70:
47:
462:. The discovery of the principle of the valve tower, or valve pit, (Bisokotuwa in Sinhalese) for regulating the escape of water is credited to ingenuity more than 2,000 years ago. By the first century AD, several large-scale irrigation works had been completed. Macro- and micro-hydraulics to provide for domestic horticultural and agricultural needs, surface drainage and erosion control, ornamental and recreational water courses and retaining structures and also cooling systems were in place in
444:
254:
521:
55:
785:
or principle states that for an incompressible fluid at rest, the difference in pressure is proportional to the difference in height, and this difference remains the same whether or not the overall pressure of the fluid is changed by applying an external force. This implies that by increasing the
984:
762:
or "On the
Measurement of Running Waters," one of the foundations of modern hydrodynamics. He served as a chief consultant to the Pope on hydraulic projects, i.e., management of rivers in the Papal States, beginning in 1626.
786:
pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other end in the container, i.e., any change in pressure applied at any point of the liquid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluids.
989:
Assuming an incompressible fluid or a "very large" ratio of compressibility to contained fluid volume, a finite rate of pressure rise requires that any net flow into the collected fluid volume create a volumetric change.
781:, which multiplied a smaller force acting on a smaller area into the application of a larger force totaled over a larger area, transmitted through the same pressure (or exact change of pressure) at both locations.
1665:
Museum, Victoria and Albert. "Catalogue of the mechanical engineering collection in the
Science Division of the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, with descriptive and historical notes." Ulan Press.
582:
was one of the largest of their mines. At least seven long aqueducts worked it, and the water streams were used to erode the soft deposits, and then wash the tailings for the valuable gold content.
1045:
470:
for collecting water. Large ancient reservoirs of Sri Lanka are
Kalawewa (King Dhatusena), Parakrama Samudra (King Parakrama Bahu), Tisa Wewa (King Dutugamunu), Minneriya (King Mahasen)
777:(1623–1662) studied fluid hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids. His discovery on the theory behind hydraulics led to his invention of the
2048:
75:
798:(1797–1869) researched the flow of blood through the body and discovered an important law governing the rate of flow with the diameter of the tube in which flow occurred.
893:
1157:
Meldrum, David R.; Burnett, Arthur L.; Dorey, Grace; Esposito, Katherine; Ignarro, Louis J. (2014). "Erectile
Hydraulics: Maximizing Inflow While Minimizing Outflow".
1131:
1759:
Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial
Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe,"
2138:
2122:
1539:
1956:
1500:
1782:
766:
The science and engineering of water in Italy from 1500-1800 in books and manuscripts is presented in an illustrated catalog published in 2022.
1571:
2055:
1116:
2080:
1899:
243:
176:
liquids. Hydraulic topics range through some parts of science and most of engineering modules, and they cover concepts such as pipe
1799:
329:, an underground aqueduct, around the 9th century BC. Several of Iran's large, ancient gardens were irrigated thanks to Qanats.
164:
provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on applied engineering using the properties of fluids. In its
1262:
815:
494:. An early example of the usage of hydraulic wheel, probably the earliest in Europe, is the Perachora wheel (3rd century BC).
2106:
1476:
1410:
1382:
1303:
1089:
2165:
1402:
1320:
306:
1935:
The
Science and Engineering of Water: An Illustrated Catalogue of Books and Manuscripts on Italian Hydraulics 1500-1800.
1597:
2351:
692:, including water clocks, a device to serve wine, and five devices to lift water from rivers or pools. These include
1135:
2387:
2022:
795:
2402:
1946:
Sutera and Skalak, Salvatore and
Richard. The History of Poiseuille's Law. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1993. 25: 1-19.
654:. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from
1426:
Stavros I. Yannopoulos; Gerasimos
Lyberatos; Nicolaos Theodossiou; Wang Li; Mohammad Valipour; Aldo Tamburrino;
119:
2397:
2356:
1546:
819:
188:, and fluid control circuitry. The principles of hydraulics are in use naturally in the human body within the
69:
1982:
17:
1825:
Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators",
599:
400:
887:
yields a fundamental relationship between pressure, fluid flow, and volumetric expansion, as shown below:
711:, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated water-powered
482:, the Greeks constructed sophisticated water and hydraulic power systems. An example is a construction by
2382:
2234:
2224:
98:
2361:
1867:
1779:
682:
as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines.
