Husayn ibn Ali - Knowledge

2007: 1614:) choose his successor. Madelung believes that Husayn did not recognize this treaty at first, but pressed by Hasan, accepted it. Later on when several Shia leaders suggested him to conduct a surprise attack on Mu'awiya's camp near Kufa, he refused, saying that as long as Mu'awiya was alive, he would abide by the terms of the peace treaty, however, after Mu'awiya's death, he will reconsider it. After signing the peace treaty, Mu'awiyah delivered a sermon in Kufa in which he declared that he had violated all the provisions of the treaty and also insulted Ali ibn Abi Talib. Husayn wanted to respond, but Hasan refused to do so, and Hasan delivered a sermon in response. Husayn adhered to the terms of the treaty even after Hassan's death. Husayn then left Kufa for Medina along with Hasan and Abdullah ibn Ja'far. He adhered to the terms of the treaty even after Hasan's death. 3324:. Condemning the Iranian monarchy, Khomeini wrote: "The struggle of al-Husayn at Karbalâ is interpreted in the same way as a struggle against the non-Islamic principle of monarchy." Opposition to the Shah was thus compared with the opposition of Husayn to Yazid, and Muharram ritual gatherings became increasingly political in nature. According to Aghaie, the Shah's hostility towards various Muharram rituals, which he considered to be uncivilized, contributed to his fall. The Islamic republic that was established after the revolution has since promoted Muharram rituals. The clerics encourage public participation in elections as a form of "political activism" comparable to that of Husayn. Martyrdom spirit influenced by the death of Husayn was frequently witnessed in Iranian troops during the 2930:

and brother – there are at least two types of narrations about him: first, his narrations from his relatives, and second, his personal hadiths. In Sunni sources, only the aspect of the narration of his hadith has been considered in these hadiths. These Musnads, like the Musnad of the Companions of the Prophet of Islam, also have a Musnad named Husayn Ibn Ali. In his Musnad, Abu Bakr Bazar has narrated the Musnad of Husayn Ibn Ali with 4 hadiths and Tabarani has narrated his Musnad with 27 hadiths, respectively. In the Musnad of Husayn ibn Ali, in addition to the hadiths of Husayn himself, there are also hadiths of the Prophet of Islam and Ali ibn Abi Talib. In the present era, Azizullah Atardi has compiled the document of the Imam of the Martyr Abi Abdullah Al-Husayn Ibn Ali.

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with his father and brother, saying, "These people have submitted to the obedience of Satan and have left the obedience of God the Merciful." On the way, he refused to accept the offer to go to the tribe of Tayy by pointing to his pact with Hurr about not returning. Later, a messenger from Ibn Ziad came to Hur and, without greeting Husayn, gave a letter to Hur in which Ibn Ziad had ordered him to not to stop in a place where Husayn can have easy access to water. With this letter, Obaidullah wanted to force Husayn to fight. Zuhair ibn Qayn suggested to Husayn to attack the small army of Hur and capture the fortified village of Akr. But Husayn did not accept; Because he did not want to start a war.

2195:, who argues that despite there being some fabricated accounts, all of the contemporary accounts together form "a coherent and credible narrative". She criticizes Lammens' hypothesis as being based on a single isolated report and being devoid of critical analysis. Similarly, Madelung and Wellhausen assert that the battle lasted from sunrise to sunset and that the overall account of the battle is reliable. Vaglieri and Madelung explain the length of the battle despite the numerical disparity between the opposing camps as Ibn Sa'd's attempt to prolong the fight and pressure Husayn into submission instead of attempting to quickly overwhelm and kill him. 1982:. Shemr argued that Husayn was in his domain and letting him go would be to demonstrate weakness. Ibn Ziyad then sent Shemr with orders to ask Husayn for his allegiance once more and to attack, kill and disfigure him if he was to refuse, as "a rebel, a seditious person, a brigand, an oppressor and he was to do no further harm after his death". If Ibn Sa'd was unwilling to carry out the attack, he was instructed to hand over command to Shemr. Ibn Sa'd cursed Shemr and accused him of foiling his attempts to reach a peaceful settlement but agreed to carry out the orders. He remarked that Husayn would not submit because there was "a proud soul in him". 2099: 1917:

leave, Hurr blocked his way and said that if Husayn did not accept the order given by Ibn Ziyad, Hurr would not allow him to go to Medina or Kufa. He suggested to Husayn to neither go to Kufa nor to Medina, rather write a letter to Yazid or Ibn Ziyad and wait for their orders, hoping to avoid this difficult situation by receiving an answer. But Husayn did not heed to his advice and continued to Azad or Qadisiyah. Hurr informed Husayn that he was doing this for Husayn and that if there would be a war, Husayn would be killed. Husayn, however, was not afraid of death and stopped in an area called Karbala, on the outskirts of Kufa.

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trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against Mu'awiya. Sentiments in favor of the rule of Ahl al-Bayt occasionally emerged in the form of small groups, mostly from Kufa, visiting Hasan and Husayn asking them to be their leaders – a request to which they declined to respond. When Hasan was poisoned, he refused to tell Husayn the name of his suspect, probably Mu'awiya, in fear of provoking bloodshed. The burial of Hasan's body near that of Muhammad, was another problem which could have led to bloodshed, as Marwan ibn Hakam swore that he would not permit Hasan to be buried near Muhammad with

1881:– who had been sent from Hejaz to Kufa to inform the people of Husayn's imminent arrival, was exposed and killed by falling from the roof of Kufa Palace. Upon hearing this, Husayn allowed his supporters to leave the caravan due to the depressing issues such as the betrayal of the Kufis. A number of those who had joined him on the way, parted away. But those who had come with Husayn from Hejaz did not leave him. The news from Kufa showed that the situation there had completely changed from what Muslim had reported. The political assessments made it clear to Husayn that going to Kufa was no longer apt. 2797:

the death of man, Husayn set her free and gave her property. Once one of Husayn's slaves did something wrong. But after the slave recited the verse "وَالْعافینَ عَنِ النَّاس", Husayn forgave him and after that the slave recited the verse "وَلَلَّهُ یُحِبُّ الْمُحسسِينَ" and Husayn released the slave because of this. There is a narration that Husayn gave the property and goods that he inherited before receiving them. Husayn gave his children's teacher a large sum of money and clothes; While acknowledging that this does not compensate for the value of the teacher's work. A

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about the loss of his brother Hasan after his burial. The sermons and letters of Husayn ibn Ali during his Imamate are more than before him. His letters to the Shiites, as well as his letters to Mu'awiyah regarding his adherence to the peace treaty, trace Mu'awiyah's actions, especially regarding Yazid, as well as his sermons and letters in the form of letters of recommendation at the beginning of Yazid's caliphate. An important part of the sermons and letters belong to the period of the uprising of Husayn bin Ali. Correspondence with Kufis, Basrians and people like

1746:"I did not go out for fun and selfishness and for corruption and oppression; Rather, my goal is to correct the corruptions that have occurred in the nation of my ancestors. I want to command the good and forbid the bad, and follow the tradition of my grandfather and the way of my father Ali ibn Abi Talib. So, whoever accepts this truth (and follows me) has accepted the way of God and whoever rejects (and does not follow me) I will walk (my way) with patience and perseverance so that God may be the judge between me and this nation and he is the best judge." 1960: 2058: 2441: 1774: 53: 2134:, who had not taken part in the fighting because of illness, but was prevented by Ibn Sa'd. There are reports of more than sixty wounds on Husayn's body, which was then trampled with horses as previously instructed by Ibn Ziyad. The bodies of Husayn's companions were decapitated. There were eighty-eight dead in Ibn Sa'd's army, who were buried before he left. After his departure, members of the Banu Asad tribe, from the nearby village of Ghadiriya, buried the headless bodies of Husayn's companions. 1639:. After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's peace treaty with him. Meanwhile, Marwan reported to Mu'awiya the frequent visits of Shias to Husayn. Mu'awiya instructed Marwan not to clash with Husayn, in the same time he wrote a letter to Husayn in which he "mingled generous promises with the advice not to provoke him." Later on, when Mu'awiya was taking allegiance for his son, 2793:, the opinion of some commentators about the difference in taste between Hasan and Husayn is misplaced; Because despite not swearing allegiance to Yazid, Husayn, like his brother, spent ten years in Mu'awiya's rule and never opposed it. Mohammad Emadi Haeri believes that Husayn is considered to be similar to Muhammad in most sources, and in one narration the most similar to him. There is also a narration that Ali considers Hussein to be the most similar person in terms of behavior. 2015:

attacked Husayn's force, but was repulsed. Hand-to-hand fighting paused and further volleys of arrows were exchanged. Shemr, who commanded the left wing of the Umayyad army, launched an attack, but after losses on both sides he was repulsed. This was followed by cavalry attacks. Husayn's cavalry resisted fiercely and Ibn Sa'd brought in armoured cavalry and five hundred archers. After their horses were wounded by arrows, Husayn's cavalrymen dismounted and fought on foot.

1713:, in his place. As a result of Ibn Ziyad's suppression and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following began to dissipate and he was forced to declare the revolt prematurely. It was defeated and Ibn Aqil was killed. Husayn had also sent a messenger to Basra, another garrison town in Iraq, but the messenger could not attract any following and was quickly apprehended and executed. Husayn was unaware of the change of political circumstances in Kufa and decided to depart. 2742:

early Sunni sources refer to Ali al-Sajjad as 'Ali al-Asghar and Ali II as 'Ali al-Akbar, it is probably true that Sheikh Mufid and other Shi'ite writers are correct in stating the opposite. Ali II was killed in Karbala at the age of 19. His mother is Layla, the daughter of Abi Murrah ibn Urwah al-Thaqafi and Maymuna bint Abi Sufyan, the sister of Mu'awiya. According to Madelung, after Hasan's peace with Mu'awiya, Husayn married Layla, from whom Ali al-Akbar was born.

1932: 652: 3437:, and of numerous other events concerning prophets. Husayn is claimed to have performed various miracles, including quenching his companions' thirst by putting his thumb in their mouths and satisfying their hunger by bringing down food from the heavens, and to have killed several thousand Umayyad attackers. Other accounts claim that when Husayn died, his horse shed tears and killed many Umayyad soldiers; the sky became red and it rained blood; 1363:. For the Shi'a, Husayn's suffering and martyrdom became a symbol of sacrifice in the struggle for right against wrong, and for justice and truth against injustice and falsehood. It also provides the members of the Shi'a faith with a catalog of heroic norms. The battle is commemorated during an annual ten-day period during the Islamic month of Muharram by many Muslims especially Shi'a, culminating on tenth day of the month, known as the day of 2785:

named two of his sons Muhammad and did not name any of them Ali and that Husayn named two of his four sons Ali and did not name either Muhammad as proof of this claim. Rasool Jafarian considers the narrations in which Husayn is like Ali and Hasan is like Muhammad to be fake; According to him, the image presented in these narrations could have been used to destroy the image of Ali and Ashura and to be useful to those who were in favor of

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according to him, early accounts place the responsibility for Husayn's death on Ibn Ziyad instead of Yazid. Yazid, Madelung argues, wanted to end Husayn's opposition, but as a caliph of Islam could not afford to be seen as publicly responsible and so diverted blame onto Ibn Ziyad by hypocritically cursing him. According to Howard, some traditional sources have a tendency to exonerate Yazid at the cost of Ibn Ziyad and lower authorities.

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was not a "reckless rebel" but a religious man motivated by pious convictions. According to him, Husayn was convinced that "the family of the Prophet was divinely chosen to lead the community founded by Moḥammad, as the latter had been chosen, and had both an inalienable right and an obligation to seek this leadership." He was, however, not seeking martyrdom and wanted to return when his expected support did not materialize.

3128: 2221:. Abu Mikhnaf's was an adult some twenty years after the Battle of Karbala. As such he knew many eyewitnesses and collected firsthand accounts and some with very short chains of transmitters, usually one or two intermediaries. The eyewitnesses were of two kinds: those from Husayn's side; and those from Ibn Sa'd's army. Since few people from Husayn's camp survived, most eyewitnesses were from the second category. According to 2458:"O Muhammad!... Here is Husayn in the open, stained with blood and with limbs torn off. O Muhammad! Your daughters are prisoners, your progeny are killed, and the east wind blows dust over them." Shi'a Muslims consider this to be the first instance of wailing and mourning over the death of Husayn. Husayn's son Ali al-Sajjad is reported to have spent the rest of his life weeping for his father. Similarly, Husayn's mother 2147:

doctrines and specific set of rituals had not developed. Karbala gave this early political party of pro-Alids a distinct religious identity and helped transform it into a distinct religious sect. Heinz Halm writes: "There was no religious aspect to Shi'ism prior to 680. The death of the third imam and his followers marked the 'big bang' that created the rapidly expanding cosmos of Shi'ism and brought it into motion."

3088:, whose return is awaited. With his return, Husayn and his seventy-two companions are expected to be resurrected along with their killers, who will then be punished. Believing that Husayn wanted to redeem people from their sins with his blood, and that his action was "a redemptive sacrifice for the salvation of the world", according to Vaglieri, is foreign to Shia belief; however it may have been penetrated to Shia 1449:, the ahl al-bayt has been praised. According to Madelung, there are numerous narrations showing Muhammad's love for Hasan and Husayn, such as carrying them on his shoulders, or putting them on his chest and kissing them on the belly. Madelung believes that some of these reports may imply a little preference of Muhammad for Hasan over Husayn, or pointing out that Hasan was more similar to his grandfather. Other 1913:

Kufans from joining Husayn. Husayn's caravan started to move towards Qadisiyya, and Hurr followed them. At Naynawa, Hurr received orders from Ibn Ziyad to force Husayn's caravan to halt in a desolate place without fortifications or water. One of Husayn's companions suggested that they attack Hurr and move to the fortified village of al-Aqr. Husayn refused, stating that he did not want to start the hostilities.

2865:, Tabatabai in Al-Mizan, while reporting and criticizing the various sayings of the commentators, has said that the meaning of "nearness" is the love of the Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad; That is, Ali is Fatima, Hassan and Husayn. He goes on to cite various narrations from Sunnis and Shiites that have clarified this issue. Sunni commentators such as Fakhr al-Razi and Ibn Kathir have also referred to this issue. 1183: 2225:, most of them regretted their actions in the battle and embellished the accounts of the battle in favor of Husayn in order to dilute their guilt. Although as an Iraqi, Abu Mikhnaf had pro-Alid tendencies, his reports generally do not contain much bias on his part. Abu Mikhnaf's original text seems to have been lost and the version extant today has been transmitted through secondary sources such as the 6215: 1829: 1781: 1797: 1813: 2130:. This included two of Husayn's sons, six of his paternal brothers, three sons of Hasan ibn Ali, three sons of Jafar ibn Abi Talib and three sons and three grandsons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib. Following the battle, Husayn's clothes were stripped, and his sword, shoes and baggage were taken. The women's jewelry and cloaks were also seized. Shemr wanted to kill Husayn's only surviving son 1491: 3259:, a Shi'a dynasty originally from Iran which later occupied the Abbasid capital Baghdad while accepting the Abbasid caliph's suzerainty, promoted the public rituals of Muharram to portray themselves as patrons of religion and to strengthen the Shi'a identity in Iraq. After taking over Iran in 1501, Safavids, who were previously a Sufi order, declared the state religion to be 2245:. Tabari quotes either directly from Abu Mikhnaf or from his student Ibn al-Kalbi, who took most of his material from Abu Mikhnaf. Tabari occasionally takes material from Ammar ibn Mu'awiya, Awana and other primary sources, which, however, adds little to the narrative. Baladhuri uses same sources as Tabari. Information on the battle found in the works of 1986:

night, since their opponents only wanted him. Very few availed themselves of this opportunity. Defense arrangements were made: tents were brought together and tied to one another and a ditch was dug behind the tents and filled with wood ready to be set alight in case of attack. Husayn and his followers then spent the rest of the night praying.

2287:. Most of these sources took material from Abu Mikhnaf, in addition to some from the primary works of Awana, al-Mada'ini and Nasr ibn Muzahim. Although Tabari and other early sources contain some miraculous stories, these sources are mainly historical and rational in nature, in contrast to the literature of later periods, which is mainly 2908:". In another group of narrations related to Hasnain, they are introduced as "the master of the youth of Paradise". His name and Hassan's, due to their young age, are among those who pledge allegiance in renewing allegiance to the Prophet, which indicates the Prophet's goal in strengthening their historical and social status. 2325:. This tomb was probably formed two centuries after the event of Karbala and was rebuilt and expanded until the thirteenth century AH. This place did not have a building at first and was marked with a simple sign. After that, in the third century AH, a monument was built on it, which was considered during the time of some 2191:, Lammens concludes that there was no battle at all but a quick massacre that was over in an hour; he suggests that the detailed accounts found in the primary sources are Iraqi fabrications, since their writers were dissatisfied with their hero being killed without putting up a fight. This is countered by the historian 3304:. According to these, Shi'ism was an ideology of revolution and political struggle against tyranny and exploitation, and the Battle of Karbala and the death of Husayn was to be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle; weeping and mourning was to be replaced by political activism to realize the ideals of Husayn. 2921:

prophets about the killing of Husayn. Ali also knew that Husayn would be killed in Karbala, and once he passed by this area, he stopped and cried and remembered the news of Muhammad. He interpreted Karbala (کربلا) as (کرب) anguish and (بلا) calamity. The slain of Karbala will enter Paradise without any reckoning.

