiated energy is usually lower, (theoretical) neutrino energy much higher.

1426:

was the prototype and only member of the type IV class, with a light curve similar to a type II-P supernova, with

1388:, have relatively narrow features in their spectra. These are called type IIn, where the "n" stands for "narrow". 22117: 20758: 19931: 19727: 18335: 17004: 14903:

Ackermann, M.; et al. (2013). "Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants".

2403:

from the remaining cobalt-56 becomes dominant, although this portion of the light curve has been little-studied.

2061:

The collapse of a massive non-degenerate core will ignite further fusion. When the core collapse is initiated by

12517:"The Proto-Neutron Star Phase of the Collapsar Model and the Route to Long-Soft Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae" 1725:

However, if the release of gravitational potential energy is insufficient, the star may instead collapse into a

23848: 22886: 22821: 21539: 21529: 20846: 20827: 20153: 19834: 19473: 18628: 18265: 18249: 17284: 17213: 16945: 16628: 4808: 1665:. This type of supernova may not always completely destroy the white dwarf progenitor and could leave behind a 990: 401:. This event was described by observers in China, Japan, Iraq, Egypt and Europe. The widely observed supernova 14612:

Krebs, J.; Hillebrandt, W. (1983). "The interaction of supernova shockfronts and nearby interstellar clouds".

11019:

Kasen, D.; Woosley, S. E. (2009). "Type Ii Supernovae: Model Light Curves and Standard Candle Relationships".

7895:"How the merger of two white dwarfs depends on their mass ratio: Orbital stability and detonations at contact" 5838:

Perlmutter, S. A. (1997). "Scheduled discovery of 7+ high-redshift SNe: First cosmology results and bounds on

22937: 22221: 21773: 20928: 20784: 20763: 19921: 19796: 19248: 19103: 18934: 18799: 18675: 18542: 13238:"'On the red supergiant problem': A rebuttal, and a consensus on the upper mass cut-off for II-P progenitors" 11752: 11072:

Nagy, A. P.; Vinkó, J. (2016). "A two-component model for fitting light curves of core-collapse supernovae".

7697:

Poludnenko, Alexei Y.; Chambers, Jessica; Ahmed, Kareem; Gamezo, Vadim N.; Taylor, Brian D. (November 2019).

7251: 6154: 3342:, and will slowly cool and mix with the surrounding interstellar medium over a period of about 10,000 years. 11127:"Properties of Type II Plateau Supernova SNLS-04D2dc: Multicolor Light Curves of Shock Breakout and Plateau" 10517: 9272:

Poelarends, A. J. T.; Herwig, F.; Langer, N.; Heger, A. (2008). "The Supernova Channel of Super-AGB Stars".

3987: 1126:

Historical supernovae are known simply by the year they occurred: SN 185, SN 1006, SN 1054, SN 1572 (called

1098:, which sends out a circular with the name it assigns to that supernova. The name is formed from the prefix 23823: 23054: 22962: 22841: 21954: 21513: 21490: 21295: 20327: 19839: 19742: 19530: 18924: 18658: 18609: 18584: 17877: 17203: 17178: 16989: 16688: 11982:

Gilkis, A.; Soker, N. (2014). "Implications of turbulence for jets in core-collapse supernova explosions".

8845: 5783:

Frieman, J. A.; et al. (2008). "The Sloan Digital Sky Survey-Ii Supernova Survey: Technical Summary".

5547: 3513: 2043:

Some material from the outer envelope falls back onto the neutron star, and, for cores beyond about 8

1753: 1587: 1552: 367: 22426: 22184: 19849: 19269: 16086:

Thielemann, F.-K.; Hirschi, R.; Liebendörfer, M.; Diehl, R. (2011). "Massive Stars and Their Supernovae".

9767:"Towards a better understanding of the evolution of Wolf–Rayet stars and Type Ib/Ic supernova progenitors" 9672:

Pols, O. (1997). "Close Binary Progenitors of Type Ib/Ic and IIb/II-L Supernovae". In Leung, K.-C. (ed.).

1474:

a supernova (the bright dot slightly above the galactic center) rapidly brightens, then fades more slowly.

981:

Toward the end of the 20th century, astronomers increasingly turned to computer-controlled telescopes and

23617: 23496: 23370: 22416: 22276: 22158: 22121: 20753: 20596: 20143: 20108: 20098: 19065: 18891: 18599: 18579: 17251: 17208: 16716: 14135:

Gonzalez, G.; Brownlee, D.; Ward, P. (2001). "The Galactic Habitable Zone: Galactic Chemical Evolution".

13705: 8633:

Nomoto, K.; Tanaka, M.; Tominaga, N.; Maeda, K. (2010). "Hypernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and first stars".

6235: 2394:

decreases and trapped electromagnetic radiation is depleted. The light curve continues to decline in the

1563: 1295: 1286: 734: 557: 20704: 17962: 7955: 23843: 23838: 23728: 22871: 22861: 22482: 22372: 21306: 21100: 20550: 20353: 19829: 19781: 19764: 19463: 19327: 19124: 18855: 18663: 18594: 18564: 17009: 16999: 16618: 15714:

Tramper, F.; Straal, S. M.; Sanyal, D.; Sana, H.; De Koter, A.; Gräfener, G.; Langer, N.; Vink, J. S.;

11813: 7526: 7496: 7431: 6445: 6243: 5850: 5683: 4778: 3876: 3629: 2062: 1829: 1741: 1598:, or roughly 3% of the speed of light. There is also a significant increase in luminosity, reaching an 940: 713: 670: 649: 173:

nuclear fusion, completely disrupting the star. Possible causes are an accumulation of material from a

20: 22492: 13289:"The death of massive stars – I. Observational constraints on the progenitors of Type II-P supernovae" 9706:"The death of massive stars – II. Observational constraints on the progenitors of Type Ibc supernovae" 6741:"Hubble Space Telescope observations of the host galaxies and environments of calcium-rich supernovae" 2040:, producing the visible brightness, although there are other theories that could power the explosion. 23833: 23766: 23138: 22719: 22603: 21300: 21090: 21000: 20933: 20768: 20284: 19786: 19700: 19448: 19380: 19156: 19148: 19098: 18957: 18944: 18670: 18547: 18524: 18106: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 16673: 16598: 14340: 10678: 9619: 9274: 9216: 8726: 8670: 8251: 8086: 7831: 7776: 7762:

statement, however, the exact mechanisms of SNIa remain unclear, with a number of possible scenarios.

7376: 7196: 6989: 6093: 6011: 5956: 5505: 4483: 3772: 3278: 2761: 2178: 1217: 1159: 1021: 906: 16453: 16315: 11851: 9816:

Ryder, S. D.; Sadler, E. M.; Subrahmanyan, R.; Weiler, K. W.; Panagia, N.; Stockdale, C. J. (2004).

9512:"Mind the Gap: The Location of the Lower Edge of the Pair-instability Supernova Black Hole Mass Gap" 9013: 7194:

Chen, W.-C.; Li, X.-D. (2009). "On the Progenitors of Super-Chandrasekhar Mass Type Ia Supernovae".

6534: 6049: 5715: 22952: 22846: 22724: 22487: 22447: 21167: 21007: 20565: 20535: 20424: 20383: 19961: 19332: 19093: 17813: 17687: 17322: 17193: 16558: 11808:

Höflich, P. A.; Kumar, P.; Wheeler, J. Craig (2004). "Neutron star kicks and supernova asymmetry".

11356: 11125:

Tominaga, N.; Blinnikov, S.; Baklanov, P.; Morokuma, T.; Nomoto, K.; Suzuki, T. (1 November 2009).

8249:

Reichart, D. E.; Soderberg, A. M. (2013). "Type Iax Supernovae: A New Class of Stellar Explosion".

7054: 6594: 6515: 5785: 2227: 2001:

is cut off as they become trapped in the core. The inner core eventually reaches typically 30

1518: 1427: 189: 178: 22942: 9410:"The red supergiant and supernova rate problems: Implications for core-collapse supernova physics" 7670:

Paczyński, B. (1976). "Common Envelope Binaries". In Eggleton, P.; Mitton, S.; Whelan, J. (eds.).

3637: – Hypothetical violent explosion resulting from conversion of a neutron star to a quark star 3457:

A near-Earth supernova is a supernova close enough to the Earth to have noticeable effects on its

2332:

that direct observation of gamma-ray lines unambiguously identified the major radioactive nuclei.

951: 22957: 22906: 22568: 22558: 22497: 22261: 21342: 21256: 20985: 20948: 20482: 20138: 19674: 19637: 19540: 19535: 19453: 19129: 18983: 18962: 18589: 18340: 18139: 18049: 18009: 17991: 17917: 17488: 17414: 17218: 16623: 16613: 15254: 15201: 14639:

Cameron, A.G.W.; Truran, J.W. (1977). "The supernova trigger for formation of the solar system".

14019:

Qian, Y.-Z.; Vogel, P.; Wasserburg, G. J. (1998). "Diverse Supernova Sources for the r-Process".

12828:

Ganss, R; Pledger, J L; Sansom, A E; James, P A; Puls, J; Habergham-Mawson, S M (22 March 2022).

3777: 3640: 3313: 3274: 2789: 6402: 2212: 2208: 23828: 23375: 23335: 23149: 23090: 23049: 22876: 22856: 22775: 22653: 21400: 21352: 21057: 20872: 20817: 20414: 20168: 20056: 20041: 19900: 19593: 19407: 19356: 19060: 19013: 19009: 18978: 18929: 18750: 18730: 18502: 18497: 18395: 18290: 18239: 18044: 18034: 17707: 17505: 17473: 17364: 17347: 17223: 17127: 16963: 16836: 16816: 16448: 10485: 9008: 6529: 6440:

Cappellaro, E.; Turatto, M. (2001). "The Influence of Binaries on Stellar Population Studies".

6044: 5710: 5625: 4681:

Osterbrock, D. E. (2001). "Who Coined the Word Supernova? Who First Predicted Neutron Stars?".

4432:"A search for the modern counterparts of the Far Eastern guest stars 369 CE, 386 CE and 393 CE" 3914: 3350: 3087: 2981:

Type Ia supernovae are produced from white dwarf stars in binary star systems and occur in all

2720: 2395: 1764: 1568: 1523: 1510: 1455: 1431: 1345: 959: 929: 774: 628: 453: 158: 143: 17173: 16525: 15252:

Fields, B. D.; Ellis, J. (1999). "On Deep-Ocean Fe-60 as a Fossil of a Near-Earth Supernova".

15082: 12763:

Wright, Warren P.; Gilmer, Matthew S.; Fröhlich, Carla; Kneller, James P. (13 November 2017).

4655: 4401: 2756:

The radioactive decays of nickel-56 and cobalt-56 that produce a supernova visible light curve

1551:(for a non-rotating star), it would no longer be able to support the bulk of its mass through 1406:

Supernovae that do not fit into the normal classifications are designated peculiar, or "pec".

1376:

can also be sub-divided based on their spectra. While most type II supernovae show very broad

1321:

Type I supernovae are subdivided on the basis of their spectra, with type Ia showing a strong

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Proceedings of the Third Pacific Rim Conference on Recent Development on Binary Star Research

9112: 9049: 8915:"Comprehensive analytic formulae for stellar evolution as a function of mass and metallicity" 8522: 5580: 5541: 3930: 3785: 3646: 3523: 2776:

of the ejecta. In core collapse supernovae, the vast majority of the energy is directed into

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Mazzali, P. A.; Nomoto, K. I.; Cappellaro, E.; Nakamura, T.; Umeda, H.; Iwamoto, K. (2001).

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Zwicky, F. (1962). "New Observations of Importance to Cosmology". In McVittie, G. C. (ed.).

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was a type Icn supernova and is also the first in which the element neon has been detected.

23661: 23635: 23476: 23446: 22851: 22831: 22522: 22421: 22406: 21784: 21441: 20918: 20682: 20670: 20477: 20317: 20025: 19997: 19880: 19808: 19776: 19620: 19428: 19373: 19264: 18919: 18914: 18871: 18859: 18745: 18643: 18633: 18482: 18450: 18244: 18039: 18024: 17337: 16826: 16663: 16440: 16391: 16321: 16292: 16239: 16101: 16052: 16014: 15959: 15841: 15794: 15737: 15629: 15576: 15513: 15472: 15439: 15384: 15316: 15273: 15210: 15165: 15104: 15083:"SNEWS 2.0: a next-generation supernova early warning system for multi-messenger astronomy" 15044: 14987: 14924: 14861: 14758: 14699: 14648: 14621: 14594: 14541: 14486: 14419: 14362: 14287: 14243: 14212: 14154: 14093: 14040: 13985: 13931: 13878: 13825: 13770: 13724: 13659: 13607: 13554: 13498: 13443: 13386: 13312: 13259: 13197: 13137: 13078: 13019: 12960: 12911: 12851: 12786: 12735: 12662: 12597: 12538: 12481: 12424: 12365: 12319: 12268: 12170: 12108: 12054: 12001: 11948: 11891: 11827: 11771: 11716: 11661: 11602: 11581:"Studying Type II supernovae as cosmological standard candles using the Dark Energy Survey" 11542: 11483: 11434: 11405: 11365: 11318: 11253: 11197: 11148: 11091: 11038: 10985: 10935: 10880: 10837: 10781: 10697: 10637: 10578: 10429: 10335: 10257: 10193: 10135: 10071: 10014: 9953: 9897: 9841: 9788: 9729: 9681: 9638: 9583: 9533: 9482: 9431: 9293: 9235: 9175: 9121: 9053: 9000: 8936: 8864: 8805: 8745: 8689: 8642: 8599: 8541: 8471: 8452:

spectroscopic quadruple as a possible progenitor of sub-Chandrasekhar type Ia supernovae".

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Barbon, R.; Ciatti, F.; Rosino, L. (1979). "Photometric properties of type II supernovae".

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is used to describe the combination of features normally associated with types II and Ib.

815:

a decade later. Early work on what was originally believed to be simply a new category of

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In the re-ignition of a white dwarf, the object's temperature is raised enough to trigger

8: 23818: 23602: 23441: 23421: 23355: 23340: 23211: 23170: 22891: 22866: 22553: 22472: 22246: 22126: 22106: 22053: 21946: 21672: 21290: 21229: 21126: 21062: 21026: 20655: 20633: 20515: 20409: 20148: 20123: 20093: 20051: 20005: 19642: 19508: 19503: 19433: 19322: 19295: 19134: 18875: 18205: 18188: 17859: 17761: 17584: 17241: 16858: 16848: 16831: 16766: 16695: 16551: 11297:"Late-time supernova light curves: The effect of internal conversion and Auger electrons" 10480: 8424:

Gilmore, Gerry; Randich, Sofia (March 2012). "The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey".

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Svirski, G.; Nakar, E. (2014). "Sn 2008D: A Wolf-Rayet Explosion Through a Thick Wind".

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with very little helium remaining, and these are the progenitors of type Ic supernovae.

1560:. In this case, only a fraction of the star's mass will be ejected during the collapse. 23790: 23666: 23607: 23285: 23237: 23095: 22648: 22442: 22266: 22153: 21969: 21857: 21524: 21446: 21285: 21261: 21179: 20699: 20677: 20525: 20467: 19982: 19854: 19759: 19550: 19518: 19483: 19443: 19438: 19182: 19070: 18740: 18701: 18653: 18638: 18552: 18492: 18415: 18325: 18295: 18285: 18229: 18151: 17842: 17478: 17277: 16994: 16903: 16879: 16771: 16731: 16593: 16466: 16430: 16407: 16381: 16282: 16255: 16229: 16127: 16091: 16068: 16042: 16004: 15949: 15810: 15784: 15753: 15727: 15676: 15645: 15619: 15592: 15566: 15537: 15430: 15328: 15289: 15263: 15234: 15181: 15155: 15128: 15094: 15062: 15034: 15003: 14977: 14948: 14914: 14885: 14851: 14790: 14748: 14717: 14689: 14584: 14557: 14531: 14504: 14450: 14409: 14397: 14378: 14374: 14352: 14321: 14202: 14170: 14144: 14117: 14083: 14056: 14030: 14001: 13975: 13947: 13921: 13894: 13868: 13841: 13815: 13740: 13714: 13685: 13623: 13597: 13570: 13544: 13514: 13488: 13461: 13433: 13402: 13376: 13338: 13302: 13249: 13187: 13127: 13068: 13009: 12901: 12841: 12810: 12776: 12725: 12694: 12652: 12621: 12587: 12528: 12497: 12471: 12442: 12437: 12414: 12400: 12381: 12355: 12292: 12258: 12231: 12188: 12160: 12124: 12098: 12070: 12044: 12017: 11991: 11964: 11938: 11881: 11839: 11817: 11787: 11761: 11732: 11706: 11679: 11651: 11592: 11532: 11501: 11473: 11395: 11336: 11308: 11277: 11243: 11138: 11107: 11081: 11054: 11050: 11028: 11001: 10904: 10853: 10827: 10797: 10771: 10713: 10687: 10655: 10627: 10616:"The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: first candidates" 10596: 10568: 10445: 10419: 10359: 10325: 10297: 10273: 10247: 10219: 10211: 10183: 10151: 10125: 10089: 10061: 10030: 10004: 9977: 9943: 9913: 9887: 9859: 9831: 9778: 9747: 9719: 9654: 9628: 9599: 9573: 9523: 9472: 9421: 9354: 9309: 9283: 9251: 9225: 9193: 9165: 9086: 9026: 8990: 8926: 8887: 8854: 8840: 8821: 8795: 8761: 8735: 8705: 8679: 8615: 8589: 8557: 8531: 8487: 8461: 8406: 8380: 8350: 8316: 8286: 8260: 8230: 8204: 8175: 8149: 8121: 8117: 8095: 8065: 8031: 8001: 7967: 7936: 7908: 7811: 7785: 7752: 7710: 7652: 7626: 7590: 7564: 7471: 7435: 7352: 7318: 7286: 7260: 7231: 7205: 7176: 7148: 6900: 6866: 6835: 6752: 6721: 6695: 6667: 6641: 6557: 6519: 6449: 6191: 6163: 6130: 6102: 6026: 5991: 5965: 5931: 5905: 5854: 5820: 5794: 5755: 5728: 5692: 5660: 5634: 5485: 5459: 5380: 5346: 5278: 5252: 5193: 5167: 5140: 5106: 5053: 5007: 4962: 4833: 4782: 4772: 4748: 4711: 4636: 4588: 4544: 4518: 4492: 4443: 4326: 4249: 4206: 4172: 4143: 4115: 3965: 3939: 3908: 3904: 3880: 3624: 3440: 2777: 2675: 2444: 2359: 2355: 2257: 1705: 1674: 1599: 1480: 1443: 1396: 1002: 479: 347: 241: 15285: 14999: 13943: 13890: 12764: 12575: 12377: 11186:"Characterizing Mid-Ultraviolet to Optical Light Curves of Nearby Type IIn Supernovae" 11161: 11126: 10709: 10026: 9909: 9650: 9595: 9247: 8757: 8701: 7698: 7227: 6663: 5816: 4245: 3806: 3800: 3397:

4.5 billion years ago, and may even have triggered the formation of this system.

1972:

shock front (red). The shock starts to stall (e), but it is re-invigorated, likely by

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have been detected showing that it was not in a region of especially high extinction.

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Mukhopadhyay, Mainak; Lunardini, Cecilia; Timmes, F. X.; Zuber, Kai (1 August 2020).

15888: 15857: 15853: 15814: 15696: 15541: 15529: 15501: 15410: 15226: 15132: 15120: 15066: 14940: 14905: 14889: 14877: 14794: 14782: 14774: 14721: 14660: 14561: 14508: 14455: 14437: 14313: 14305: 14190: 14109: 14005: 13951: 13898: 13845: 13786: 13677: 13627: 13574: 13465: 13456: 13422:"Circumstellar dust as a solution to the red supergiant supernova progenitor problem" 13421: 13330: 13325: 13288: 13215: 13155: 13096: 13037: 13032: 12997: 12978: 12929: 12869: 12814: 12802: 12748: 12713: 12686: 12678: 12613: 12556: 12446: 12385: 12284: 12223: 12021: 12013: 11909: 11810:

Cosmic explosions in three dimensions: Asymmetries in supernovae and gamma-ray bursts

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According to a 2003 estimate, a type II supernova would have to be closer than eight

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Eldridge, J. J.; Fraser, M.; Smartt, S. J.; Maund, J. R.; Crockett, R. Mark (2013).

9313: 9197: 8825: 8765: 8561: 8410: 8402: 8125: 8005: 7815: 7656: 7356: 7290: 7235: 7180: 7135:"Reconciling 56Ni production in Type Ia supernovae with double degenerate scenarios" 6671: 6561: 6303: 6209: 6134: 5824: 5656: 5489: 5282: 5197: 5144: 4253: 4210: 4042:

Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory / Carnegie Institution of Washington

3685: 1012:"A star set to explode", the SBW1 nebula surrounds a massive blue supergiant in the 23742: 23707: 23676: 23551: 23541: 23471: 23330: 23290: 23275: 23198: 23163: 23143: 23085: 23008: 22993: 22988: 22714: 22563: 22452: 22251: 22242: 21266: 21206: 21017: 20601: 20503: 20279: 20239: 19987: 19936: 19791: 19705: 19498: 19468: 19222: 19209: 18839: 18519: 18472: 18422: 18410: 18388: 18383: 18310: 18270: 18217: 17999: 17922: 17897: 17791: 17712: 17436: 17397: 16913: 16721: 16711: 16458: 16399: 16329: 16247: 16109: 16060: 15967: 15880: 15849: 15802: 15745: 15686: 15649: 15637: 15584: 15521: 15480: 15400: 15392: 15368: 15324: 15293: 15281: 15218: 15173: 15112: 15052: 14995: 14932: 14869: 14766: 14707: 14656: 14549: 14494: 14445: 14427: 14382: 14370: 14295: 14251: 14162: 14101: 14048: 13993: 13939: 13886: 13833: 13778: 13732: 13667: 13615: 13562: 13506: 13451: 13394: 13342: 13320: 13267: 13205: 13145: 13086: 13027: 12968: 12919: 12859: 12794: 12743: 12698: 12670: 12605: 12546: 12489: 12432: 12373: 12327: 12296: 12276: 12215: 12192: 12178: 12128: 12116: 12062: 12009: 11968: 11956: 11899: 11779: 11736: 11724: 11669: 11610: 11550: 11491: 11446: 11442: 11354:

Tsvetkov, D. Yu. (1987). "Light curves of type Ib supernova: SN 1984l in NGC 991".

11326: 11261: 11205: 11156: 11099: 11046: 11005: 10993: 10943: 10888: 10845: 10789: 10705: 10645: 10586: 10437: 10343: 10265: 10201: 10143: 10079: 10022: 9981: 9961: 9934: 9905: 9849: 9796: 9737: 9646: 9603: 9591: 9541: 9490: 9439: 9377: 9338: 9301: 9243: 9183: 9129: 9018: 8944: 8882: 8872: 8813: 8753: 8697: 8650: 8607: 8549: 8479: 8398: 8354: 8334: 8307: 8278: 8222: 8167: 8113: 8069: 8049: 8022: 7985: 7926: 7848: 7803: 7728: 7648: 7644: 7594: 7582: 7475: 7453: 7393: 7336: 7278: 7223: 7166: 7078: 7074: 7006: 6965: 6948:

Filippenko, A. V. (1988). "Supernova 1987K: Type II in Youth, Type Ib in Old Age".

6904: 6884: 6811: 6762: 6713: 6659: 6611: 6539: 6467: 6268: 6260: 6181: 6120: 6054: 5983: 5935: 5923: 5872: 5812: 5732: 5720: 5652: 5522: 5477: 5384: 5364: 5337: 5270: 5185: 5124: 5057: 5045: 5028: 5011: 4999: 4982: 4946: 4915: 4874: 4825: 4743: 4733: 4626: 4572: 4562: 4522: 4510: 4461: 4377: 4372: 4352: 4330: 4310: 4241: 4190: 4133: 3969: 3957: 3705: 3400: 3253: 3134: 2990: 2986: 2940: 2292: 2271: 2051: 1737: 1466: 1155: 887: 843: 804: 267: 221: 147: 16195: 15806: 15749: 15222: 14522:

Zhu, Wei; Dong, Subo (2021). "Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications".