513:(c. 10 – 80 AD) is notable. Hero describes several working machines using hydraulic power, such as the
31:
2239:
2229:
721:
1425:
979:{\displaystyle {\frac {dp}{dt}}={\frac {\beta }{V}}\left(\sum _{\text{in}}Q-{\frac {dV}{dt}}\right)}
2219:
2158:
1005:
1996:
517:, which is known from many Roman sites as having been used for raising water and in fire engines.
2310:
1903:
1575:
865:
807:
614:
complexes. A variety of water-powered industrial mills were used in the
Islamic world, including
536:
359:
in the 4th century BC, specifically in the
Persian Empire before 350 BCE, in the regions of
73:
Illustration of hydraulic and hydrostatic, from the "Table of Hydraulics and Hydrostatics", from
1241:"Du rythme naturel au rythme humain : vie et mort d'une technique traditionnelle, le qanat"
535:, different hydraulic applications were developed, including public water supplies, innumerable
2330:
2295:
91:
1396:
818:(1810–1900) perfected the apparatus for power delivery on an industrial scale. In London, the
2275:
2254:
2203:
1240:
1025:
849:
After students understand the basic principles of hydraulics, some teachers use a hydraulic
1735:
1427:
1050:
880:
177:
1270:
1110:
8:
2392:
2270:
2151:
1518:
1398:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
1030:
524:
491:
286:
231:
38:
1780:
Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering
1702:
810:
in the 19th century, to operate machinery such as lifts, cranes, capstans and the like.
2300:
2290:
1775:
1727:
1648:
1640:
1494:
1356:
1348:
1020:
861:
uses water flowing through hydraulic components to help students learn about economics.
823:
751:
708:
688:(1136–1206) described designs for 50 devices, many of them water-powered, in his book,
595:
570:
Hydraulic mining was used in the gold-fields of northern Spain, which was conquered by
510:
427:. Zhang Heng was the first to employ hydraulics to provide motive power in rotating an
333:
1838:
725:, in the 9th century. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented water-powered programmable automata/
2285:
2244:
2102:
2074:
1976:
1881:
1652:
1482:
1472:
1406:
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227:
46:
1871:
1834:
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1447:
1332:
1166:
1035:
540:
428:
80:
737:, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns.
168:
applications, hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of
2315:
2305:
2280:
2248:
2193:
1858:
1854:"Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music"
1786:
1293:
1015:
884:
858:
782:
778:
755:
704:
193:
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137:
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298:
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1853:
1636:
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1885:
1601:
1344:
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1000:
811:
774:
671:
454:
In ancient Sri Lanka, hydraulics were widely used in the ancient kingdoms of
420:
380:
305:
constructed an intricate system of water mills, canals and dams known as the
266:
1916:
1486:
834:, but there were schemes restricted to single enterprises such as docks and
443:
1178:
831:
734:
667:
659:
591:
532:
455:
325:
as "a masterpiece of creative genius". They were also the inventors of the
203:
253:
2198:
1432:"Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide"
1010:
693:
663:
627:
607:
579:
459:
348:
341:
277:
had been used since the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of
274:
262:
165:
141:
1644:
1046:
International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research
868:
uses hydraulic principles to help students learn about thermal circuits.
1800:"800 Years Later: In Memory of Al-Jazari, A Genius Mechanical Engineer"
1467:
Fu, Chunjiang; Liping., Yang; N., Han, Y.; Editorial., Asiapac (2006).
1352:
1120:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
1060:
838:
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153:
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and finished by a group of Roman engineers captured by Sassanian king
1677:
1452:
1431:
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685:
651:
635:
619:
575:
506:
483:
424:
388:
384:
352:
145:
125:
104:
1336:
148:, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of
1997:"William George Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Cragside (1810-1900)"
1295:
L'hydraulique dans les civilisations anciennes: 5000 ans d'histoire
875:
uses hydraulic principles to help students learn about electronics.