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Theophilus's history corroborates the death in battle of Husayn and most of his men at Karbala after suffering from thirst. But in contrast to all Muslim sources, which state that Husayn fought Yazid, Theophilus appears to have written that Husayn was killed by Mu'awiya as the final engagement of the

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of Husayn) be killed while you stand and watch?" Ibn Sa'd wept but did nothing. Husayn is said to have killed many of his attackers. The Umayyad forces however were still unwilling to kill him and each of them wanted to leave this to somebody else. Eventually Shemr shouted: "Shame on you! Why are you

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to suppress a local rebellion, but then recalled to confront Husayn. Initially, he was unwilling to fight Husayn, but complied following Ibn Ziyad's threat to revoke his governorship. After negotiations with Husayn, Ibn Sa'd wrote to Ibn Ziyad that Husayn was willing to return. Ibn Ziyad replied that

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Husayn had considerable support in Kufa, which had been the caliphal capital during the reigns of his father and brother. The Kufans had fought the Umayyads and their Syrian allies during the First Fitna, the five-year civil war which had established the Umayyad Caliphate. They were dissatisfied with

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and carry water to him. According to Vaglieri, when Hasan entered Uthman's house, Uthman was already assassinated. Another report says that Uthman asked Ali's help. The latter send Husayn in response. Then Uthman asked Husayn if he was able to defend himself against rebels. Husayn demurred, so Uthman

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do not name the participants. Other Sunni historians mention Muhammad, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as having participated in the Mubahala, and some agree with the Shia tradition that Ali was among them. The verse "God wishes only to remove taint from you, people of the Household, and to make you utterly

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is an epithet used by Shias to refer to each of Muhammad's grandsons. It is also narrated that Muhammad took Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn under his cloak and called them ahl al-bayt and stated that they are free from any sin and pollution. Muhammad reported the Karbala incident on several occasions;

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who was also beheaded and his head was placed on a plate. It is also narrated that Ali knew that Husayn would be killed in Karbala, and when he passed by this area, he stopped and cried, remembering Muhammad's prophecy. Ali interpreted the name "Karbala" as "Karb" and "bala" meaning "affliction" and

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Among the verses that interpreted by some Shia sources as referring to Husayn is (Qur'an 46:15) which talks about a pregnant mother, Fatima, the mother of Husayn, who suffers a lot, when God expressed his condolences to Muhammad about the fate of this grandson, and Muhammad expressed this to Fatima;

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he receives all the divine grace that exist in his older brother, Hasan; also as the grandson of Muhammad. According to Vaglieri, the basis of the Shias' glorification of Husayn is his outstanding sacred and moral action and the noble ideals to which he sacrificed himself. From the belief that "the

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is like this. Hadiths on the subjects of jurisprudence, interpretation, beliefs, rulings and sermons, supplications, advice and poetry also remain from Husayn, which are scattered in Shiite and Sunni sources and have been compiled and published in the form of collections. There are also prayers left

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In the category of sermons of Husayn Ibn Ali, there are some sermons of him in the pre-Imamate period, some of which are very famous. Thus, the sermon of Husayn ibn Ali, after public allegiance to Ali ibn Abi Talib and others, is his sermon in the battle of Safin. Another example is a poem by Husayn

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Husayn was known for his generosity in Medina, and he freed his slaves and maids if they saw any good behavior. There is a narration that Mu'awiyah sent a maid to Husayn with a lot of property and clothes. When the maid recited verses from the Qur'an and a poem about the instability of the world and

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Mourning for Husayn is considered by Shi'as to be a source of salvation in the afterlife, and is undertaken as a remembrance of his suffering. After the death of Husayn, when his family was being taken to Ibn Ziyad, Husayn's sister Zaynab is reported to have cried out after seeing his headless body:

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to be a source of divine blessings and rewards. According to Shi'a tradition the first such visit was performed by Husayn's son Ali al-Sajjad and the surviving family members during their return from Syria to Medina. The first historically recorded visit is Sulayman ibn Surad and the Penitents going

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to command the left flank, and his half-brother Abbas as the standard bearer. Husayn's companions, according to most accounts, numbered thirty-two horsemen and forty infantrymen. Ibn Sa'd's army totaled 4,000. The ditch containing wood were set alight. Husayn then delivered a speech to his opponents

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denied any knowledge of the letters and stated that Husayn must go with him to Ibn Ziyad, which Husayn refused to do. Hurr responded that he would not allow Husayn to either enter Kufa or go back to Medina, but that he was free to travel anywhere else he wished. Nevertheless, he did not prevent four

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in Mecca, Husayn did not back down from his decision to go to Kufa. Ibn 'Abbas pointed out that the Kufis had left both his father Ali and his brother Hasan alone, and suggested that Husayn go to Yemen instead of Kufa, or at least not take women and children with him if he were to go to Iraq. Husayn

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tribe. Both Hasan and Husayn were named by Muhammad, although Ali had other names such as "Harb" in mind. To celebrate Husayn's birth, Muhammad sacrificed a ram, and Fatima shaved his head and donated the same weight of his hair in silver as alms. According to Islamic traditions, Husayn is mentioned

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Others such as Wellhausen and Lammens, view his revolt as premature and ill-prepared, while others like Heinz Halm see it as a struggle for political leadership among the second generation of Muslims. Fred Donner, G. R. Hawting, and Hugh N. Kennedy consider Husayn's revolt an attempt to regain what

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proposes that Husayn, although motivated by ideology, did not intend to secure leadership for himself. Husayn, Jafri asserts, was from the start aiming for martyrdom in order to jolt the collective conscience of the Muslim community and reveal what he considers to be the oppressive and anti-Islamic

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The traditional narration "Every day is Ashura and every land is Karbala!" is used by the Shi'a as a mantra to live their lives as Husayn did on Ashura, i.e. with complete sacrifice for God and for others. The saying is also intended to signify that what happened on Ashura in Karbala must always be

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There are narrations, sermons and letters left from Husayn Ibn Ali which are available in Sunni and Shiite sources. Narrations about him can be divided into two periods before and after the Imamate. In the first period – which is the period of his life in the life of his grandfather, father, mother

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Husayn is described as looking like his grandfather, Muhammad, though not as much as his older brother, Hasan. According to Madelung, Husayn was similar to his father, Ali, while Hasan had the temperament of Muhammad and criticized the policies of his father, Ali. Madelung cites the fact that Hasan

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Husayn's family, along with the heads of the dead, were sent to Ibn Ziyad. He poked Husayn's mouth with a stick and intended to kill Ali al-Sajjad, but spared him after the pleas of Husayn's sister Zaynab. The heads and the family were then sent to Yazid, who also poked Husayn's mouth with a stick.

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Husayn and Ibn Sa'd met during the night to negotiate a settlement; it was rumored that Husayn made three proposals: either he be allowed to return to Medina, submit to Yazid directly, or be sent to a border post where he would fight alongside the Muslim armies. According to Madelung, these reports

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sent his brother and Ibn Ja'far after Husayn in order to assure him safety in Mecca and bring him back. Husayn refused to return, relating that Muhammad had ordered him in a dream to move forward irrespective of the consequences. Further on the way, he received the news of the execution of Ibn Aqil

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advised him not to move to Iraq, or, if he was determined, not to take women and children with him. Nevertheless, he offered Husayn support if he would stay in Mecca and lead the opposition to Yazid from there. Husayn refused this, citing his abhorrence of bloodshed in the sanctuary, and decided to

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for a period of ten years after the death of his brother Hasan in 670 AD. All of this time except the last six months coincided with the caliphate of Mu'awiya. In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660 AD) and his death in AH 49 (669 AD), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina,

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sent letters to him, invited him to Kufa and asked him to be their Imam and pledged their allegiance to him. On Husayn's way to Kufa with a retinue of about 72 men, his caravan was intercepted by a 1,000-strong army of the caliph at some distance from Kufa. He was forced to head north and encamp in

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Vaglieri considers him to be motivated by ideology, saying that if the materials that have come down to us are authentic, they convey an image of person who is "convinced that he was in the right, stubbornly determined to achieve his ends..." Holding a similar view, Madelung has argued that Husayn

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According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, one of the moral characteristics of Husayn is Tolerance, humility, eloquence, and finally traits that can be deduced from his behavior, such as despising death, hatred of a shameful life, pride, and the like. In many narrations, the resemblance of Husayn and

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and Abd Allah. Contemporary Shiite circles have carefully identified Sajjad as Ali al-Awsat and Ali al-Asghar as an infant in Karbala; Among these children, Abd Allah – known by the mention of his name in the events of Ashura – is considered the other son of Husayn. According to Madelung, although

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During the month of Muharram, elaborate public processions are performed in commemoration of the Battle of Karbala. In contrast to pilgrimage to Husayn's tomb and simple lamenting, these processions do not date back to the time of the battle, but arose during tenth century. Their earliest recorded

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Since Umayyad forces could approach Husayn's army from the front only, Ibn Sa'd ordered the tents to be burned. All except the one which Husayn and his family were using were set on fire. Shemr wanted to burn that one too, but was prevented by his companions. The plan backfired and flames hindered

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After Husayn's speech, Zuhayr ibn Qayn attempted to dissuade Ibn Sa'd's soldiers from killing Husayn, but in vain. Ibn Sa'd's army fired several volleys of arrows. This was followed by duels in which several of Husayn's companions were slain. The right wing of the Kufans, led by Amr ibn al-Hajjaj,

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In one place, Husayn recited a sermon and said: "I do not see death except as martyrdom and living with the oppressors except as hardship." In another place, he explained the reason for his opposition to the government while recalling the bitterness of breaking the allegiance of the people of Kufa

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I did not come to you until your letters were brought to me, and your messengers came to me saying, 'Come to us, for we have no imam.' ... Therefore, if you give me what you guaranteed in your covenants and sworn testimonies, I will come to your town. If you will not and are averse to my coming, I

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explicitly told him that the hearts of the Iraqi people are with you, but their swords are in the service of the Umayyads. But Husayn's decision was unwavering, and in response to those who tried to dissuade him, he said that things were in God's hands and that God wanted the best for His servants

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Hence, he left Mecca for Kufa, aware of his imminent sacrifice and yet without any hesitation or attempt to escape the will of God. A narration according to which Husayn was called by God to choose between sacrifice and Victory (with the help of an angel), gives even more value to his enterprise.

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talks about a pregnant woman who endures a lot of pain and suffering. This verse is considered a reference to Fatima Zahra, and the son is also known as Husayn, when God expressed his condolences to Muhammad about the fate of this grandson and Muhammad expressed this to Fatima Zahra, she was very

2857:

and refers to its hadiths, which number more than seventy hadiths and are mostly from the Sunnis. Sunni commentators such as Fakhr Razi and Ibn Kathir, in their commentary, while narrating various narrations about the example of Ahl al-Bayt in this verse, consider Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as

2763:

Hasan and Husayn were the only male descendants of the Muhammad from whom the next generations were born. Hence, any person who says that his lineage goes back to the Muhammad is either related to Hasan or to Husayn. Hasan and Husayn are different in this respect from their half brothers, such as

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has suggested that this is a duplication of the report regarding Ibn Ziyad. No one was compassionate towards the women and Ali al-Sajjad, One of his courtiers asked for the hand of a captive woman from Husayn's family in marriage, which resulted in heated altercation between Yazid and Zaynab. The

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During the Battle of Karbala the Umayyad soldiers hesitated to initiate a direct attack on Husayn; however, he was struck in the mouth by an arrow as he went to the river to drink. He collected his blood in a cupped hand and cast towards the sky, complaining to God of his suffering. Later, he was

1916:

According to Valiri, Hurr ordered his army to take Husayn and his companions to Ibn Ziyad without fighting and intended to persuade Husayn to do so. But when he saw that Husayn was moving his caravan, he did not dare to follow it. However, Madlung and Bahramian write that when Husayn was ready to

3057:

Husayn gave his person and his possessions as an offering to God to "revive the religion of his grandfather Muhammad", "to redeem it", and "save it from the destruction into which it had been thrown by the behaviour of Yazid"; furthermore, he wished to show that the conduct of the hypocrites was

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against the established authority", condoned his murder by Yazid, but their opinion was opposed by the majority of Muslims. Therefore, almost all Muslims consider Husayn honorable because he was the grandson of Muhammad and because of the belief that he sacrificed himself for an ideal. Historian

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The killing of the grandson of Muhammad shocked the Muslim community. The image of Yazid suffered and gave rise to sentiment that he was impious. Prior to the Battle of Karbala, the Muslim community was divided into two political factions. Nonetheless, a religious sect with distinct theological

1985:

The army advanced toward Husayn's camp on the evening of 9 October. Husayn sent Abbas to ask Ibn Sa'd to wait until the next morning, so that they could consider the matter. Ibn Sa'd agreed to this respite. Husayn told his men that they were all free to leave, with his family, under the cover of

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who had previously renounced allegiance. Husayn answered the summons but declined to pledge allegiance in the secretive environment of the meeting, suggesting it should be done in public. Marwan ibn Hakam told Walid to imprison or behead him, but due to Husayn's kinship with Muhammad, Walid was

1522:'s creation —who was born to neither a mother nor a father— and when the Christians did not accept the Islamic doctrine about Jesus, Muhammad reportedly received a revelation instructing him to call them to Mubahala, where each party should ask God to destroy the false party and their families: 3254:

The first political use of the death of Husayn seems to have been during the revolt of Mukhtar, when he seized Kufa under the slogan of "Revenge for Husayn". Although the Penitents had used the same slogan, they do not seem to have had a political program. In order to enhance their legitimacy,

2974:

The killing of Husayn has had an emotional impact on Sunnis, who remember the event as a tragic incident and those killed in the company of Husayn as martyrs. The impact on Shi'a Islam has been much deeper. According to Vaglieri, only the adherents of the Umayyad who considered him as "a rebel

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states that commemoration of the Battle of Karbala by the Shi'a is not only the retelling of the story, but also presents them with "life models and norms of behavior" which are applicable to all aspects of life, which he calls the Karbala Paradigm. According to Olmo Gölz, the Karbala Paradigm

1888:"You did not have an Imam and I became the means of uniting the ummah. Our family is more deserving of government than anyone else, and those in power do not deserve it and rule unjustly. If you support me, I will go to Kufa. But if you do not want me anymore, I will return to my first place." 2995:

has collected, some of which have been narrated directly or with short chains of transmitters, mostly from Kufis who regretted their actions towards Husayn. These sad narrations of the Kufis, which were a sign of Abu Mikhnaf's Shia tendencies, became the source of the narrations used by later

2920:

informed Muhammad at the time of Husayn's birth that his ummah would kill Husayn and that the Imamate would be from Husayn, and that Muhammad informed his companions of how Husayn had been killed. Except for Muhammad, Ali and Hasan, they had said the same thing. God also informed the previous

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According to Wellhausen, the compassion that Yazid showed to the family of Husayn, and his cursing of Ibn Ziyad was only for show. He argues that if killing Husayn was a crime its responsibility lay with Yazid and not Ibn Ziyad, who was only performing his duty. Madelung holds a similar view;

2072:

Shemr advanced with a group of foot soldiers towards Husayn, who was now prepared to fight as few people were left on his side. A young boy from Husayn's camp escaped from the tents, ran to him, tried to defend him from a sword stroke and had his arm cut off. Ibn Sa'd approached the tents and

1327:

refused Husayn safe passage without submitting to his authority, a condition declined by Husayn. Battle ensued on 10 October during which Husayn was martyred along with most of his relatives and companions, while his surviving family members were taken prisoner. The battle was followed by the

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unwilling to take any action against him. A few days later, Husayn left for Mecca without acknowledging Yazid. He arrived in Mecca at the beginning of May 680, and stayed there until the beginning of September. He was accompanied by his wives, children and brothers, as well as Hasan's sons.

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in Kufa informing him that they were tired of the Umayyad rule, which they considered to be oppressive, and that they had no rightful leader. They asked him to lead them in revolt against Yazid, promising to remove the Umayyad governor if Husayn would consent to aid them. Husayn wrote back

2725:, the daughter of Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi, who was an ally of the Umayyads. Husayn's marriage with Layla, according to Madelung, probably had material benefits for Husayn. Ali al-Sajjad's mother, on the other hand, was a slave probably from Sind named Ḡazāla, Solāfa, Salāma, Šāhzanān, or 3263:. In this regard, Karbala and Muharram rituals came to be a vehicle of Safavid propaganda and a means of consolidating the dynasty's Shi'a identity. Riza Yildirim has claimed that the impetus of the Safvid revolution was the revenge of the death of Husayn. The founder of the dynasty, 1977:

of Husayn's wife later claimed that Husayn had suggested that he be allowed to leave, so that all parties could allow the fluid political situation to clarify. Ibn Sa'd sent the proposal, whatever it was, to Ibn Ziyad, who is reported to have accepted but then persuaded otherwise by

2171:. In October 685, Mukhtar and his supporters seized Kufa. His control extended to most of Iraq and parts of northwestern Iran. Mukhtar executed Kufans involved in the killing of Husayn, including Ibn Sa'd and Shemr, while thousands of people fled to Basra. He then sent his general 2003:

reminding them of his status as Muhammad's grandson and reproaching them for inviting and then abandoning him. He asked to be allowed to leave. He was told that first he had to submit to Yazid's authority, which he refused to do. Husayn's speech moved Hurr to defect to his side.