13619: 13566: 13510: 12280: 11281: 11103: 10849: 8817: 8611: 8171: 6791: 3415:

Supernova remnants are thought to accelerate a large fraction of galactic primary

2191:(left) and visible light (right), with the brighter SN 2007uy closer to the centre 1976:. The surrounding material is blasted away (f), leaving only a degenerate remnant. 1281:

Displays a "linear" decrease in its light curve (linear in magnitude versus time)

23612: 23546: 23310: 23265: 22795: 22669: 22638: 22588: 22573: 22401: 21280: 21189: 21031: 21011: 20923: 20913: 20520: 20510: 20472: 20299: 20249: 20224: 20020: 19864: 19771: 19737: 19649: 19032: 18866: 18706: 18509: 18378: 18222: 18193: 18134: 18129: 18004: 17732: 17697: 17631: 17577: 17572: 17517: 17327: 16821: 16726: 16170: 16145: 16064: 15908: 15884: 15641: 13782: 13736: 12641:"Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae" 11184:

de la Rosa, Janie; Roming, Pete; Pritchard, Tyler; Fryer, Chris (22 March 2016).

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underwent a modest outburst in March 2009, before fading from view. Only a faint

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of −19.3 (or 5 billion times brighter than the Sun), with little variation.

1514: 1151: 1077: 967: 933: 855: 429: 170: 22628: 16419:

Woosley, S. E.; Janka, H.-T. (2005). "The Physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae".

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Woosley, S. E.; Janka, H.-T. (2005). "The Physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae".

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Hillebrandt, W.; Niemeyer, J. C. (2000). "Type IA Supernova Explosion Models".

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Cosmic Catastrophes: Supernovae, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Adventures in Hyperspace

6333: 6186: 6149: 6125: 6088: 5927: 5678: 5620: 4567: 4291:"Identification of the guest star of AD 185 as a comet rather than a supernova" 3869: 3805:. New York, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 2773: 2736: 2146: 2006: 1981: 1618: 1567:

The blue spot at the centre of the red ring is an isolated neutron star in the

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from around 1680. Neither was noted at the time. In the case of G1.9+0.3, high

286: 233: 209: 182: 99: 83: 20570: 16510: 16333: 15875:

Inglis, M. (2015). "Star Death: Supernovae, Neutron Stars & Black Holes".

15525: 14770: 14105: 13837: 12890:"The Galaxy Hosts and Large-Scale Environments of Short-Hard Gamma-Ray Bursts" 12640: 11868:

Janka, Hans-Thomas; Wongwathanarat, Annop; Kramer, Michael (1 February 2022).

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Karttunen, H.; Kröger, P.; Oja, H.; Poutanen, M.; Donner, K. J., eds. (2016).

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Probably a heterogeneous group, any of the other types embedded in nebulosity.

1720:

The layers of a massive, evolved star just before core collapse (not to scale)

428:

idea that the universe beyond the Moon and planets was static and unchanging.

23812: 23576: 23486: 23360: 23230: 23223: 22922: 22790: 22704: 22310: 22131: 21985: 21367: 21041: 20730: 20725: 20694: 20455: 20440: 20274: 20194: 19722: 19717: 18952: 18822: 18720: 18514: 18477: 18445: 18320: 18029: 17852: 17823: 17801: 17419: 17392: 17369: 17270: 17057: 15981: 15861: 15772: 15715: 15700: 15665:"The first days of Type II-P core collapse supernovae in the gamma-ray range" 15533: 15124: 14881: 14839: 14778: 14441: 14309: 13334: 13272: 13237: 13219: 13159: 13100: 13041: 12982: 12933: 12873: 12806: 12682: 12617: 12560: 11913: 11624: 11615: 11580: 11564: 11219: 11170: 10285: 10277: 10215: 10101: 10093: 8958: 7997: 7740: 7371: 7091:

SN 1961V in NGC 1058 (Type V) had the most bizarre light curve ever recorded.

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oxygen, neon and magnesium, the collapsing white dwarf will typically form a

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was recorded three hours after the supernova event on 6 October 2013, by the

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Morozova, Viktoriya; Radice, David; Burrows, Adam; Vartanyan, David (2018).

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Truran, J. W. (1977). "Supernova Nucleosynthesis". In Schramm, D. N. (ed.).

13672: 13647: 13091: 13056: 12864: 12829: 12576:"Choked jets and low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts as hidden neutrino sources" 12219: 11870:"Supernova Fallback as Origin of Neutron Star Spins and Spin-kick Alignment" 11555: 11520: 10591: 10557:"Gone without a bang: an archival HST survey for disappearing massive stars" 10556: 10269: 9801: 9766: 9742: 9705: 9495: 9460: 9444: 9409: 9342: 7732: 7340: 7171: 7134: 6815: 6543: 6384: 5189: 5128: 4950: 4194: 3643: – Supernova at least ten times more luminous than a standard supernova 3287:

Periodic table showing the source of each element in the interstellar medium

23778: 23406: 23300: 23013: 22947: 22800: 22543: 22507: 22271: 21471: 21436: 21405: 21395: 21147: 21137: 21036: 20943: 20903: 20869: 20606: 20580: 20450: 20445: 20369: 20229: 20103: 20071: 19679: 19598: 19176: 19039: 18780: 18455: 18405: 18400: 18300: 18183: 18166: 18124: 18094: 18084: 18019: 17902: 17847: 17828: 17808: 17786: 17778: 17621: 17614: 17453: 17374: 17357: 17035: 16935: 16908: 16886: 15414: 15373:"A persistent influence of supernovae on biodiversity over the Phanerozoic" 15230: 14944: 14810:"Astronomers detect a radio "heartbeat" billions of light-years from Earth" 14786: 14459: 14317: 14166: 14113: 13681: 13150: 13115: 12690: 12227: 11273: 10900: 10650: 10615: 10355: 10293: 10084: 10049: 10048:

Tauris, Thomas M.; Langer, Norbert; Podsiadlowski, Philipp (11 June 2015).

9973: 9350: 8896: 8346: 8061: 7748: 7348: 6896: 6767: 6740: 5376: 5136: 4958: 4757: 4202: 3477: 3394: 3379: 3349:

Supernova remnant N 63A lies within a clumpy region of gas and dust in the

2427:

Large numbers of supernovae have been catalogued and classified to provide

2346: 2207:

Type Ib supernovae are the more common and result from Wolf–Rayet stars of

2197: 1774: 1732:

Core collapse can be caused by several different mechanisms: exceeding the

1594:

is generated, with matter reaching velocities on the order of 5,000–20,000

1557: 1045: 839: 820: 706: 449: 438: 316: 312: 162: 91: 75: 13287:

Smartt, S. J.; Eldridge, J. J.; Crockett, R. M.; Maund, J. R. (May 2009).

12998:"Comparing the Host Galaxies of Type Ia, Type II, and Type Ibc Supernovae" 12288: 11386:

Filippenko, A.V. (2004). "Supernovae and Their Massive Star Progenitors".

5847:

Thermonuclear Supernovae, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute

4920: 4895: 4738: 4290: 3736:"Who Really Coined the Word Supernova? Who First Predicted Neutron Stars?" 3219: 1763:

O/Ne/Mg core (8–10 solar mass progenitor star) removes support and causes

1498: 23581: 23571: 23536: 23345: 23325: 23204: 23044: 22780: 22729: 22689: 22457: 21357: 21271: 21196: 21174: 20960: 20938: 20908: 20665: 20650: 20616: 20545: 20269: 20219: 20173: 20076: 19951: 19890: 19615: 19523: 19351: 18696: 18368: 18360: 18350: 18330: 18305: 18234: 18156: 17912: 17887: 17882: 17796: 17756: 17717: 17682: 17665: 17660: 17332: 17137: 17045: 16940: 16930: 16918: 16843: 16756: 16435: 16287: 16047: 16009: 15624: 15571: 15268: 15160: 14589: 14149: 14035: 13719: 12906: 12263: 12165: 12103: 12049: 11943: 11822: 11766: 11711: 11478: 11462:"The type IIn supernova 1995G: interaction with the circumstellar medium" 11400: 9836: 9510:

Farmer, R.; Renzo, M.; de Mink, S. E.; Marchant, P.; Justham, S. (2019).

9408:

Horiuchi, S.; Nakamura, K.; Takiwaki, T.; Kotake, K.; Tanaka, M. (2014).

9091: 8995: 8931: 8800: 8536: 8036: 7790: 7631: 7569: 7440: 7323: 7265: 6524: 6454: 6364: 6273: 6031: 5970: 5910: 5859: 5697: 5639: 4497: 4074: 3944: 3462: 3029: 2793: 2704: 2391: 1967: 1799: 1782: 1666: 1447: 1147: 879: 863: 475: 434: 406: 351: 197: 174: 154: 79: 20838: 14432: 12674: 11265: 9965: 8877: 8338: 8053: 7829:

Colgate, S. A. (1979). "Supernovae as a standard candle for cosmology".

7372:"A rigorous examination of the Chandrasekhar theory of stellar collapse" 6888: 5368: 4980:

Aschenbach, B. (1998). "Discovery of a young nearby supernova remnant".

4657:

Classifying the Cosmos: How We Can Make Sense of the Celestial Landscape

4576: 3766: 1008: 827:

in 1931. It was used, as "super-Novae", in a journal paper published by

444:

There is some evidence that the youngest known supernova in our galaxy,

23526: 23516: 23506: 23411: 23391: 23315: 22983: 22932: 22770: 22760: 22598: 22593: 22578: 22237: 22209: 21995: 21451: 21410: 21390: 21385: 21201: 21110: 20995: 20794: 20709: 20689: 20660: 20611: 20560: 20259: 20189: 20158: 20133: 20086: 20081: 20066: 19732: 19669: 19659: 19560: 19396: 19161: 19119: 18280: 17977: 17950: 17927: 17907: 17892: 17744: 17648: 17626: 17604: 17599: 17463: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17122: 16923: 16799: 16761: 16658: 16386: 8668:

Moriya, T. J. (2012). "Progenitors of Recombining Supernova Remnants".

7428:

White Dwarfs: Proceedings of the 10th European Workshop on White Dwarfs

6424: 5849:. NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series C. Vol. 486. Dordrecth: 5760: 4829: 3634: 3604: 3558: 3531: 3416: 3236:

were both apparently massive luminous stars, but are very distant; and

3101: 3083: 3069: 3056: 2830: 2731: 2450: 2370: 2154: 2033: 1990: 1815: 1795: 1791: 1726: 1591: 1548: 1197: 921: 883: 457: 237: 213: 205: 103: 95: 23797: 21820: 15396: 14577:

From Darkness to Light: Origin and Evolution of Young Stellar Clusters

12331: 11577: 8859: 6831: 5724: 5274: 4267: 3393:

shows that a nearby supernova helped determine the composition of the

23501: 23280: 23059: 23003: 22674: 22608: 22583: 22467: 22189: 21759: 21692: 21688: 21656: 21585: 21431: 21184: 21105: 20990: 20640: 20294: 19941: 19844: 19632: 19196: 18467: 18315: 18099: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18014: 17967: 17957: 17751: 17727: 17702: 17609: 17560: 17493: 17458: 17431: 17407: 17342: 17132: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17052: 16746: 16683: 16678: 16608: 16462: 10997: 10378:"Astronomers discover first supernova explosion of a Wolf-Rayet star" 9022: 7675: 5746:

Beacom, J. F. (1999). "Supernova neutrinos and the neutrino masses".

4607:"The Peak Brightness of SN 1895B in NGC 5253 and the Hubble Constant" 4314: 4018: 4013:

Clark, D. H.; Stephenson, F. R. (1982). "The Historical Supernovae".

3666: – Supernova that ejects a large mass at unusually high velocity 3663: 3657: 3598: 3566: 3494: 3482: 3458: 3317: 3298: 3237: 3233: 2805: 2797: 2785: 2408: 2299: 2276: 2142: 2002: 1896: 1614: 1385: 1368:

Light curves are used to classify type II-P and type II-L supernovae.

1335: 1331: 1204: 917:, 160 million light-years away in the constellation of Pegasus. 902: 859: 796: 728: 691: 536: 448:, occurred in the late 19th century, considerably more recently than 445: 425: 126: 114: 63: 16485:

Tsvetkov, D. Yu.; Pavlyuk, N. N.; Bartunov, O. S.; Pskovskii, Y. P.

15502:"The past, present and future supernova threat to Earth's biosphere" 14338: 12946: 12639:

Woosley, S. E.; Blinnikov, S.; Heger, Alexander (15 November 2007).

11927:

Fryer, C. L. (2004). "Neutron Star Kicks from Asymmetric Collapse".

8722: 7430:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 214. Dordrecht: 6630: 6444:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 264. Dordrecht: 6264: 3466: 3316:(AGB) stars are the dominant source of dust from oxides, carbon and 2939:

In some core collapse supernovae, fallback onto a black hole drives

2200:

or else from interaction with a companion. These stars are known as

1993:, photodisintegration and electron capture, which causes a burst of 1060: 1048:, which is a plot of distance versus redshift for visible galaxies. 886:. It was first detected in June 2015 and peaked at 570 billion 23586: 23556: 23521: 23511: 23451: 23270: 22785: 22755: 22699: 22633: 22623: 22548: 22462: 22194: 22168: 22070: 22064: 22059: 22049: 22044: 22039: 22034: 22029: 21810: 21805: 21249: 21244: 21162: 20645: 20404: 20204: 20163: 20061: 18460: 18161: 17835: 17594: 17567: 17117: 17082: 17077: 17072: 16896: 16736: 16251: 15954: 15732: 15681: 15588: 15485: 15458: 15177: 15099: 15039: 14856: 14753: 14694: 14536: 14499: 14474: 14414: 14256: 14231: 14207: 14088: 14052: 13980: 13820: 13254: 13192: 13073: 12973: 12948: 12924: 12889: 12846: 12781: 12592: 12551: 12516: 12515:

Dessart, L.; Burrows, A.; Livne, E.; Ott, C. D. (20 January 2008).

12183: 12148: 12120: 12066: 11960: 11886: 11783: 11728: 11597: 11537: 11086: 10832: 10776: 10573: 10521: 10424: 10330: 10252: 10188: 10066: 9783: 9528: 9305: 9170: 9134: 9107: 8594: 8553: 8466: 8154: 7852: 7807: 7715: 7397: 7282: 7028:

Problems of Extra-Galactic Research, Proceedings from IAU Symposium

7011: 6984: 6969: 6757: 6616: 6589: 6168: 6107: 5987: 5526: 5481: 5351: 5257: 5172: 5111: 4879: 4852: 4631: 4606: 4549: 4514: 4448: 4120: 4040:

Baade, W. (1943). "No. 675. Nova Ophiuchi of 1604 as a supernova".

3961: 3654: – Chronological list of developments in knowledge and records 3618: 3404: 3358: 2809: 2724: 2329: 2307: 2303: 2280: 2223: 2110: 2074: 2070: 1906:

Black hole after fallback of material onto an initial neutron star

1865:

Black hole after fallback of material onto an initial neutron star

1697: 1471: 1439: 1435: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1392: 1353: 1163: 1069: 1033: 998: 914: 812: 808: 800: 769: 749: 578: 229: 135: 40: 32: 16486: 16272: 16234: 16096: 16085: 15879:. The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. pp. 203–223. 15789: 15662: 15459:"The hot white-dwarf companions of HR 1608, HR 8210, and HD 15638" 14982: 14919: 14357: 13926: 13873: 13602: 13549: 13493: 13438: 13381: 13307: 13172: 13132: 13014: 12730: 12657: 12533: 12476: 12419: 12360: 11996: 11656: 11459: 11313: 11248: 11143: 11033: 10692: 10632: 10130: 10009: 9948: 9892: 9724: 9633: 9578: 9477: 9426: 9288: 9230: 8740: 8684: 8385: 8321: 8265: 8209: 8100: 7972: 7913: 7210: 7153: 6871: 6700: 6646: 6150:"The Pantheon+ Analysis: The Full Dataset and Light-Curve Release" 5799: 5464: 5424:"NASA's Webb Opens New Window on Supernova Science - NASA Science" 5072:"NASA's Webb Opens New Window on Supernova Science - NASA Science" 5049: 5003: 4268:"SNRcat – High Energy Observations of Galactic Supernova Remnants" 4177: 2183: 23491: 23481: 23416: 23365: 23305: 23295: 23260: 22618: 21928: 21239: 20498: 20244: 18791: 18735: 18210: 17972: 17739: 17692: 17675: 17670: 17589: 17092: 17062: 17040: 15079: 13176:"PISCO: The PMAS/PPak Integral-field Supernova Hosts Compilation" 12310:

Iwamoto, K. (2006). "Neutrino Emission from Type Ia Supernovae".

11124: 9327:

Gilmore, G. (2004). "The Short Spectacular Life of a Superstar".

8783: 8247: 7865: 6210:"What Kinds of Discovered Objects to Report for IAUC Publication" 4161:

Krause, O. (2008). "The Cassiopeia A Supernova was of type IIb".

3562: 3366: 3309:

may be the main astrophysical source for many of these elements.

3302: 3248: 3244: 1708:, has been predicted to become a non-standard type Ia supernova. 1701: 1322: 1200: 1084: 1073: 925: 824: 664: 643: 622: 593: 417: 413: 402: 394: 371: 339: 16031: 15935: 14965: 14838:

Petroff, E.; Hessels, J. W. T.; Lorimer, D. R. (29 March 2022).

14276:"Populating the periodic table: Nucleosynthesis of the elements" 13648:"Populating the periodic table: Nucleosynthesis of the elements" 12574:

Senno, Nicholas; Murase, Kohta; Mészáros, Peter (8 April 2016).

11521:"A cosmology-independent calibration of Type Ia supernovae data" 9458: 8432:(147). Garching, Germany: European Southern Observatory: 25–31. 7892: 5890:

Linder, E. V.; Huterer, D. (2003). "Importance of supernovae at

5503:

Colgate, S. A.; McKee, C. (1969). "Early Supernova Luminosity".

5335:

February 2018). "A surge of light at the birth of a supernova".

3345: 2808:

of six days) and gamma rays. Co itself decays by the beta plus (

2760:

Although supernovae are primarily known as luminous events, the

2373:

with supernova SN2020jfo, taken by an amateur astronomer in 2020

188:

In the case of a massive star's sudden implosion, the core of a

23466: 23461: 22216: 21764: 21575: 21234: 21157: 21152: 21115: 20388: 20338: 20264: 20254: 20234: 19956: 19555: 19545: 19290: 18725: 18713: 17932: 17818: 17087: 16891: 16515: 14187: 12146: 11696: 9994: 9108:"Neutrinos from type II supernovae- The first 100 milliseconds" 7954:

Maoz, Dan; Mannucci, Filippo; Nelemans, Gijs (18 August 2014).

7893:

Dan, M.; Rosswog, S.; Guillochon, J.; Ramirez-Ruiz, E. (2012).

5024: 4806:

da Silva, L. A. L. (1993). "The Classification of Supernovae".

3597:

systems that conveniently advertise themselves. One example is

3590: 3501: 3428: 3424: 3375: 3362: 2712: 2700: 2695: 2340: 2066: 2017: 1767:

followed by explosive oxygen fusion, with very similar results.

1633: 1629: 1540: 1536: 1349: 1227: 851: 572: 551: 530: 421: 386: 343: 257: 225: 107: 19365: 15198: 15020: 14902: 12459: 11232: 11183: 10971: 10969: 10041: 9930: 9876: 9407: 9152:

Piran, Tsvi; Nakar, Ehud; Mazzali, Paolo; Pian, Elena (2019).

9083: 8367: 7956:"Observational Clues to the Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae" 7306: 5618: 5213:"Massive supernova visible millions of light-years from Earth" 3518: 2187:

Type Ib SN 2008D at the far upper end of the galaxy, shown in

997:

to give early warning of a supernova in the Milky Way galaxy.

468: 285:

and is often abbreviated as SN or SNe. It is derived from the

273: 23531: 23396: 23320: 21990: 21779: 21748: 21626: 16543: 16521:

An open-access catalog of supernova light curves and spectra.

16090:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 812. pp. 153–231. 15023:"The Gravitational Wave Signal from Core-collapse Supernovae" 13964: 12344: 10475: 10473: 10471: 9815: 9372:

Faure, G.; Mensing, T. M. (2007). "Life and Death of Stars".

7696: 5948: 5333: 5157: 4351:

Zhao, Fu-Yuan; Strom, R. G.; Jiang, Shi-Yang (October 2006).

3582: 3554: 3550: 3539: 3407:

produced by core-collapse supernovae are leading candidates.

2188: 1582: 1065: 16219: 13702: 10114: 7248: 2752: 2218:

A few percent of the type Ic supernovae are associated with

1478:

Supernova type codes, as summarised in the table above, are

1364: 22358: 21769: 21754: 21744: 20980: 20880: 19171: 18074: 17293: 16751: 16313: 15554: 13286: 12762: 11423:

Filippenko, A. V. (1997). "Optical Spectra of Supernovae".

10966: 9560: 9271: 8082: 7773: 5447: 3586: 3585:, two bright star systems in the southern constellation of 3420: 2740:

mechanism may depend upon the mass of the progenitor star.

2730:

One possible explanation for this asymmetry is large-scale

2138: 2105: 1989:

The initial collapse of degenerate cores is accelerated by

1637: 1310: 816: 292: 67: 21466: 19346: 18775: 15770: 13242:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

13113: 12034: 11637: 10733: 10468: 10406:

Hiramatsu D; Howell D; Van S; et al. (28 June 2021).

9509: 9414:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

8450: 8138: 6855: 6684: 5574: 4097: 2024:. At this temperature, neutrino-antineutrino pairs of all 1756:

and will collapse further to a neutron star or black hole.

232:. The expanding shock waves of supernovae can trigger the 28: 23189: 18440: 13858: 12712:

Barkov, Maxim V.; Komissarov, Serguei S. (21 July 2011).

11867: 11294: 10675: 10047: 9703: 8632: 8579: 8018: 4534: 3005:

Fraction of core collapse supernovae types by progenitor

1380:

which indicate expansion velocities of many thousands of

17262: 16275:

The Physics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects

15994: 14398:"Chemical element transport in stellar evolution models" 13765:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 66. 13534: 12087: 11295:

Seitenzahl, I. R.; Taubenberger, S.; Sim, S. A. (2009).

10405: 6008: 5782: 5399:"James Webb Telescope Revolutionizes Supernova Research" 5300: 3839:

Purātattva: Journal of the Indian Archaeological Society

3476:

Historically, nearby supernovae may have influenced the

1170:

in the visual portion of the spectrum) it is classified

397:, which was observed in AD 1006 in the constellation of 20736:

Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

16974:

Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

15713: 15464:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

15344:"Did Supernovae Help Push Life to Become More Diverse?" 12949:"Active and Star-forming Galaxies and Their Supernovae" 12886: 12827: 12206:

Janka, H.-Th. (2002). "The Secrets Behind Supernovae".

11519:

Hauret, C; Magain, P; Biernaux, J (21 September 2018).

10314: 10162: 9403: 9401: 8913:

Hurley, J. R.; Pols, O. R.; Tout, C. A. (1 July 2000).

8519: 8303: 3652:

Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

1522:

supernovae have very uniform properties and are useful

16487:"Sternberg Astronomical Institute Supernova Catalogue" 13364: 12995: 12514: 12248: 11749: 10401: 10399: 7523: 7133:

Piro, A. L.; Thompson, T. A.; Kochanek, C. S. (2014).