678:
in watermills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of
571:
560:
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463:
448:
408:
318:
314:
302:
185:
173:
133:
2133:
1375:
Stronger than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel
1574:. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. Archived from
1109:
850:
835:
631:
615:
611:
564:
548:
467:
416:
404:
219:
152:. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of
2134:
IAHR media library Web resource of photos, animation & video
2128:
1466:
466:, Sri Lanka. The coral on the massive rock at the site includes
544:
392:
337:
322:
149:
54:
1963:. 23 March 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2006
1852:
Kapur, Ajay; Carnegie, Dale; Murphy, Jim; Long, Jason (2017).
1623:
Tomlinson, R. A. (2013). "The Perachora Waterworks: Addenda".
2143:
726:
712:
487:
368:
326:
282:
278:
211:
207:
112:
745:
703:
were water-powered devices developed in the Muslim world. A
1443:
1156:
1132:"The Circulatory System: The Hydraulics of the Human Heart"
679:
675:
556:
364:
360:
215:
76:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
2023:"Subterranea Britannica: Sites: Hydraulic power in London"
1806:. The Foundation for Science, Technology, and Civilisation
1734:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
1545:. USA Government, Department of Army. 1990. Archived from
822:
was a major supplier its pipes serving large parts of the
733:
musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable
552:
223:
181:
157:
563:
systems for domestic and public supply, such as feeding
551:
on a large scale to prospect for and then extract metal
1851:
896:
690:
The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
486:, under a public contract, of a watering channel for
332:
The Qanat spread to neighboring areas, including the
1917:"The Galileo Project – Science – Benedetto Castelli"
340:undertook significant hydraulic works, such as the
336:. There, starting in the early 8th century BC, the
978:
853:to help students learn other things. For example:
501:, the construction of the first hydraulic machine
602:(8th–13th centuries), engineers made wide use of
2374:
789:
30:"Hydraulic" redirects here. For other uses, see
696:and a reciprocating device with hinged valves.
543:. They were among the first to make use of the
1600:. Sam Houston State University. Archived from
273:has been used since the 6th millennium BC and
2159:
2099:Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science
1732:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
1499:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
740:
292:
248:
1900:A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)
1079:
65:deals with uniform and non-uniform streams.
2166:
2152:
1797:
1625:The Annual of the British School at Athens
1875:
1622:
1469:Origins of Chinese science and technology
1451:
1220:
746:Benedetto Castelli and Italian Hydraulics
403:(200 – 265 AD), while medieval China had
244:Timeline of fluid and continuum mechanics
202:is the branch of hydraulics dealing with
1824:
1818:
1104:
547:to carry water across valleys, and used
519:
442:
252:
68:
53:
45:
2097:Rāshid, Rushdī; Morelon, Régis (1996),
1892:
1291:
1263:"The qanats of Iran · Edward Goldsmith"
1238:
814:(1748–1814) was an early innovator and
585:
261:Early uses of water power date back to
14:
2375:
2079:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1769:
1709:(in European Spanish). 30 October 2014
1318:
1197:"Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System"
1190:
1188:
2147:
1798:Al-Hassani, Salim (30 January 2008).
1753:
1707:Castilla y León World Heritage UNESCO
1403:Springer Science & Business Media
1394:
27:Applied engineering involving liquids
1234:
1232:
473:
307:Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System
301:or previous entities in Persia, the
1185:
844:
37:For the mechanical technology, see
24:
1675:
1312:
1194:
806:Several cities developed citywide
694:an endless belt with jugs attached
25:
2414:
2123:Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics
2116:
1285:
1229:
285:system in ancient Persia and the
1598:"Traditional SriLanka or Ceylon"
1298:(in French). Presses des Ponts.
883:requirement combined with fluid
769:
760:Della Misura dell'Acque Correnti
2041:
2015:
1989:
1949:
1940:
1927:
1909:
1845:
1791:
1741:
1721:
1695:
1676:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1669:
1659:
1616:
1590:
1564:
1532:
1507:
1460:
1419:
1388:
1367:
1269:. 14 April 2013. Archived from
1195:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1084:, Asakurae Shoten, p. 17,
411:(1031–1095). Du Shi employed a
2173:
1292:Viollet, Pierre-Louis (2004).