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to Husayn's grave before their departure to Syria. They are reported to have lamented and beaten their chests and to have spent a night by the tomb. Thereafter this tradition was limited to the Shi'a imams for several decades, before gaining momentum under the sixth Shi'a imam

1754:, who was performing Hajj on the outskirts of the city, secretly left the city with his companions and family. Fifty men from Husayn's relatives and friends – who could fight if needed – accompanied Husayn, including women and children. He took the northerly route through the 1555:. According to a narration, Husayn, while the second caliph was sitting on the pulpit of Muhammad and giving a speech, objected to him for sitting on the pulpit of Muhammad, and Umar also stopped his sermon and came down from the pulpit. During the time of Uthman, he defended 3420:

on Husayn were written. Most of these mix history with legend and have elaborate details on Husayn's miraculous birth, which is stated to be on 10 Muharram, coinciding with his date of death. The universe as well as humanity are described as having been created on the day of

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surrounded and struck on the head by Malik ibn Nusayr. The blow cut through his hooded cloak, which Husayn removed while cursing his attacker. He put a cap on his head and wrapped a turban around it to staunch the bleeding. Ibn Nusayr seized the bloodied cloak and retreated.

6917:

Williams, Caroline. 1983. "The Cult of 'Alid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo. Part I: The Mosque of al-Aqmar". In Muqarnas I: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Oleg Grabar (ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press, 37–52. p.41, Wiet,"notes," pp. 217ff.;

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of 1979. In contrast to the traditional view of Shi'ism as a religion of suffering, mourning and political quietism, Shi'a Islam and Karbala were given a new interpretation in the period preceding the revolution by rationalist intellectuals and religious revisionists like

1749:

Then, Husayn, who had not yet received the letters of the new events of Kufa, prepared to leave for Kufa on the 8th or 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah 60 AH / 10 or 12 September 680 AD. Instead of performing Hajj, he performed Umrah, and in the absence of the Governor of Mecca,

1526:

If anyone dispute with you in this matter after the knowledge which has come to you, say: Come let us call our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves, then let us swear an oath and place the curse of God on those who lie.(Qur'an

1298:, despite it being suggested to do otherwise. In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660 CE) and his death in AH 49 or 50 (669 or 670 CE), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against 7059:

Brief History of Transfer of the Sacred Head of Hussain ibn Ali, From Damascus to Ashkelon to Qahera By: Qazi Dr. Shaikh Abbas Borhany PhD (USA), NDI, Shahadat al A'alamiyyah (Najaf, Iraq), M.A., LLM (Shariah) Member, Ulama Council of Pakistan. Published in

3084:, it is seen by Shi'as the climax of suffering and oppression, revenge for which came to be one of the primary goals of many Shi'a uprisings. This revenge is believed to be one of the fundamental objectives of the future revolution of the twelfth Shi'a Imam 4575:

Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, (born 11 January 626, Medina, Arabia —died October 10, 680, Karbalāʾ, Iraq), hero in Shiʿi Islam, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fāṭima and son-in-law ʿAlī (the first Imam of the Shi'a and the fourth of the Sunni

1674:, to secure allegiance from Husayn with force if necessary. Yazid's goal was to take control of the situation in the city before the people became aware of Mu'awiya's death. Yazid's concern was especially about his two rivals in the caliphate; Husayn and 2752:, was another wife of Husayn, who had previously married Hasan. Despite her allegedly bad character, Hasan was pleased with her and asked his younger brother, Husayn, to marry her when he himself died. Husayn did so and had a daughter from her, named 2562:

provide Shi'as with heroic norms and a martyr ethos, and represents an embodiment of the battle between good and evil, justice and injustice. Rituals involving self-flagellation have been criticized by many Shi'a scholars as they are considered to be

5307: 1571:, have said Husayn: "Leave us, your father incites the people against us, and you are here with us!" Haeri writes in the Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: According to some narrations, Husayn or Hasan were wounded in the case of defending Uthman. 5402: 7438: 2772:

Husayn had a white face and sometimes wore a green turban and sometimes a black turban. He would travel with the poor or invite them to his house and feed them. Mu'awiya said about Husayn that he and his father Ali were not deceitful, and

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labelled the Shah as the Yazid of his time. Shi'i beliefs and symbols were instrumental in orchestrating and sustaining widespread popular resistance with Husayn's story providing a framework for labeling as evil and reacting against the

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on the other. Tabatabai says that according to the narrations, the meaning of our sons in the verse of Mubahila was Hassan and Husayn. Many Sunni commentators have also stated that the people in it are Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn.

1643:, Husayn was among the five prominent persons who did not give his allegiance, as appointing a successor was in violation of Hasan's peace treaty with Mu'awiya. Before his death in April 680, Mu'awiya cautioned Yazid that Husayn and 2086:

waiting for the man? Kill him, may your mothers be deprived of you!" The Umayyad soldiers then rushed Husayn and wounded him on his hand and shoulder. He fell on the ground face-down and an attacker named Sinan ibn Anas stabbed and

2698:, Hasan has blamed Husayn for his excessive favors to Rubab. Husayn, in response, depicted his great love for Rubab and Sakinah in three lines of poetry. Later on Rubab bore a son, Abd Allah (or according to recent Shia sources, 1302:. After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's peace treaty with him. Prior to his death, Mu'awiya appointed his son 1884:

In the area of Sharaf or Zuhsam, armies emerged from Kufa under the leadership of Hurr ibn Yazid. With the weather being hot there, Husayn ordered water to be given to them and then announced his motives to the army and said:

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and the indifference of the people of Kufa. He informed his followers of the situation and asked them to leave. Most of the people who had joined him on the way left, while his companions from Mecca decided to stay with him.

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tribes. Ali proposed her marriage with Husayn, but since Husayn and Imra al-Qais's daughter were too young at the time, the actual marriage took place later. Husayn had a daughter, Amena (or Amina or Omayma) who is known as

2019:

the Umayyad advance for a while. After noon prayers, Husayn's companions were encircled, and almost all of them were killed. Husayn's relatives, who had not taken part in the fighting so far, joined the battle. Husayn's son

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Husayn at this point is reported to have considered turning back, but was persuaded to push forward by Ibn Aqil's brothers, who wanted to avenge his death; according to Madelung and I. K. A. Howard, these reports are

3652:

to the death of Husayn, in which the incident is remembered in laments and elegies. He too sees Husayn's death as a sacrifice made in the path of God, and condemns Yazid as being bereft of divine love. Turkish Sufi

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There are several narrations about the burial place of Imam Husayn's head; For example, with his father Ali in Najaf, outside Kufa but not with Ali, in Karbala with his whole body, in Baqiya, in an unknown place in

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man once cursed Husayn and Ali, but Husayn forgave him and treated him with kindness. It is said that the place of the food bags that Husayn carried for the poor was obvious on his body on the day of Ashura.

1453:

of this kind are: "whoever loves them loves me and whoever hates them hates me", and "al-Hasan and al-Husayn are the sayyids of the youth of Paradise". The recent one is used by Shia to prove the right of

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women of Yazid's household joined the captive women in their lamentation for the dead. After a few years, the women were compensated for their belongings looted in Karbala and were sent back to Medina.

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pure" is also attributed to this event, during which Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak. Thus the title, the Family of the Cloak, is related sometimes to the Event of Mubahala.

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that Abbas went to the river together with Husayn but became separated, was surrounded, and killed. At some point, a young child of Husayn's, who was sitting on his lap, was hit by an arrow and died.

7414: 3049:

Imams know all that was, that is, and that is to come, and that their knowledge does not increase with time," it is inferred that Husayn already knew the fate that awaited him and his followers.

2557:, the rituals of Muharram have an "important" effect in the "invoking the memory of Karbala", as these help consolidate the collective identity and memory of the Shi'a community. Anthropologist 2006: 1647:

might challenge his rule and instructed him to defeat them if they did. Yazid was further advised to treat Husayn with caution and not to spill his blood, since he was the grandson of Muhammad.

3490:, "was particularly cultivated by the Safavids." Various Persian authors wrote texts retelling romanticized and synthesized versions of the battle and events from it, including Sa'id al-Din's 1952:

river. Ibn Sa'd stationed 500 horsemen on the route leading to the river. Husayn and his companions remained without water for three days before a group of fifty men led by his half-brother

2155:

A few prominent Alid supporters in Kufa felt guilty for abandoning Husayn after having invited him to revolt. To atone for what they perceived as their sin, they began a movement known as

9565: 5147: 11200: 11175: 2528:, representing Husayn's battle horse, is also led riderless through the streets. In Iran, the battle scenes of Karbala are performed on stage in front of an audience in a ritual called 11135: 11195: 11170: 11165: 11185: 11140: 6496:سير أعلام النبلاء، لشمس الدين الذهبي، ومن صغار الصحابة، الحسين بن علي بن أبي طالب، جـ 3، صـ 280: 285، طبعة مؤسسة الرسالة، 2001م نسخة محفوظة 25 أبريل 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين. 9679: 11180: 3004:, being promoted by Mu'awiya, caused Husayn's move to never be considered an uprising against corruption by the Sunnis, and they only considered it an illegal insurrection ( 9778: 4263:

The sincerity of Ibn al-Zubayr's advice has been doubted by many historians, however, as he had his own plans for leadership and was supposedly happy to be rid of Husayn.

1426:

in the Torah as "Shubayr" and in the Gospels as "Tab". Aaron, Moses' brother, gave the same names to his sons after learning the names God had chosen for Ali's children.

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holds that Husayn considered the Umayyad rule oppressive and misguided, and revolted to reorient the Islamic community in the right direction. A similar view is held by

1429:

Husayn was brought up in the household of Muhammad at first. The family formed from the marriage of Ali and Fatima was praised many times by Muhammad. In events such as

8746: 7942: 4300:

Other early monographs on the death of Husayn, which have not survived, were written by al-Asbagh al-Nubata, Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi, Ammar ibn Mu'awiya al-Duhni,

3255:

Abbasid rulers claimed to have avenged the death of Husayn by dethroning the Umayyads. During the early years of their rule, they also encouraged Muharram rituals.

8006: 4113: 3215:

and their reincarnations. It is written in the book that the angel Ayvat incarnated into Husayn ibn Ali and after his death into an Yari saint named Baba Yadegar.

1731: 11160: 11150: 11145: 3183:. The head remained buried in Ashkelon until 1153 (for about 250 years) only. Fearing the crusaders, Ashkelon's ruler Sayf al-Mamlaka Tamim brought the head to 1701:

to assess the situation in Kufa. Ibn Aqil attracted widespread support and informed Husayn of the situation, suggesting that he join them there. Yazid removed

1602:

people gave allegiance to Hasan. Mu'awiya who did not want go give allegiance to him, prepared to fight. To avoid the agonies of the civil war, Hasan signed a

1323:

the plain of Karbala on 2 October, where a larger Umayyad army of some 4,000 or 30,000 arrived soon afterwards. Negotiations failed after the Umayyad governor

4412: 4562: 1538:, the phrase "our sons" would refer to Hasan and Husayn, "our women" refers to Fatima, and "ourselves" refers to Ali. Most of the Sunni narrations quoted by 3638:

describes Husayn's suffering at Karbala as a means to achieve union with the divine, and hence considers it to be a matter of jubilation rather than grief.

10936: 2295:, who was chief astrologer in the Abbasid court between 775 and 785, is partially preserved in a number of extant Christian chronicles, including those by 7043: 1891:

Ibn Ziyad had stationed troops on the routes into Kufa. Husayn and his followers were intercepted by the vanguard of Yazid's army, about 1,000 men led by

7023: 3100:

thus she was very upset. According to another narration, the mysterious letters of K.H.Y.A.S. at the beginning of the nineteenth chapter of the Qur'an (

3871: 9632: 3445:

and wild animals wept; that light emanated from Husayn's severed head and that it recited the Qur'an; and that all of his killers met calamitous end.

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season – that is, when it was first recited by Husayn ibn Ali – by Shia pilgrims. This prayer has a special and important role in Shia theology and

2554: 9726: 2187:

Based on an official report sent to caliph Yazid, which describes the battle of Karbala very briefly, stating that it lasted for no longer than a

11531: 4370:) among the Arabs and the Persians. This is generally accepted by the Shias, but early sources do not confirm it and some genealogists reject it. 2462:

is believed to be weeping for him in paradise and the weeping of believers is considered to be a way of sharing her sorrows. Special gatherings (

9555: 5141: 2167:; which resulted killing most of them including Ibn Surad. The defeat of the Tawwabin left the leadership of the Kufan pro-Alids in the hand of 11259: 10086: 8361:

A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry: A Guide to the Reading & Understanding of Persian Poetry from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century

2737:

king of Iran to be captured during the Arab conquest. On the other hand, in narrative sources, mistakes and confusion have been made between

3502:(Garden of Martyrs), which was written in 1502 by Husain Wa'iz Kashefi. Kashefi's composition was an effective factor in the development of 3080:). The historian G. R. Hawting describes the Battle of Karbala as a "supreme" example of "suffering and martyrdom" for Shi'as. According to 8902: 2175:

to fight an approaching Umayyad army, led by Ibn Ziyad, which had been sent to reconquer the province. The Umayyad army was routed at the

10931: 6828: 3171:

on top of a hill" with no tomb but a fragment of a pillar showing the place where the head had been buried. Israeli Defense Forces under

2710:, Abu Abd Allah, probably refers to this son. After Husayn's death, Rubab spent a year in grief at his grave and refused to marry again. 3208: 9997: 8762:

Gölz, Olmo (2019). "Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran:The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War".

1948:

Husayn must surrender or he should be subdued by force, and that to compel him, he and his companions should be denied access to the

1743:

insisted on his decision and wrote about his motives and goals in a famous letter or will that he gave to Muhammad ibn al Hanafiyyah

1310:. When Mu'awiya died in 680, Yazid demanded that Husayn pledge allegiance to him. Husayn refused to do so. As a consequence, he left 9886: 9662: 8314: 2827:, attribute its revelation to Ali and Fatima and the story of the illness of their child or children and a vow for their recovery. 277: 8525:

Yildirim, Riza (2015). "In the Name of Hosayn's Blood: The Memory of Karbala as Ideological Stimulus to the Safavid Revolution".

7087:

The Yaresan : a sociological, historical, and religio-historical study of a Kurdish community, Islamkundliche Untersuchungen

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by Husayn Ibn Ali which have been published in the form of collections entitled Al-Sahifa Al-Husayn or prays of Imam Al-Husayn.

9965: 9856: 8127: 8068: 5443: 4291:

According to the Shi'a sources, however, more troops had joined Ibn Sa'd in preceding days, swelling his army to 30,000 strong.

4282:

Although forty-five horsemen and one hundred foot-soldiers, or a total of a few hundred men have been reported by some sources.

1367:. On this day, Shi'a Muslims mourn, hold public processions, organize religious gathering, beat their chests and in some cases 11516: 10058: 9832: 9494: 9403: 9331: 9262: 9051: 9023: 8871: 8835: 8798: 8697: 8660: 8652: 8620: 8595: 8463: 8345: 8236: 8160: 8135: 3657:

labels Husayn, along with his brother Hasan, as the "fountain head of the martyrs" and "Kings of the Paradise" in his songs.

2508:

and the participants parade barefoot through the streets, wailing and beating their chests and heads before returning to the

9598: 9306: 9234: 9130: 9090: 9057: 8877: 8841: 8804: 8703: 8666: 8626: 8565: 8509: 8469: 8375: 8270: 8166: 1587:

were among closest allies of Ali. He remained alongside him, accompanying him in the battlefields. According to a report by

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in nature. The Battle of Karbala was also reported by an early Christian source. A history by the Syriac Christian scholar

1211: 345: 2983:

attributed the historical progress of Islam, to the "sacrifices of Muslim saints like Husayn" rather than military force.

1773: 11536: 11125: 10862: 4254:

see L. Massignon, La Mubahala de Médine et l’hyperdulie de Fatima, Paris, 1935; idem, "Mubāhala," EI1, supplement, p. 150

3608:, but should be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle towards the goal of a classless society and economic justice. 3552:

is predominantly religious in nature and usually concentrates on lamenting the Battle of Karbala. South Indian rulers of

2991:

The positive attitude of the Sunnis towards Husayn, according to Vaglieri, is most likely due to the sad narrations that

2884:, which have been interpreted to mean the continuation of the Imamate from his generation. Also, verses such as 77 Surah 2753: 9799: 9755: 9700: 9009: 8331: 8222: 6821:"In a distant age and climate, the tragic scene of the death of Husein will awaken the sympathy of the coldest reader." 2954:, this prayer is the most famous prayer in terms of its beauty and spiritual structure and is recited every year on the 11252: 10064: 9084: 8973: 8295: 4933: 4679: 4536: 3545:; the Battle of Karbala is described in detail and Frashëri eulogizes those who fell as martyrs, in particular Husayn. 2841:

tells the story of the confrontation between the Prophet of Islam and his family on the one hand and the Christians of

4923: 2163:, a companion of Muhammad, to fight the Umayyads, and attracted large-scale support. The armies met in January 685 at 1857:

On the way, Husayn encountered various people. In response to Husayn's question about the situation in Iraq, the poet

11541: 10027: 10005: 9951: 9592: 9429: 9377: 9354: 9286: 9228: 9181: 9155: 9124: 8954: 8932: 8740: 8559: 8503: 8495: 8438: 8369: 8303: 8264: 8194: 8000: 7936: 7432: 7095: 6951: 6902: 6607: 2545:

Most of these rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, reaching a climax on the tenth day, although

1247:; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680) was a social, political and religious leader. The grandson of the Islamic prophet 9931: 11521: 4392: 2722: 1671: 1551:

During the caliphate of Abu Bakr and Umar, Husayn was present at some events such as testifying about the story of

1332:, during which the Iraqis organized two separate campaigns to avenge the martyrdom of Husayn; the first one by the 818: 676: 340: 10101: 4552: 2381: 9975: 9628: 1896: 1844: 31: 9738: 11070: 11024: 10807: 10761: 10678: 10632: 10501: 10455: 9942: 9146:

Howard, I. K. A. (1986). "Husayn the Martyr: A Commentary on the Accounts of the Martyrdom in Arabic Sources".