5845:". In Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (eds.). 5241: 3660: – Star that has undergone gravitational collapse 3530:

WR124, which is located at a distance of about 21,000

3469:

enrichment was later reported in deep-sea rock of the

3439:

Supernovae are potentially strong galactic sources of

3423:-decay have been detected from the supernova remnants 3104:

with highly depleted hydrogen (stripped by companion?)

2256:

In 1980, a "third type" of supernova was predicted by

106:

of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire

23726: 15456: 14837: 12638: 10975: 10921: 10761: 10614:

Gerke, J. R.; Kochanek, C. S.; Stanek, K. Z. (2015).

10554: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10168: 9151: 9046:

Stardust: Supernovae and Life – The Cosmic Connection

6398: 5681:(2000). "SNEWS: The supernova early warning system". 5303:"Amateur astronomer makes once-in-lifetime discovery" 3832:"Oldest sky-chart with Supernova record (in Kashmir)" 14134: 11518: 10922:

Bodansky, D.; Clayton, D. D.; Fowler, W. A. (1968).

10236: 9398: 7953: 7132: 6738: 6510:

Turatto, M. (2003). "Classification of Supernovae".

5095: 4430:

Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Vogt, Nikolaus (1 July 2020).

4353:"The Guest Star of AD185 must have been a Supernova" 3493:

is not well studied. The closest-known candidate is

2744:

by measuring the polarisation of the emitted light.

2715:, and thus neutron stars, are observed to have high 2005:

in diameter with a density comparable to that of an

924:

was detected by amateur astronomer Victor Buso from

858:

was estimated from temperature measurements and the

659:

likely type Iax SN associated with the remnant Pa30

270: 15609: 15145: 14073: 14018: 13641: 13639: 13637: 12573: 11807: 10613: 10396: 10230: 8196:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

7614: 6442:

Influence of Binaries on Stellar Population Studies

4896:"A cosmological surprise: The universe accelerates" 3764: 1146:Astronomers classify supernovae according to their 208:of material at speeds up to several percent of the 14574: 13968:Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 12765:"Neutrino signal from pair-instability supernovae" 12401:"Explosion Mechanisms of Core-Collapse Supernovae" 10870: 10505: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7604: 6920: 4660:. Springer International Publishing. p. 191. 3868: 3765: 3431:from the remnant impact on interstellar material. 15669:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 14396:Salaris, Maurizio; Cassisi, Santi (August 2017). 13911: 13587: 13426:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 13419: 13294:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 13120:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 13061:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12834:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12718:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11644:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11585:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11525:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11466:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11301:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11288: 10729: 10727: 10620:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10561:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10555:Reynolds, T. M.; Fraser, M.; Gilmore, G. (2015). 10408:"The electron-capture origin of supernova 2018zd" 10054:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10050:"Ultra-stripped supernovae: progenitors and fate" 9823:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9771:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9711:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9465:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9213: 8919:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8841:"Gravitational Waves from Gravitational Collapse" 7900:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7140:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6745:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6439: 6369:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–5, 60, 82. 5614: 5612: 4436:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3829: 2707:is travelling at 375 km/s relative to the nebula. 2116:Stars with initial masses less than about 8 23810: 21512: 14673: 14611: 13634: 12711: 11803: 11801: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 7552: 6363:Stephenson, F. Richard; Green, David A. (2002). 6147: 6086: 4425: 4423: 3927: 1806:Core collapse scenarios by mass and metallicity 1590:the star in a supernova. An outwardly expanding 1543:white dwarf accreted enough matter to reach the 393:in 185 AD. The brightest recorded supernova was 14896: 14269: 14267: 11453: 11416: 10813: 10811: 10757: 10755: 9154:"Relativistic Jets in Core-collapse Supernovae" 8908: 8906: 7672:Structure and Evolution of Close Binary Systems 7601: 6590:"A comparative study of supernova light curves" 6362: 6087:Scolnic, D. M.; Jones, D. O.; Rest, A. (2018). 5539: 4935:Fabian, A. C. (2008). "A Blast from the Past". 4717:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4012: 3740:American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts 3389:Evidence from daughter products of short-lived 3086:in a dense cloud of expelled material (such as 1024:, the distance to a remote object with a known 723:SNR known, unclear whether the SN was observed 16530:IAU: Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 15457:Landsman, W.; Simon, T.; Bergeron, P. (1999). 14737:"The physical mechanisms of fast radio bursts" 14472: 14395: 14232:"Cooling and Evolution of a Supernova Remnant" 13231: 13229: 11863: 11861: 10724: 9043: 8912: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8423: 7425: 7302: 7300: 6851: 6849: 5609: 4350: 2251: 1162:. If a supernova's spectrum contains lines of 1110:. Next, pairs of lower-case letters are used: 22344: 22067:(first-ever possible light from bh-bh merger) 21498: 20854: 20354: 19381: 18807: 17278: 16559: 15428:Gorelick, M. (2007). "The Supernova Menace". 14667: 14638: 14195:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 13368:Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics 13054: 12406:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 11798: 9147: 9145: 8965: 8192: 7363: 6916: 6914: 6587: 6308:IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 5889: 5301:Astronomy Now journalist (23 February 2018). 4684:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 4420: 4357:Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 3830:Joglekar, H.; Vahia, M. N.; Sule, A. (2011). 3427:and W44. These are produced when accelerated 1830:Electron capture in a degenerate O+Ne+Mg core 1729:or neutron star with little radiated energy. 878:The most luminous supernova ever recorded is 17189:Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey 16314:Athem W. Alsabti; Paul Murdin, eds. (2017). 15830:"Observation of 23 Supernovae That Exploded" 14840:"Fast radio bursts at the dawn of the 2020s" 14264: 13235: 11018: 10808: 10752: 10518:"Astronomers discover new type of supernova" 9699: 9697: 9695: 9616: 9371: 9267: 9265: 8978: 8903: 8020:super-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf star". 7421: 7419: 6148:Scolnic, D. M.; Brout, D.; Carr, A. (2021). 5502: 4770: 4598: 4480: 4429: 4289:Chin, Y.-N.; Huang, Y.-L. (September 1994). 4226:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 3866: 3798: 3323: 932:images from before its collapse. Astronomer 424:because they were used to argue against the 196:, but may happen during an earlier stage of 113:The last supernova directly observed in the 110:before fading over several weeks or months. 15342:Petersen, Carolyn Collins (22 March 2023). 15251: 14524:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 13805: 13799: 13280: 13226: 12463:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 12142: 12140: 12138: 11981: 11858: 11690: 11426:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 9320: 9105: 9079: 9077: 8832: 8772: 8568: 8417: 8372:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 7960:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 7618:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 7297: 7059:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 6846: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 4709: 4674: 4091: 3268: 3130:Supernova types by initial mass-metallicity 1953:None (or luminous supernova?), possible GRB 978:and comparing them to earlier photographs. 290: 125:in 1572, both of which were visible to the 22351: 22337: 21505: 21491: 20861: 20847: 20361: 20347: 19947:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object 19388: 19374: 18814: 18800: 17285: 17271: 16566: 16552: 16526:"List of Supernovae with IAU Designations" 14969:Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements 13756: 13754: 13420:Walmswell, J. J.; Eldridge, J. J. (2012). 13360: 13358: 13356: 13354: 13352: 11422: 11385: 10382:Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias • IAC 10172:"Formation of Double Neutron Star Systems" 9142: 8444: 7868:Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 7052: 6947: 6911: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 5837: 4979: 4893: 4887: 4680: 4066: 3733: 2435:Physical properties of supernovae by type 1814:Progenitor star approximate initial mass ( 1090:Supernova discoveries are reported to the 20868: 16452: 16434: 16385: 16286: 16233: 16095: 16046: 16008: 15971: 15953: 15827: 15788: 15731: 15690: 15680: 15623: 15570: 15484: 15404: 15367: 15267: 15159: 15098: 15056: 15038: 15014: 14981: 14918: 14855: 14752: 14711: 14693: 14588: 14535: 14498: 14473:Fischer, Debra A.; Valenti, Jeff (2005). 14449: 14431: 14413: 14356: 14299: 14255: 14206: 14148: 14087: 14034: 13979: 13925: 13872: 13819: 13718: 13696: 13671: 13601: 13548: 13492: 13455: 13437: 13380: 13324: 13306: 13271: 13253: 13209: 13191: 13149: 13131: 13090: 13072: 13031: 13013: 12972: 12923: 12905: 12863: 12845: 12780: 12747: 12729: 12656: 12591: 12550: 12532: 12475: 12436: 12418: 12359: 12262: 12182: 12164: 12102: 12048: 11995: 11942: 11903: 11885: 11821: 11765: 11710: 11673: 11655: 11614: 11596: 11554: 11536: 11495: 11477: 11399: 11381: 11379: 11330: 11312: 11247: 11209: 11160: 11142: 11085: 11071: 11032: 10831: 10775: 10691: 10671: 10669: 10649: 10631: 10590: 10572: 10423: 10329: 10251: 10205: 10187: 10129: 10083: 10065: 10008: 9947: 9891: 9853: 9835: 9800: 9782: 9741: 9723: 9692: 9632: 9577: 9545: 9527: 9494: 9476: 9443: 9425: 9287: 9262: 9229: 9209: 9207: 9187: 9169: 9133: 9090: 9012: 8994: 8948: 8930: 8886: 8876: 8858: 8799: 8739: 8683: 8593: 8535: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8465: 8384: 8320: 8264: 8208: 8153: 8099: 8035: 7971: 7930: 7912: 7789: 7714: 7669: 7630: 7568: 7439: 7416: 7322: 7264: 7209: 7170: 7152: 7010: 6870: 6766: 6756: 6699: 6645: 6624: 6615: 6533: 6523: 6453: 6272: 6185: 6167: 6124: 6106: 6048: 6030: 5969: 5909: 5858: 5798: 5759: 5714: 5696: 5677: 5638: 5577:Small Telescope Astronomy on Global Scale 5463: 5350: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5256: 5171: 5110: 4919: 4878: 4747: 4737: 4703: 4630: 4566: 4548: 4496: 4465: 4447: 4376: 4288: 4223: 4176: 4137: 4119: 3943: 3382:form around stars of higher metallicity. 1939:II-P, sometimes a hypernova, possible GRB 1096:Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 795:With the development of the astronomical 508:Historical supernovae in the Local Group 22079:(first black hole - neutron star merger) 15764: 15548: 15427: 15341: 13958: 13530: 13528: 13413: 13055:Taggart, K; Perley, D A (5 April 2021). 12135: 11631: 11353: 10924:"Nucleosynthesis During Silicon Burning" 9365: 9074: 8838: 8297: 7126: 7053:Filippenko, Alexei V. (September 1997). 6488: 6435: 6433: 6366:Historical Supernovae and Their Remnants 6233: 5543:The Origin and Evolution of the Universe 5441: 4805: 4604: 3603: 3517: 3344: 3282: 3218: 3133: 3125: 2959: 2751: 2694: 2365: 2317: 2298:possible candidates. The red supergiant 2182: 2104: 2058:or an exceptionally luminous supernova. 1966: 1715: 1562: 1497: 1465: 1363: 1309: 1299:Spectrum changes to become like Type Ib 1059: 1007: 950: 868: 862:emissions from the radioactive decay of 323:, who may have coined it independently. 27: 22360:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world 15245: 14605: 14521: 14273: 14067: 13751: 13645: 13349: 12309: 10548: 10481:"New, Third Type Of Supernova Observed" 9326: 8661: 8626: 7828: 7513:from the original on 10 September 2015. 7488: 7369: 6976: 6792:"Supernovae: The explosion in a bubble" 6568: 6509: 6334:"The Padova-Asiago supernova catalogue" 6236:"Type I supernovae: An observer's view" 5327: 4060: 3985: 3903: 3823: 3507: 2310:source remains at the star's location. 1647: 1391:A few supernovae, such as SN 1987K and 1272:Reaches a "plateau" in its light curve 567:uncertain whether SN or classical nova 98:, or is completely destroyed to form a 23811: 23157:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 22503:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi 15931: 15929: 15874: 14274:Johnson, Jennifer A. (February 2019). 13852: 13760: 13478: 11376: 10817: 10666: 10607: 9204: 8716: 8667: 8498: 7517: 7193: 7025: 7019: 6982: 6789: 6678: 6068:from the original on 22 September 2017 5745: 5289: 5210: 4934: 4160: 4154: 4033: 3921: 3683: 3434: 1409: 1221:Weak or no silicon absorption feature 907:Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory 366:and recorded on a rock carving in the 326: 16:Explosion of a star at its end of life 23178:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries 23116: 22370: 22332: 21486: 21286:Inverse beta decay (electron capture) 20842: 20342: 19369: 18795: 17266: 16604:Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb) 16547: 15499: 14844:The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review 14818:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 14734: 14181: 13525: 13236:Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R. (2020). 12398: 12205: 11926: 10954:from the original on 13 February 2020 8241: 7546: 6430: 6314:from the original on 12 November 2010 5540:Zuckerman, B.; Malkan, M. A. (1996). 5223:from the original on 13 February 2017 4850: 4710:Baade, Walter; Zwicky, Fritz (1934). 4399: 4039: 3986:Fraknoi, Andrew; et al. (2022). 3867:Murdin, Paul; Murdin, Lesley (1985). 3860: 3734:Osterbrock, D. E. (1 December 2001). 2020:, 6,000 times the temperature of the 1892:≥ 40 with near-solar metallicity 1260: 946: 854:, while the age of supernova remnant 790: 70:. A supernova occurs during the last 23127: 21637:Stanford gravitational wave detector 20823: 20323: 17247: 16277:. Vol. 261. San Francisco, CA: 14475:"The planet-metallicity correlation" 13581: 13472: 9764: 9671: 9044:Gribbin, J. R.; Gribbin, M. (2000). 8839:Fryer, C. L.; New, K. C. B. (2003). 8186: 7187: 6688:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement 6344:from the original on 10 January 2014 5564:from the original on 20 August 2016. 4653: 3981: 3979: 3786:participating institution membership 3729: 3727: 3489:. This led to greater biodiversity. 2286: 1911:≥ 40 with very high metallicity 1677:. These supernovae have been dubbed 1210: 1055: 357: 17184:Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope 16351:Branch, D.; Wheeler, J. C. (2017). 16279:Astronomical Society of the Pacific 15926: 14807: 14554:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-020055 14229: 13399:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101737 12494:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101737 9680:. Vol. 130. pp. 153–158. 7990:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141031 7674:. IAU Symposium No. 73. Dordrecht: 6588:Doggett, J. B.; Branch, D. (1985). 5585:Astronomical Society of the Pacific 4853:"Absolute magnitudes of supernovae" 1962: 1859:25–40 with low or solar metallicity 1759:Electron capture by magnesium in a 987:Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope 236:. Supernovae are a major source of 51: 35:(bright spot on the lower left), a 13: 21789:European Gravitational Observatory 18821: 16307: 15383:(3). Wiley Online Library: e9898. 15329:10.1038/scientificamerican0509-28a 14339:Sandstrom, K. M.; Bolatto, A. D.; 12438:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102711-094901 11388:The Fate of the Most Massive Stars 9461:"A sample of Type II-L supernovae" 7556:Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters 7104:"The Rise and Fall of a Supernova" 6338:Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova 6284:from the original on 7 August 2020 6010:Rabinowitz, D.; Bauer, A. (2006). 4605:Schaefer, Bradley E. (July 1995). 3446: 3259: 1487: 1434:. The type V class was coined for 1233: 1028:can be estimated by measuring its 993:(SNEWS) project uses a network of 121:in 1604, appearing not long after 86:. The original object, called the 14: 23860: 22073:(first-ever "mass gap" collision) 16478: 15000:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2013.04.036 14681:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 10532:from the original on 30 June 2021 10493:from the original on 29 June 2021 10456:from the original on 30 June 2021 9565:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 9374:Introduction to Planetary Science 9106:Myra, E. S.; Burrows, A. (1990). 7404:from the original on 3 March 2020 6985:"NGC 1058 and its Supernova 1961" 6518:. Vol. 598. pp. 21–36. 6512:Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters 6405:from the original on 3 March 2016 5451:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 4537:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 4246:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2006.01.06 3976: 3724: 2459:Days from peak to 10% luminosity 2275:reported that the 2018 supernova 2172: 2109:The atypical subluminous type II 1530: 1461: 1141: 1118:, and so on. Hence, for example, 23796: 23784: 23772: 23760: 23748: 23736: 22384: 21465: 21068:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit 20959: 20822: 20813: 20812: 20576:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit 20368: 20322: 20313: 20312: 19611:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit 19482: 19345: 18774: 18764: 18763: 17246: 17237: 17236: 16969:History of supernova observation 16637: 16491:Sternberg Astronomical Institute 16266: 16213: 16188: 16163: 16138: 16079: 16025: 15988: 15901: 15868: 15821: 15707: 15656: 15603: 15493: 15450: 15421: 15361: 15335: 15300: 15192: 15139: 15073: 14959: 14831: 14801: 14728: 14674:Bhandan, Shivani (1 June 2020). 14632: 14568: 14515: 14466: 14389: 14332: 14223: 14128: 14012: 13905: 13457:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19860.x 13326:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14506.x 13166: 13107: 13048: 12989: 12940: 12880: 12821: 12756: 12749:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18762.x 12705: 12632: 12567: 12508: 12453: 12392: 12338: 12303: 12242: 12199: 12081: 12028: 11975: 11920: 11743: 11675:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18160.x 11571: 11512: 11497:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05366.x 11347: 11332:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15478.x 11226: 11177: 11118: 11065: 11012: 10915: 10864: 10370: 10308: 10108: 9988: 9924: 9870: 9855:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07589.x 9809: 9758: 9665: 9610: 9554: 9503: 9452: 9099: 9037: 8950:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03426.x 8361: 7932:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20794.x 7370:Lieb, E. H.; Yau, H.-T. (1987). 7114:from the original on 2 July 2013 5894:> 1.5 to probe dark energy". 5583:. Vol. 246. San Francisco: 5315:from the original on 16 May 2018 4067:Motz, L.; Weaver, J. H. (2001). 3848:from the original on 10 May 2019 3684:Zwicky, Fritz (1 January 1940). 3138:Remnants of single massive stars 2747: 1870:25–40 with very high metallicity 1711: 1700:, belonging to the open cluster 1502:Formation of a type Ia supernova 1442:, an unusual faint supernova or 1092:International Astronomical Union 546:possible SN, but may be a comet 493: 467: 333:History of supernova observation 266: 224:in the interstellar medium from 22882:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi 22371: 20759:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 19728:Innermost stable circular orbit 19395: 15500:Beech, Martin (December 2011). 14735:Zhang, Bing (5 November 2020). 8132: 8076: 8012: 7947: 7886: 7859: 7822: 7767: 7690: 7663: 7482: 7242: 7096: 7055:"Optical Spectra of Supernovae" 7046: 6941: 6783: 6732: 6423:Padova-Asiago Supernova Group, 6417: 6391: 6356: 6326: 6296: 6227: 6202: 6141: 6080: 6002: 5942: 5883: 5831: 5776: 5739: 5671: 5568: 5533: 5496: 5416: 5391: 5235: 5211:Sample, I. (13 February 2017). 5204: 5151: 5089: 5064: 5018: 4973: 4928: 4844: 4799: 4771:Murdin, P.; Murdin, L. (1985). 4764: 4647: 4528: 4474: 4406:. CRC Press. pp. 295–296. 4393: 4344: 4282: 4260: 4217: 4006: 3799:Murdin, P.; Murdin, L. (1978). 2313: 1950:≥ 250 with low metallicity 138:, which was the explosion of a 23371:Schema for horizontal sundials 22887:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi 22412:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 21530:Gravitational-wave observatory 20154:Timeline of black hole physics 17214:SuperNova Early Warning System 16629:Common envelope jets supernova 16573: 16088:Astronomy with Radioactivities 15828:Firestone, R. B. (June 2014). 15506:Astrophysics and Space Science 14808:Chu, Jennifer (13 July 2022). 11447:10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.309 7649:10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.191 7079:10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.309 6012:"The Nearby Supernova Factory" 4809:Astrophysics and Space Science 3897: 3792: 3758: 3677: 3410: 3072:with a depleted hydrogen shell 2681: 2671: 2664: 2657: 1922:≥ 90 with low metallicity 1513:, at which point it undergoes 1352:-rich companion rather than a 1207:(nanometers), near peak light 991:Supernova Early Warning System 638:certain: SNR and pulsar known 1: 22222:Gravitational wave background 21774:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 20785:X-ray pulsar-based navigation 20764:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 19922:Nonsingular black hole models 18935:Blue large-amplitude pulsator 18676:Timeline of stellar astronomy 15286:10.1016/S1384-1076(99)00034-2 15223:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.171103 13646:Johnson, Jennifer A. (2019). 12281:10.1126/science.276.5317.1378 11753:Astrophysical Journal Letters 9997:Astrophysical Journal Letters 8818:10.1016/j.physrep.2007.02.002 7252:Astrophysical Journal Letters 6790:Nugent, Peter (2 June 2017). 6155:Astrophysical Journal Letters 5548:Jones & Bartlett Learning 4611:Astrophysical Journal Letters 4098:Chakraborti, S.; Childs, F.; 3670: 2955: 2343:, primarily with energies of 2130:(possibly as much as 12 1773:A sufficiently large and hot 1230:(He I) line at 587.6 nm 204:Supernovae can expel several 62:) is a powerful and luminous 23629:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din) 22025:First observation (GW150914) 21811:TAMA 20, later known as LISM 21514:Gravitational-wave astronomy 21353:Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) 21296:Electron degeneracy pressure 17204:Supernova/Acceleration Probe 17179:High-Z Supernova Search Team 16777:pulsational pair-instability 16511:"The Open Supernova Catalog" 15885:10.1007/978-3-319-11644-0_12 15777:Astronomy & Astrophysics 15720:Astronomy & Astrophysics 14661:10.1016/0019-1035(77)90101-4 14375:10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/2138 13783:10.1007/978-94-010-1229-4_14 13706:Astronomy & Astrophysics 13590:Astronomy & Astrophysics 13537:Astronomy & Astrophysics 13481:Astronomy & Astrophysics 11074:Astronomy & Astrophysics 11051:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/2205 10893:10.1126/science.238.4829.938 8846:Living Reviews in Relativity 8142:Astronomy & Astrophysics 8118:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1209 6472:10.1007/978-94-015-9723-4_16 5877:10.1007/978-94-011-5710-0_46 3514:List of supernova candidates 3485:to shallow waters along the 3312:In the modern universe, old 3254:without a supernova outburst 2690: 2094: 1997:. As the density increases, 1936:140–250 with low metallicity 1754:electron degeneracy pressure 1553:electron degeneracy pressure 1258:Type II spectrum throughout 744:SNR known, but not observed 519:maximum apparent brightness 247: 7: 23618:University of al-Qarawiyyin 22822:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi 22159:Tests of general relativity 20754:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer 20597:Gamma-ray burst progenitors 20144:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer 20109:Hypercompact stellar system 20099:Gamma-ray burst progenitors 18336:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram 17209:Supernova Cosmology Project 16717:Fast blue optical transient 16114:10.1007/978-3-642-12698-7_4 15807:10.1051/0004-6361/201322155 15750:10.1051/0004-6361/201425390 13944:10.1088/2041-8205/726/2/L15 13891:10.1088/0004-637X/712/1/624 13620:10.1051/0004-6361/201220741 13567:10.1051/0004-6361/201219790 13511:10.1051/0004-6361/201118372 12378:10.1088/0004-637X/712/1/350 11162:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/L10 11104:10.1051/0004-6361/201527931 10850:10.1051/0004-6361/201936097 10710:10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/164 10027:10.1088/2041-8205/778/2/L23 9910:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/128 9651:10.1088/2041-8205/788/1/L14 9596:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/L84 9382:10.1007/978-1-4020-5544-7_4 9248:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/102 8758:10.1088/0004-637X/697/1/L49 8702:10.1088/2041-8205/750/1/L13 8655:10.1016/j.newar.2010.09.022 8612:10.1051/0004-6361/202037710 8172:10.1051/0004-6361/201833475 7458:10.1007/978-94-011-5542-7_7 7228:10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/686 6664:10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/376 6059:10.1016/j.newar.2006.02.035 5817:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/338 3621: – Neutron star merger 3612: 2252:Electron-capture supernovae 1653:extra mass is supported by 1613:, and it expands to form a 212:. This drives an expanding 10: 23865: 23117: 22862:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 21821:Caltech 40m interferometer 20551:Quasi-periodic oscillation 19830:Black hole complementarity 19797:Bousso's holographic bound 19782:Quasi-periodic oscillation 19480: 19474:Malament–Hogarth spacetime 18250:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism 16404:10.1103/PhysRevD.68.113009 16065:10.1051/0004-6361:20031500 16035:Astronomy and Astrophysics 15854:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/29 15642:10.1051/0004-6361:20021634 15612:Astronomy and Astrophysics 14874:10.1007/s00159-022-00139-w 14614:Astronomy and Astrophysics 14402:Royal Society Open Science 13737:10.1051/0004-6361:20034140 13033:10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/57 12799:10.1103/PhysRevD.96.103008 12610:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.083003 12312:AIP Conference Proceedings 12014:10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/28 11814:Cambridge University Press 11211:10.3847/0004-637X/820/1/74 10948:10.1103/PhysRevLett.20.161 10820:Astronomy and Astrophysics 10442:10.1038/s41550-021-01384-2 10348:10.1038/s41586-021-04155-1 10148:10.1088/0004-637X/774/1/58 8582:Astronomy and Astrophysics 8484:10.1038/s41550-022-01664-5 8283:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/57 7587:10.1051/0004-6361:20040135 7527:Astronomy and Astrophysics 7497:Cambridge University Press 7432:Kluwer Academic Publishers 7030:. Vol. 15. New York: 6923:Astronomy and Astrophysics 6718:10.1088/0067-0049/213/2/19 6446:Kluwer Academic Publishers 6425:Asiago Supernova Catalogue 6244:AIP Conference Proceedings 5928:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.081303 5851:Kluwer Academic Publishers 5748:Revista Mexicana de Fisica 5684:AIP Conference Proceedings 5403:www.jameswebbdiscovery.com 4779:Cambridge University Press 4403:The Data Book of Astronomy 4139:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/37 3877:Cambridge University Press 3630:List of supernova remnants 3511: 3450: 3327: 3272: 2290: 2176: 2098: 2028:are efficiently formed by 1881:40–90 with low metallicity 1491: 1359: 1338:-like or class Ia-2002cx. 941:James Webb Space Telescope 823:and Zwicky in lectures at 330: 240:. They might also produce 82:is triggered into runaway 21:Supernova (disambiguation) 18: 23703:Medieval European science 23685: 23654: 23595: 23384: 23251: 23187: 23134: 23123: 23112: 23073: 23037: 22976: 22963:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar 22915: 22814: 22743: 22720:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli 22662: 22531: 22435: 22394: 22383: 22379: 22366: 22230: 22177: 22146: 22086: 22012: 22005: 21978: 21945: 21911: 21895: 21886: 21866: 21845: 21829: 21798: 21737: 21726: 21681: 21665: 21599: 21558: 21547: 21538: 21520: 21460: 21424: 21376: 21316: 21301:Pauli exclusion principle 21220: 21136: 21076: 21050: 21001:Supernova nucleosynthesis 20968: 20957: 20934:Cataclysmic variable star 20879: 20808: 20777: 20769:Chandra X-ray Observatory 20744: 20718: 20589: 20491: 20433: 20397: 20376: 20308: 20182: 20034: 19996: 19975: 19914: 19873: 19822: 19701:Gravitational singularity 19688: 19581: 19491: 19416: 19403: 19341: 19308: 19278: 19257: 19241: 19234: 19147: 19112: 19086: 19051: 19008: 19001: 18971: 18943: 18905: 18838: 18829: 18759: 18684: 18533: 18431: 18359: 18258: 18115: 17990: 17868: 17777: 17513: 17504: 17383: 17313: 17300: 17292: 17232: 17161: 17023: 16982: 16956: 16867: 16792: 16704: 16646: 16635: 16581: 16355:. 