1255:
1214:
1159:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
1150:
1124:
1098:
1073:
820:London Hydraulic Power Company
527:, a 1st-century AD masterpiece
13:
1:
2090:
1839:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2
790:Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille
719:brothers, described in their
670:. Muslim engineers also used
539:, power using watermills and
1827:Mechanism and Machine Theory
1134:. 1 May 2017. Archived from
801:
600:Arab Agricultural Revolution
438:
309:. The project, commenced by
50:Hydraulics and other studies
7:
2139:MIT hydraulics course notes
2129:The principle of hydraulics
1321:"Urartian Irrigation Works"
993:
509:(flourished c. 270 BC) and
206:flow, such as occurring in
10:
2419:
1868:Cambridge University Press
1540:"SriLanka-A Country study"
1221:Goldsmith, Edward (2012).
1082:Suirigaku, Ryutai-rikigaku
321:, has been referred to by
241:
237:
118:
97:
36:
32:Hydraulic (disambiguation)
29:
2344:
2263:
2240:Hydrological optimization
2230:Groundwater flow equation
2212:
2181:
1981:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1937:Toronto: AE Publications.
1877:10.1017/S1355771817000103
1637:10.1017/S0068245400005864
866:thermal-hydraulic analogy
741:Modern era (c. 1600–1870)
722:Book of Ingenious Devices
606:as well as early uses of
347:The earliest evidence of
293:Persian Empire and Urartu
289:in ancient Central Asia.
249:Ancient and medieval eras
230:studies the flow in open
1898:Professor Noel Sharkey,
1833:(5), Elsevier: 589–603,
1785:18 February 2008 at the
1319:Burney, Charles (1972).
1239:Lombard, Pierre (1991).
1067:
808:hydraulic power networks
433:astronomical observation
374:
61:, with a uniform depth.
2388:Hellenistic engineering
2235:Hazen–Williams equation
2225:Darcy–Weisbach equation
1933:Andrews, Mark E. 2022.
1904:University of Sheffield
1395:Selin, Helaine (2013).
1117:Encyclopædia Britannica
715:player invented by the
574:in 25 BC. The alluvial
200:Free surface hydraulics
136:') is a technology and
63:Open-channel hydraulics
2403:Mechanical engineering
1761:Technology and Culture
980:
610:, and large hydraulic
528:
451:
258:
84:
66:
51:
2398:Hydraulic engineering
2255:Pipe network analysis
2220:Bernoulli's principle
2204:Hydraulic engineering
2101:, London: Routledge,
1026:Hydraulic engineering
1006:Bernoulli's principle
981:
758:, published the book
701:programmable machines
523:
446:
407:(1020 – 1101 AD) and
256:
242:Further information:
72:
57:
49:
1736:University of Aleppo
1604:on 27 September 2011
1572:"SriLanka – History"
1428:Andreas N. Angelakis
1080:NEZU Iehisa (1995),
1051:Miniature hydraulics
894:
881:conservation of mass
794:A French physician,
729:. He described four
586:Arabic-Islamic world
447:Moat and gardens at
2029:. 25 September 1981
1961:Robinsonlibrary.com
1578:on 28 December 2011
1552:on 5 September 2012
1519:Library of Congress
1373:Terry S. Reynolds,
1031:Hydraulic machinery
525:Aqueduct of Segovia
492:Tunnel of Eupalinos
399:(78 – 139 AD), and
287:Turpan water system
39:hydraulic machinery
2383:Ancient inventions
2003:. 22 December 2005
1776:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
1728:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
1515:"Armillary Sphere"
1377:, JHU Press, 2002
1223:The qanats of Iran
1111:"Hydraulics"
1021:Hydraulic cylinder
976:
944:
824:West End of London
752:Benedetto Castelli
709:musical instrument
596:Islamic Golden Age
529:
511:Hero of Alexandria
452:
391:(5th century BC),
387:(6th century BC),
334:Armenian highlands
281:power include the
259:
85:
67:
52:
2370:
2369:
2245:Open-channel flow
2108:978-0-415-12410-2
1478:978-981-229-376-3
1412:978-94-017-1416-7
1383:978-0-8018-7248-8
1325:Anatolian Studies
1305:978-2-85978-397-6
1171:10.1111/jsm.12457
1091:978-4-254-26135-6
1056:Open-channel flow
969:
942:
935:
928:
915:
873:hydraulic analogy
816:William Armstrong
707:, a programmable
499:Greco-Roman Egypt
474:Greco-Roman world
357:ancient Near East
355:date back to the
338:Kingdom of Urartu
228:open-channel flow
156:, which concerns
16:(Redirected from
2410:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2112:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2061:on 23 April 2018
2060:
2054:. Archived from
2053:
2045:
2039:
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2036:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2001:Victorianweb.org
1993:
1987:
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1921:Galileo.rice.edu
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1748:Maya Shatzmiller