8827: 7041: 6998: 3626:) and suffering in the path of God are paramount principles, Husayn is seen as a model Sufi. Persian Sufi poet 1702: 500: 17: 4515:, Imam Hussain's encyclopedia in the Quran, Sunnah and History, Dar Al-Hadith Research Center, vol. 1, pg. 215 3498:(The Site of the Murder of the Light of the Imams). These influenced the composition of the more popular text 3036:. Like other Imams, Husayn is a mediator with God for those who call on him; "it is through his intercession ( 11245: 10991: 10728: 10599: 10422: 10329: 10244: 8527: 7416:

Rentier state and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution (Chapter 10) – Social Revolutions in the Modern World

7019: 3719: 2820: 2579: 2227: 2123: 361: 1267:, Husayn is regarded as the third Imam (leader) in Shia Islam after his brother, Hasan, and before his son, 11501: 11045: 10782: 10653: 10476: 10049: 9618: 3935: 3301: 2781:

his brother to Muhammad is mentioned, and each of them is likened to half of their grandfather's behavior.

1539: 1012: 1606:, according to which Mu'awiya would not name a successor during his reign, and let the Islamic community ( 11496: 11439: 10306: 6792: 2583: 1909: 1892: 1874: 1355:) into a unique religious sect with its own rituals and collective memory. It has a central place in the 828: 696: 691: 7085: 6216:"Vicissitudes of a Holy Place: Construction, Destruction and Commemoration of Mashhad Ḥusayn in Ascalon" 1688:

Hasan's abdication and strongly resented Umayyad rule. While in Mecca, Husayn received letters from pro-

1532: 11491: 10971: 10708: 10693: 10516: 10254: 10080: 9395: 8732: 8455: 3156: 3122: 1375:

likewise regard the incident as a historical tragedy; Husayn and his companions are widely regarded as

1031: 833: 578: 10105: 4557: 2549:

can also occur throughout the year. Occasionally, especially in the past, some Sunni participation in

2268: 11055: 10792: 10663: 10531: 10486: 10471: 9504: 9150:. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 124–142. 9000: 8322: 8213: 7968: 4188: 3589: 2790: 2619: 1580: 932: 701: 536: 518: 7466: 11511: 11090: 11040: 11006: 10921: 10827: 10777: 10743: 10698: 10648: 10614: 10437: 10298: 10282: 9824:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64

9734: 9043: 8433:. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 29–39. 6793:"Barack Hussein Obama, Omar Bradley, Benjamin Franklin and other Semitically Named American Heroes" 3643: 3522: 3151:

and discovered the head of Husayn in AH 448 (1056 AD). He constructed the minbar, a mosque and the

3021: 2738: 2699: 2695: 2300: 2280: 2098: 1603: 1307: 1295: 1204: 1159: 751: 686: 384: 74: 8648:

Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt

8429:

Schimmel, Annemarie (1986). "Karbalā' and the Imam Husayn in Persian and Indo-Muslim literature".

8189:. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 3–12. 3341: 3058:

shameful and to teach the peoples the necessity of revolt against unjust and impious governments (

2257:, although they occasionally provide some extra notes and verses. Other secondary sources include 1971:

are probably untrue as Husayn at this stage is unlikely to have considered submitting to Yazid. A

1562:

According to several narrations, Ali asked Hasan and Husayn to defend the third Caliph during the

11551: 11476: 11050: 11011: 10787: 10748: 10658: 10619: 10481: 10442: 8689: 8587:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

8152: 3565: 3367: 3180: 2718: 2678: 2020: 1908:

He then showed them the letters he had received from the Kufans, including some in Hurr's force.

1718: 1675: 1644: 1129: 369: 335: 9970: 9908: 9881: 9851: 9657: 9623: 8894: 1994:

After the morning prayer on 10 October, both parties took up battle positions. Husayn appointed

1559:, who had preached against some of the actions of the tyrants and was to be exiled from Medina. 11115: 11080: 10852: 10817: 10215: 9992: 9560: 8148:

Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century

6514:

Present in both Sunni and Shia sources on basis of the hadith: "al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn are the

4169: 4081: 3175:

blew up Mashhad Nabi Husayn in July 1950 as part of a broader operation. Around the year 2000,

2567: 2164: 2031:

and Hasan ibn Ali were slain. The account of Abbas' death is not given in the primary sources,

1759: 1584: 1237: 1094: 708: 681: 9786: 9687: 8720: 7926: 6822: 3463:

When Shi'ism became the official religion of Iran in the 16th century, Safavid rulers such as

2122:

Seventy or seventy-two people died on Husayn's side, of whom about twenty were descendants of

738: 11546: 11506: 11306: 11105: 11085: 11065: 10941: 10842: 10822: 10802: 10673: 10556: 10496: 10201: 9827:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 9722: 9210: 9112:

Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism

8485: 8064: 8052: 4193: 3349: 3321: 3312: 3233: 2850: 2749: 2558: 2420: 2192: 2172: 1706: 1446: 1388: 1324: 1280: 922: 823: 813: 806: 783: 530: 9876: 7990: 3630:

describes Husayn as a martyr, higher in rank than all the other martyrs of the world; while

3358:(the Ocean of Sorrow), established the precedent of the Islamic epic in Bangali literature. 3267:, considered himself to be the Mahdi (the twelfth Shi'a Imam) or his forerunner. Similarly, 2685:, came to Medina during the Caliphate of Umar, and was appointed by him as the chief of the 1469:

and told her that the soil inside the bottle would turn into blood after Husayn was killed.

917: 11301: 11268: 11226: 11120: 11110: 10857: 10847: 10379: 8448:

Chaudhuri, Supriya (2012). "The Bengali novel". In Dalmia, Vasudha; Sadana, Rashmi (eds.).

7419:. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–258. 3604:

argues that Karbala is not a story of the past to be recounted by the religious clerics in

2942:

One of the most famous Shia prayers, as well as the works of Husayn, recorded in the book,

2816: 2362: 2292: 1878: 1599: 1556: 1519: 1291: 1109: 966: 853: 788: 718: 542: 524: 476: 8: 11526: 11486: 11481: 11321: 11214: 11100: 11075: 10911: 10837: 10812: 10683: 10506: 10275: 9421: 9272: 8857: 6599: 4309: 3164: 3148: 3081: 2951: 2905: 2691: 2263: 2246: 2028: 1739: 1714: 1197: 1144: 1124: 1061: 733: 713: 634: 374: 267: 10117: 9903: 9652: 9443: 5437: 11342: 11001: 10738: 10609: 10546: 10432: 10339: 10111: 9462: 9413: 9170: 9004: 8790: 8396: 8115: 7454: 6946:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–194. 6591: 4512: 4301: 4055: 3561: 3553: 3288: 3260: 3144: 3025: 2979:

described the events at Karbala as a tragedy. According to historian Syed Akbar Hyder,

2661: 2501: 2397: 2312: 2296: 2168: 2160: 2061: 2040: 2024: 1360: 1337: 671: 563: 379: 263: 212: 9281:(in English and Arabic). Translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan. Al-Saadawi Publications. 2057: 1959: 1514:) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning 11455: 11280: 11219: 10996: 10881: 10733: 10604: 10577: 10541: 10427: 10400: 10369: 10354: 10334: 10054: 10001: 9947: 9828: 9809: 9765: 9710: 9588: 9490: 9468: 9449: 9439: 9425: 9399: 9373: 9350: 9327: 9282: 9258: 9224: 9198: 9177: 9151: 9120: 9116: 9080: 9047: 9019: 8969: 8950: 8928: 8867: 8831: 8794: 8736: 8693: 8656: 8616: 8591: 8555: 8499: 8459: 8434: 8365: 8355: 8341: 8299: 8288: 8260: 8232: 8190: 8156: 8131: 8120: 7996: 7932: 7428: 7091: 7065: 6947: 6898: 6603: 6238: 4929: 4675: 4532: 3839: 3631: 3542: 3487: 3451:

later entered Persian, Turkish, and Urdu literature, and inspired the development of

3434: 3325: 3316: 3085: 2835: 2326: 2222: 2156: 1999: 1940: 1735: 1656: 1481: 1430: 1368: 1344: 1333: 1284: 1248: 1187: 1154: 1119: 1051: 878: 848: 573: 506: 432: 427: 253: 241: 9979: 9846: 8775: 8057: 3530: 3044:) that his faithful followers obtain guidance and attain salvation." As a member of 1591:, Husayn was among Ali's major supporters who were cursed in public by the order of 1498:

and two hadiths of Muhammad on the cloth, probably belonging to Iran or Central Asia

11326: 11311: 10926: 10171: 10053:(in Turkish). Vol. 18 (Hilal - Huseyin Lamekani). Istanbul. pp. 518–524. 10015: 9987: 9961: 9872: 9842: 9648: 9387: 9276: 9106: 8992: 8771: 8612: 8536: 8417: 8182: 7420: 6230: 4577: 4404: 4342: 3581: 3383: 3308: 3293: 3229: 3105: 2966:, the philosopher and mystic, has referred to this prayer many times in his works. 2943: 2935: 2904:

Husayn is placed as an example for the second weight in the narrations related to "

2721:) was killed in the Battle of Karbala at the age of 19. Ali al-Akbar was born from 2427: 2208: 2179:

in August 686 and Ibn Ziyad was slain. Later on, in April 687, Mukhtar was killed.

2176: 1763: 1568: 1392: 1164: 1139: 1056: 9343: 6972: 2717:

who became the fourth Shia Imam later, was 23 years old when his younger brother (

2440: 2426:). In Shi'a tradition, Husayn's martyrdom is also connected to the hagiography of 11316: 11095: 10906: 10364: 10258: 10147: 9822: 9582: 9509: 9484: 9214: 9110: 9074: 9037: 8988: 8922: 8861: 8821: 8784: 8683: 8646: 8606: 8585: 8581: 8549: 8489: 8449: 8359: 8250: 8146: 7424: 7413:

Skocpol, Teda (1994). "Rentier state and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution".

7071: 7047: 7027: 6941: 6832: 4526: 3813: 3751: 3693: 3639: 3601: 3557: 3188: 2893: 2831: 2757: 2734: 2638: 2237: 2115: 2074: 2045: 1995: 1863: 1698: 1563: 1228: 1104: 949: 858: 470: 330: 9300: 2877: 2516:. Sometimes, chains and knives are used to inflict wounds and physical pain. In 1283:. Muhammad described him and his brother, Hasan, as the leaders of the youth of 871: 11060: 10901: 10832: 10797: 10688: 10668: 10511: 10491: 9794: 9790: 9750: 9742: 9695: 9691: 9520: 9480: 8996: 8942: 8724: 8326: 8318: 8217: 8209: 4313: 4181: 3648: 3634:

considers him a prototype of a Sufi who sacrificed himself in the love of God.

3363: 3353: 3168: 3140: 3132: 3101: 3020:

The most important components of Shia views about Husayn are the belief in the

2997: 2980: 2947: 2729:. According to the reports, commonly accepted by Shia, she was the daughter of 2705: 2334: 2213:

The primary source of the Karbala narrative is the work of the Kufan historian

2080: 1849: 1755: 1515: 1169: 1007: 939: 596: 568: 512: 482: 8727:; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). 8540: 8391:

Sindawi, Khalid (2002). "The image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in Maqātil Literature".

11470: 11404: 11363: 11032: 11016: 10916: 10891: 10769: 10753: 10640: 10624: 10589: 10463: 10447: 10412: 10344: 10319: 10212: 10189: 9813: 9782: 9769: 9746: 9730: 9714: 9683: 9472: 9453: 9366: 9296: 9202: 8918: 3268: 3256: 3176: 3029: 2976: 2955: 2774: 2730: 2714: 2366: 2337:

rulers, and over time, the city of Karbala was built and expanded around it.

2258: 2139: 2131: 2111: 1953: 1939:

On the following day, a 4,000-strong Kufan army arrived under the command of

1867: 1299: 1268: 1264: 1066: 927: 912: 494: 488: 464: 292: 279: 109: 97: 10044: 8421: 8290:

Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World

6234: 4408: 3104:) refers to Husayn and his fate in Karbala, that was similar to the fate of 2542:

refers to the coffins and replicas of Husayn's tomb carried in processions.

2476:. In these gatherings the story of Karbala is narrated and various elegies ( 1928:, a desert plain 70 kilometers (43 mi) north of Kufa, and set up camp. 1862:

and would not be hostile to anyone who was right. The news of the murder of

52: 11434: 11384: 10956: 10886: 9250: 9192: 8642: 8246: 4242: 4198: 3577: 3386:, a tenth century Sufi, who was executed on a charge of claiming divinity. 3297: 3225: 3007: 2896:

refer to the uprising and killing of Husayn from the Shiite point of view.

2876:

Other verses that the Shiites attribute to Husayn include verse 6 of Surah

2777:

considered him the most beloved of the earthlings to the people of heaven.

2434: 1964: 1697:

and promised to lead them with the right guidance. Then he sent his cousin

1329: 1114: 944: 843: 216: 58: 10019: 6214:

Talmon-Heller, Daniella; Kedar, Benjamin; Reiter, Yitzhak (January 2016).

2023:

was killed; then Husayn's half-brothers, including Abbas, and the sons of

1963:

Battle of Karbala, Iranian painting, oil on canvas, 19th century from the

1873:

When Husayn reached the area of Zabalah, he found out that his messenger,

1693:

affirmatively that a rightful leader is the one who acts according to the

1271:. Being the grandson of the prophet, he is also a prominent member of the 11368: 10961: 10951: 10896: 10359: 10349: 10157: 10139: 10133: 9614: 9033: 8256: 8031: 7902: 7090:, Berlin, Germany: Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, 138, pp. 105–106, 3538: 3518: 3359: 3172: 3109:"trial". The slain of Karbala will enter Paradise without any reckoning. 3045: 2992: 2963: 2854: 2500:

instance was in Baghdad in 963 during the reign of the first Buyid ruler

2402: 2372: 2288: 2214: 2087: 1858: 1592: 1495: 1485: 1442: 1438: 1418: 1372: 1276: 1272: 1044: 959: 954: 905: 838: 793: 778: 773: 763: 728: 9912:. Vol. XII. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 498–502. 9885:. Vol. I/8. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 849–850. 9855:. Vol. XII. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 493–498. 9558:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Rowson, E. (eds.). 9448:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 8400: 4364:

Therefore Ali Zayn al-Abidin was considered "the son of the two elect" (

3474:(poems in the memory of the dead, with popular forms of Karbala related 3092:

and recent poems later on, since it is easy to make the transition from

11429: 11409: 11347: 11237: 11155: 10946: 10234: 10219: 10208: 10180: 9165: 3654: 3470:, patronized poets who wrote about the Battle of Karbala. The genre of 3405:

on the deaths of Ali, Uthman and various others have been written, the

3089: 3053:

About the reason for Husayn's sacrifice in Shia sources Vaglieri write:

2881: 2853:

in Al-Mizan, Tabatabai considers the addressee of this verse to be the

2598: 2563: 2530: 2521: 2517: 2472: 2450: 2413:

also encouraged this practice. Special visits are paid on 10 Muharram (

2330: 2250: 2107: 2103: 1956:

was able to access the river. They could only fill twenty water-skins.

1579:

During the Caliphate of Ali, Husayn, along with his brothers Hasan and

1503: 1466: 1398: 1359:

history, tradition, and theology, and has frequently been recounted in

1356: 1290:

During the caliphate of Ali, Husayn accompanied him in wars. After the

1099: 642: 198: 195: 71: 9661:. Vol. 1. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 838–848. 10205: 6937: 4305: 3597: 3585: 3467: 3200: 3033: 2862: 2726: 2713:

According to Madelung, Husayn had two sons named Ali. The older one,

2686: 2682: 2376: 2242: 2232: 2036: 2032: 1949: 1931: 1751: 1694: 1134: 1019: 893: 651: 325: 10160:

AH 4 in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar 10 October AD 625

9176:. Translated by Allison Brown. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. 7966: 7050:; Prophet's grandson Hussein honoured on grounds of Israeli hospital 6990: 4925:

The Nusayri-Alawi Religion: An Enquiry into Its Theology and Liturgy

3024:

of Husayn and the characteristics of an Imam by the Shia religions;

1546: 10581: 10526: 10521: 10404: 10231: 10227: 10168: 9148:

Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984

8431:

Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984

8408:

Günther, Sebastian (1994). "Maqâtil Literature in Medieval Islam".