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The peak optical 72:evolutionary stages 23767:History of science 23667:Egyptian astronomy 23608:House of Knowledge 23286:Astronomical clock 23096:Muhammad al-Rudani 22493:Banū Mūsā brothers 22443:Abu Ali al-Khayyat 22154:General relativity 21858:Einstein Telescope 21760:Fermilab holometer 21525:Gravitational wave 21447:Physical cosmology 21401:Quark–gluon plasma 21262:Strong interaction 20700:Pulsar wind nebula 20678:Stellar black hole 19983:Optical black hole 19896:Reissner–Nordström 19855:Firewall (physics) 19760:Gravitational lens 19270:FK Comae Berenices 19066:R Coronae Borealis 18856:Classical cepheids 18575:Lowest temperature 18326:Photometric system 18296:Absolute magnitude 18230:Circumstellar dust 17843:Stellar black hole 17479:Stellar population 17365:Herbig–Haro object 17252:Commons:Supernovae 16904:Stellar black hole 16880:Pulsar wind nebula 16732:Gravitational wave 14191:Starrfield, Sumner 9376:. pp. 35–48. 7709:(6465): eaau7365. 7678:. pp. 75–80. 4830:10.1007/BF00626878 3913:. Dover. pp. 3625:List of supernovae 3610: 3535: 3378:orbiting it: more 3355: 3289: 3225: 3140: 3132: 3004: 2991:starburst galaxies 2987:irregular galaxies 2975: 2818: 2758: 2709: 2676:Order of magnitude 2445:absolute magnitude 2434: 2375: 2325: 2193: 2114: 1995:electron neutrinos 1978: 1925:None, possible GRB 1845:Iron core collapse 1805: 1722: 1706:Vela constellation 1600:absolute magnitude 1573: 1504: 1476: 1444:supernova impostor 1372:The supernovae of 1370: 1319: 1290:Some narrow lines 1242:Weak or no helium 1196:Presents a singly 1181: 1174:; otherwise it is 1088: 1018: 995:neutrino detectors 963: 947:Discovery programs 876: 791:Telescope findings 507: 480:pulsar wind nebula 389:was documented by 350:with at least one 150:of the Milky Way. 119:Kepler's Supernova 44: 23844:Stellar phenomena 23839:Stellar evolution 23724: 23723: 23720: 23719: 23716: 23715: 23698:Chinese astronomy 23693:Byzantine science 23567:Temporal finitism 23497:Islamic cosmology 23427:Celestial spheres 23247: 23246: 23139:Arabic star names 23108: 23107: 23104: 23103: 22968:Fathullah Shirazi 22902:Al-Ashraf Umar II 22614:Ibrahim ibn Sinan 22417:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 22326: 22325: 22142: 22141: 22093:Direct detection 21941: 21940: 21937: 21936: 21919:Big Bang Observer 21882: 21881: 21722: 21721: 21480: 21479: 21378:Degenerate matter 21363:Color confinement 21326:Quantum mechanics 21023:Carbon detonation 20969:Stellar processes 20836: 20835: 20629:Supernova remnant 20419:Ultra-long period 20336: 20335: 20129:Supermassive star 20119:Naked singularity 20114:Membrane paradigm 19840:Cosmic censorship 19814:Spaghettification 19802:Immirzi parameter 19755:Hawking radiation 19696:Astrophysical jet 19665:Supermassive star 19655:Binary black hole 19589:Stellar evolution 19531:Intermediate-mass 19363: 19362: 19328:Planetary transit 19304: 19303: 19225: 19218: 19199: 19185: 19167:Luminous red nova 19143: 19142: 19125:Gamma Cassiopeiae 19078:Yellow hypergiant 19074: 19042: 19035: 18997: 18996: 18883: 18863: 18789: 18788: 18692:Substellar object 18671:Planetary nebulae 18090:Luminous red nova 18000:Deuterium burning 17986: 17985: 17469:Instability strip 17449:Wolf-Rayet nebula 17403:Horizontal branch 17348:Pre-main-sequence 17260: 17259: 16875:Supernova remnant 16742:Luminous red nova 16654:Carbon detonation 16519:. 6 October 2022. 16495:Moscow University 16373:Physical Review D 16362:978-3-662-55052-6 16343:978-3-319-21845-8 16320:. 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or 3401:Fast radio bursts 3330:Supernova remnant 3150:and 100,000 3124: 3123: 2970: 2941:relativistic jets 2937: 2936: 2650: 2649: 2401:positron emission 2337:type II Supernova 2287:Failed supernovae 2101:Type II supernova 2054:that result in a 2052:relativistic jets 1999:neutrino emission 1960: 1959: 1811:Cause of collapse 1626:radioactive decay 1494:Type Ia supernova 1303: 1302: 1156:chemical elements 1081:supernova remnant 1064:Multi-wavelength 1056:Naming convention 1026:emission spectrum 976:optical telescope 956:Supernova remnant 836:Rudolph Minkowski 788: 787: 733:constellation of 712:constellation of 690:constellation of 669:constellation of 648:constellation of 627:constellation of 598:constellation of 577:constellation of 556:constellation of 535:constellation of 522:certainty of the 358:Early discoveries 123:Tycho's Supernova 37:type Ia supernova 23856: 23834:Standard candles 23801: 23800: 23789: 23788: 23787: 23777: 23776: 23775: 23765: 23764: 23763: 23753: 23752: 23741: 23740: 23739: 23732: 23708:Indian astronomy 23677:Indian astronomy 23645: 23638: 23631: 23552:Sublunary sphere 23542:Specific gravity 23442:Earth's rotation 23331:Mural instrument 23276:Armillary sphere 23199:Alfonsine tables 23164:Tabula Rogeriana 23144:Islamic calendar 23132: 23131: 23125: 23124: 23114: 23113: 23009:Sibt al-Maridini 22994:Jamshid al-Kashi 22715:Said al-Andalusi 22518:Thābit ibn Qurra 22453:Abu Said Gorgani 22427:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq 22381: 22380: 22368: 22367: 22353: 22346: 22339: 22330: 22329: 22258:Binary inspiral 22252:Phase transition 22243:Cosmic inflation 22010: 22009: 21893: 21892: 21735: 21734: 21556: 21555: 21545: 21544: 21507: 21500: 21493: 21484: 21483: 21472:Stars portal 21470: 21469: 21267:Weak interaction 21223:and interactions 21207:Electroweak star 21101:Pair instability 21018:Electron capture 20963: 20863: 20856: 20849: 20840: 20839: 20826: 20825: 20816: 20815: 20602:Asteroseismology 20504:Fast radio burst 20363: 20356: 20349: 20340: 20339: 20326: 20325: 20316: 20315: 19988:Sonic black hole 19937:Dark-energy star 19792:Bekenstein bound 19777:M–sigma relation 19706:Ring singularity 19486: 19390: 19383: 19376: 19367: 19366: 19350: 19349: 19239: 19238: 19221: 19214: 19195: 19181: 19099:FS Canis Majoris 19068: 19038: 19031: 19006: 19005: 18869: 18853: 18836: 18835: 18816: 18809: 18802: 18793: 18792: 18781:Stars portal 18779: 18778: 18767: 18766: 18423:Planetary system 18346:Strömgren sphere 18218:Asteroseismology 17939:Black hole star 17511: 17510: 17437:Planetary nebula 17398:Red-giant branch 17287: 17280: 17273: 17264: 17263: 17250: 17249: 17240: 17239: 17103:Remnant G1.9+0.3 16722:Fast radio burst 16641: 16619:Pair-instability 16568: 16561: 16554: 16545: 16544: 16540: 16538: 16536: 16520: 16505: 16503: 16501: 16474: 16463:10.1038/nphys172 16456: 16438: 16436:astro-ph/0601261 16415: 16389: 16366: 16347: 16301: 16300: 16290: 16288:astro-ph/0109553 16270: 16264: 16263: 16237: 16217: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16206: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16181: 16167: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16156: 16142: 16136: 16135: 16099: 16083: 16077: 16076: 16050: 16048:astro-ph/0310399 16029: 16023: 16022: 16012: 16010:astro-ph/0312074 15992: 15986: 15985: 15975: 15957: 15933: 15924: 15923: 15921: 15919: 15905: 15899: 15898: 15872: 15866: 15865: 15825: 15819: 15818: 15792: 15768: 15762: 15761: 15735: 15711: 15705: 15704: 15694: 15684: 15675:(3): 3321–3329. 15660: 15654: 15653: 15627: 15625:astro-ph/0211326 15607: 15601: 15600: 15574: 15572:astro-ph/0211361 15565:(2): 1169–1176. 15552: 15546: 15545: 15497: 15491: 15490: 15488: 15471:(690): 841–847. 15454: 15448: 15447: 15425: 15419: 15418: 15408: 15365: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15339: 15333: 15332: 15304: 15298: 15297: 15271: 15269:astro-ph/9811457 15249: 15243: 15242: 15196: 15190: 15189: 15163: 15161:astro-ph/0410525 15143: 15137: 15136: 15102: 15077: 15071: 15070: 15060: 15042: 15018: 15012: 15011: 14985: 14963: 14957: 14956: 14922: 14913:(6121): 807–11. 14900: 14894: 14893: 14859: 14835: 14829: 14828: 14826: 14824: 14805: 14799: 14798: 14756: 14732: 14726: 14725: 14715: 14697: 14671: 14665: 14664: 14636: 14630: 14629: 14609: 14603: 14602: 14592: 14590:astro-ph/0008013 14572: 14566: 14565: 14539: 14519: 14513: 14512: 14502: 14485:(2): 1102–1117. 14470: 14464: 14463: 14453: 14435: 14417: 14393: 14387: 14386: 14360: 14351:(2): 2138–2154. 14341:Stanimirović, S. 14336: 14330: 14329: 14303: 14271: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14227: 14221: 14220: 14210: 14185: 14179: 14178: 14152: 14150:astro-ph/0103165 14132: 14126: 14125: 14091: 14071: 14065: 14064: 14038: 14036:astro-ph/9706120 14016: 14010: 14009: 13983: 13962: 13956: 13955: 13929: 13909: 13903: 13902: 13876: 13856: 13850: 13849: 13823: 13803: 13797: 13796: 13758: 13749: 13748: 13722: 13720:astro-ph/0401499 13700: 13694: 13693: 13675: 13643: 13632: 13631: 13605: 13585: 13579: 13578: 13552: 13532: 13523: 13522: 13496: 13476: 13470: 13469: 13459: 13441: 13417: 13411: 13410: 13384: 13362: 13347: 13346: 13328: 13310: 13301:(3): 1409–1437. 13284: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13257: 13248:(1): L142–L146. 13233: 13224: 13223: 13213: 13195: 13170: 13164: 13163: 13153: 13135: 13126:(3): 2917–2926. 13111: 13105: 13104: 13094: 13076: 13067:(3): 3931–3952. 13052: 13046: 13045: 13035: 13017: 12993: 12987: 12986: 12976: 12959:(3): 1369–1380. 12944: 12938: 12937: 12927: 12909: 12907:astro-ph/0510022 12884: 12878: 12877: 12867: 12849: 12840:(1): 1541–1556. 12825: 12819: 12818: 12784: 12760: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12733: 12709: 12703: 12702: 12660: 12636: 12630: 12629: 12595: 12571: 12565: 12564: 12554: 12536: 12512: 12506: 12505: 12479: 12457: 12451: 12450: 12440: 12422: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12363: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12307: 12301: 12300: 12266: 12264:astro-ph/9706007 12246: 12240: 12239: 12203: 12197: 12196: 12186: 12168: 12166:astro-ph/0009490 12144: 12133: 12132: 12106: 12104:astro-ph/0303397 12097:(2): 1110–1128. 12085: 12079: 12078: 12052: 12050:astro-ph/9904419 12032: 12026: 12025: 11999: 11979: 11973: 11972: 11946: 11944:astro-ph/0312265 11937:(2): L175–L178. 11924: 11918: 11917: 11907: 11889: 11865: 11856: 11855: 11849: 11845: 11843: 11835: 11825: 11823:astro-ph/0312542 11805: 11796: 11795: 11769: 11767:astro-ph/9604121 11760:(2): L165–L168. 11747: 11741: 11740: 11714: 11712:astro-ph/0112051 11694: 11688: 11687: 11677: 11659: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11618: 11600: 11591:(4): 4860–4892. 11575: 11569: 11568: 11558: 11540: 11531:(3): 3996–4003. 11516: 11510: 11509: 11499: 11481: 11479:astro-ph/0201483 11457: 11451: 11450: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11403: 11401:astro-ph/0412029 11383: 11374: 11373: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11334: 11316: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11251: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11213: 11181: 11175: 11174: 11164: 11146: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11089: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11036: 11016: 11010: 11009: 10998:10.1038/331416a0 10973: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10919: 10913: 10912: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10835: 10815: 10806: 10805: 10779: 10764:Nature Astronomy 10759: 10750: 10749: 10731: 10722: 10721: 10695: 10673: 10664: 10663: 10653: 10635: 10626:(3): 3289–3305. 10611: 10605: 10604: 10594: 10576: 10567:(3): 2886–2901. 10552: 10546: 10545: 10539: 10537: 10528:. 28 June 2021. 10514: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10498: 10489:. 28 June 2021. 10477: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10427: 10403: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10333: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10255: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10209: 10191: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10133: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10087: 10069: 10060:(2): 2123–2144. 10045: 10039: 10038: 10012: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9951: 9928: 9922: 9921: 9895: 9874: 9868: 9867: 9857: 9839: 9837:astro-ph/0401135 9830:(3): 1093–1100. 9813: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9786: 9777:(4): 3970–3980. 9762: 9756: 9755: 9745: 9727: 9701: 9690: 9689: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9636: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9581: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9531: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9480: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9429: 9405: 9396: 9395: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9291: 9269: 9260: 9259: 9233: 9211: 9202: 9201: 9191: 9173: 9149: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092:astro-ph/0412544 9081: 9072: 9071: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9023:10.1038/nphys172 9016: 8998: 8996:astro-ph/0601261 8976: 8963: 8962: 8952: 8934: 8932:astro-ph/0001295 8910: 8901: 8900: 8890: 8880: 8862: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8803: 8801:astro-ph/0612072 8781: 8770: 8769: 8743: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8687: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8597: 8577: 8566: 8565: 8539: 8537:astro-ph/0212469 8517: 8496: 8495: 8469: 8454:Nature Astronomy 8448: 8442: 8441: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8388: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8324: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8268: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8212: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8157: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8103: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8039: 8037:astro-ph/0609616 8016: 8010: 8009: 7975: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7934: 7916: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7793: 7791:astro-ph/0608211 7784:(2): 1133–1149. 7771: 7765: 7764: 7718: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7634: 7632:astro-ph/0006305 7612: 7599: 7598: 7572: 7570:astro-ph/0403509 7550: 7544: 7543: 7534:(1–2): 223–248. 7521: 7515: 7514: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7443: 7441:astro-ph/9701225 7423: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7326: 7324:astro-ph/0702351 7304: 7295: 7294: 7268: 7266:astro-ph/0701912 7246: 7240: 7239: 7213: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7174: 7156: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6918: 6909: 6908: 6874: 6853: 6844: 6843: 6796:Nature Astronomy 6787: 6781: 6780: 6770: 6760: 6751:(2): 1768–1777. 6736: 6730: 6729: 6703: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6649: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6585: 6566: 6565: 6537: 6527: 6525:astro-ph/0301107 6507: 6486: 6485: 6457: 6455:astro-ph/0012455 6437: 6428: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6240: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6171: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6110: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6067: 6052: 6034: 6032:astro-ph/0401513 6025:(4–5): 637–640. 6016: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5973: 5971:astro-ph/9608192 5946: 5940: 5939: 5913: 5911:astro-ph/0208138 5887: 5881: 5880: 5862: 5860:astro-ph/9602122 5835: 5829: 5828: 5802: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5763: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5718: 5700: 5698:astro-ph/9911359 5675: 5669: 5668: 5642: 5640:astro-ph/0406214 5616: 5607: 5606: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5467: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5428:science.nasa.gov 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5354: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5298: 5287: 5286: 5260: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5175: 5160:Nature Astronomy 5155: 5149: 5148: 5114: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5076:science.nasa.gov 5068: 5062: 5061: 5022: 5016: 5015: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4900:Europhysics News 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4777:(2nd ed.). 4768: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4741: 4712:"On Super-novae" 4707: 4701: 4700: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4570: 4552: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4500: 4498:astro-ph/0208415 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4451: 4442:(2): 1419–1433. 4427: 4418: 4417: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4315:10.1038/371398a0 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4180: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4141: 4123: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3947: 3945:astro-ph/0208415 3925: 3919: 3918: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3874: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3836: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3686:"Types of Novae" 3681: 3371:molecular clouds 3211: 3203: 3202: 3186: 3184: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3007: 3003: 2971: 2918:Pair instability 2821: 2817: 2796:and decays into 2684: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2437: 2433: 2429:distance candles 2389: 2385: 2353: 2349: 2293:Failed supernova 2272:Nature Astronomy 2220:gamma-ray bursts 2202:Wolf–Rayet stars 2063:pair instability 2030:thermal emission 1974:neutrino heating 1963:Detailed process 1933:Pair instability 1808: 1804: 1742:pair-instability 1738:electron capture 1585: 1580: 1524:standard candles 1384:, some, such as 1265:No narrow lines 1184: 1180: 1152:absorption lines 968:standard candles 844:standard candles 805:Andromeda Galaxy 755:Andromeda Galaxy 607: 510: 506: 497: 471: 384: 379: 306: 303: 300: 296: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 175:binary companion 157:, or the sudden 148:satellite galaxy 53: 23864: 23863: 23859: 23858: 23857: 23855: 23854: 23853: 23809: 23808: 23807: 23795: 23785: 23783: 23773: 23771: 23761: 23759: 23747: 23737: 23735: 23727: 23725: 23712: 23681: 23650: 23641: 23634: 23627: 23613:House of Wisdom 23591: 23547:Spherical Earth 23380: 23311:Equatorial ring 23291:Celestial globe 23266:Analog computer 23243: 23238:Sullam al-sama' 23183: 23119: 23100: 23069: 23033: 22972: 22911: 22810: 22796:Jabir ibn Aflah 22739: 22670:Abu Nasr Mansur 22658: 22639:Abolfadl Harawi 22574:Ahmad ibn Yusuf 22527: 22431: 22402:Ahmad Nahavandi 22390: 22375: 22362: 22357: 22327: 22322: 22231:Types / sources 22226: 22173: 22164:Metric theories 22138: 22082: 22001: 21974: 21933: 21907: 21889:interferometers 21888: 21878: 21862: 21853:Cosmic Explorer 21841: 21825: 21794: 21730:interferometers 21729: 21718: 21713:Mario Schenberg 21677: 21661: 21595: 21591:Mario Schenberg 21550: 21534: 21516: 21511: 21481: 21476: 21464: 21456: 21420: 21372: 21312: 21281:Pair production 21222: 21216: 21190:Shell collapsar 21139: 21132: 21072: 21046: 21032:Gamma-ray burst 21012:Bondi accretion 20986:Nucleosynthesis 20964: 20955: 20914:Stellar physics 20875: 20867: 20837: 20832: 20804: 20773: 20746: 20740: 20714: 20585: 20521:Gamma-ray burst 20511:Bondi accretion 20487: 20429: 20415:Anomalous X-ray 20393: 20372: 20367: 20337: 20332: 20304: 20280:ULAS J1342+0928 20240:SDSS J0849+1114 20225:Phoenix Cluster 20178: 20030: 19992: 19971: 19910: 19869: 19865:No-hair theorem 19818: 19772:Bondi accretion 19738:Penrose process 19684: 19650:Gamma-ray burst 19577: 19487: 19478: 19464:Direct collapse 19412: 19399: 19394: 19364: 19359: 19352:Star portal 19344: 19337: 19333:W Ursae Majoris 19300: 19279:Magnetic fields 19274: 19253: 19230: 19139: 19108: 19094:Double periodic 19087:Eruptive binary 19082: 19053: 19047: 18993: 18967: 18939: 18907: 18906:Blue-white with 18901: 18843: 18825: 18820: 18790: 18785: 18773: 18755: 18680: 18649:Milky Way novae 18585:Smallest volume 18529: 18510:Radial velocity 18433: 18427: 18379:Common envelope 18355: 18254: 18223:Helioseismology 18194:Bipolar outflow 18135:Microturbulence 18130:Convection zone 18111: 18005:Lithium burning 17992:Nucleosynthesis 17982: 17864: 17773: 17500: 17379: 17328:Molecular cloud 17309: 17296: 17291: 17261: 17256: 17228: 17157: 17143:SN 2016aps 17123:SN Refsdal 17019: 16978: 16952: 16863: 16849:Wolf–Rayet star 16788: 16727:Gamma-ray burst 16700: 16674:Nucleosynthesis 16642: 16633: 16577: 16572: 16534: 16532: 16524: 16509: 16499: 16497: 16484: 16481: 16454:10.1.1.336.2176 16418: 16369: 16363: 16350: 16344: 16310: 16308:Further reading 16305: 16304: 16271: 16267: 16218: 16214: 16204: 16202: 16194: 16193: 16189: 16179: 16177: 16169: 16168: 16164: 16154: 16152: 16144: 16143: 16139: 16124: 16084: 16080: 16030: 16026: 15993: 15989: 15934: 15927: 15917: 15915: 15907: 15906: 15902: 15895: 15873: 15869: 15826: 15822: 15769: 15765: 15712: 15708: 15661: 15657: 15608: 15604: 15553: 15549: 15498: 15494: 15455: 15451: 15426: 15422: 15366: 15362: 15352: 15350: 15340: 15336: 15315:(5): 28. 2009. 15306: 15305: 15301: 15250: 15246: 15197: 15193: 15144: 15140: 15078: 15074: 15019: 15015: 14964: 14960: 14901: 14897: 14836: 14832: 14822: 14820: 14806: 14802: 14747:(7832): 45–53. 14733: 14729: 14672: 14668: 14637: 14633: 14610: 14606: 14573: 14569: 14520: 14516: 14471: 14467: 14394: 14390: 14337: 14333: 14272: 14265: 14228: 14224: 14186: 14182: 14133: 14129: 14072: 14068: 14017: 14013: 13963: 13959: 13910: 13906: 13857: 13853: 13804: 13800: 13793: 13759: 13752: 13701: 13697: 13644: 13635: 13586: 13582: 13533: 13526: 13477: 13473: 13418: 13414: 13363: 13350: 13285: 13281: 13234: 13227: 13171: 13167: 13112: 13108: 13053: 13049: 12994: 12990: 12945: 12941: 12885: 12881: 12826: 12822: 12761: 12757: 12710: 12706: 12637: 12633: 12572: 12568: 12513: 12509: 12458: 12454: 12397: 12393: 12343: 12339: 12308: 12304: 12247: 12243: 12204: 12200: 12145: 12136: 12086: 12082: 12033: 12029: 11980: 11976: 11925: 11921: 11866: 11859: 11847: 11846: 11837: 11836: 11816:. p. 276. 11806: 11799: 11748: 11744: 11695: 11691: 11636: 11632: 11576: 11572: 11517: 11513: 11458: 11454: 11421: 11417: 11384: 11377: 11352: 11348: 11293: 11289: 11242:(7515): 406–8. 11231: 11227: 11182: 11178: 11123: 11119: 11070: 11066: 11017: 11013: 10974: 10967: 10957: 10955: 10920: 10916: 10869: 10865: 10816: 10809: 10760: 10753: 10746: 10732: 10725: 10674: 10667: 10612: 10608: 10553: 10549: 10535: 10533: 10516: 10515: 10506: 10496: 10494: 10479: 10478: 10469: 10459: 10457: 10404: 10397: 10387: 10385: 10376: 10375: 10371: 10313: 10309: 10235: 10231: 10167: 10163: 10113: 10109: 10046: 10042: 9993: 9989: 9929: 9925: 9875: 9871: 9814: 9810: 9763: 9759: 9702: 9693: 9670: 9666: 9615: 9611: 9559: 9555: 9508: 9504: 9457: 9453: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9370: 9366: 9325: 9321: 9270: 9263: 9212: 9205: 9150: 9143: 9104: 9100: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9052:. p. 173. 9042: 9038: 9014:10.1.1.336.2176 8977: 8966: 8911: 8904: 8837: 8833: 8787:Physics Reports 8782: 8773: 8721: 8717: 8666: 8662: 8631: 8627: 8578: 8569: 8518: 8499: 8449: 8445: 8422: 8418: 8366: 8362: 8315:(7512): 54–56. 8302: 8298: 8246: 8242: 8191: 8187: 8137: 8133: 8081: 8077: 8017: 8013: 7952: 7948: 7891: 7887: 7864: 7860: 7827: 7823: 7772: 7768: 7695: 7691: 7668: 7664: 7613: 7602: 7551: 7547: 7522: 7518: 7507: 7487: 7483: 7468: 7424: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7368: 7364: 7305: 7298: 7247: 7243: 7192: 7188: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7051: 7047: 7034:. p. 347. 7032:Macmillan Press 7024: 7020: 6981: 6977: 6946: 6942: 6919: 6912: 6854: 6847: 6788: 6784: 6737: 6733: 6683: 6679: 6629: 6625: 6586: 6569: 6554: 6535:10.1.1.256.2965 6508: 6489: 6482: 6448:. p. 199. 6438: 6431: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6377: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6265:10.1063/1.32212 6238: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6146: 6142: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6050:10.1.1.316.4895 6014: 6007: 6003: 5947: 5943: 5888: 5884: 5853:. p. 749. 5844: 5836: 5832: 5781: 5777: 5744: 5740: 5716:10.1.1.314.8663 5676: 5672: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5587:. p. 121. 5573: 5569: 5558: 5538: 5534: 5501: 5497: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5299: 5290: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5209: 5205: 5156: 5152: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5023: 5019: 4978: 4974: 4933: 4929: 4892: 4888: 4849: 4845: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4769: 4765: 4708: 4704: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4652: 4648: 4603: 4599: 4533: 4529: 4479: 4475: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4222: 4218: 4159: 4155: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4065: 4061: 4038: 4034: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3984: 3977: 3926: 3922: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841:(41): 207–211. 