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1453:10.3390/w7095031
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1371:
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1273:on 14 April 2013
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1036:Hydraulic mining
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898:
845:Hydraulic models
541:hydraulic mining
429:armillary sphere
315:Darius the Great
226:. Its sub-field
129:
122:
108:
101:
81:Ephraim Chambers
21:
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2417:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
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2373:
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2345:Public networks
2340:
2259:
2249:Manning formula
2208:
2194:Hydraulic fluid
2177:
2172:
2125:(archived copy)
2119:
2109:
2096:
2093:
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2072:
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2049:"Archived copy"
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2016:
2006:
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1995:
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1974:
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1957:"Joseph Bramah"
1955:
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1914:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1859:Organised Sound
1850:
1846:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1804:Muslim Heritage
1796:
1792:
1787:Wayback Machine
1774:
1770:
1766:(1), pp. 1–30 .
1758:
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871:The electronic–
859:MONIAC Computer
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779:hydraulic press
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754:, a student of
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705:music sequencer
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138:applied science
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299:Persian Empire
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172:by the use of
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1245:MOM Éditions
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1277:1 September
1251:(1): 69–86.
1206:1 September
1011:Fluid power
839:goods yards
674:, employed
664:Middle East
648:sugar mills
644:steel mills
640:stamp mills
624:paper mills
608:tidal power
594:during the
580:Las Medulas
460:Polonnaruwa
342:Menua canal
263:Mesopotamia
257:Waterwheels
174:pressurized
166:fluid power
142:engineering
2393:Hydraulics
2377:Categories
2362:Manchester
2189:Hydraulics
2175:Hydraulics
2091:References
1608:9 November
1582:9 November
1556:9 November
1267:archive.is
1061:Pneumatics
796:Poiseuille
656:Al-Andalus
652:tide mills
636:ship mills
620:gristmills
604:hydropower
559:widely in
515:force pump
423:producing
413:waterwheel
397:Zhang Heng
383:there was
353:watermills
311:Achaemenid
271:irrigation
154:pneumatics
90:(from
88:Hydraulics
2352:Liverpool
2271:Machinery
1886:1355-7718
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1631:: 147–8.
1495:cite book
1361:131657710
1345:0066-1546
1041:Hydrology
949:−
937:∑
923:β
802:In the UK
731:automaton
717:Banu Musa
686:Al-Jazari
576:gold-mine
537:aqueducts
507:Ctesibius
484:Eupalinos
439:Sri Lanka
425:cast iron
389:Ximen Bao
385:Sunshu Ao
220:estuaries
146:chemistry
2301:Manifold
2291:Cylinder
2213:Modeling
2182:Concepts
2075:cite web
2065:23 April
1977:cite web
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1783:Archived
1750:, p. 36.
1730:(1976).
1645:30103359
1487:71370433
1430:(2015).
1179:24521101
1142:19 March
994:See also
830:and the
750:In 1619
632:sawmills
572:Augustus
561:plumbing
503:automata
468:cisterns
464:Sigiriya
449:Sigiriya
409:Shen Kuo
319:Shapur I
303:Persians
269:, where
232:channels
186:fluidics
184:design,
2286:Circuit
2033:8 April
2007:8 April
1967:8 April
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1687:13 June
1524:10 July
1385:, p. 14
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851:analogy
836:railway
662:to the
628:hullers
618:mills,
616:fulling
612:factory
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565:thermae
549:hushing
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1068:Notes
832:Docks
713:flute
676:gears
488:Samos
419:of a
375:China
369:Egypt
327:Qanat
313:king
283:Qanat
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120:αὐλός
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1473:ISBN
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