8187:

Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984

7928:

The Most Learned of the Shi'a: The Institution of the Marja' Taqlid

6137: 4174: 3961: 3264: 3218: 3160: 3039: 3001: 2869: 2824: 2487: 2410: 2386: 2342: 1870:

was reported by some travellers, for the first time in Thalabiyah.

1628: 1406: 1397:

According to majority of narrations, Husayn was born on the 3rd of

1024: 997: 983: 723: 458: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 5322: 3127: 11399: 10536: 10045:"HÜSEYİN – An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam" 9220: 6874: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5230: 5228: 5226: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 3430: 3371: 3370:

and compares Yazid's opposition to Husayn with the opposition of

2996:

historians and spread throughout the Islamic world. According to

2917: 2889: 2885: 2665: 2459: 2322: 2318: 1925: 1835: 1640: 1636: 1455: 1422: 1303: 900: 888: 883: 616: 237: 9278:

The English Translation of Sahih Al Bukhari With the Arabic Text

8823:

The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran

8608:

The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism

7163: 3345:

Cameleer telling people about the events he witnessed at Karbala

3279:, to improve the relationship between the state and the public. 3179:

from India built a marble platform there, on the grounds of the

11419: 11414: 11389: 10223: 10194: 6759: 6515: 6125: 5992: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 4338: 4334: 4245:, English tr. by A. H. Siddiqui, Lahore, 1975, IV, pp. 1293–94" 4019: 3993: 3617: 3438: 3379: 3159:. The shrine was described as the most magnificent building in 2842: 2798: 2786: 2655: 2415: 2406: 2188: 1787: 1670:

60 AH (22 April 680 AD), Yazid charged the governor of Medina,

1588: 1507: 1450: 1434: 1414: 1402: 1376: 1364: 1311: 1260: 1149: 1089: 992: 973: 768: 758: 666: 409: 204: 7801: 7799: 6572: 5842: 5840: 5769: 5608: 5512: 5475: 5473: 5349: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5223: 4823: 3576:

afterwards became popular throughout India. Famous Urdu poets

1182: 11424: 10267: 7192: 7190: 6862: 6667: 6616: 5106: 4330: 3627: 3442: 3375: 3287:

Karbala and Shi'a symbolism played a significant role in the

3184: 3061: 2634: 2615: 2350: 2346: 1979: 1973: 1803: 1710: 1689: 1667: 1609: 1552: 1511: 1348: 1315: 1252: 1002: 978: 312: 208: 57:

Calligraphic seal featuring Husayn's name, on display in the

8966:

In Search of the Lost Heart: Explorations in Islamic Thought

8924:

The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750

7704: 7485: 7286: 7202: 7103: 6749: 6747: 6262: 6260: 2077:

complained to him: "'Umar b. Sa'd, will Abu 'Abd Allah (the

11394: 9464:

Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam

7796: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7731: 7721: 7719: 6442: 6178: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5927: 5837: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5598: 5596: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5470: 5240: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5179: 5177: 4672:

The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam; Chapter 6

3635: 3622: 3464: 3389: 2959: 2899: 2861:

In the explanation and interpretation of verse 23 of Surah

2669: 2470:) are arranged in places reserved for this purpose, called 2419:

Pilgrimage) and 40 days after the anniversary of Husayn's (

2390: 1944: 1819: 1632: 1623: 1319: 437: 271: 9392:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

9324:

The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam

8949:(in Persian). Vol. 2. Oom: Daftar-e Nashr-e al-Hadi. 7871: 7835: 7772: 7545: 7521: 7509: 7187: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6081: 5963: 5951: 5917: 5915: 4393:"An Attempt To Trace the Origin of the Rituals of Āshurā¸" 4345:(Am No. 78) libraries have been attributed to Abu Mikhnaf. 3529:. It influenced similar works in Albanian on the subject. 3096:

to this idea, or it may be influenced by Christian ideas.

2010:

The Battle of Karbala By Iranian painter Mohammad Modabber

1490: 10981: 10718: 10564: 10387: 10314: 9076:

The Umayyad Caliphate, 65-86/684-705: (a Political Study)

7971:; Abdullah, Abdul Rahman; Salafi, Muhammad Tahir (2001). 7847: 7811: 7680: 7656: 7634: 7632: 7557: 7175: 7151: 7139: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6633: 6631: 6335: 6257: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6016: 6004: 5939: 5745: 5569: 5500: 4494: 4316:; of these al-Nubta's monograph was perhaps the earliest. 3777: 3409:

genre has focused mainly on the story of Husayn's death.

2127: 1567:

sent him back. It is also narrated that Uthman's cousin,

1410: 1256: 403: 10114:

by Wilferd Madelung, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.

8863:

Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism

7859: 7743: 7716: 7668: 7394: 7274: 7262: 7238: 6655: 6643: 6526: 6524: 6379: 6377: 6301: 6299: 6213: 6035: 6033: 6031: 5975: 5810: 5808: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5593: 5550: 5458: 5442:. Encyclopedia of the world of Islam. pp. 670–671. 5213: 5211: 5189: 5174: 5037: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4693: 4691: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4223:

Political supporters of Ali and his descendants (Alids).

1574: 8729:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

7992:

Consanguinity – Its Impact, Consequences and Management

7883: 7823: 7617: 7605: 7593: 7569: 7370: 7214: 6847:, By Syed Akbar Hyder, Oxford University Press, p. 170. 6715: 6478: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6347: 6245: 6108: 5912: 5540: 5538: 5490: 5488: 4813: 4811: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 3401:) works narrate the story of someone's death. Although 3315:, which were opposed by the Iranian clergy and others, 1924:

On 2 October 680 (2 Muharram 61 AH), Husayn arrived at

1705:

as governor of Kufa due to his inaction, and installed

8026: 8024: 7760: 7692: 7644: 7629: 7310: 6727: 6628: 6454: 6401: 6389: 6364: 6362: 6311: 6284: 6272: 6190: 6161: 6098: 6096: 6069: 6057: 6045: 5900: 5888: 5757: 5733: 5709: 5094: 4885: 4883: 4355:

First Fitna between the Umayyads and Ali's supporters.

3271:

also patronized Muharram rituals such as processions,

1904:

will leave you for the place from which I came to you.

1661: 9197:(in French). Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique Beyrouth. 7581: 7497: 7358: 7334: 7298: 7250: 7226: 7115: 6521: 6413: 6374: 6323: 6296: 6028: 5876: 5864: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5805: 5781: 5721: 5697: 5685: 5647: 5635: 5581: 5376: 5208: 5162: 5118: 4870: 4868: 4749: 4732: 4688: 10120:

by Jean Calmard, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.

9847:"Ḥosayn b. ʿAli i. Life and Significance in Shiʿism" 8088: 8086: 7784: 7533: 7473: 7382: 7346: 7322: 7127: 6425: 5793: 5535: 5485: 5417: 5339: 5337: 5281: 4808: 4715: 4609: 4365: 3067: 3059: 3037: 3005: 2703: 2437:, is considered to have miraculous healing effects. 2078: 1607: 1459: 1242: 9039:

Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam

8927:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 8021: 7895: 6466: 6359: 6093: 5852: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4880: 1617: 9365: 9342: 9169: 8866:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 8287: 8119: 8092: 8056: 8030: 7984: 7982: 7901: 7022:, by Batsheva Sobelman, special Los Angeles Times. 5820: 5146:. Ehsan Yarshater, Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. 4865: 3521:wrote an abridged and simplified version of it in 9647: 9364:Halm, Heinz; Watson, Janet; Hill, Marian (2004). 8786:Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India 8685:Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory 8083: 7920: 7918: 7916: 6845:Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian memory 5334: 4803: 2694:, from her. According to a narration recorded by 1547:During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman 11468: 9467:(in German). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. 8901:. Vol. 1. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 8451:The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture 7962: 7960: 6984: 6982: 4989: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4524: 4476:. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. 2004. p. 95. 3433:'s and Muhammad's birth and of the ascension of 3219:Modern historical views on motivations of Husayn 3076:He is thus remembered as the prince of martyrs ( 2553:and processions has been observed. According to 2317:Husayn ibn Ali's tomb is located in the city of 2118:and other prisoners being taken to Yazid's court 9677: 8144: 7989:Jaber, Lutfi A.; Halpern, Gabrielle J. (2014). 7979: 7037: 7035: 6778: 6143: 6131: 5775: 5629: 5529: 5370: 5328: 5234: 4921: 4836: 4791: 4604: 4518: 4463:Tirmidhi, Vol. II, p. 221; تاريخ الخلفاء، ص189 1935:A shrine built at the location of Husayn's camp 1848:Husayn traveled from Mecca to Kufa through the 1465:For example, he gave a small bottle of soil to 27:Grandson of Muhammad and the 3rd Imam (626–680) 10014: 9542:(in Arabic). Beirut: Al-Noor Press Foundation. 9533:(in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiyah. 9524:(in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr Buchhandlung. 9363: 9302:Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine 8047: 8045: 7913: 6969:Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine 5061: 5008: 3506:, a ritual recounting of the battle events in 3429:is also asserted to have been the day of both 3116: 3066:), in short he offered himself as an example ( 2202: 1666:Immediately after Mu'awiya's death on 15th of 1275:. He is also considered to be a member of the 11253: 10283: 7957: 6979: 6911: 6892: 4895: 4854: 4232:Meaning "the master of the youth of Paradise" 3568:) were patrons of poetry and encouraged Urdu 2810: 2767: 2064:, where Husayn is buried, in the 21st century 1635:, while Uthman was buried in the cemetery of 1622:According to the Shi'a, Husayn was the third 1205: 9486:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 9216:Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam 8551:Sociology of Shiʿite Islam: Collected Essays 7988: 7032: 4384: 3366:sees Husayn's sacrifice as being similar to 3113:remembered as part of suffering everywhere. 2815:Many Sunni and Shia'a commentators, such as 2570:has banned the practice in Iran since 1994. 1518:. After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to 1445:. In the Qur'an, in many cases, such as the 1405:and was still a child when his grandfather, 10042: 9946:. Brill Publishers, Leiden. December 2005. 8042: 4500: 4474:A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 2789:tendencies. According to the Shia scholar, 2349:, Syria, and in a mosque Mohsen Al-Amin in 1294:, he obeyed his brother in recognizing the 11260: 11246: 10290: 10276: 10085:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9800:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 9756:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 9701:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 9517: 9460: 9438: 9271: 9010:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8491:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution 8332:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8223:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8185:(1986). "Rūmī's view of the Imam Ḥusayn". 7157: 6673: 6622: 6584: 6022: 6010: 5998: 5945: 5933: 5846: 5679: 5563: 5479: 5464: 5202: 5183: 5112: 4922:Bar-Asher, Meir M.; Kofsky, Aryeh (2002). 4453:. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. p. 58. 4448: 3494:(The Garden of Islam) and Al-Khawarazmi's 2805: 1441:, Muhammad referred to this family as the 1417:, the daughter of Muhammad, both from the 1212: 1198: 9998:Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia 9808:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 240–243. 9764:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 381–386. 9503: 9489:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9412: 8856: 8447: 8354: 8340:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 608–609. 8231:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 610–612. 7995:. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 7. 7924: 7725: 7563: 6880: 6868: 6637: 6590: 4917: 4915: 3382:compares Husayn's suffering with that of 11267: 9986: 9960: 9871: 9841: 9776: 9721: 9386: 9172:Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution 8963: 8941: 8547: 8524: 8428: 8181: 8114: 7931:. Oxford University Press. p. 102. 7889: 7877: 7865: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7710: 7674: 7575: 7491: 7400: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7244: 7109: 6988: 6895:literature:its existence, its appearance 6856: 6824:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 6721: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6155: 5986: 5921: 5275: 5088: 5055: 5031: 5019: 4983: 4960: 4889: 4860: 4848: 4817: 4697: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4466: 4427: 3390:Maqtal literature and legendary accounts 3340: 3331: 3126: 2911: 2900:In the biography of the Prophet of Islam 2681:. Her father, Imra' al-Qais, a chief of 2486: 2480:) are recited by professional reciters ( 2439: 2380: 2097: 2056: 2005: 1998:to command the right flank of his army, 1958: 1930: 1682: 1489: 1318:in AH 60 (679 CE). There, the people of 9904:"Ḥosayn b. ʿAli ii. in Popular Shiʿism" 9901: 9584:Islam and Revolution in the Middle East 9479: 9190: 8982: 8917: 8892: 8782: 8718: 8604: 8580: 8484: 8407: 8390: 8312: 8203: 7805: 7737: 7698: 7686: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7412: 7376: 7220: 7208: 7181: 7169: 6960: 6738: 6484: 6395: 6353: 6207: 6184: 6119: 5906: 5882: 5763: 5739: 5715: 5602: 5217: 5100: 4764: 1725: 14: 11532:People killed at the Battle of Karbala 11469: 10887:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III) 9889:from the original on 22 September 2023 9820: 9580: 9553: 9537: 9528: 9518:Fakhr Razi, Muhammad ibn Umar (1901). 9340: 9321: 9295: 9145: 9032: 8905:from the original on 23 September 2018 8819: 8641: 8285: 8128:The University of North Carolina Press 8051: 7778: 7766: 7754: 7551: 7527: 7515: 7503: 7364: 7340: 7316: 7304: 7256: 7196: 7121: 7083: 7064:, Karachi, Pakistan on 3 January 2009 7020:Sacred Surprise behind Israel Hospital 6966: 6661: 6649: 6505:Husain: The great martyr by Fazl Ahmad 6448: 6419: 6317: 6305: 6290: 6278: 6251: 6201: 6172: 6087: 6075: 6063: 6051: 5969: 5957: 5870: 5814: 5787: 5751: 5727: 5703: 5691: 5656: 5641: 5587: 5575: 5506: 5446:from the original on 20 September 2018 5423: 5382: 5287: 5168: 5124: 4912: 4874: 4743: 4726: 4709: 4390: 4035: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3793: 3683: 3679: 2396:Shi'a Muslims consider pilgrimages to 2182: 1347:galvanized the development of the pro- 11241: 10271: 10067:from the original on 13 February 2023 10043:Fığlâlı, E.Ruhı; Üzün, İlyâs (1998). 10030:from the original on 13 February 2023 9877:"ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB" 9613: 9568:from the original on 13 February 2023 9249: 9209: 9105: 9072: 8681: 8245: 7817: 7790: 7587: 7232: 7145: 7133: 7053: 6753: 6436: 6383: 6341: 6329: 6266: 6039: 5894: 5858: 5799: 5544: 5494: 5435: 5150:from the original on 13 February 2023 5135: 5133: 5076: 5043: 4972: 4906: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4669: 4656: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4111: 4101: 4097: 4085: 4079: 4069: 4053: 4043: 4039: 4023: 4017: 4007: 3991: 3981: 3977: 3965: 3959: 3949: 3933: 3923: 3919: 3895: 3885: 3869: 3859: 3855: 3843: 3837: 3827: 3811: 3801: 3797: 3781: 3775: 3765: 3749: 3739: 3735: 3723: 3717: 3707: 3691: 3687: 3458: 3282: 3155:at the place of burial, known as the 1575:During the caliphate of Ali and Hasan 87:2 April 670 – 10 October 680 9635:from the original on 18 October 2014 9601:from the original on 10 October 2023 9237:from the original on 10 October 2023 9164: 9133:from the original on 10 October 2023 9093:from the original on 10 October 2023 9060:from the original on 10 October 2023 8880:from the original on 10 October 2023 8844:from the original on 10 October 2023 8807:from the original on 10 October 2023 8761: 8749:from the original on 10 October 2023 8706:from the original on 10 October 2023 8669:from the original on 10 October 2023 8629:from the original on 10 October 2023 8590:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 8568:from the original on 10 October 2023 8512:from the original on 10 October 2023 8472:from the original on 10 October 2023 8378:from the original on 10 October 2023 8252:Albanian Literature: A Short History 8169:from the original on 10 October 2023 8009:from the original on 10 October 2023 7945:from the original on 10 October 2023 7539: 7479: 7388: 7352: 7328: 6790: 6472: 6460: 6407: 6368: 6102: 5831: 5405:from the original on 8 November 2021 5394: 5343: 5310:from the original on 30 October 2021 5299: 5139: 4942:from the original on 10 October 2023 4670:Jafri, Syed Husain Mohammad (2002). 4525:S. Manzoor Rizvi (14 October 2014). 4325:Nevertheless, four manuscripts of a 2150: 1989: 1943:. He had been appointed governor of 1472: 545:(maternal cousin and step-mother) 10026:. Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation. 9916:from the original on 8 October 2020 9859:from the original on 29 August 2023 9680:"(al-) Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib" 9305:. London, England: Luzac & Co. 6971:. London: Luznac & Co. p. 6936: 6803:from the original on 8 January 2020 4415:from the original on 15 August 2016 2823:, in their interpretation of Surah 2039:, but a prominent Shi'a theologian 1758:. On persuasion of Husayn's cousin 1662:Refusal to give allegiance to Yazid 1232: 30:For people with similar names, see 24: 10245:ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn 10118:hussain ibn 'Ali in popular Shiism 9665:from the original on 29 April 2011 8764:Behemoth–A Journal on Civilisation 8296:University of South Carolina Press 7001:from the original on 21 March 2020 5130: 4770: 4585: 4449:al-Qarashi, Baqir Shareef (2007). 4391:Nakash, Yitzhak (1 January 1993). 3620:, where annihilation of the self ( 3352:'s 19th century novel on Karbala, 3241:his brother Hasan had renounced." 3207:is a long dialogue between angels 1409:, died. He was the younger son of 1314:, his hometown, to take refuge in 1306:as his successor, contrary to the 1263:, as well as a younger brother of 25: 11563: 10877:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II) 10095: 10024:Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 9779:"(Al)-Ḥasan b. ʿAlï b. Abï Ṭālib" 9505:Tabatabai, Seyed Mohammad Hussein 8496:The University of Wisconsin Press 8273:from the original on 6 March 2023 8059:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam 7441:from the original on 12 June 2018 6592:Tabatabai, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn 5306:. Vol. 1. pp. 465–467. 4565:from the original on 2 March 2020 2677:Husayn's first marriage was with 1738:, and the constant insistence of 1458:for the descendants of Muhammad. 1379:by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. 148:(Leader of the Youth of Paradise) 10902:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali) 9556:"al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib" 9309:from the original on 16 May 2019 8315:"Marthiya in Persian literature" 7406: 7077: 7013: 6943:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 6930: 6921: 6886: 6850: 6838: 6815: 6784: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6560: 6548: 6536: 6508: 6499: 6490: 6149: 4358: 4348: 4319: 4294: 3486:), according to Persian scholar 2624:Master of the Youths of Paradise 2356: 2321:, about 90 km southwest of 2102:Tilework inside Mu'awin ul-Mulk 1827: 1811: 1795: 1779: 1772: 1618:During the caliphate of Mu'awiya 1494:The calligraphy of the names of 1181: 650: 51: 10838:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 9976:Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation 9935:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 9629:Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation 9273:Al-Bukhari, Muhammad Ibn Ismail 9073:Dixon, Abd al-Ameer A. (1971). 8776:10.6094/behemoth.2019.12.1.1005 8145:Howard-Johnston, James (2010). 8071:from the original on 3 May 2018 6989:Rapoport, Meron (5 July 2007). 6791:Cole, Juan (27 February 2008). 5429: 5388: 5293: 5082: 5070: 5049: 5025: 5013: 4977: 4966: 4954: 4842: 4797: 4703: 4285: 4276: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4235: 4226: 4217: 3131:Niche for Husayn's head at the 2504:. The processions start from a 2253:is also based on Abu Mikhnaf's 1828: 32:Husayn ibn Ali (disambiguation) 10297: 9932:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 9821:Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990). 9564:. Vol. 3rd. E. J. Brill. 9372:. Edinburgh University Press. 9255:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 8828:University of Washington Press 7973:The History of Islam, Volume I 5143:al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 4545: 4506: 4480: 4457: 3611: 3237:nature of the Umayyad regime. 2830:Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i in 2573: 2534:(passion play), also known as 1780: 1502:In the year 10 AH (631–632) a 1413:, the cousin of Muhammad, and 13: 1: 10330:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 9990:(2013). "Husaian (as) Imam". 9906:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 9879:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 9849:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 9655:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 9529:Ibn Kathir, Ismail Ibn Umar. 9445:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 8964:Chittick, William C. (2012). 8895:"ʿAbbās b. ʿAlī b. Abū Ṭāleb" 8528:Journal of Persianate Studies 8364:. Bethesda: IBEX Publishers. 8206:"Marthiya in Urdu literature" 6893:karimi hakkak, ahmad (2016). 4804:Poonawala & Kohlberg 1985 4205: 3720:Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib 3572:recitation in Muharram. Urdu 3537:is the earliest, and longest 3336: 3194: 2580:Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali 2228:History of Prophets and Kings 1796: 1672:Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan 1382: 11517:Children of Rashidun caliphs 9966:"ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB" 9777:Vaglieri, L. Veccia (1971). 9678:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (1971). 9322:Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). 8410:Journal of Arabic Literature 8122:Mystical Dimensions of Islam 7925:Walbridge, Linda S. (2001). 7425:10.1017/CBO9781139173834.011 4377: 3936:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 3311:reforms of the Iranian Shah 3302:Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi 2333:princes and patriarchal and 2299:and the Byzantine historian 2093: 1812: 1531:In Shia perspective, in the 1401:4 AH (11 January 626 CE) in 1013:Bektashism and folk religion 158:(the Follower of God's Will) 146:Sayyidu Shababi Ahlil Jannah 7: 11440:Hosseini infancy conference 10016:Seyed Mohammad, Emadi Haeri 9943:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an 9538:Siouti, Jalaluddin (1901). 9461:Wellhausen, Julius (1901). 8983:Hawting, Gerald R. (2002). 8313:Hanaway, W. L. Jr. (1991). 8093:Ibn Sa'd & Bewley (1995 7969:Mubārakfūrī, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān 7907:The Men of Madina, Volume 2 6602:. SUNY press. p. 176. 4674:. Oxford University Press. 4366: 4162: 3669:Ancestors of Husayn ibn Ali 3660: 3249: 3117:Husayn's head in Isma'ilism 3068: 3060: 3038: 3006: 2764:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. 2704: 2584:Daughters of Husayn ibn Ali 2203:Primary and classic sources 2079: 1703:Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari 1650: 1608: 1460: 1279:, and a participant in the 1243: 10: 11568: 11537:People of the Second Fitna 10255:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah 9396:Cambridge University Press 8820:Aghaie, Kamran S. (2004). 8733:Princeton University Press 8682:Hyder, Syed Akbar (2006). 8548:Arjomand, Saïd A. (2016). 8456:Cambridge University Press 8102: 6897:. Ketab.com. p. 535. 6518:of the youth of Paradise". 5398:Political History of Islam 5303:History of Qiam and Maqtal 5067:Tabatabaei, (1979), p.196. 4337:(Sprenger, Nos. 159–160), 4029: 3913: 3787: 3694:Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim 3681: 3120: 3072:) to the Muslim community. 2916:There are narrations that 2821:Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i 2811:In the verses of the Quran 2768:Personality and appearance 2577: 2389:in cities and villages of 2370: 2360: 2310: 2206: 1654: 1479: 1386: 29: 11448: 11377: 11356: 11335: 11287: 11275: 11209: 10970: 10707: 10555: 10378: 10305: 10251: 10241: 10199: 10186: 10179: 10126: 9988:Faramarz, Haj Manouchehri 9651:; Kohlberg, Etan (1985). 9587:. Yale University Press. 9554:Haider, Najam I. (2016). 9257:. Yale University Press. 8541:10.1163/18747167-12341289 8255:. London & New York: 7967:Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah; 7084:Hamzee, M. Rezaa (1990), 4189:The Hussaini Encyclopedia 4099: 4091: 4063: 4041: 4037: 4001: 3979: 3971: 3943: 3921: 3917: 3879: 3857: 3849: 3821: 3799: 3795: 3759: 3737: 3729: 3701: 3685: 3646:devoted a section in his 3590:Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer 3412:As well as Abu Mikhnaf's 3244: 2986: 2791:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai 2756:, who later married with 2652: 2629: 2597: 2590: 2566:. Iranian supreme leader 2495:in a Muaharram procession 2043:states in his account in 1877:– or his brother-in-law, 1581:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya 622: 612: 587: 556: 552: 519:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya 446: 419: 396: 354: 318: 308: 259: 248: 224: 188: 183: 119: 115: 103: 91: 80: 69: 65: 50: 41: 11542:Sahabah killed in battle 10020:"Hussein bin Ali, Imam." 9341:Gordon, Matthew (2005). 9044:Harvard University Press 8968:. New York: SUNY Press. 8826:. Seattle & London: 8723:. In Bowering, Gerhard; 8719:Brunner, Rainer (2013). 8034:; Bewley, Aisha (1995). 7905:; Bewley, Aisha (2000). 7172:, pp. 162, 165–166. 7070:14 December 2017 at the 4312:, Nasr ibn Muzahim, and 4210: 3644:Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai 3015: 2969: 2924: 2696:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 2301:Theophanes the Confessor 2281:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 2052: 1893:Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi 1875:Qais ibn Mushar Sa'idawi 1762:, the governor of Mecca 1722:go ahead with his plan. 1259:and Muhammad's daughter 1160:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim 521:(paternal half-brother) 515:(paternal half-brother) 509:(paternal half-brother) 503:(paternal half-brother) 497:(paternal half-brother) 491:(paternal half-brother) 45:الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ 11522:Deaths by blade weapons 11116:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 11091:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 10873:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah 10853:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 10828:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 10106:Encyclopædia Britannica 10050:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 9709:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 9219:. London and New York: 9194:Le Califat de Yazid Ier 9191:Lammens, Henri (1921). 9018:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 8985:"Yazid (I) b. Mu'awiya" 8858:Sachedina, Abdulaziz A. 8783:Pinault, David (2001). 8690:Oxford University Press 8554:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 8422:10.1163/157006494X00103 8393:Quaderni di Studi Arabi 8204:Haywood, J. A. (1991). 8153:Oxford University Press 6967:Canaan, Taufik (1927). 6883:, pp. 62, 165–166. 6831:2 December 2016 at the 6235:10.1515/islam-2016-0008 4558:Encyclopædia Britannica 4501:Fığlâlı & Üzün 1998 4451:The life of Imam Husain 4409:10.1163/157006093X00063 3566:Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah 3541:so far, written in the 3517:, the Azerbaijani poet 3496:Maqtal nur 'al-'a'emmah 3181:Barzilai Medical Center 3157:Shrine of Husayn's Head 3123:Shrine of Husayn's Head 2892:and 27th to 30th Surah 2806:In the Quran and Hadith 2306: 1719:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 1645:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 1461:Sayyid shabab al-djanna 461:(maternal grandfather) 173:(Master of the Martyrs) 156:at-Tabi li Mardhatillah 11131:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah 11111:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 11106:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 10848:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 10843:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 9993:Encyclopaedia Islamica 9929:"Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī". 9902:Calmard, Jean (2004). 9581:Munson, Henry (1988). 9561:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9422:Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn 8947:Tarikh-e Siasi-e Eslam 8893:Calmard, Jean (1982). 8605:Anthony, Sean (2011). 8486:Fischer, Michael M. J. 8454:. Cambridge, England: 8286:Norris, H. T. (1993). 8063:. SUNY Press. p. 7026:20 August 2019 at the 6927:Safarname Ibne Batuta. 4928:. Brill. p. 141. 4082:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 3346: 3136: 3074: 3000:, the Shia historian, 2568:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei 2496: 2454: 2393: 2219:Kitab Maqtal Al-Husayn 2165:Battle of Ayn al-Warda 2119: 2065: 2011: 1967: 1965:Tropenmuseum Amsterdam 1936: 1906: 1899:. Husayn said to them: 1732:Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya 1730:Despite the advice of 1529: 1499: 1095:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 682:Succession to Muhammad 11307:Ali Asghar ibn Husayn 11166:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad 11126:Shams al-Din Muhammad 10942:Shah Khalil Allah III 10863:Shams al-Din Muhammad 10699:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 10522:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz 10370:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 8899:Encyclopaedia Iranica 8356:Thackston, Wheeler M. 5140:Najm, Heydar (2004). 