3834: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3763: 3759: 3732: 3725: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3615: 3571:Rho Cassiopeiae 3528:Wolf–Rayet star 3516: 3510: 3455: 3449: 3447:Effect on Earth 3437: 3413: 3332: 3326: 3281: 3273:Main articles: 3271: 3262: 3260:External impact 3210: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3116:Blue supergiant 3013:Progenitor star 2960: 2958: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2841:Neutrino energy 2837: 2828: 2802:beta plus decay 2790:silicon burning 2788:generated from 2750: 2693: 2688: 2387: 2383: 2351: 2344: 2316: 2295: 2289: 2279:(in the galaxy 2258:Ken'ichi Nomoto 2254: 2240: 2237: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2164: 2147:super-AGB stars 2145:) cores. These 2136: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2103: 2097: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2056:gamma-ray burst 2049: 2046: 1965: 1901:gamma-ray burst 1895:Faint Ib/c, or 1714: 1650: 1578: 1576: 1533: 1496: 1490: 1488:Thermal runaway 1464: 1412: 1362: 1323:ionised silicon 1308: 1298: 1289: 1280: 1271: 1264: 1257: 1251:Shows hydrogen 1250: 1241: 1225: 1220: 1211:Thermal runaway 1195: 1188: 1144: 1130:) and SN 1604 ( 1058: 1041:Hubble diagrams 949: 934:Alex Filippenko 893: 890: 884:gigalight-years 856:RX J0852.0-4622 793: 605: 505: 504: 503: 502: 501: 498: 489: 488: 487: 472: 430:Johannes Kepler 377: 375: 360: 335: 329: 304: 301: 298: 269: 265: 250: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 23862: 23852: 23851: 23846: 23841: 23836: 23831: 23826: 23821: 23806: 23805: 23793: 23781: 23769: 23757: 23745: 23722: 23721: 23718: 23717: 23714: 23713: 23711: 23710: 23705: 23700: 23695: 23689: 23687: 23683: 23682: 23680: 23679: 23674: 23669: 23664: 23658: 23656: 23652: 23651: 23649: 23648: 23647: 23646: 23639: 23632: 23620: 23615: 23610: 23605: 23599: 23597: 23593: 23592: 23590: 23589: 23584: 23579: 23574: 23569: 23564: 23559: 23554: 23549: 23544: 23539: 23534: 23529: 23524: 23519: 23514: 23509: 23504: 23499: 23494: 23489: 23484: 23479: 23474: 23469: 23464: 23459: 23457:Elliptic orbit 23454: 23449: 23444: 23439: 23434: 23432:Circular orbit 23429: 23424: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23404: 23399: 23394: 23388: 23386: 23382: 23381: 23379: 23378: 23373: 23368: 23363: 23358: 23353: 23348: 23343: 23338: 23333: 23328: 23323: 23318: 23313: 23308: 23303: 23298: 23293: 23288: 23283: 23278: 23273: 23268: 23263: 23257: 23255: 23249: 23248: 23245: 23244: 23242: 23241: 23234: 23227: 23220: 23218:Toledan Tables 23215: 23208: 23201: 23195: 23193: 23185: 23184: 23182: 23181: 23174: 23167: 23160: 23153: 23146: 23141: 23135: 23129: 23121: 23120: 23110: 23109: 23106: 23105: 23102: 23101: 23099: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23083: 23081:Yang Guangxian 23077: 23075: 23071: 23070: 23068: 23067: 23062: 23057: 23052: 23047: 23041: 23039: 23035: 23034: 23032: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22980: 22978: 22974: 22973: 22971: 22970: 22965: 22960: 22955: 22950: 22945: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22919: 22917: 22913: 22912: 22910: 22909: 22904: 22899: 22894: 22889: 22884: 22879: 22874: 22869: 22864: 22859: 22854: 22849: 22844: 22839: 22834: 22829: 22824: 22818: 22816: 22812: 22811: 22809: 22808: 22803: 22798: 22793: 22788: 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22763: 22758: 22753: 22747: 22745: 22741: 22740: 22738: 22737: 22735:Ali ibn Khalaf 22732: 22727: 22722: 22717: 22712: 22710:Kushyar Gilani 22707: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22680:Ali ibn Ridwan 22677: 22672: 22666: 22664: 22660: 22659: 22657: 22656: 22651: 22646: 22644:Haseb-i Tabari 22641: 22636: 22631: 22626: 22621: 22616: 22611: 22606: 22601: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22581: 22576: 22571: 22566: 22561: 22556: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22535: 22533: 22529: 22528: 22526: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22513:Sahl ibn Bishr 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22439: 22437: 22433: 22432: 22430: 22429: 22424: 22419: 22414: 22409: 22404: 22398: 22396: 22392: 22391: 22389: 22388: 22377: 22376: 22364: 22363: 22356: 22355: 22348: 22341: 22333: 22324: 22323: 22321: 22320: 22319: 22318: 22304: 22303: 22302: 22289: 22288: 22287: 22281: 22280: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22256: 22255: 22254: 22249: 22234: 22232: 22228: 22227: 22225: 22224: 22219: 22213: 22208:Chirp signal ( 22206: 22203: 22201:speed of light 22197: 22192: 22187: 22181: 22179: 22175: 22174: 22172: 22171: 22166: 22161: 22156: 22150: 22148: 22144: 22143: 22140: 22139: 22137: 22136: 22135: 22134: 22129: 22124: 22112: 22111: 22110: 22102: 22099: 22090: 22088: 22084: 22083: 22081: 22080: 22074: 22068: 22062: 22057: 22047: 22042: 22037: 22032: 22027: 22022: 22016: 22014: 22007: 22003: 22002: 22000: 21999: 21993: 21988: 21982: 21980: 21976: 21975: 21973: 21972: 21967: 21962: 21957: 21951: 21949: 21943: 21942: 21939: 21938: 21935: 21934: 21932: 21931: 21926: 21921: 21915: 21913: 21909: 21908: 21906: 21905: 21899: 21897: 21890: 21884: 21883: 21880: 21879: 21877: 21876: 21874:LIGO-Australia 21870: 21868: 21867:Past proposals 21864: 21863: 21861: 21860: 21855: 21849: 21847: 21843: 21842: 21840: 21839: 21833: 21831: 21827: 21826: 21824: 21823: 21818: 21813: 21808: 21802: 21800: 21796: 21795: 21793: 21792: 21785:Advanced Virgo 21782: 21777: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21741: 21739: 21732: 21724: 21723: 21720: 21719: 21717: 21716: 21711:(downsized to 21706: 21701: 21696: 21691:(downsized to 21685: 21683: 21682:Past proposals 21679: 21678: 21676: 21675: 21669: 21667: 21663: 21662: 21660: 21659: 21654: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21624: 21614: 21603: 21601: 21597: 21596: 21594: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21573: 21562: 21560: 21553: 21542: 21536: 21535: 21533: 21532: 21527: 21521: 21518: 21517: 21510: 21509: 21502: 21495: 21487: 21478: 21477: 21475: 21474: 21461: 21458: 21457: 21455: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21428: 21426: 21425:Related topics 21422: 21421: 21419: 21418: 21416:Strange matter 21413: 21408: 21403: 21398: 21393: 21388: 21386:Neutron matter 21382: 21380: 21374: 21373: 21371: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21339: 21338: 21336:Basic concepts 21333: 21322: 21320: 21318:Quantum theory 21314: 21313: 21311: 21310: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21288: 21283: 21277: 21276: 21275: 21274: 21269: 21264: 21254: 21253: 21252: 21247: 21242: 21237: 21226: 21224: 21218: 21217: 21215: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21193: 21192: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21171: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21144: 21142: 21140:exotic objects 21134: 21133: 21131: 21130: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21091:Type Ib and Ic 21088: 21082: 21080: 21074: 21073: 21071: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21054: 21052: 21048: 21047: 21045: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21020: 21015: 21005: 21004: 21003: 20998: 20993: 20983: 20981:Surface fusion 20978: 20976:Nuclear fusion 20972: 20970: 20966: 20965: 20958: 20956: 20954: 20953: 20952: 20951: 20946: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20919:Stellar plasma 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20885: 20883: 20877: 20876: 20866: 20865: 20858: 20851: 20843: 20834: 20833: 20831: 20830: 20820: 20809: 20806: 20805: 20803: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20781: 20779: 20775: 20774: 20772: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20750: 20748: 20742: 20741: 20739: 20738: 20733: 20728: 20722: 20720: 20716: 20715: 20713: 20712: 20707: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20687: 20686: 20685: 20675: 20674: 20673: 20663: 20658: 20653: 20648: 20643: 20638: 20637: 20636: 20631: 20621: 20620: 20619: 20614: 20604: 20599: 20593: 20591: 20587: 20586: 20584: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20558: 20553: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20531:Neutron matter 20528: 20523: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20507: 20506: 20495: 20493: 20489: 20488: 20486: 20485: 20480: 20475: 20470: 20465: 20464: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20443: 20437: 20435: 20434:Binary pulsars 20431: 20430: 20428: 20427: 20422: 20421: 20420: 20417: 20412: 20401: 20399: 20398:Single pulsars 20395: 20394: 20392: 20391: 20386: 20380: 20378: 20374: 20373: 20366: 20365: 20358: 20351: 20343: 20334: 20333: 20331: 20330: 20320: 20309: 20306: 20305: 20303: 20302: 20300:Swift J1644+57 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20277: 20272: 20267: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20250:MS 0735.6+7421 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20215:Sagittarius A* 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20186: 20184: 20180: 20179: 20177: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20090: 20089: 20084: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20038: 20036: 20032: 20031: 20029: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20002: 20000: 19994: 19993: 19991: 19990: 19985: 19979: 19977: 19973: 19972: 19970: 19969: 19964: 19959: 19954: 19949: 19944: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19918: 19916: 19912: 19911: 19909: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19877: 19875: 19871: 19870: 19868: 19867: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19842: 19837: 19832: 19826: 19824: 19820: 19819: 19817: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19805: 19804: 19794: 19789: 19787:Thermodynamics 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19768: 19767: 19757: 19752: 19750:Accretion disk 19747: 19746: 19745: 19740: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19714: 19713: 19708: 19698: 19692: 19690: 19686: 19685: 19683: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19646: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19625: 19624: 19623: 19613: 19608: 19607: 19606: 19596: 19591: 19585: 19583: 19579: 19578: 19576: 19575: 19574: 19573: 19568: 19563: 19558: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19533: 19528: 19527: 19526: 19516: 19515: 19514: 19511: 19506: 19495: 19493: 19489: 19488: 19481: 19479: 19477: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19426: 19424:BTZ black hole 19420: 19418: 19414: 19413: 19411: 19410: 19404: 19401: 19400: 19393: 19392: 19385: 19378: 19370: 19361: 19360: 19342: 19339: 19338: 19336: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19314: 19312: 19306: 19305: 19302: 19301: 19299: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19282: 19280: 19276: 19275: 19273: 19272: 19267: 19261: 19259: 19255: 19254: 19252: 19251: 19245: 19243: 19236: 19232: 19231: 19229: 19228: 19227: 19226: 19219: 19216:Symbiotic nova 19207: 19202: 19201: 19200: 19188: 19187: 19186: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19153: 19151: 19145: 19144: 19141: 19140: 19138: 19137: 19132: 19130:Lambda Eridani 19127: 19122: 19116: 19114: 19110: 19109: 19107: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19090: 19088: 19084: 19083: 19081: 19080: 19075: 19063: 19057: 19055: 19049: 19048: 19046: 19045: 19044: 19043: 19036: 19024: 19018: 19016: 19003: 18999: 18998: 18995: 18994: 18992: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18975: 18973: 18969: 18968: 18966: 18965: 18963:Slow irregular 18960: 18955: 18949: 18947: 18941: 18940: 18938: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18911: 18909: 18903: 18902: 18900: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18864: 18847: 18845: 18833: 18827: 18826: 18823:Variable stars 18819: 18818: 18811: 18804: 18796: 18787: 18786: 18784: 18783: 18771: 18760: 18757: 18756: 18754: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18717: 18716: 18711: 18710: 18709: 18704: 18688: 18686: 18682: 18681: 18679: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18667: 18666: 18661: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18620: 18619: 18614: 18613: 18612: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18580:Largest volume 18577: 18572: 18567: 18557: 18556: 18555: 18550: 18539: 18537: 18531: 18530: 18528: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18507: 18506: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18464: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18437: 18435: 18429: 18428: 18426: 18425: 18420: 18419: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18398: 18393: 18392: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18365: 18363: 18357: 18356: 18354: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18291:Magnetic field 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18262: 18260: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18226: 18225: 18215: 18214: 18213: 18208: 18201:Accretion disk 18198: 18197: 18196: 18191: 18181: 18180: 18179: 18177:Alfvén surface 18174: 18172:Stellar corona 18169: 18164: 18159: 18149: 18147:Radiation zone 18144: 18143: 18142: 18137: 18127: 18121: 18119: 18113: 18112: 18110: 18109: 18104: 18103: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18002: 17996: 17994: 17988: 17987: 17984: 17983: 17981: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17954: 17953: 17948: 17945: 17937: 17936: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17885: 17880: 17874: 17872: 17866: 17865: 17863: 17862: 17857: 17856: 17855: 17845: 17840: 17839: 17838: 17833: 17832: 17831: 17826: 17816: 17806: 17805: 17804: 17794: 17789: 17783: 17781: 17775: 17774: 17772: 17771: 17769:Blue straggler 17766: 17765: 17764: 17754: 17749: 17748: 17747: 17737: 17736: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17685: 17680: 17679: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17658: 17657: 17656: 17646: 17645: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17624: 17619: 17618: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17581: 17580: 17575: 17565: 17564: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17527:Main sequence 17525: 17520: 17514: 17508: 17506:Classification 17502: 17501: 17499: 17498: 17497: 17496: 17491: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17445: 17444: 17442:Protoplanetary 17434: 17429: 17428: 17427: 17422: 17412: 17411: 17410: 17400: 17395: 17389: 17387: 17381: 17380: 17378: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17361: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17319: 17317: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17307: 17301: 17298: 17297: 17290: 17289: 17282: 17275: 17267: 17258: 17257: 17255: 17254: 17244: 17233: 17230: 17229: 17227: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17165: 17163: 17159: 17158: 17156: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17133:SN 2006gy 17130: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17113:SN 2011fe 17110: 17108:SN 2007bi 17105: 17100: 17098:SN 2003fg 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17049: 17048: 17038: 17033: 17031:Barnard's Loop 17027: 17025: 17021: 17020: 17018: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16986: 16984: 16980: 16979: 16977: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16960: 16958: 16954: 16953: 16951: 16950: 16949: 16948: 16946:Orion–Eridanus 16938: 16933: 16928: 16927: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16906: 16901: 16900: 16899: 16894: 16884: 16883: 16882: 16871: 16869: 16865: 16864: 16862: 16861: 16856: 16854:Super-AGB star 16851: 16846: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16819: 16814: 16813: 16812: 16807: 16796: 16794: 16790: 16789: 16787: 16786: 16784:Symbiotic nova 16781: 16780: 16779: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16708: 16706: 16702: 16701: 16699: 16698: 16693: 16692: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16650: 16648: 16644: 16643: 16636: 16634: 16632: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16585: 16583: 16579: 16578: 16571: 16570: 16563: 16556: 16548: 16542: 16541: 16522: 16507: 16480: 16479:External links 16477: 16476: 16475: 16429:(3): 147–154. 16422:Nature Physics 16416: 16387:hep-ph/0306056 16367: 16361: 16348: 16342: 16309: 16306: 16303: 16302: 16265: 16252:10.1086/527286 16228:(1): 698–710. 16212: 16187: 16162: 16137: 16122: 16078: 16024: 15987: 15925: 15900: 15893: 15867: 15820: 15773:De Mink, S. E. 15763: 15716:De Mink, S. E. 15706: 15655: 15602: 15589:10.1086/346127 15547: 15512:(2): 287–302. 15492: 15486:10.1086/133242 15449: 15420: 15360: 15348:Universe Today 15334: 15299: 15262:(6): 419–430. 15244: 15191: 15178:10.1086/427797 15154:(2): 902–907. 15138: 15072: 15013: 14958: 14895: 14830: 14800: 14727: 14666: 14631: 14604: 14567: 14514: 14500:10.1086/428383 14465: 14388: 14331: 14263: 14257:10.1086/151775 14222: 14180: 14127: 14066: 14053:10.1086/305198 14029:(1): 285–296. 14011: 13957: 13904: 13867:(1): 624–638. 13851: 13798: 13791: 13750: 13713:(2): 613–621. 13695: 13633: 13580: 13524: 13471: 13412: 13348: 13279: 13225: 13165: 13106: 13047: 12988: 12974:10.1086/427712 12939: 12925:10.1086/501160 12900:(2): 989–994. 12879: 12820: 12775:(10): 103008. 12755: 12724:(1): 944–958. 12704: 12631: 12566: 12552:10.1086/527519 12527:(1): L43–L46. 12507: 12452: 12413:(1): 407–451. 12391: 12354:(1): 350–366. 12337: 12302: 12241: 12198: 12184:10.1086/318428 12134: 12121:10.1086/375444 12080: 12067:10.1086/312305 12027: 11974: 11961:10.1086/382044 11919: 11857: 11848:|journal= 11797: 11784:10.1086/310103 11742: 11729:10.1086/338318 11705:(2): 745–752. 11689: 11630: 11570: 11511: 11452: 11415: 11375: 11346: 11307:(1): 531–535. 11287: 11225: 11176: 11137:(1): L10–L14. 11117: 11064: 11011: 10965: 10914: 10863: 10807: 10770:(8): 717–724. 10751: 10744: 10723: 10665: 10606: 10547: 10504: 10467: 10418:(9): 903–910. 10395: 10369: 10307: 10229: 10161: 10107: 10040: 9987: 9923: 9869: 9808: 9757: 9691: 9664: 9609: 9553: 9502: 9471:(1): 554–569. 9451: 9397: 9390: 9364: 9319: 9306:10.1086/520872 9282:(1): 614–625. 9261: 9203: 9141: 9135:10.1086/169405 9098: 9073: 9066: 9036: 8989:(3): 147–154. 8982:Nature Physics 8964: 8925:(3): 543–569. 8902: 8831: 8794:(1–6): 38–74. 8771: 8715: 8660: 8625: 8567: 8554:10.1086/375341 8530:(1): 288–300. 8497: 8460:(6): 681–688. 8443: 8416: 8360: 8296: 8240: 8185: 8131: 8075: 8011: 7966:(1): 107–170. 7946: 7885: 7858: 7853:10.1086/157300 7839:(1): 404–408. 7821: 7808:10.1086/508530 7766: 7689: 7662: 7625:(1): 191–230. 7600: 7545: 7516: 7505: 7499:. p. 96. 7481: 7466: 7434:. p. 49. 7415: 7398:10.1086/165813 7384:(1): 140–144. 7362: 7296: 7283:10.1086/522030 7259:(1): L37–L40. 7241: 7204:(1): 686–691. 7186: 7125: 7095: 7065:(1): 309–355. 7045: 7018: 7012:10.1086/147779 6975: 6970:10.1086/114940 6940: 6910: 6845: 6782: 6731: 6677: 6623: 6617:10.1086/113934 6567: 6552: 6487: 6480: 6429: 6416: 6390: 6375: 6355: 6325: 6295: 6226: 6201: 6140: 6079: 6001: 5988:10.1086/304265 5941: 5882: 5842: 5830: 5793:(1): 338–347. 5775: 5761:hep-ph/9901300 5738: 5670: 5608: 5601: 5567: 5556: 5550:. p. 68. 5532: 5527:10.1086/150102 5495: 5482:10.1086/589570 5458:(1): L41–L44. 5440: 5415: 5390: 5326: 5288: 5251:(5): 510–517. 5245:Nature Physics 5234: 5203: 5150: 5088: 5063: 5017: 4972: 4927: 4906:(4): 121–125. 4886: 4880:10.1086/110763 4843: 4816:(2): 215–236. 4798: 4791: 4763: 4724:(5): 254–259. 4702: 4673: 4666: 4646: 4632:10.1086/309549 4597: 4527: 4515:10.1086/345985 4491:(1): 324–335, 4473: 4419: 4412: 4392: 4363:(5): 635–640. 4343: 4281: 4259: 4216: 4153: 4090: 4083: 4077:. p. 76. 4059: 4032: 4005: 3998: 3975: 3962:10.1086/345985 3938:(1): 324–335. 3920: 3896: 3890:978-0521300384 3889: 3859: 3822: 3816:978-0521300384 3815: 3791: 3757: 3723: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3614: 3611: 3512:Main article: 3509: 3506: 3451:Main article: 3448: 3445: 3436: 3433: 3412: 3409: 3365:and traces of 3328:Main article: 3325: 3322: 3294:alpha elements 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3208: 3191: 3188: 3176: 3173: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3143:about 18 3122: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3011: 2957: 2954: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2846:Kinetic energy 2844: 2839: 2838:(solar masses) 2834: 2825: 2774:kinetic energy 2749: 2746: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2679: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2447: 2441: 2388:1,238 keV 2352:1,238 keV 2315: 2312: 2291:Main article: 2288: 2285: 2253: 2250: 2238: 2235: 2177:Main article: 2174: 2173:Type Ib and Ic 2171: 2165: 2162: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2099:Main article: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2047: 2044: 2038:neutrino pulse 2009:, and neutron 2007:atomic nucleus 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1821:Supernova type 1819: 1812: 1779: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1757: 1713: 1710: 1649: 1646: 1619:nuclear fusion 1547:of about 1.44 1532: 1531:Normal type Ia 1529: 1492:Main article: 1489: 1486: 1470:In the galaxy 1463: 1462:Current models 1460: 1411: 1408: 1378:emission lines 1361: 1358: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1282: 1274: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1255:Type II-P/-L/n 1252: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1222: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1190: 1166:(known as the 1143: 1142:Classification 1140: 1057: 1054: 948: 945: 920:The supernova 891: 888: 792: 789: 786: 785: 782: 777: 772: 766: 765: 762: 757: 752: 746: 745: 742: 737: 731: 725: 724: 721: 716: 710: 703: 702: 699: 694: 688: 682: 681: 678: 673: 667: 661: 660: 657: 652: 646: 640: 639: 636: 631: 625: 619: 618: 611: 602: 596: 590: 589: 586: 581: 575: 569: 568: 565: 560: 554: 548: 547: 544: 539: 533: 527: 526: 520: 517: 514: 499: 492: 491: 490: 484:1054 supernova 473: 466: 465: 464: 463: 462: 359: 356: 331:Main article: 328: 325: 311:was coined by 249: 246: 210:speed of light 202: 201: 186: 183:stellar merger 100:diffuse nebula 84:nuclear fusion 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23861: 23850: 23847: 23845: 23842: 23840: 23837: 23835: 23832: 23830: 23829:Light sources 23827: 23825: 23822: 23820: 23817: 23816: 23814: 23804: 23799: 23794: 23792: 23782: 23780: 23770: 23768: 23758: 23756: 23751: 23746: 23744: 23734: 23733: 23730: 23709: 23706: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23694: 23691: 23690: 23688: 23684: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23659: 23657: 23653: 23644: 23640: 23637: 23633: 23630: 23626: 23625: 23624: 23623:Observatories 23621: 23619: 23616: 23614: 23611: 23609: 23606: 23604: 23601: 23600: 23598: 23594: 23588: 23585: 23583: 23580: 23578: 23577:Triangulation 23575: 23573: 23570: 23568: 23565: 23563: 23560: 23558: 23555: 23553: 23550: 23548: 23545: 23543: 23540: 23538: 23535: 23533: 23530: 23528: 23525: 23523: 23520: 23518: 23515: 23513: 23510: 23508: 23505: 23503: 23500: 23498: 23495: 23493: 23490: 23488: 23487:Heliocentrism 23485: 23483: 23480: 23478: 23475: 23473: 23470: 23468: 23465: 23463: 23460: 23458: 23455: 23453: 23450: 23448: 23445: 23443: 23440: 23438: 23435: 23433: 23430: 23428: 23425: 23423: 23420: 23418: 23415: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23405: 23403: 23400: 23398: 23395: 23393: 23390: 23389: 23387: 23383: 23377: 23374: 23372: 23369: 23367: 23364: 23362: 23361:Shadow square 23359: 23357: 23354: 23352: 23349: 23347: 23344: 23342: 23339: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23322: 23319: 23317: 23314: 23312: 23309: 23307: 23304: 23302: 23299: 23297: 23294: 23292: 23289: 23287: 23284: 23282: 23279: 23277: 23274: 23272: 23269: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23258: 23256: 23254: 23250: 23240: 23239: 23235: 23233: 23232: 23231:Zij-i Sultani 23228: 23226: 23225: 23224:Zij-i Ilkhani 23221: 23219: 23216: 23214: 23213: 23209: 23207: 23206: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23196: 23194: 23192: 23191: 23186: 23180: 23179: 23175: 23173: 23172: 23168: 23166: 23165: 23161: 23159: 23158: 23154: 23152: 23151: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23136: 23133: 23130: 23126: 23122: 23115: 23111: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23078: 23076: 23072: 23066: 23063: 23061: 23058: 23056: 23053: 23051: 23048: 23046: 23043: 23042: 23040: 23036: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22999:Kadızade Rumi 22997: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22981: 22979: 22975: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22951: 22949: 22946: 22944: 22941: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22923:Ibn al-Shatir 22921: 22920: 22918: 22914: 22908: 22905: 22903: 22900: 22898: 22897:Ibn al‐Raqqam 22895: 22893: 22890: 22888: 22885: 22883: 22880: 22878: 22875: 22873: 22870: 22868: 22865: 22863: 22860: 22858: 22855: 22853: 22850: 22848: 22845: 22843: 22840: 22838: 22835: 22833: 22830: 22828: 22825: 22823: 22820: 22819: 22817: 22813: 22807: 22804: 22802: 22799: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22791:Ibn al-Kammad 22789: 22787: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22777: 22774: 22772: 22769: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22757: 22754: 22752: 22749: 22748: 22746: 22742: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22705:Ibn al-Saffar 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22667: 22665: 22661: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22620: 22617: 22615: 22612: 22610: 22607: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22562: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22536: 22534: 22530: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22440: 22438: 22434: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22408: 22405: 22403: 22400: 22399: 22397: 22393: 22386: 22385: 22382: 22378: 22374: 22369: 22365: 22361: 22354: 22349: 22347: 22342: 22340: 22335: 22334: 22331: 22316: 22315:other unknown 22312: 22311:cosmic string 22308: 22307: 22305: 22300: 22296: 22293: 22292: 22290: 22285: 22284: 22282: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22272:Neutron stars 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22259: 22257: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22244: 22241: 22240: 22239: 22236: 22235: 22233: 22229: 22223: 22220: 22218: 22214: 22211: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22182: 22180: 22176: 22170: 22167: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22157: 22155: 22152: 22151: 22149: 22145: 22133: 22132:Binary pulsar 22130: 22128: 22125: 22123: 22119: 22116: 22115: 22113: 22109: 22108: 22103: 22100: 22098: 22095: 22094: 22092: 22091: 22089: 22085: 22078: 22075: 22072: 22069: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22055: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22041: 22038: 22036: 22033: 22031: 22028: 22026: 22023: 22021: 22018: 22017: 22015: 22011: 22008: 22004: 21998:: Gravity Spy 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21986:Einstein@Home 21984: 21983: 21981: 21979:Data analysis 21977: 21971: 21968: 21966: 21963: 21961: 21958: 21956: 21953: 21952: 21950: 21948: 21944: 21930: 21927: 21925: 21922: 21920: 21917: 21916: 21914: 21910: 21904: 21901: 21900: 21898: 21894: 21891: 21885: 21875: 21872: 21871: 21869: 21865: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21850: 21848: 21844: 21838: 21835: 21834: 21832: 21828: 21822: 21819: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21803: 21801: 21797: 21790: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21775: 21771: 21770:Advanced LIGO 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21750: 21746: 21743: 21742: 21740: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21725: 21714: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21694: 21690: 21687: 21686: 21684: 21680: 21674: 21671: 21670: 21668: 21664: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21650: 21648: 21645: 21643: 21640: 21638: 21635: 21632: 21628: 21625: 21622: 21618: 21615: 21612: 21608: 21605: 21604: 21602: 21598: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21581: 21577: 21574: 21571: 21567: 21564: 21563: 21561: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549:Resonant mass 21546: 21543: 21541: 21537: 21531: 21528: 21526: 21523: 21522: 21519: 21515: 21508: 21503: 21501: 21496: 21494: 21489: 21488: 21485: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21462: 21459: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21429: 21427: 21423: 21417: 21414: 21412: 21409: 21407: 21404: 21402: 21399: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21384: 21383: 21381: 21379: 21375: 21369: 21368:Deconfinement 21366: 21364: 21361: 21359: 21356: 21354: 21351: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21328: 21327: 21324: 21323: 21321: 21319: 21315: 21309: 21308: 21304: 21302: 21299: 21297: 21294: 21292: 21289: 21287: 21284: 21282: 21279: 21278: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21259: 21258: 21255: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21232: 21231: 21228: 21227: 21225: 21219: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21191: 21188: 21187: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21150: 21149: 21146: 21145: 21143: 21141: 21135: 21129: 21128: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21083: 21081: 21079: 21075: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21059: 21056: 21055: 21053: 21049: 21043: 21042:Orbital decay 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21013: 21009: 21006: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20988: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20974: 20973: 20971: 20967: 20962: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20941: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20929:Variable star 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20886: 20884: 20882: 20878: 20874: 20871: 20864: 20859: 20857: 20852: 20850: 20845: 20844: 20841: 20829: 20821: 20819: 20811: 20810: 20807: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20782: 20780: 20776: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20751: 20749: 20747:investigation 20743: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20731:Centaurus X-3 20729: 20727: 20724: 20723: 20721: 20717: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20695:Pulsar planet 20693: 20691: 20688: 20684: 20683:Related links 20681: 20680: 20679: 20676: 20672: 20671:Related links 20669: 20668: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20639: 20635: 20634:Related links 20632: 20630: 20627: 20626: 20625: 20622: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20609: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20594: 20592: 20588: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20572: 20569: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20559: 20557: 20554: 20552: 20549: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20509: 20505: 20502: 20501: 20500: 20497: 20496: 20494: 20490: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20476: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20456:X-ray burster 20454: 20452: 20449: 20448: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20438: 20436: 20432: 20426: 20423: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20407: 20406: 20403: 20402: 20400: 20396: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20375: 20371: 20364: 20359: 20357: 20352: 20350: 20345: 20344: 20341: 20329: 20321: 20319: 20311: 20310: 20307: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20275:Markarian 501 20273: 20271: 20268: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20200:XTE J1118+480 20198: 20196: 20195:XTE J1650-500 20193: 20191: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20181: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20079: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20039: 20037: 20033: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20003: 20001: 19999: 19995: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19980: 19978: 19974: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19919: 19917: 19913: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19886: 19882: 19881:Schwarzschild 19879: 19878: 19876: 19872: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19827: 19825: 19821: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19803: 19800: 