5079:, pp. 14, 26, 27 4194:Al-Tall Al-Zaynabiyya 3362:philosopher and poet 3350:Mir Mosharraf Hossain 3344: 3332:In art and literature 3313:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 3187:on 31 August 1153 (8 3130: 3055: 2912:News of Husayn's fate 2851:verse of purification 2611:Master of the Martyrs 2607:The Martyr of Martyrs 2490: 2443: 2384: 2285:Maqatil al-Talibiyyin 2193:Laura Veccia Vaglieri 2173:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar 2101: 2060: 2009: 1962: 1934: 1901: 1895:, south of Kufa near 1707:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 1683:Invitations from Kufa 1524: 1493: 1447:verse of purification 1389:Verse of purification 1387:Further information: 1336:and the other one by 1325:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 1308:Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty 1296:Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty 1281:event of the mubahala 1188:Shia Islam portal 814:Verse of purification 661:Beliefs and practices 293:32.61639°N 44.03250°E 11302:Ali Akbar ibn Husayn 11269:Mourning of Muharram 11121:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 11012:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 10858:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 10749:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 10620:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 10547:Sulayman Badr al-Din 10443:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 10000:. pp. 664–715. 9982:on 17 November 2013. 9971:Encyclopædia Iranica 9909:Encyclopædia Iranica 9882:Encyclopædia Iranica 9852:Encyclopædia Iranica 9658:Encyclopædia Iranica 9624:Encyclopædia Iranica 8183:Chittick, William C. 7211:, pp. 257, 260. 7046:3 April 2019 at the 6779:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 6581:, p. 2:252–253. 6451:, pp. 165, 181. 6144:Howard-Johnston 2010 6132:Howard-Johnston 2010 6001:, pp. vii–viii. 5776:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 5630:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 5530:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 5371:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 5329:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 5235:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 4837:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 4792:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 4605:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 4020:Fatima bint Muhammad 3535:Kopshti i te Mirevet 3199:In the holy text of 2849:In interpreting the 2702:) for him. Husayn's 2564:innovative practices 2538:. In India however, 2363:Mourning of Muharram 2293:Theophilus of Edessa 2275:, Shaykh al-Mufid's 1980:Shemr ibn Ziljawshan 1845:class=notpageimage| 1760:Abd Allah ibn Ja'far 1752:Amr ibn Sa'id ibn As 1726:Journey towards Kufa 1604:treaty with Mu'awiya 1600:assassination of Ali 1557:Abu Dharr al-Ghifari 1340:and his supporters. 1292:assassination of Ali 1110:Umm Kulthum bint Ali 789:Mourning of Muharram 719:Mourning of Muharram 410:Fatima bint Muhammad 153:(the Rightly Guided) 11502:7th-century Muslims 11322:Sukayna bint Husayn 10912:Khalil Allah II Ali 9727:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib" 9723:Vaglieri, L. Veccia 9653:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb" 9349:. Greenwood Press. 8116:Schimmel, Annemarie 8036:The Women of Madina 7820:, pp. 167–168. 7808:, pp. 610–611. 7781:, pp. 180–181. 7740:, pp. 608–609. 7713:, pp. 612–613. 7554:, pp. 156–157. 7530:, pp. 135–136. 7518:, pp. 155–156. 7494:, pp. 403–404. 7295:, pp. 128–129. 7199:, pp. 104–105. 7148:, pp. 201–202. 7112:, pp. 614–615. 6871:, pp. 157–158. 6756:, pp. 134–135. 6600:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 6344:, pp. 154–155. 6269:, pp. 143–144. 6187:, pp. 498–502. 6146:, pp. 195–198. 6090:, pp. 139–142. 5972:, pp. 124–125. 5960:, pp. 131–133. 5754:, pp. 171–172. 5578:, pp. 138–139. 5509:, pp. 112–114. 5331:, pp. 607–615. 5278:, pp. 493–498. 5115:, pp. 145–146. 5046:, pp. 150–152. 5009:Seyed Mohammad 2009 4513:Reyshahri, Mohammad 4397:Die Welt des Islams 4310:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi 4241:"see, for example, 4170:Arba'een Pilgrimage 4114:Fatima bint Za'idah 3592:have also composed 3149:al-Mustansir Billah 3139:The Fatimid vizier 3082:Abdulaziz Sachedina 2952:William C. Chittick 2405:and his followers. 2183:Historical analysis 2029:Jafar ibn Abi Talib 1879:Abdullah ibn Yaqtar 1740:Abd Allah ibn Abbas 1715:Abd Allah ibn Abbas 1709:, then governor of 1676:Abdullah ibn Zubayr 1585:Abdullah ibn Ja'far 1125:Ruqayya bint Husayn 1032:Extinct Shi'a sects 752:Days of remembrance 739:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage 734:The Four Companions 289: / 268:Karbala Governorate 234:(10 Muharram AH 61) 176:al-Wafī (the Loyal) 133:(Master of Martyrs) 11497:Family of Muhammad 11343:Imam Husayn Shrine 11096:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 11076:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 11007:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 10833:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 10813:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 10744:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 10684:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 10615:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 10507:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 10438:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 10102:Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī 9739:Lévi-Provençal, E. 9540:Tafsir al-Jalalayn 9440:Wellhausen, Julius 8919:Hawting, Gerald R. 8053:Peters, Francis E. 8032:Ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad 7903:Ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad 6712:, pp. 709–710 6700:, pp. 708–709 6545:, pp. 677–678 4700:, pp. 324–327 4561:. 6 October 2023. 4302:Awana ibn al-Hakam 4056:Khuwaylid ibn Asad 3632:Farid ud-Din Attar 3562:Golkonda Sultanate 3459:Marthiya and rawda 3347: 3289:Iranian Revolution 3283:Iranian Revolution 3137: 2868:Verse 15 of Surah 2748:, the daughter of 2662:Imam Husayn Shrine 2497: 2455: 2394: 2313:Imam Husayn Shrine 2297:Michael the Syrian 2169:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi 2161:Sulayman ibn Surad 2120: 2110:, Iran, depicting 2066: 2062:Imam Husayn Shrine 2025:Aqil ibn Abi Talib 2012: 1968: 1937: 1583:, and his cousin, 1500: 1338:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi 1244:al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī 945:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 872:Branches and sects 819:Two weighty things 362:Ali Zayn al-Abidin 298:32.61639; 44.03250 264:Imam Husayn Shrine 131:Sayyid al-Shuhada 11492:7th-century imams 11464: 11463: 11281:Battle of Karbala 11235: 11234: 11051:Isma'il al-Mansur 11041:Abdallah al-Mahdi 10997:Muhammad al-Baqir 10882:Abd al-Salam Shah 10788:Isma'il al-Mansur 10778:Abdallah al-Mahdi 10734:Muhammad al-Baqir 10689:Ahmad al-Musta'li 10659:Isma'il al-Mansur 10654:Muhammad al-Qa'im 10649:Abdallah al-Mahdi 10605:Muhammad al-Baqir 10512:Ahmad al-Musta'li 10482:Isma'il al-Mansur 10477:Muhammad al-Qa'im 10472:Abdallah al-Mahdi 10428:Muhammad al-Baqir 10355:Muhammad al-Jawad 10335:Muhammad al-Baqir 10266: 10265: 10252:Succeeded by 10242:Succeeded by 10181:Shia Islam titles 10174:10 October AD 680 10081:cite encyclopedia 10060:978-97-53-8944-56 9962:Madelung, Wilferd 9873:Madelung, Wilferd 9843:Madelung, Wilferd 9834:978-0-7914-0040-1 9649:Poonawala, Ismail 9531:Tafsir ibn Kathir 9496:978-0-521-37019-6 9405:978-0-521-64696-3 9388:Madelung, Wilferd 9345:The Rise of Islam 9333:978-0-7914-7033-6 9264:978-0-300-03531-5 9117:Mouton Publishers 9079:. London: Luzac. 9053:978-0-674-05097-6 9042:. Cambridge, MA: 9025:978-90-04-12756-2 8873:978-0-87395-442-6 8837:978-0-295-98455-1 8800:978-1-349-61982-5 8699:978-0-19-537302-8 8662:978-965-223-501-5 8622:978-90-04-21606-8 8597:978-0-582-40525-7 8465:978-0-521-51625-9 8395:. 20–21: 79–104. 8347:978-90-04-08112-3 8238:978-90-04-08112-3 8162:978-0-19-920859-3 8137:978-0-8078-1271-6 7880:, pp. 33–34. 7844:, pp. 30–31. 7757:, pp. 12–13. 7689:, pp. 95–98. 7665:, pp. 82–83. 7184:, pp. 49–50. 6463:, pp. 39–40. 6410:, pp. 61–62. 5936:, pp. 67–68. 5897:, pp. 73–75. 5849:, pp. 71–74. 5605:, pp. 77–79. 5482:, pp. 65–66. 5395:Jafarian, Rasul. 5300:Pishvaee, Mahdi. 4712:, pp. 81–82. 4528:The Sunshine Book 4159: 4158: 4155: 4154: 3840:Fatimah bint Asad 3778:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3636:Jalal ud-Din Rumi 3543:Albanian language 3527:Hadiqat al-Su'ada 3515:Rawdat al-Shuhada 3500:Rawdat al-Shuhada 3488:Wheeler Thackston 3317:Ruhollah Khomeini 3086:Muhammad al-Mahdi 3078:Sayyed al-Shuhada 2675: 2674: 2630:Venerated in 2223:Julius Wellhausen 2157:Tawwabin uprising 2151:Related uprisings 2000:Habib ibn Muzahir 1990:Battle of Karbala 1736:Abdullah ibn Umar 1657:Battle of Karbala 1510:(now in northern 1482:Event of Mubahala 1345:Battle of Karbala 1257:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1241: 1222: 1221: 1155:Fatimah bint Asad 1120:Fatima bint Hasan 849:Battle of Karbala 626: 625: 433:Battle of Karbala 404:Ali ibn Abi Talib 389:Fatima as-Shughra 254:Battle of Karbala 242:Umayyad Caliphate 171:Sayyidush Shuhada 16:(Redirected from 11559: 11327:Muslim ibn Aqeel 11312:al-Abbas ibn Ali 11262: 11255: 11248: 11239: 11238: 11201:Amir Muhammad II 11035:(Radhi Abdallah) 10927:Sayyid Hasan Ali 10772:(Radhi Abdallah) 10643:(Radhi Abdallah) 10537:Abdallah al-Adid 10527:Isma'il al-Zafir 10466:(Radhi Abdallah) 10292: 10285: 10278: 10269: 10268: 10187:Preceded by 10175: 10161: 10124: 10123: 10112:hussain ibn 'Ali 10090: 10084: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10011: 9983: 9978:. Archived from 9957: 9936: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9838: 9817: 9773: 9718: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9543: 9534: 9525: 9514: 9500: 9476: 9457: 9435: 9420:. Translated by 9409: 9383: 9371: 9360: 9348: 9337: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9292: 9268: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9206: 9187: 9175: 9161: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9029: 9005:Heinrichs, W. P. 8979: 8960: 8938: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8779: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8601: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8544: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8444: 8425: 8404: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8351: 8309: 8294:. Columbia, SC: 8293: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8242: 8200: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8141: 8125: 8096: 8090: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8062: 8049: 8040: 8039: 8028: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 7986: 7977: 7976: 7964: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7922: 7911: 7910: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7856:, pp. 9–10. 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7464: 7460: 7458: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7081: 7075: 7057: 7051: 7039: 7030: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6991:"History Erased" 6986: 6977: 6976: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6826:, vol. 2, p. 218 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6797:Informed Comment 6788: 6782: 6776: 6757: 6751: 6742: 6736: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6598:. Translated by 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6519: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6497: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6372: 6366: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6255: 6254:, pp. 9–10. 6249: 6243: 6242: 6237:. Archived from 6229:: 11–13, 28–34. 6220: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6106: 6100: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5835: 5829: 5818: 5812: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5660: 5654: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5606: 5600: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5548: 5542: 5533: 5527: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5483: 5477: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5436:Bahramian, Ali. 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5347: 5341: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5238: 5232: 5221: 5215: 5206: 5200: 5187: 5181: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5137: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5006: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4919: 4910: 4904: 4893: 4892:, pp. 15–16 4887: 4878: 4872: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4851:, pp. 14–15 4846: 4840: 4834: 4821: 4815: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4768: 4762: 4747: 4741: 4730: 4724: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4667: 4654: 4648: 4607: 4602: 4583: 4582: 4578:Rashidun caliphs 4572: 4570: 4553:"Husayn ibn Ali" 4549: 4543: 4542: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4388: 4371: 4369: 4367:ebn al-ḵīaratayn 4362: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343:Saint Petersburg 4323: 4317: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4177:, Husayn's horse 3872:Fatima bint Qays 3675: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3582:Mirza Rafi Sauda 3384:Mansur al-Hallaj 3309:White Revolution 3294:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad 3167:it was a "large 3106:John the Baptist 3071: 3065: 3043: 3011: 2944:Mafatih al-Janan 2936:Muslim Ibn Aqeel 2880:and 28 of Surah 2709: 2658: 2588: 2587: 2448:being held in a 2428:John the Baptist 2209:Maqtal al-Husayn 2177:Battle of Khazir 2126:, the father of 2084: 2073:Husayn's sister 1864:Muslim ibn Aqeel 1831: 1830: 1815: 1814: 1799: 1798: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1613: 1569:Marwan ibn Hakam 1463: 1393:Verse of Mawadda 1361:Shi'a literature 1246: 1236: 1234: 1214: 1207: 1200: 1186: 1185: 1165:Ruqayya bint Ali 1140:Fatima bint Musa 654: 645: 639: 638: 628: 627: 599: 588:Other names 539:(maternal aunt) 533:(maternal aunt) 527:(maternal aunt) 304: 303: 301: 300: 299: 294: 290: 287: 286: 285: 282: 231: 106: 94: 85: 55: 39: 38: 21: 11567: 11566: 11562: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11512:Children of Ali 11467: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11449:Related portals 11444: 11373: 11352: 11331: 11317:Zaynab bint Ali 11283: 11271: 11266: 11236: 11231: 11205: 11186:Mu'in al-Din II 11066:Mansur al-Hakim 11056:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 11027:(Taqi Muhammad) 11002:Ja'far al-Sadiq 10974: 10966: 10937:Abu'l-Hasan Ali 10907:Nur al-Dahr Ali 10803:Mansur al-Hakim 10793:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 10764:(Taqi Muhammad) 10739:Ja'far al-Sadiq 10711: 10703: 10674:Mansur al-Hakim 10664:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 10635:(Taqi Muhammad) 10610:Ja'far al-Sadiq 10551: 10497:Mansur al-Hakim 10487:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 10458:(Taqi Muhammad) 10433:Ja'far al-Sadiq 10374: 10365:Hasan al-Askari 10340:Ja'far al-Sadiq 10301: 10296: 10262: 10257: 10247: 10238: 10211: 10197: 10192: 10162: 10152: 10151: 10143: 10136: 10131: 10098: 10093: 10078: 10077: 10070: 10068: 10061: 10033: 10031: 10008: 9954: 9939: 9928: 9919: 9917: 9892: 9890: 9862: 9860: 9835: 9668: 9666: 9638: 9636: 9604: 9602: 9595: 9571: 9569: 9510:Tafsir al-Mizan 9497: 9481:Daftary, Farhad 9432: 9406: 9380: 9357: 9334: 9312: 9310: 9289: 9265: 9240: 9238: 9231: 9184: 9158: 9136: 9134: 9127: 9096: 9094: 9087: 9063: 9061: 9054: 9034:Donner, Fred M. 9026: 8997:Bosworth, C. E. 8976: 8957: 8943:Jafarian, Rasul 8935: 8908: 8906: 8883: 8881: 8874: 8847: 8845: 8838: 8810: 8808: 8801: 8752: 8750: 8743: 8735:. p. 293. 8725:Crone, Patricia 8709: 8707: 8700: 8672: 8670: 8663: 8632: 8630: 8623: 8598: 8571: 8569: 8562: 8515: 8513: 8506: 8494:. Madison, WI: 8475: 8473: 8466: 8441: 8381: 8379: 8372: 8348: 8319:Bosworth, C. E. 8306: 8276: 8274: 8267: 8239: 8210:Bosworth, C. E. 8197: 8172: 8170: 8163: 8138: 8126:. Chapel Hill: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8091: 8084: 8074: 8072: 8050: 8043: 8029: 8022: 8012: 8010: 8003: 7987: 7980: 7965: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7939: 7923: 7914: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7724: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7598: 7594: 7586: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7462: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7444: 7442: 7435: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7158:Wellhausen 1901 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7082: 7078: 7072:Wayback Machine 7058: 7054: 7048:Wayback Machine 7040: 7033: 7028:Wayback Machine 7018: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6987: 6980: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6891: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6833:Wayback Machine 6820: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6789: 6785: 6777: 6760: 6752: 6745: 6737: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6674:Fakhr Razi 1901 6672: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6629: 6623:Fakhr Razi 1901 6621: 6617: 6610: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6522: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6382: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6241:on 12 May 2020. 6218: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6118: 6109: 6101: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6029: 6023:Wellhausen 1927 6021: 6017: 6011:Wellhausen 1901 6009: 6005: 5999:Wellhausen 1927 5997: 5993: 5985: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5946:Wellhausen 1901 5944: 5940: 5934:Wellhausen 1901 5932: 5928: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5847:Wellhausen 1901 5845: 5838: 5830: 5821: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5680:Wellhausen 1901 5678: 5663: 5655: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5564:Wellhausen 1901 5562: 5551: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5486: 5480:Wellhausen 1901 5478: 5471: 5465:Wellhausen 1901 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5401:. p. 461. 5393: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5350: 5342: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5241: 5233: 5224: 5216: 5209: 5203:Wellhausen 1901 5201: 5190: 5184:Wellhausen 1901 5182: 5175: 5171:, pp. 5–7. 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5138: 5131: 5127:, pp. 2–3. 5123: 5119: 5113:Wellhausen 1927 5111: 5107: 5103:, pp. 5–6. 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4936: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4896: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4824: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4771: 4763: 4750: 4742: 4733: 4725: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4668: 4657: 4649: 4610: 4603: 4586: 4568: 4566: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4488:Kitab al-Irshad 4486: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4447: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4341:(No. 792), and 4324: 4320: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4165: 4160: 3994:Amina bint Wahb 3814:Asad ibn Hashim 3752:Fatima bint Amr 3663: 3614: 3602:Josh Malihabadi 3523:Ottoman Turkish 3492:Rawdat al-Islam 3461: 3435:Jesus to heaven 3425:(10 Muharram). 3416:, other Arabic 3392: 3368:that of Ishmael 3339: 3334: 3285: 3261:Twelver Shi'ism 3252: 3247: 3221: 3197: 3189:Jumada al-Thani 3165:British Mandate 3125: 3119: 3018: 2989: 2972: 2958:and during the 2950:. According to 2927: 2914: 2902: 2832:Tafsir al-Mizan 2813: 2808: 2770: 2758:Hasan ibn Hasan 2653: 2618:: Ahl al-Bayt, 2613: 2593: 2592:Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī 2586: 2578:Main articles: 2576: 2559:Michael Fischer 2502:Mu'izz al-Dawla 2435:soil of Karbala 2379: 2369: 2361:Main articles: 2359: 2327:Abbasid caliphs 2315: 2309: 2277:Kitab al-Irshad 2264:Muruj al-Dhahab 2238:Ansab al-Ashraf 2211: 2205: 2185: 2153: 2096: 2055: 2046:Kitab al-Irshad 2041:Shaykh Al-Mufid 1996:Zuhayr ibn Qayn 1992: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1728: 1699:Muslim ibn Aqil 1685: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1620: 1577: 1564:Siege of Uthman 1549: 1488: 1478: 1395: 1385: 1369:self-flagellate 1218: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1105:Zaynab bint Ali 1085: 1077: 1076: 1047: 1037: 1036: 950:Sulaymani Bohra 874: 864: 863: 834:Fatimah's house 809: 799: 798: 754: 744: 743: 662: 641: 640: 632: 631: 608: 605:Qatil al_Abarat 595: 594:Abū ʿAbd Allāh 583: 548: 485:(full brother) 467:(full brother) 455: 454: 442: 415: 392: 366:Fatima al-Kubra 350: 331:Atika bint Zayd 297: 295: 291: 288: 283: 280: 278: 276: 275: 274: 244: 235: 233: 232:(aged 54) 229: 220: 202: 193: 192:11 January 626 179: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 128: 127: 104: 92: 86: 81: 61: 46: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11565: 11555: 11554: 11552:Muslim martyrs 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11477:Husayn ibn Ali 11462: 11461: 11459: 11458: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11296:Husayn ibn Ali 11291: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11277: 11273: 11272: 11265: 11264: 11257: 11250: 11242: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11229: 11223: 11217: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11171:Mu'in al-Din I 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11151:Radi al-Din II 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11030: 11022: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10987:Husayn ibn Ali 10984: 10978: 10976: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10767: 10759: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10724:Husayn ibn Ali 10721: 10715: 10713: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10701: 10696: 10694:Mansur al-Amir 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10638: 10630: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10561: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10542:Dawud al-Hamid 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10517:Mansur al-Amir 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10461: 10453: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10384: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10325:Husayn ibn Ali 10322: 10317: 10311: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10295: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10272: 10264: 10263: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10243: 10240: 10198: 10188: 10184: 10183: 10177: 10176: 10144: 10137: 10129:Husayn ibn Ali 10127: 10122: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10104:an article of 10097: 10096:External links 10094: 10092: 10091: 10059: 10040: 10012: 10006: 9984: 9958: 9952: 9940:"Plus Index". 