19799: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19766: 19763: 19762: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19735: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19723:Photon sphere 19721: 19719: 19718:Event horizon 19716: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19703: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19693: 19691: 19687: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19644: 19643:Related links 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19630: 19629: 19626: 19622: 19621:Related links 19619: 19618: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19605: 19604:Related links 19602: 19601: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19586: 19584: 19580: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19538: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19525: 19522: 19521: 19520: 19517: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19501: 19500: 19497: 19496: 19494: 19490: 19485: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19445: 19442: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19429:Schwarzschild 19427: 19425: 19422: 19421: 19419: 19415: 19409: 19406: 19405: 19402: 19398: 19391: 19386: 19384: 19379: 19377: 19372: 19371: 19368: 19358: 19354: 19353: 19348: 19340: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19315: 19313: 19311: 19307: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19283: 19281: 19277: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19262: 19260: 19258:Stellar spots 19256: 19250: 19247: 19246: 19244: 19242:Non-spherical 19240: 19237: 19233: 19224: 19220: 19217: 19213: 19212: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19198: 19194: 19193: 19192: 19189: 19184: 19180: 19179: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19154: 19152: 19150: 19146: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19117: 19115: 19111: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19091: 19089: 19085: 19079: 19076: 19072: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19058: 19056: 19050: 19041: 19037: 19034: 19030: 19029: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19019: 19017: 19015: 19011: 19007: 19004: 19000: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18979:Gamma Doradus 18977: 18976: 18974: 18970: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18950: 18948: 18946: 18942: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18930:PV Telescopii 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18912: 18910: 18908:early spectra 18904: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18881: 18877: 18873: 18868: 18865: 18861: 18857: 18852: 18849: 18848: 18846: 18841: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18828: 18824: 18817: 18812: 18810: 18805: 18803: 18798: 18797: 18794: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18770: 18762: 18761: 18758: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18741:Intergalactic 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18721:Galactic year 18719: 18715: 18712: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18699: 18698: 18695: 18694: 18693: 18690: 18689: 18687: 18683: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18656: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18618: 18615: 18611: 18608: 18607: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18600:Most luminous 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18562: 18561: 18558: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18545: 18544: 18541: 18540: 18538: 18536: 18532: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18515:Proper motion 18513: 18511: 18508: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18478:Constellation 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18446:Solar eclipse 18444: 18443: 18442: 18439: 18438: 18436: 18432:Earth-centric 18430: 18424: 18421: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18403: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18370: 18367: 18366: 18364: 18362: 18358: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18263: 18261: 18257: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18224: 18221: 18220: 18219: 18216: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18203: 18202: 18199: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18186: 18185: 18182: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18132: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18122: 18120: 18118: 18114: 18108: 18105: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18077: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18030:Alpha process 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17997: 17995: 17993: 17989: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17952: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17940: 17938: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17890: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17875: 17873: 17871: 17867: 17861: 17858: 17854: 17851: 17850: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17837: 17834: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17821: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17811: 17810: 17807: 17803: 17802:Helium planet 17800: 17799: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17792:Parker's star 17790: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17782: 17780: 17776: 17770: 17767: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17746: 17743: 17742: 17741: 17738: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17723:Lambda Boötis 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17690: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17663: 17662: 17659: 17655: 17652: 17651: 17650: 17647: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17629: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17602: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17570: 17569: 17566: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17528: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17515: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17503: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17489:Superluminous 17487: 17486: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17443: 17440: 17439: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17417: 17416: 17413: 17409: 17406: 17405: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17393:Main sequence 17391: 17390: 17388: 17386: 17382: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17370:Hayashi track 17368: 17366: 17363: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17340: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17320: 17318: 17316: 17312: 17306: 17303: 17302: 17299: 17295: 17288: 17283: 17281: 17276: 17274: 17269: 17268: 17265: 17253: 17245: 17243: 17235: 17234: 17231: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17166: 17164: 17160: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17118:SN 2014J 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17083:SN 1994D 17081: 17079: 17078:SN 1987A 17076: 17074: 17073:SN 1885A 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17047: 17044: 17043: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17022: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 17000:Massive stars 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16985: 16981: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16961: 16959: 16955: 16947: 16944: 16943: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16911: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16889: 16888: 16885: 16881: 16878: 16877: 16876: 16873: 16872: 16870: 16866: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16824: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16802: 16801: 16798: 16797: 16795: 16791: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16709: 16707: 16703: 16697: 16694: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16676: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16645: 16640: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16614:Superluminous 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16594:Type Iax 16592: 16590: 16587: 16586: 16584: 16580: 16576: 16569: 16564: 16562: 16557: 16555: 16550: 16549: 16546: 16531: 16527: 16523: 16518: 16517: 16512: 16508: 16496: 16492: 16488: 16483: 16482: 16472: 16468: 16464: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16446: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16428: 16424: 16423: 16417: 16413: 16409: 16405: 16401: 16397: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16380:(11): 77–81. 16379: 16375: 16374: 16368: 16364: 16358: 16354: 16349: 16345: 16339: 16335: 16331: 16327: 16323: 16319: 16318: 16312: 16311: 16298: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16280: 16276: 16269: 16261: 16257: 16253: 16249: 16245: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16227: 16223: 16216: 16201: 16197: 16191: 16176: 16172: 16166: 16151: 16147: 16141: 16133: 16129: 16125: 16119: 16115: 16111: 16107: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16089: 16082: 16074: 16070: 16066: 16062: 16058: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16040: 16036: 16028: 16020: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15991: 15983: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15965: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15947: 15943: 15939: 15932: 15930: 15914: 15910: 15904: 15896: 15890: 15886: 15882: 15878: 15871: 15863: 15859: 15855: 15851: 15847: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15831: 15824: 15816: 15812: 15808: 15804: 15800: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15782: 15778: 15774: 15767: 15759: 15755: 15751: 15747: 15743: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15725: 15721: 15717: 15710: 15702: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15674: 15670: 15666: 15659: 15651: 15647: 15643: 15639: 15635: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15617: 15613: 15606: 15598: 15594: 15590: 15586: 15582: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15564: 15560: 15559: 15551: 15543: 15539: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15523: 15519: 15515: 15511: 15507: 15503: 15496: 15487: 15482: 15478: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15453: 15445: 15441: 15437: 15433: 15432: 15424: 15416: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15398: 15394: 15390: 15386: 15382: 15378: 15374: 15370: 15364: 15349: 15345: 15338: 15330: 15326: 15322: 15318: 15314: 15310: 15303: 15295: 15291: 15287: 15283: 15279: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15261: 15257: 15256: 15255:New Astronomy 15248: 15240: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15203: 15195: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15142: 15134: 15130: 15126: 15122: 15118: 15114: 15110: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15093:(3): 031201. 15092: 15088: 15084: 15076: 15068: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15050: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15032: 15028: 15024: 15017: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14970: 14962: 14954: 14950: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14912: 14908: 14907: 14899: 14891: 14887: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14867: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14834: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14804: 14796: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14738: 14731: 14723: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14682: 14677: 14670: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14646: 14642: 14635: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14608: 14600: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14571: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14551: 14547: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14529: 14525: 14518: 14510: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14476: 14469: 14461: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14443: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14425: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14408:(8): 170192. 14407: 14403: 14399: 14392: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14372: 14368: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14350: 14346: 14342: 14335: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14293: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14270: 14268: 14258: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14226: 14218: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14184: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14142: 14138: 14131: 14123: 14119: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14081: 14077: 14070: 14062: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14023: 14015: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13974:(1): 014001. 13973: 13969: 13961: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13919: 13915: 13908: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13866: 13862: 13855: 13847: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13802: 13794: 13788: 13784: 13780: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13755: 13746: 13742: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13707: 13699: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13642: 13640: 13638: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13584: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13564: 13560: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13531: 13529: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13486: 13482: 13475: 13467: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13416: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13375:(1): 63–106. 13374: 13370: 13369: 13361: 13359: 13357: 13355: 13353: 13344: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13300: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13283: 13274: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13232: 13230: 13221: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13169: 13161: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13110: 13102: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13051: 13043: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12992: 12984: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12943: 12935: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12883: 12875: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12824: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12759: 12750: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12708: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12635: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12586:(8): 083003. 12585: 12581: 12577: 12570: 12562: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12511: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12470:(1): 63–106. 12469: 12465: 12464: 12456: 12448: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12407: 12402: 12395: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12341: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12306: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12245: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12202: 12194: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12084: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12031: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11978: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11864: 11862: 11853: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11804: 11802: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11746: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11693: 11685: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11634: 11626: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11515: 11507: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11456: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11427: 11419: 11411: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11382: 11380: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11358: 11350: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11229: 11221: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11180: 11172: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11121: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11068: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11015: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10984:(6155): 416. 10983: 10979: 10972: 10970: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10918: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10867: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10814: 10812: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10758: 10756: 10747: 10741: 10737: 10730: 10728: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10680: 10672: 10670: 10661: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10544: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10482: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 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9712: 9707: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9613: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9566: 9557: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9446: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9404: 9402: 9393: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9323: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9268: 9266: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9218: 9210: 9208: 9199: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9146: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9102: 9093: 9088: 9080: 9078: 9069: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9040: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8960: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8907: 8898: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8860:gr-qc/0206041 8856: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8426:The Messenger 8420: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8203:(S298): 442. 8202: 8198: 8197: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7420: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7303: 7301: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7013: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6915: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6852: 6850: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6434: 6426: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6376:0-19-850766-6 6372: 6368: 6367: 6359: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6280: 6275: 6274:2027.42/87614 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6237: 6230: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5904:(8): 081303. 5903: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5679:Scholberg, K. 5674: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5621:Scholberg, K. 5615: 5613: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5330: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5308:Astronomy Now 5304: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5050:10.1038/24106 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004:10.1038/24103 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4865:: 1021–1024. 4864: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4802: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4677: 4669: 4667:9783030103804 4663: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4539:(in German), 4538: 4531: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4487:(in German), 4486: 4485: 4477: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4438:(in German). 4437: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359:(in German). 4358: 4354: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4297:(in German). 4296: 4292: 4285: 4269: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4100:Soderberg, A. 4094: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4017:. Dordrecht: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3863: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3575:Gamma Velorum 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3481:transport of 3479: 3474: 3472: 3471:Pacific Ocean 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3381: 3380:giant planets 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3160: 3136: 3128: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2989:, especially 2988: 2984: 2979: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2893:0.001 – 0.01 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2878:Core collapse 2877: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2754: 2748:Energy output 2745: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2626:12–30 or more 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2443:Average peak 2442: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2379: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2320: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2198:stellar winds 2190: 2185: 2180: 2170: 2158: 2156: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2092: 2076: 2072: 2069:turning into 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1975: 1969: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917:Neutron star 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876:Neutron star 1875: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854:Neutron star 1853: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1840:Neutron star 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1718: 1712:Core collapse 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:main sequence 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:carbon fusion 1509: 1500: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1473: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1235: 1234:Core collapse 1229: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:Balmer series 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154:of different 1153: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1132:Kepler's Star 1129: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1030:Doppler shift 1027: 1023: 1015: 1014:Carina Nebula 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 961: 957: 953: 944: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 911:spiral galaxy 908: 904: 900: 898: 894: 885: 881: 871: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 829:Knut Lundmark 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 743: 741: 738: 736: 732: 730: 727: 726: 722: 720: 717: 715: 711: 708: 705: 704: 700: 698: 695: 693: 689: 687: 684: 683: 679: 677: 674: 672: 668: 666: 663: 662: 658: 656: 653: 651: 647: 645: 642: 641: 637: 635: 632: 630: 626: 624: 621: 620: 616: 612: 610: 603: 601: 597: 595: 592: 591: 587: 585: 582: 580: 576: 574: 571: 570: 566: 564: 561: 559: 555: 553: 550: 549: 545: 543: 540: 538: 534: 532: 529: 528: 525: 521: 518: 515: 512: 511: 496: 485: 481: 477: 470: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 436: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 405:produced the 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 373: 369: 365: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 334: 324: 322: 321:Knut Lundmark 318: 314: 310: 295: 294: 288: 284: 278: 263: 259: 255: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 199: 195: 191: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 167: 166: 164: 160: 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 49: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 23596:Institutions 23561: 23447:Eccentricity 23407:Astrophysics 23301:Compass rose 23236: 23229: 23222: 23210: 23203: 23188: 23176: 23169: 23162: 23155: 23148: 23014:Ibn al-Majdi 22989:Abd al‐Wajid 22948:Al-Wabkanawi 22943:Abū al‐ʿUqūl 22832:Jamal ad-Din 22801:Omar Khayyam 22629:Al-ʻIjliyyah 22604:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī 22589:Ibn al-A'lam 22508:Al-Khwarizmi 22314: 22298: 22294: 22199:Travel with 22185:Polarization 22104: 22006:Observations 21728:Ground-based 21437:Astrophysics 21406:Preon matter 21396:Quark matter 21331:Introduction 21305: 21148:Neutron star 21138:Compact and 21125: 21077: 21037:Helium flash 21027:deflagration 20944:X-ray binary 20870:Stellar core 20623: 20607:Compact star 20581:Urca process 20571:Timing noise 20556:Relativistic 20451:X-ray binary 20446:X-ray pulsar 20370:Neutron star 20230:PKS 1302-102 20104:Gravity well 20072:Compact star 20026:Microquasars 20011:Most massive 19915:Alternatives 19680:X-ray binary 19627: 19599:Neutron star 19536:Supermassive 19513:Hawking star 19454:Supermassive 19343: 19223:Z Andromedae 19205:SW Sextantis 19190: 19183:Intermediate 19022:Herbig Ae/Be 18897:SX Phoenicis 18844:cepheid-like 18644:White dwarfs 18634:Brown dwarfs 18617:Most distant 18565:Most massive 18543:Proper names 18503:Photographic 18456:Solar System 18434:observations 18361:Star systems 18184:Stellar wind 18167:Chromosphere 18140:Oscillations 18020:Helium flash 17870:Hypothetical 17848:X-ray binary 17787:Compact star 17622:Bright giant 17483: 17375:Henyey track 17353:Herbig Ae/Be 17128:Vela Remnant 17093:SN 1006 17058:SN 1000+0216 17036:Cassiopeia A 17005:Most distant 16936:Local Bubble 16909:Compact star 16887:Neutron star 16624:Calcium-rich 16589:Type Ia 16574: 16533:. Retrieved 16514: 16498:. Retrieved 16426: 16420: 16377: 16371: 16352: 16316: 16274: 16268: 16225: 16221: 16215: 16203:. Retrieved 16199: 16190: 16178:. Retrieved 16174: 16165: 16153:. Retrieved 16149: 16140: 16087: 16081: 16038: 16034: 16027: 16000: 15996: 15990: 15945: 15941: 15916:. Retrieved 15912: 15903: 15876: 15870: 15837: 15833: 15823: 15780: 15776: 15766: 15723: 15719: 15709: 15672: 15668: 15658: 15615: 15611: 15605: 15562: 15556: 15550: 15509: 15505: 15495: 15468: 15462: 15452: 15435: 15429: 15423: 15380: 15376: 15363: 15351:. Retrieved 15347: 15337: 15312: 15308: 15307:"In Brief". 15302: 15259: 15253: 15247: 15206: 15200: 15194: 15151: 15147: 15141: 15090: 15086: 15075: 15030: 15026: 15016: 14973: 14967: 14961: 14910: 14904: 14898: 14847: 14843: 14833: 14821:. 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Retrieved 5075: 5066: 5033: 5027: 5020: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4862: 4856: 4846: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4773: 4766: 4721: 4715: 4705: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4656: 4649: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4577:10261/255617 4540: 4536: 4530: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4439: 4435: 4402: 4395: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4334:. Retrieved 4298: 4294: 4284: 4272:. Retrieved 4262: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4111: 4107: 4093: 4069: 4062: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4014: 4008: 3989:Astronomy 2e 3988: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3909: 3899: 3870: 3862: 3850:. Retrieved 3838: 3825: 3801: 3794: 3771: 3760: 3743: 3739: 3696:(1): 66–85. 3693: 3689: 3679: 3595: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3499: 3491: 3478:biodiversity 3475: 3456: 3438: 3414: 3399: 3395:Solar System 3388: 3384: 3356: 3333: 3311: 3290: 3263: 3242: 3226: 3214: 3205: 3158: 3141: 2995: 2983:galaxy types 2980: 2976: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2829:x10 joules ( 2814: 2782: 2767: 2759: 2742: 2729: 2710: 2682: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2651: 2634:IIn (bright) 2583:II-P (faint) 2544:roughly 100 2481:Ib/c (faint) 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2384:847 keV 2380: 2376: 2334: 2326: 2314:Light curves 2296: 2270: 2255: 2243: 2232: 2217: 2206: 2194: 2159: 2151: 2115: 2060: 2042: 2015: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1873:II-L or II-b 1816:solar masses 1788: 1780: 1775:stellar core 1731: 1723: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1662: 1659: 1651: 1642: 1632:-56 through 1623: 1604: 1574: 1558:neutron star 1549:solar masses 1534: 1505: 1479: 1477: 1452: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1390: 1371: 1344: 1340: 1328: 1320: 1189:No hydrogen 1175: 1171: 1148:light curves 1145: 1135: 1131: 1128:Tycho's Nova 1127: 1125: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1089: 1050: 1046:Hubble curve 1038: 1019: 980: 964: 938: 919: 901: 877: 840:Fritz Zwicky 833: 821:Walter Baade 794: 780: 760: 740: 719: 697: 676: 655: 634: 609: 588:possible SN 584: 563: 542: 523: 516:observed in 458:light echoes 450:Cassiopeia A 443: 426:Aristotelian 411: 361: 336: 317:Fritz Zwicky 313:Walter Baade 308: 282: 261: 253: 251: 206:solar masses 203: 190:massive star 152: 112: 92:neutron star 87: 78:, or when a 76:massive star 59: 55: 47: 45: 25: 23791:Outer space 23582:Tusi couple 23572:Trepidation 23537:Salah times 23472:Geocentrism 23346:Planisphere 23326:Graph paper 23253:Instruments 23205:Huihui Lifa 23086:Ehmedê Xanî 23045:Al-Birjandi 23024:al-Kubunani 22781:Abu al-Salt 22730:Al-Isfizari 22690:Ibn al-Samh 22569:Abu al-Wafa 22554:al-Khojandi 22458:Al-Farghani 22373:Astronomers 22306:Hypothesis 22283:Continuous 21887:Space-based 21358:Lattice QCD 21272:Gravitation 21197:Exotic star 21175:White dwarf 21168:Radio-quiet 20939:Binary star 20909:Metallicity 20666:White dwarf 20651:Microquasar 20617:Exotic star 20546:Pulsar kick 20468:Millisecond 20384:Radio-quiet 20220:Centaurus A 20174:Planet Nine 20077:Exotic star 20006:Black holes 19952:Planck star 19901:Kerr–Newman 19616:White dwarf 19566:Radio-Quiet 19524:Microquasar 19397:Black holes 19265:BY Draconis 19149:Cataclysmic 19054:supergiants 18989:White dwarf 18958:Semiregular 18945:Long-period 18920:Beta Cephei 18915:Alpha Cygni 18872:BL Herculis 18860:Delta Scuti 18697:Brown dwarf 18473:Circumpolar 18351:Kraft break 18331:Color index 18306:Metallicity 18266:Designation 18235:Cosmic dust 18157:Photosphere 17923:Dark-energy 17898:Electroweak 17883:Black dwarf 17814:Radio-quiet 17797:White dwarf 17683:White dwarf 17333:Bok globule 17138:ASASSN-15lh 17088:SN 185 17046:Crab Nebula 16941:Superbubble 16931:Zombie star 16914:electroweak 16844:White dwarf 16793:Progenitors 16757:Pulsar kick 16500:28 November 15909:"VV Cephei" 15618:: 181–194. 14976:: 381–387. 14530:: 291–336. 13432:(3): 2054. 12318:: 406–408. 12043:(2): L107. 11650:(3): 1441. 11433:: 309–355. 11364:: 376–378. 11027:(2): 2205. 9120:: 222–231. 8094:(2): 1209. 7907:(3): 2417. 7147:(4): 3456. 6802:(6): 0140. 5691:: 355–361. 5227:13 February 5166:(2): 0002. 4075:Basic Books 3879:. pp. 3767:"supernova" 3567:VV Cephei A 3532:light-years 3463:rock strata 3417:cosmic rays 3411:Cosmic rays 3030:helium star 2933:0.01 – 0.1 2794:radioactive 2727:emissions. 2705:Crab Nebula 2578:around 150 2561:around 100 2532:Ic (bright) 2392:photosphere 2036:) from the 1942:No remnant 1928:Black hole 1887:Black hole 1862:Normal II-P 1800:Eta Carinae 1796:hypergiants 1792:supergiants 1783:metallicity 1679:type Ia/IIn 1667:zombie star 1448:Eta Carinae 1262:Type II-P/L 880:ASASSN-15lh 874:supernovae. 864:titanium-44 735:Sagittarius 558:Sagittarius 476:Crab Nebula 435:Tycho Brahe 412:Supernovae 407:Crab Nebula 374:, dated to 352:white dwarf 238:cosmic rays 194:fusing iron 155:white dwarf 80:white dwarf 23819:Supernovae 23813:Categories 23686:Influenced 23655:Influences 23527:Precession 23507:Multiverse 23412:Axial tilt 23392:Almucantar 23376:Triquetrum 23316:Equatorium 23065:Takiyüddin 22938:al-Battiwi 22933:Ibn Shuayb 22928:Al-Khalili 22771:Al-Khazini 22766:Al-Kharaqī 22761:Ibn Tufail 22751:Al-Bitruji 22685:Al-Zarqālī 22649:al-Majriti 22599:Al-Saghani 22594:Al-Nayrizi 22579:al-Battani 22498:Iranshahri 22483:Al-Marwazi 22387:by century 22309:Colliding 22238:Stochastic 22210:chirp mass 22105:Proposed: 21996:Zooniverse 21411:Strangelet 21391:QCD matter 21202:Quark star 21180:Black hole 21111:Quark-nova 21078:Supernovae 20996:RP-process 20924:Supergiant 20795:Astropulse 20710:QCD matter 20690:Radio star 20661:Quark-nova 20612:Quark star 20561:Rp-process 20492:Properties 20270:Q0906+6930 20260:Hercules A 20190:Cygnus X-1 20159:White hole 20134:Quasi-star 20087:Preon star 20082:Quark star 20067:Big Bounce 19927:Black star 19885:Derivation 19733:Ergosphere 19689:Properties 19670:Quasi-star 19660:Quark star 19571:Radio-Loud 19459:Primordial 19449:Kugelblitz 19323:Beta Lyrae 19296:SX Arietis 19162:Dwarf nova 19135:Wolf–Rayet 19052:Giants and 19033:FU Orionis 18876:W Virginis 18659:Candidates 18654:Supernovae 18639:Red dwarfs 18498:Extinction 18286:Kinematics 18281:Luminosity 18259:Properties 18152:Atmosphere 18050:Si burning 18040:Ne burning 17978:White hole 17951:Quasi-star 17878:Blue dwarf 17733:Technetium 17649:Hypergiant 17627:Supergiant 17153:SN 2022jli 17148:SN 2018cow 17015:In fiction 16990:Candidates 16964:Guest star 16822:Supergiant 16800:Hypergiant 16762:Quark-nova 16664:Near-Earth 16647:Physics of 16575:Supernovae 16535:25 October 16041:(3): L37. 15955:2004.02045 15948:(2): 153. 15733:1507.00839 15682:2201.09583 15100:2011.00035 15040:1801.01914 14857:2107.10113 14754:2011.03500 14695:2005.13160 14688:(2): L37. 14647:(3): 447. 14620:(2): 411. 14537:2103.02127 14415:1707.07454 14208:1904.08485 14201:(3): 351. 14143:(1): 185. 14089:1810.00098 13981:1708.08393 13920:(2): L15. 13821:1805.10811 13763:Supernovae 13255:2005.13855 13193:1802.01589 13186:(2): 107. 13074:1911.09112 12847:2203.03308 12782:1706.08410 12593:1512.08513 12159:(2): 988. 11887:2104.07493 11598:1806.10900 11538:1806.10900 11087:1602.04001 10934:(4): 161. 10833:1906.05812 10777:1908.02476 10686:(2): 164. 10574:1507.05823 10425:2011.02176 10412:Nat Astron 10388:9 February 10331:2111.12435 10253:1810.05181 10189:1706.09438 10182:(2): 170. 10124:(58): 44. 10067:1505.00270 10003:(2): L23. 9784:1706.04716 9718:(1): 774. 9627:(1): L14. 9572:(2): L84. 9529:1910.12874 9224:(2): 102. 9171:1704.08298 9164:(2): L25. 8734:(1): L49. 8678:(1): L13. 8595:2002.05077 8467:2205.05045 8155:1807.10199 7716:1911.00050 6758:1602.08098 6640:(2): 376. 6409:5 February 6348:10 January 6318:25 October 6169:2112.03863 6162:(2): 113. 6108:1710.00845 6101:(2): 101. 6072:25 October 5964:(2): 565. 5352:1802.09360 5258:1701.02596 5173:1609.02927 5112:1507.03010 4781:. p. 4774:Supernovae 4550:2105.12384 4543:(2): L33, 4449:2007.01013 4336:8 November 4274:16 October 4121:1510.08851 3871:Supernovae 3802:Supernovae 3788:required.) 3671:References 3635:Quark-nova 3559:Betelgeuse 3102:Supergiant 3084:Supergiant 3070:Supergiant 3057:Supergiant 3044:Wolf–Rayet 3026:Wolf–Rayet 2956:Progenitor 2884:(0.01) – 1 2836:Ejected Ni 2732:convection 2646:above 100 2620:around −17 2603:around −16 2592:roughly 15 2586:around −14 2569:around −17 2552:around −17 2541:roughly 25 2518:around −16 2501:around −17 2484:around −15 2476:around 60 2473:approx. 19 2409:hypernovae 2371:Messier 61 2266:degenerate 2246:SN 2019hgp 2155:luminosity 2022:Sun's core 1991:beta decay 1851:Faint II-P 1837:Faint II-P 1761:degenerate 1727:black hole 1592:shock wave 1397:"type IIb" 922:SN 2016gkg 714:Cassiopeia 671:Cassiopeia 650:Cassiopeia 454:extinction 439:Cassiopeia 380:1000 370:region of 297:, meaning 283:supernovas 262:supernovae 214:shock wave 181:, or by a 104:luminosity 96:black hole 88:progenitor 60:supernovas 56:supernovae 23743:Astronomy 23562:Supernova 23517:Obliquity 23502:Moonlight 23402:Astrology 23281:Astrolabe 23060:Piri Reis 23050:al-Khafri 23019:al-Wafa'i 23004:Ulugh Beg 22984:Ali Kuşçu 22958:al-Jadiri 22877:al-Abhari 22675:al-Biruni 22609:Ibn Yunus 22584:Al-Qabisi 22559:al-Khazin 22468:Al-Mahani 22295:Supernova 22190:Spin-flip 21816:TENKO-100 21693:MiniGRAIL 21657:Weber bar 21586:MiniGRAIL 21540:Detectors 21432:Astronomy 21185:Collapsar 21106:Hypernova 21008:Accretion 20991:R-process 20899:Structure 20894:Evolution 20889:Formation 20745:Satellite 20719:Discovery 20641:Hypernova 20624:Supernova 20566:Starquake 20295:AT2018hyz 19942:Gravastar 19932:Dark star 19765:Microlens 19638:Hypernova 19633:Micronova 19628:Supernova 19582:Formation 19310:Eclipsing 19210:Symbiotic 19197:Hypernova 19191:Supernova 19071:DY Persei 19010:Protostar 18831:Pulsating 18590:Brightest 18488:Magnitude 18468:Pole star 18389:Symbiotic 18384:Eclipsing 18316:Starlight 18117:Structure 18107:Supernova 18100:Micronova 18095:Recurrent 18080:Symbiotic 18065:p-process 18060:r-process 18055:s-process 18045:O burning 18035:C burning 18015:CNO cycle 17958:Gravastar 17494:Hypernova 17484:Supernova 17459:Dredge-up 17432:Blue loop 17425:super-AGB 17408:Red clump 17385:Evolution 17343:Protostar 17323:Accretion 17315:Formation 17053:iPTF14hls 16957:Discovery 16747:Micronova 16696:Neutrinos 16689:γ-process 16684:r-process 16679:p-process 16659:Foe/Bethe 16609:Hypernova 16471:118974639 16449:CiteSeerX 16412:119390151 16260:119293391 16235:0712.2111 16205:15 August 16180:15 August 16155:18 August 16132:119254840 16097:1008.2144 15982:0004-637X 15862:0004-637X 15840:(1): 29. 15815:216079684 15790:1310.2849 15701:0035-8711 15542:119803426 15534:0004-640X 15438:(3): 26. 15133:226227393 15125:1367-2630 15067:118997362 15033:(1): 10. 14983:1212.4250 14920:1302.3307 14890:253690001 14882:1432-0754 14795:226259246 14779:0028-0836 14722:218900539 14562:232105177 14509:121872365 14442:2054-5703 14358:0810.2803 14310:0036-8075 14006:118936429 13952:119221889 13927:1009.1000 13899:119290875 13874:1002.2153 13846:118951927 13814:(4): 67. 13628:119227339 13603:1301.1519 13575:118596795 13550:1207.3683 13494:1111.7003 13487:: L8–L2. 13466:118445879 13439:1109.4637 13382:0908.0700 13335:0035-8711 13308:0809.0403 13220:1538-4357 13160:1365-2966 13133:1401.4893 13101:0035-8711 13042:0004-637X 13015:1407.0483 13008:(1): 57. 12983:0004-6256 12934:0004-637X 12874:0035-8711 12815:119487775 12807:2470-0010 12731:1012.4565 12683:0028-0836 12658:0710.3314 12618:2470-0010 12561:0004-637X 12534:0710.5789 12477:0908.0700 12447:118417333 12420:1206.2503 12386:118463541 12361:1001.3428 12022:119002386 11997:1412.4984 11990:(1): 28. 11914:0004-637X 11850:ignored ( 11840:cite book 11792:119392207 11657:1006.4612 11625:0035-8711 11565:0035-8711 11506:119347211 11314:0908.0247 11249:1405.3332 11220:1538-4357 11196:(1): 74. 11171:0004-637X 11144:0908.2162 11034:0910.1590 10858:189762490 10802:199472802 10718:119292900 10693:1306.0559 10660:119212331 10633:1411.1761 10601:119116538 10450:226246044 10364:244527654 10286:0036-8075 10278:1095-9203 10224:119471204 10216:1538-4357 10156:118690361 10131:1306.2337 10102:0035-8711 10094:1365-2966 10010:1310.6356 9949:1310.4446 9893:1304.3320 9886:(2): 28. 9752:118535155 9725:1301.1975 9659:118395580 9634:1403.3400 9579:0805.1188 9522:(1): 53. 9478:1409.1536 9427:1409.0006 9359:116987470 9289:0705.4643 9256:118508934 9231:1101.3336 9031:118974639 9009:CiteSeerX 8959:0035-8711 8741:0811.3929 8710:119209527 8685:1203.5799 8620:211082844 8492:248665714 8386:1304.0763 8322:1408.1089 8291:118603977 8266:1212.2209 8259:(1): 57. 8235:118612081 8210:1301.1047 8180:118965737 8101:0908.2057 7998:0066-4146 7973:1312.0628 7941:119159904 7914:1201.2406 7757:207817150 7741:0036-8075 7676:D. Reidel 7211:0907.0057 7154:1308.0334 7087:0066-4146 6872:0906.2003 6840:125998037 6824:2397-3366 6777:0035-8711 6726:119243970 6701:1405.1428 6694:(2): 19. 6647:0902.2794 6530:CiteSeerX 6251:: 33–37. 6196:246652657 6045:CiteSeerX 5996:118187050 5954:≥ 0.35". 5800:0708.2749 5754:(2): 36. 5711:CiteSeerX 5665:119431247 5465:0803.1487 4967:206513073 4838:122727067 4641:227285055 4593:235195784 4585:2041-8205 4387:1009-9271 4323:0028-0836 4232:(1): 77. 4178:0805.4557 4148:119246128 4114:(1): 37. 4019:D. Reidel 3915:1117–1122 3746:: 15.01. 3718:0034-6861 3664:Hypernova 3658:Collapsar 3599:U Scorpii 3495:IK Pegasi 3483:nutrients 3459:biosphere 3405:magnetars 3318:s-process 3299:r-process 3238:SN 2009ip 3234:SN 2010jl 3230:SN 2005gy 3016:Fraction 2898:Hypernova 2870:1.3 – 1.4 2864:0.4 – 0.8 2824:Supernova 2806:half life 2691:Asymmetry 2609:around 15 2575:around 13 2558:around 20 2345:847 2300:N6946-BH1 2277:SN 2018zd 2234:0.1 2143:magnesium 1897:hypernova 1691:type IIan 1615:red giant 1519:accretion 1481:taxonomic 1430:but weak 1386:SN 2005gl 1336:SN 2002cx 1332:SN 2008ha 1316:SN 2018gv 1278:Type II-L 1269:Type II-P 1218:Type Ib/c 999:Neutrinos 903:SN 2013fs 860:gamma ray 797:telescope 729:1800–1900 692:Ophiuchus 613:certain: 537:Centaurus 385:. Later, 368:Burzahama 338:100 309:supernova 254:supernova 252:The word 248:Etymology 179:accretion 127:naked eye 115:Milky Way 64:explosion 48:supernova 23636:Maragheh 23587:Universe 23557:Sunlight 23522:Parallax 23512:Muwaqqit 23452:Ecliptic 23385:Concepts 23351:Quadrant 23271:Aperture 22786:Averroes 22756:Avempace 22700:Avicenna 22634:Nastulus 22624:al-Sijzi 22549:Al-Adami 22463:Al-Kindi 22297:or from 22215:Carried 22205:h strain 22195:Redshift 22169:Graviton 22077:GW200105 22071:GW190814 22065:GW190521 22060:GW190412 22050:GW170817 22045:GW170814 22040:GW170608 22035:GW170104 22030:GW151226 21965:NANOGrav 21912:Proposed 21846:Proposed 21806:TAMA 300 21709:Graviton 21666:Proposed 21607:EXPLORER 21566:NAUTILUS 21551:antennas 21250:Neutrino 21245:Electron 21163:Magnetar 21051:Collapse 20873:collapse 20818:Category 20646:Kilonova 20473:Be/X-ray 20405:Magnetar 20318:Category 20205:A0620-00 20164:Wormhole 20062:Big Bang 19962:Fuzzball 19845:ER = EPR 19711:Theorems 19509:Electron 19504:Extremal 19434:Rotating 19235:Rotating 19002:Eruptive 18887:RR Lyrae 18880:RV Tauri 18840:Cepheids 18769:Category 18664:Remnants 18560:Extremes 18520:Parallax 18493:Apparent 18483:Asterism 18461:Sunlight 18411:Globular 18396:Multiple 18321:Variable 18311:Rotation 18271:Dynamics 18162:Starspot 17836:Magnetar 17779:Remnants 17595:Subgiant 17568:Subdwarf 17420:post-AGB 17162:Research 17068:Kepler's 17010:Remnants 16897:magnetar 16868:Remnants 16772:Imposter 16737:Kilonova 16196:"Mimosa" 16073:18163131 15918:14 April 15758:56093231 15726:: A110. 15597:15078077 15417:. e9898. 15415:36937070 15406:10019915 15353:23 March 15239:23162505 15231:15525065 15186:17932224 15008:34040033 14953:29815601 14945:23413352 14850:(1): 2. 14823:19 March 14814:MIT News 14787:33149290 14460:28878972 14326:59565697 14318:30705182 14175:18179704 14122:73612090 14114:31068724 14061:15967473 13767:Springer 13745:16257700 13690:59565697 13682:30705182 13519:55001976 13407:55900386 12691:18004378 12626:16452722 12502:55900386 12236:34349443 12228:12183617 12075:37572204 11880:(1): 9. 11684:59467555 11341:10283901 11274:25164750 11112:53380594 11059:42058638 10952:Archived 10909:46408677 10901:17829358 10530:Archived 10522:RTE News 10491:Archived 10454:Archived 10356:35022591 10302:52961306 10294:30309948 10035:50835291 9974:24132291 9918:13122542 9864:18132819 9351:15218132 9314:18334243 9198:19266567 8897:28163639 8853:(1): 2. 8826:15819376 8766:17627678 8562:59065632 8411:51415846 8379:(1): 3. 8347:25100479 8148:: A124. 8126:13990681 8062:16988705 8006:55533680 7816:15728812 7749:31672866 7657:10210550 7511:Archived 7408:20 March 7402:Archived 7357:16408991 7349:17289993 7291:16667595 7236:14301164 7181:27316605 7112:Archived 6956:: 1941. 6897:20485429 6672:13855329 6602:: 2303. 6562:15171296 6403:Archived 6385:50403827 6342:Archived 6312:Archived 6288:20 March 6279:Archived 6135:54676349 6063:Archived 5825:53135988 5562:Archived 5490:67766657 5377:29469097 5313:Archived 5283:29600801 5221:Archived 5198:73645264 5145:31444274 5137:26816375 4959:18511676 4758:16587881 4691:: 1330. 4254:54914821 4211:40884513 4203:18511684 3907:(1978). 3843:Archived 3619:Kilonova 3613:See also 3577:system. 3359:Big Bang 3303:neutrons 3249:WO stars 3245:WC stars 3209:☉ 3192:☉ 3177:☉ 3155:☉ 3148:☉ 2924:0.5 – 50 2810:positron 2804:(with a 2792:. Ni is 2784:mass is 2778:neutrino 2772:and the 2725:neutrino 2643:above 50 2595:unknown 2493:unknown 2330:SN 1987A 2308:infrared 2304:NGC 6946 2281:NGC 2146 2239:☉ 2224:magnetar 2213:WO stars 2166:☉ 2135:☉ 2128:☉ 2121:☉ 2111:SN 1997D 2089:☉ 2082:☉ 2075:positron 2071:electron 2048:☉ 2026:flavours 1824:Remnant 1698:HD 74438 1687:type IIa 1683:type Ian 1663:type Iax 1609:off the 1581:10 1472:NGC 1365 1440:NGC 1058 1436:SN 1961V 1424:NGC 3003 1420:NGC 4303 1416:SN 1961i 1393:SN 1993J 1354:hydrogen 1296:Type IIb 1287:Type IIn 1164:hydrogen 1150:and the 1120:SN 2003C 1078:Kepler's 1070:infrared 1034:redshift 915:NGC 7610 892:☉ 813:NGC 5253 809:SN 1895B 801:SN 1885A 784:certain 764:certain 579:Scorpius 446:G1.9+0.3 256:has the 230:rubidium 222:elements 177:through 136:SN 1987A 131:remnants 41:NGC 4526 33:SN 1994D 23803:Science 23755:Physics 23729:Portals 23492:Inertia 23482:Gravity 23417:Azimuth 23366:Sundial 23356:Sextant 23306:Dioptra 23296:Compass 23261:Alidade 22872:al-Urdi 22695:Alhazen 22619:Ma Yize 22564:al-Qūhī 22539:al-Sufi 22317:sources 22301:sources 22299:unknown 22118:B-modes 22087:Methods 22052:(first 21929:TianQin 21896:Planned 21830:Planned 21647:GEOGRAV 21617:ALLEGRO 21307:More... 21240:Neutron 21127:More... 21121:Remnant 21096:Type II 21086:Type Ia 20828:Commons 20590:Related 20541:Optical 20499:Blitzar 20478:Spin-up 20328:Commons 20290:P172+18 20245:TON 618 20183:Notable 20035:Related 20021:Quasars 20016:Nearest 19976:Analogs 19906:Hayward 19874:Metrics 19519:Stellar 19444:Virtual 19439:Charged 19408:Outline 19040:T Tauri 18867:Type II 18736:Gravity 18685:Related 18605:Nearest 18553:Chinese 18401:Cluster 18374:Contact 18211:Proplyd 18085:Remnant 17973:Blitzar 17947:Hawking 17903:Strange 17853:Burster 17809:Neutron 17762:Extreme 17713:He-weak 17358:T Tauri 17169:ASAS-SN 17063:Tycho's 17041:SN 1054 17024:Notable 16995:Notable 16705:Related 16582:Classes 16441:Bibcode 16392:Bibcode 16322:Bibcode 16293:Bibcode 16240:Bibcode 16171:"Acrux" 16146:"Regor" 16102:Bibcode 16053:Bibcode 16015:Bibcode 16003:: 903. 15960:Bibcode 15842:Bibcode 15795:Bibcode 15783:: A72. 15738:Bibcode 15650:6142859 15630:Bibcode 15577:Bibcode 15514:Bibcode 15473:Bibcode 15440:Bibcode 15385:Bibcode 15317:Bibcode 15294:2786806 15274:Bibcode 15211:Bibcode 15166:Bibcode 15105:Bibcode 15045:Bibcode 14988:Bibcode 14925:Bibcode 14906:Science 14862:Bibcode 14759:Bibcode 14700:Bibcode 14649:Bibcode 14622:Bibcode 14595:Bibcode 14583:: 791. 14542:Bibcode 14487:Bibcode 14451:5579087 14420:Bibcode 14383:8703787 14363:Bibcode 14288:Bibcode 14280:Science 14244:Bibcode 14242:: 159. 14213:Bibcode 14155:Bibcode 14094:Bibcode 14041:Bibcode 13986:Bibcode 13932:Bibcode 13879:Bibcode 13826:Bibcode 13771:Bibcode 13725:Bibcode 13660:Bibcode 13652:Science 13608:Bibcode 13555:Bibcode 13543:: L11. 13499:Bibcode 13444:Bibcode 13387:Bibcode 13343:3228766 13313:Bibcode 13260:Bibcode 13198:Bibcode 13138:Bibcode 13079:Bibcode 13020:Bibcode 12961:Bibcode 12912:Bibcode 12852:Bibcode 12787:Bibcode 12736:Bibcode 12699:2925738 12663:Bibcode 12598:Bibcode 12539:Bibcode 12482:Bibcode 12425:Bibcode 12366:Bibcode 12320:Bibcode 12297:2502919 12289:9190677 12269:Bibcode 12251:Science 12208:Science 12193:9324294 12171:Bibcode 12129:2923640 12109:Bibcode 12055:Bibcode 12002:Bibcode 11969:1473584 11949:Bibcode 11892:Bibcode 11828:Bibcode 11772:Bibcode 11737:5697964 11717:Bibcode 11662:Bibcode 11603:Bibcode 11543:Bibcode 11484:Bibcode 11435:Bibcode 11406:Bibcode 11366:Bibcode 11319:Bibcode 11254:Bibcode 11198:Bibcode 11149:Bibcode 11092:Bibcode 11080:: A53. 11039:Bibcode 11006:4313713 10986:Bibcode 10958:16 June 10936:Bibcode 10881:Bibcode 10873:Science 10838:Bibcode 10826:: A73. 10782:Bibcode 10698:Bibcode 10638:Bibcode 10579:Bibcode 10543:itself. 10430:Bibcode 10336:Bibcode 10258:Bibcode 10240:Science 10194:Bibcode 10136:Bibcode 10072:Bibcode 10015:Bibcode 9982:4472977 9954:Bibcode 9898:Bibcode 9842:Bibcode 9789:Bibcode 9730:Bibcode 9682:Bibcode 9639:Bibcode 9604:1435322 9584:Bibcode 9534:Bibcode 9483:Bibcode 9432:Bibcode 9330:Science 9294:Bibcode 9236:Bibcode 9176:Bibcode 9122:Bibcode 9054:Bibcode 9001:Bibcode 8937:Bibcode 8888:5253977 8865:Bibcode 8806:Bibcode 8746:Bibcode 8690:Bibcode 8643:Bibcode 8600:Bibcode 8588:: A56. 8542:Bibcode 8472:Bibcode 8434:Bibcode 8391:Bibcode 8355:4464556 8327:Bibcode 8271:Bibcode 8215:Bibcode 8182:. A124. 8160:Bibcode 8106:Bibcode 8070:4419069 8042:Bibcode 7978:Bibcode 7919:Bibcode 7876:Bibcode 7874:: 435. 7841:Bibcode 7796:Bibcode 7721:Bibcode 7703:Science 7680:Bibcode 7637:Bibcode 7595:2849060 7575:Bibcode 7536:Bibcode 7476:9288287 7446:Bibcode 7386:Bibcode 7329:Bibcode 7310:Science 7271:Bibcode 7216:Bibcode 7159:Bibcode 7118:14 June 7067:Bibcode 7036:Bibcode 6999:Bibcode 6997:: 514. 6958:Bibcode 6931:Bibcode 6929:: 287. 6905:4368207 6877:Bibcode 6832:1456969 6804:Bibcode 6706:Bibcode 6652:Bibcode 6604:Bibcode 6460:Bibcode 6253:Bibcode 6219:8 March 6174:Bibcode 6113:Bibcode 6037:Bibcode 5976:Bibcode 5936:8894913 5916:Bibcode 5865:Bibcode 5805:Bibcode 5766:Bibcode 5733:5803494 5703:Bibcode 5645:Bibcode 5633:: 114. 5589:Bibcode 5515:Bibcode 5513:: 623. 5470:Bibcode 5433:11 June 5408:11 June 5385:4383303 5357:Bibcode 5263:Bibcode 5178:Bibcode 5117:Bibcode 5099:Science 5081:11 June 5058:4430526 5038:Bibcode 5012:4426317 4992:Bibcode 4938:Science 4908:Bibcode 4867:Bibcode 4818:Bibcode 4749:1076395 4726:Bibcode 4693:Bibcode 4619:Bibcode 4617:: L13. 4555:Bibcode 4523:1626564 4503:Bibcode 4454:Bibcode 4365:Bibcode 4331:4240119 4303:Bibcode 4234:Bibcode 4183:Bibcode 4164:Science 4126:Bibcode 4050:Bibcode 4048:: 1–9. 4023:Bibcode 3970:1626564 3950:Bibcode 3748:Bibcode 3698:Bibcode 3563:Antares 3526:around 3502:parsecs 3467:Iron-60 3429:protons 3376:planets 3367:lithium 2858:Type Ia 2713:pulsars 2703:in the 2652:Notes: 2640:above 5 2629:50–150 2538:above 5 2527:40–100 2510:40–100 2341:photons 2260:of the 2209:type WC 2095:Type II 2067:photons 1702:IC 2391 1636:-56 to 1515:runaway 1374:type II 1360:Type II 1248:Type II 1240:Type Ic 1224:Type Ib 1201:silicon 1198:ionised 1193:Type Ia 1172:Type II 1160:spectra 1085:SN 1604 1074:optical 926:Rosario 852:nebulae 825:Caltech 803:in the 418:SN 1604 414:SN 1572 403:SN 1054 395:SN 1006 372:Kashmir 340:billion 200:fusion. 171:runaway 142:in the 23467:Galaxy 23462:Equant 23397:Apogee 23341:Octant 23118:Topics 22291:Burst 22217:energy 22147:Theory 22013:Events 21924:DECIGO 21765:GEO600 21738:Active 21642:ALTAIR 21576:AURIGA 21559:Active 21235:Proton 21158:Quasar 21153:Pulsar 21116:Nebula 20526:Glitch 20441:Binary 20389:Pulsar 20265:3C 273 20255:NeVe 1 20235:OJ 287 19957:Q star 19823:Issues 19556:Blazar 19546:Quasar 19291:Pulsar 18851:Type I 18726:Galaxy 18714:Planet 18702:Desert 18610:bright 18548:Arabic 18369:Binary 18189:Bubble 17913:Planck 17888:Exotic 17824:Binary 17819:Pulsar 17757:Helium 17718:Barium 17661:Carbon 17654:Yellow 17642:Yellow 17615:Yellow 17454:PG1159 16919:exotic 16892:pulsar 16837:yellow 16805:yellow 16712:Failed 16516:GitHub 16469: 16451: 16410: 16359: 16340: 16258: 16130: 16120: 16071: 15980: 15891: 15860: 15813: 15756: 15699: 15648: 15595: 15540: 15532: 15413: 15403: 15292: 15237: 15229: 15184: 15131: 15123: 15065: 15006: 14951: 14943: 14888: 14880: 14793: 14785: 14777: 14741:Nature 14720: 14641:Icarus 14560: 14507: 14458: 14448: 14440: 14381: 14324: 14316: 14308: 14173: 14137:Icarus 14120: 14112: 14076:Nature 14059: 14004: 13950: 13897: 13844: 13789: 13743: 13688: 13680: 13626: 13596:: L7. 13573: 13517: 13464: 13405: 13341: 13333: 13218: 13158: 13099: 13040: 12981: 12932: 12872: 12813: 12805: 12697: 12689: 12681: 12645:Nature 12624: 12616: 12559: 12500: 12445: 12384: 12295: 12287: 12234: 12226: 12191: 12127: 12073: 12020: 11967: 11912: 11790: 11735: 11682: 11623: 11563: 11504: 11394:: 34. 11339: 11282:917374 11280: 11272: 11236:Nature 11218: 11169: 11110: 11057: 11004: 10978:Nature 10907: 10899: 10856: 10800: 10742: 10716: 10658: 10599: 10536:1 July 10497:1 July 10460:1 July 10448: 10362: 10354: 10318:Nature 10300: 10292: 10284: 10276: 10222: 10214: 10154: 10100: 10092: 10033: 9980: 9972: 9935:Nature 9916: 9862: 9750: 9657: 9602: 9388: 9357: 9349: 9312: 9254: 9196: 9064: 9029: 9011: 8957: 8895: 8885: 8824: 8764: 8708: 8618: 8560: 8490: 8409: 8353: 8345: 8308:Nature 8289: 8233: 8178: 8124: 8068: 8060: 8023:Nature 8004: 7996: 7939: 7814: 7755: 7747: 7739: 7655: 7593: 7503: 7474: 7464: 7355: 7347: 7289: 7234: 7179: 7085: 6903: 6895: 6859:Nature 6838: 6830: 6822: 6775: 6724: 6670: 6560: 6550: 6532: 6478: 6383: 6373: 6194: 6133: 6047: 5994: 5934: 5823: 5731: 5713: 5663: 5599: 5554: 5488: 5383: 5375: 5338:Nature 5319:15 May 5281: 5196: 5143: 5135: 5056: 5029:Nature 5010: 4983:Nature 4965: 4957: 4836: 4789: 4756: 4746: 4664: 4639: 4591: 4583: 4521: 4410: 4385: 4329: 4321: 4295:Nature 4252: 4209: 4201: 4146: 4081: 3996: 3968: 3887: 3852:29 May 3813: 3716: 3591:WR 104 3579:Mimosa 3565:, and 3524:nebula 3425:IC 443 3363:helium 3204: 3187: 3172: 3107:12.1% 3061:55.5% 3048:17.0% 2873:~0.01 2853:(foe) 2701:pulsar 2637:to −22 2535:to −22 2396:B band 2018:kelvin 1634:cobalt 1630:nickel 1607:evolve 1588:unbind 1541:oxygen 1537:carbon 1508:ignite 1350:helium 1306:Type I 1228:helium 1187:Type I 1176:Type I 1072:, and 989:. The 913:named 629:Taurus 617:known 422:Europe 387:SN 185 344:galaxy 258:plural 226:oxygen 129:. The 108:galaxy 23779:China 23532:Qibla 23321:Globe 23128:Works 21991:PyCBC 21780:KAGRA 21749:ACIGA 21704:SFERA 21689:GRAIL 21652:AGATA 21627:NIOBE 20881:Stars 20778:Other 20726:LGM-1 20377:Types 19998:Lists 19499:Micro 19469:Rogue 19417:Types 19318:Algol 19177:Polar 19120:Flare 19113:Other 19027:Orion 18972:Other 18731:Guest 18535:Lists 18416:Super 18070:Fusor 17943:Black 17928:Quark 17908:Preon 17893:Boson 17829:X-ray 17745:Shell 17698:Ap/Bp 17600:Giant 17518:Early 17464:OH/IR 17294:Stars 16983:Lists 16924:quark 16467:S2CID 16431:arXiv 16408:S2CID 16382:arXiv 16283:arXiv 16256:S2CID 16230:arXiv 16128:S2CID 16092:arXiv 16069:S2CID 16043:arXiv 16005:arXiv 15950:arXiv 15811:S2CID 15785:arXiv 15754:S2CID 15728:arXiv 15677:arXiv 15646:S2CID 15620:arXiv 15593:S2CID 15567:arXiv 15538:S2CID 15290:S2CID 15264:arXiv 15235:S2CID 15182:S2CID 15156:arXiv 15129:S2CID 15095:arXiv 15063:S2CID 15035:arXiv 15004:S2CID 14978:arXiv 14949:S2CID 14915:arXiv 14886:S2CID 14852:arXiv 14791:S2CID 14749:arXiv 14718:S2CID 14690:arXiv 14585:arXiv 14558:S2CID 14532:arXiv 14505:S2CID 14410:arXiv 14379:S2CID 14353:arXiv 14322:S2CID 14203:arXiv 14171:S2CID 14145:arXiv 14118:S2CID 14084:arXiv 14057:S2CID 14031:arXiv 14002:S2CID 13976:arXiv 13948:S2CID 13922:arXiv 13895:S2CID 13869:arXiv 13842:S2CID 13816:arXiv 13741:S2CID 13715:arXiv 13686:S2CID 13624:S2CID 13598:arXiv 13571:S2CID 13545:arXiv 13515:S2CID 13489:arXiv 13462:S2CID 13434:arXiv 13403:S2CID 13377:arXiv 13339:S2CID 13303:arXiv 13250:arXiv 13188:arXiv 13128:arXiv 13069:arXiv 13010:arXiv 12902:arXiv 12842:arXiv 12811:S2CID 12777:arXiv 12726:arXiv 12695:S2CID 12653:arXiv 12622:S2CID 12588:arXiv 12529:arXiv 12498:S2CID 12472:arXiv 12443:S2CID 12415:arXiv 12382:S2CID 12356:arXiv 12293:S2CID 12259:arXiv 12232:S2CID 12189:S2CID 12161:arXiv 12125:S2CID 12099:arXiv 12071:S2CID 12045:arXiv 12018:S2CID 11992:arXiv 11965:S2CID 11939:arXiv 11882:arXiv 11818:arXiv 11788:S2CID 11762:arXiv 11733:S2CID 11707:arXiv 11680:S2CID 11652:arXiv 11593:arXiv 11533:arXiv 11502:S2CID 11474:arXiv 11396:arXiv 11337:S2CID 11309:arXiv 11278:S2CID 11244:arXiv 11139:arXiv 11108:S2CID 11082:arXiv 11055:S2CID 11029:arXiv 11002:S2CID 10905:S2CID 10854:S2CID 10828:arXiv 10798:S2CID 10772:arXiv 10714:S2CID 10688:arXiv 10656:S2CID 10628:arXiv 10597:S2CID 10569:arXiv 10446:S2CID 10420:arXiv 10360:S2CID 10326:arXiv 10298:S2CID 10274:eISSN 10248:arXiv 10220:S2CID 10212:eISSN 10184:arXiv 10152:S2CID 10126:arXiv 10090:eISSN 10062:arXiv 10031:S2CID 10005:arXiv 9978:S2CID 9944:arXiv 9914:S2CID 9888:arXiv 9860:S2CID 9832:arXiv 9779:arXiv 9748:S2CID 9720:arXiv 9655:S2CID 9629:arXiv 9600:S2CID 9574:arXiv 9524:arXiv 9473:arXiv 9422:arXiv 9355:S2CID 9310:S2CID 9284:arXiv 9252:S2CID 9226:arXiv 9194:S2CID 9166:arXiv 9087:arXiv 9027:S2CID 8991:arXiv 8927:arXiv 8855:arXiv 8822:S2CID 8796:arXiv 8762:S2CID 8736:arXiv 8706:S2CID 8680:arXiv 8616:S2CID 8590:arXiv 8558:S2CID 8532:arXiv 8488:S2CID 8462:arXiv 8407:S2CID 8381:arXiv 8351:S2CID 8317:arXiv 8287:S2CID 8261:arXiv 8231:S2CID 8205:arXiv 8176:S2CID 8150:arXiv 8122:S2CID 8096:arXiv 8066:S2CID 8032:arXiv 8002:S2CID 7968:arXiv 7937:S2CID 7909:arXiv 7812:S2CID 7786:arXiv 7753:S2CID 7711:arXiv 7653:S2CID 7627:arXiv 7591:S2CID 7565:arXiv 7472:S2CID 7436:arXiv 7353:S2CID 7319:arXiv 7287:S2CID 7261:arXiv 7232:S2CID 7206:arXiv 7177:S2CID 7149:arXiv 6901:S2CID 6867:arXiv 6836:S2CID 6753:arXiv 6722:S2CID 6696:arXiv 6668:S2CID 6642:arXiv 6558:S2CID 6520:arXiv 6450:arXiv 6282:(PDF) 6239:(PDF) 6192:S2CID 6164:arXiv 6131:S2CID 6103:arXiv 6066:(PDF) 6027:arXiv 6015:(PDF) 5992:S2CID 5966:arXiv 5932:S2CID 5906:arXiv 5855:arXiv 5821:S2CID 5795:arXiv 5756:arXiv 5729:S2CID 5693:arXiv 5661:S2CID 5635:arXiv 5486:S2CID 5460:arXiv 5381:S2CID 5347:arXiv 5279:S2CID 5253:arXiv 5194:S2CID 5168:arXiv 5141:S2CID 5107:arXiv 5054:S2CID 5008:S2CID 4963:S2CID 4834:S2CID 4637:S2CID 4589:S2CID 4545:arXiv 4519:S2CID 4493:arXiv 4444:arXiv 4327:S2CID 4250:S2CID 4207:S2CID 4173:arXiv 4144:S2CID 4116:arXiv 3966:S2CID 3940:arXiv 3883:–16. 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