9937: 9926: 9899: 9869: 9839: 9833: 9818: 9774: 9735:Kramers, J. H. 9731:Gibb, H. A. R. 9719: 9675: 9645: 9611: 9593: 9578: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9535: 9526: 9521:Tafsir al-Razi 9515: 9501: 9495: 9477: 9458: 9436: 9430: 9424:. Suny Press. 9410: 9404: 9384: 9378: 9361: 9355: 9338: 9332: 9326:. SUNY Press. 9319: 9297:Canaan, Tawfiq 9293: 9287: 9269: 9263: 9247: 9229: 9207: 9188: 9182: 9162: 9156: 9143: 9125: 9107:Ayoub, Mahmoud 9103: 9086:978-0718901493 9085: 9070: 9052: 9030: 9024: 9001:van Donzel, E. 8989:Bearman, P. J. 8980: 8975:978-1438439372 8974: 8961: 8955: 8939: 8933: 8915: 8890: 8872: 8854: 8836: 8817: 8799: 8780: 8759: 8741: 8731:. New Jersey: 8716: 8698: 8679: 8661: 8639: 8621: 8602: 8596: 8578: 8560: 8545: 8535:(2): 127–154. 8522: 8504: 8482: 8464: 8445: 8439: 8426: 8416:(3): 192–212. 8405: 8388: 8370: 8352: 8346: 8323:van Donzel, E. 8310: 8304: 8283: 8265: 8243: 8237: 8214:van Donzel, E. 8201: 8195: 8179: 8161: 8142: 8136: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8082: 8041: 8038:. p. 156. 8020: 8001: 7978: 7975:. p. 427. 7956: 7937: 7912: 7909:. p. 197. 7894: 7882: 7870: 7868:, p. 391. 7858: 7846: 7834: 7822: 7810: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7769:, p. 179. 7759: 7742: 7730: 7726:Thackston 1994 7715: 7703: 7691: 7679: 7677:, p. 613. 7667: 7655: 7643: 7628: 7626:, p. 204. 7616: 7614:, p. 195. 7604: 7602:, p. 193. 7592: 7590:, p. 122. 7580: 7568: 7566:, p. 108. 7564:Chaudhuri 2012 7556: 7544: 7542:, p. 150. 7532: 7520: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7482:, p. 143. 7472: 7463:|website= 7433: 7405: 7403:, p. 404. 7393: 7391:, p. 140. 7381: 7379:, p. 213. 7369: 7367:, pp. 94. 7357: 7355:, p. 134. 7345: 7333: 7331:, p. 132. 7321: 7319:, p. 131. 7309: 7297: 7285: 7283:, p. 306. 7273: 7271:, p. 127. 7261: 7249: 7247:, p. 122. 7237: 7235:, p. 153. 7225: 7223:, p. 124. 7213: 7201: 7186: 7174: 7162: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7096: 7076: 7052: 7031: 7012: 6978: 6959: 6952: 6929: 6920: 6918:RCEA,7:260–63. 6910: 6903: 6885: 6881:Sachedina 1981 6873: 6869:Sachedina 1981 6861: 6849: 6837: 6814: 6783: 6781:, p. 614. 6758: 6743: 6726: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6638:Tabatabai 1996 6627: 6615: 6608: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6520: 6507: 6498: 6489: 6487:, p. 293. 6477: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6386:, p. 155. 6373: 6358: 6356:, p. 113. 6346: 6334: 6332:, p. 154. 6322: 6320:, p. 169. 6310: 6295: 6293:, p. 164. 6283: 6281:, p. 164. 6271: 6256: 6244: 6206: 6204:, p. 163. 6189: 6177: 6175:, p. 167. 6160: 6148: 6136: 6134:, p. 386. 6124: 6122:, p. 208. 6107: 6092: 6080: 6078:, p. 125. 6068: 6066:, p. 132. 6056: 6054:, p. 126. 6044: 6042:, p. 215. 6027: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5989:, p. 608. 5974: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5924:, p. 610. 5911: 5909:, p. 169. 5899: 5887: 5875: 5873:, p. 185. 5863: 5851: 5836: 5819: 5817:, p. 161. 5804: 5802:, p. 108. 5792: 5790:, p. 179. 5780: 5778:, p. 612. 5768: 5766:, p. 173. 5756: 5744: 5742:, p. 172. 5732: 5730:, p. 169. 5720: 5718:, p. 171. 5708: 5706:, p. 167. 5696: 5694:, p. 163. 5684: 5661: 5659:, p. 160. 5646: 5644:, p. 153. 5634: 5632:, p. 611. 5607: 5592: 5590:, p. 139. 5580: 5568: 5549: 5547:, p. 105. 5534: 5532:, p. 610. 5511: 5499: 5497:, p. 111. 5484: 5469: 5457: 5428: 5416: 5387: 5385:, p. 128. 5375: 5373:, p. 609. 5348: 5333: 5321: 5292: 5280: 5239: 5237:, p. 608. 5222: 5207: 5188: 5173: 5161: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5024: 5012: 4988: 4976: 4965: 4953: 4935:978-9004125520 4934: 4911: 4894: 4879: 4864: 4853: 4841: 4839:, p. 613. 4822: 4807: 4796: 4769: 4748: 4746:, p. 178. 4731: 4714: 4702: 4687: 4681:978-0195793871 4680: 4655: 4608: 4584: 4544: 4538:978-1312600942 4537: 4517: 4505: 4503:, p. 518. 4493: 4490:. p. 198. 4479: 4465: 4456: 4426: 4403:(2): 161–181. 4382: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4357: 4347: 4318: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4234: 4225: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4182:Who is Hussain 4178: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898:Husayn ibn Ali 3894: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3671: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3649:Shah Jo Risalo 3613: 3610: 3531:Dalip Frashëri 3460: 3457: 3391: 3388: 3364:Muhammad Iqbal 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3284: 3281: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3220: 3217: 3196: 3193: 3141:Badr al-Jamali 3133:Umayyad mosque 3121:Main article: 3118: 3115: 3102:Maryam (surah) 3017: 3014: 2998:Rasul Jafarian 2988: 2985: 2981:Mahatma Gandhi 2971: 2968: 2926: 2923: 2913: 2910: 2901: 2898: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2769: 2766: 2673: 2672: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2575: 2572: 2555:Yitzhak Nakash 2520:, an ornately 2358: 2355: 2311:Main article: 2308: 2305: 2289:hagiographical 2273:Kitab al-Futuh 2204: 2201: 2184: 2181: 2152: 2149: 2138:The historian 2095: 2092: 2054: 2051: 1991: 1988: 1850:Arabian desert 1843: 1842: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1756:Arabian Desert 1727: 1724: 1684: 1681: 1663: 1660: 1652: 1649: 1619: 1616: 1576: 1573: 1548: 1545: 1477: 1471: 1384: 1381: 1225:Husayn ibn Ali 1220: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1170:Sayyida Nafisa 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1145:Hakimah Khātūn 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1005: 1000: 990: 989: 988: 987: 986: 981: 971: 970: 969: 964: 963: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 940:Hebtiahs Bohra 937: 936: 935: 910: 909: 908: 898: 897: 896: 891: 886: 875: 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 810: 805: 804: 801: 800: 797: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 755: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 705: 704: 699: 694: 684: 679: 674: 669: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 647: 646: 624: 623: 620: 619: 614: 610: 609: 607: 606: 603: 600: 591: 589: 585: 584: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 560: 558: 554: 553: 550: 549: 547: 546: 540: 534: 528: 522: 516: 510: 504: 498: 492: 486: 480: 479:(full sister) 474: 473:(full sister) 468: 462: 452: 451: 450: 448: 444: 443: 441: 440: 435: 430: 423: 421: 420:Known for 417: 416: 414: 413: 407: 400: 398: 394: 393: 391: 390: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 364: 358: 356: 352: 351: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 322: 320: 316: 315: 310: 306: 305: 261: 257: 256: 252:Killed at the 250: 249:Cause of death 246: 245: 236: 228:10 October 680 226: 222: 221: 203: 190: 186: 185: 181: 180: 178: 177: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 143:(the Grandson) 139: 134: 125: 124: 123: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 95: 89: 88: 78: 77: 67: 66: 63: 62: 56: 48: 47: 43:Husayn ibn Ali 42: 26: 18:Husain ibn Ali 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11564: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11364:Day of Ashura 11362: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11263: 11258: 11256: 11251: 11249: 11244: 11243: 11240: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11191:Amir Muhammad 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11176:Atiyyat Allah 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11141:Radi al-Din I 11139: 11137: 11136:Muhammad Shah 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11061:Nizar al-Aziz 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992:Ali al-Sajjad 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10917:Shah Nizar II 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10892:Abu Dharr Ali 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10872: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10798:Nizar al-Aziz 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10729:Ali al-Sajjad 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10712:(Qasim-Shahi) 10710: 10706: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10669:Nizar al-Aziz 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10600:Ali al-Sajjad 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10492:Nizar al-Aziz 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10423:Ali al-Sajjad 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10406: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10377: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10345:Musa al-Kazim 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10320:Hasan ibn Ali 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10293: 10288: 10286: 10281: 10279: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10246: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10214: 10210: 10207: 10203: 10196: 10191: 10190:Hasan ibn Ali 10185: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10159: 10155: 10150: 10149: 10142: 10141: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10119: 10116: 10113: 10110: 10107: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10088: 10082: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10007:9786006326191 10003: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9953:90-04-14743-8 9949: 9945: 9944: 9938: 9934: 9933: 9927: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9858: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9826: 9825: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9787:Ménage, V. L. 9784: 9780: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9757: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9702: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9688:Ménage, V. L. 9685: 9681: 9676: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9600: 9596: 9594:9780300046045 9590: 9586: 9585: 9579: 9567: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9551: 9547: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9532: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9516: 9513:(in Persian). 9512: 9511: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9431:0-87395-272-3 9427: 9423: 9419: 9418:Shi'ite Islam 9415: 9411: 9407: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9379:0-7486-1888-0 9375: 9370: 9369: 9362: 9358: 9356:0-313-32522-7 9352: 9347: 9346: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9325: 9320: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9288:1-881963-59-4 9284: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9251:Momen, Moojan 9248: 9236: 9232: 9230:9780582780804 9226: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9189: 9185: 9183:1-55876-134-9 9179: 9174: 9173: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9157:9780710302076 9153: 9149: 9144: 9132: 9128: 9126:90-279-7943-X 9122: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9071: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9011: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8993:Bianquis, Th. 8990: 8986: 8981: 8977: 8971: 8967: 8962: 8958: 8956:964-400-107-9 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8934:0-415-24072-7 8930: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8891: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8855: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8818: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8748: 8744: 8742:9780691134840 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8680: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8654: 8651:. Jerusalem: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8643:Sharon, Moshe 8640: 8628: 8624: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8582:Kennedy, Hugh 8579: 8567: 8563: 8561:9789004326279 8557: 8553: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8523: 8511: 8507: 8505:9780299184735 8501: 8497: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8483: 8471: 8467: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8446: 8442: 8440:9780710302076 8436: 8432: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8377: 8373: 8371:9780936347509 8367: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8333: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8305:9780872499775 8301: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8272: 8268: 8266:9781845110314 8262: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8247:Elsie, Robert 8244: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8196:9780710302076 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8124: 8123: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8070: 8066: 8061: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8025: 8008: 8004: 8002:9781608058884 7998: 7994: 7993: 7985: 7983: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7961: 7944: 7940: 7938:9780195343939 7934: 7930: 7929: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7892:, p. 32. 7891: 7890:Schimmel 1986 7886: 7879: 7878:Schimmel 1986 7874: 7867: 7866:Schimmel 1975 7862: 7855: 7854:Chittick 1986 7850: 7843: 7842:Schimmel 1986 7838: 7832:, p. 30. 7831: 7830:Schimmel 1986 7826: 7819: 7814: 7807: 7802: 7800: 7793:, p. 42. 7792: 7787: 7780: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7739: 7734: 7728:, p. 79. 7727: 7722: 7720: 7712: 7711:Vaglieri 1971 7707: 7701:, p. 89. 7700: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7675:Vaglieri 1971 7671: 7664: 7659: 7653:, p. 81. 7652: 7647: 7641:, p. 79. 7640: 7635: 7633: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7601: 7596: 7589: 7584: 7578:, p. 37. 7577: 7576:Schimmel 1986 7572: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7506:, p. 87. 7505: 7500: 7493: 7492:Arjomand 2016 7488: 7481: 7476: 7468: 7456: 7440: 7436: 7434:9780521409384 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7409: 7402: 7401:Arjomand 2016 7397: 7390: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7343:, p. 93. 7342: 7337: 7330: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7307:, p. 16. 7306: 7301: 7294: 7293:Yildirim 2015 7289: 7282: 7281:Arjomand 2016 7277: 7270: 7269:Yildirim 2015 7265: 7259:, p. 11. 7258: 7253: 7246: 7245:Arjomand 2016 7241: 7234: 7229: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7198: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7166: 7160:, p. 71. 7159: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7136:, p. 93. 7135: 7130: 7124:, p. 82. 7123: 7118: 7111: 7110:Vaglieri 1971 7106: 7099: 7097:9783922968832 7093: 7089: 7088: 7080: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7036: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6983: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6955: 6953:0-521-59984-9 6949: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6924: 6914: 6906: 6904:9781595845382 6900: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6877: 6870: 6865: 6859:, p. 493 6858: 6857:Jafarian 1999 6853: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6818: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6741:, p. 50. 6740: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6724:, p. 39. 6723: 6722:Chittick 2012 6718: 6711: 6710:Faramarz 2013 6706: 6699: 6698:Faramarz 2013 6694: 6688:, p. 677 6687: 6686:Faramarz 2013 6682: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6624: 6619: 6611: 6609:0-87395-390-8 6605: 6601: 6597: 6596:Shi'ite Islam 6593: 6587: 6580: 6579:Jafarian 1999 6575: 6569:, p. 665 6568: 6567:Faramarz 2013 6563: 6557:, p. 383 6556: 6555:Madelung 1997 6551: 6544: 6543:Faramarz 2013 6539: 6532: 6531:Madelung 2011 6527: 6525: 6517: 6511: 6502: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6475:, p. 41. 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6439:, p. 21. 6438: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6422:, p. 14. 6421: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6398:, p. 18. 6397: 6392: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6371:, p. 63. 6370: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6308:, p. 10. 6307: 6302: 6300: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6261: 6253: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6186: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6158:, p. 703 6157: 6156:Faramarz 2013 6152: 6145: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6105:, p. 15. 6104: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6025:, p. ix. 6024: 6019: 6013:, p. 68. 6012: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5987:Vaglieri 1971 5983: 5981: 5979: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5948:, p. 70. 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5922:Vaglieri 1971 5918: 5916: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5885:, p. 53. 5884: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5861:, p. 45. 5860: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5834:, p. 16. 5833: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5682:, p. 67. 5681: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5566:, p. 66. 5565: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5489: 5481: 5476: 5474: 5467:, p. 65. 5466: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5432: 5426:, p. 93. 5425: 5420: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5330: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5296: 5290:, p. 69. 5289: 5284: 5277: 5276:Madelung 2004 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5220:, p. 47. 5219: 5214: 5212: 5205:, p. 64. 5204: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5186:, p. 61. 5185: 5180: 5178: 5170: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5102: 5097: 5091:, p. 287 5090: 5089:Madelung 1997 5085: 5078: 5073: 5064: 5058:, p. 679 5057: 5056:Faramarz 2013 5052: 5045: 5040: 5034:, p. 241 5033: 5032:Vaglieri 1971 5028: 5022:, p. 382 5021: 5020:Vaglieri 1960 5016: 5010: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4986:, p. 678 4985: 4984:Faramarz 2013 4980: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4961:Madelung 1997 4957: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4916: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4890:Madelung 1997 4886: 4884: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4862: 4861:Vaglieri 1971 4857: 4850: 4849:Madelung 1997 4845: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4819: 4818:Madelung 2003 4814: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4794:, p. 607 4793: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4767:, p. 89. 4766: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4729:, p. 23. 4728: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4698:Madelung 1997 4694: 4692: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4652: 4651:Madelung 2004 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4460: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4368: 4361: 4351: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3600:with Husayn, 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558:Ali Adil Shah 3555: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3355:Bishad Sindhu 3351: 3343: 3329: 3327: 3326:Iran–Iraq war 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3230:Mahmoud Ayoub 3227: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163:. During the 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147:under Caliph 3146: 3142: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2977:Edward Gibbon 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956:Day of Arafah 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2922: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2836:event of the 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2775:Amr ibn al-As 2765: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2739:Ali al-Asghar 2736: 2732: 2731:Yazdegerd III 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715:Ali al-Sajjad 2711: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2700:Ali al-Asghar 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2524:horse called 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2398:Husayn's tomb 2392: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2367:day of Ashura 2364: 2357:Commemoration 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2140:Henri Lammens 2135: 2133: 2132:Ali al-Sajjad 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2112:Ali al-Sajjad 2109: 2105: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1941:Umar ibn Sa'd 1933: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1868:Hani ibn Arwa 1865: 1860: 1851: 1846: 1837: 1821: 1805: 1789: 1775: 1768: 1765: 1764:Amr ibn Sa'id 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1373:Sunni Muslims 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:Ali al-Sajjad 1266: 1265:Hasan ibn Ali 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1239: 1233:الحسين بن علي 1230: 1226: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 994: 991: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 975: 972: 968: 965: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 934: 931: 930: 929: 928:Dawoodi Bohra 926: 925: 924: 921: 920: 919: 916: 915: 914: 911: 907: 904: 903: 902: 899: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 868: 867: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 811: 808: 803: 802: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 784:Eid al-Ghadir 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 753: 748: 747: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 658: 657: 653: 649: 648: 644: 636: 630: 629: 621: 618: 615: 611: 604: 601: 598: 593: 592: 590: 586: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 559: 555: 551: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 456: 449: 445: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 425: 424: 422: 418: 411: 408: 405: 402: 401: 399: 395: 388: 386: 385:Ali al-Asghar 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 357: 353: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 321: 317: 314: 311: 307: 302: 273: 269: 265: 262: 260:Resting place 258: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 227: 223: 218: 215:(present-day 214: 210: 206: 200: 197: 191: 187: 182: 175: 170: 165: 163:(the Blessed) 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 129: 122: 118: 114: 111: 110:Ali al-Sajjad 108: 102: 99: 98:Hasan ibn Ali 96: 90: 84: 79: 76: 73: 68: 64: 60: 54: 49: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11547:Twelve Imams 11507:Arab Muslims 11435:Rawda Khwani 11385:Majlis-e-Aza 11295: 11294: 11071:Ali al-Zahir 11034: 11026: 11019:(Wafi Ahmad) 11018: 10986: 10957:Aga Khan III 10808:Ali al-Zahir 10771: 10763: 10756:(Wafi Ahmad) 10755: 10723: 10679:Ali al-Zahir 10642: 10634: 10627:(Wafi Ahmad) 10626: 10594: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10532:Isa al-Fa'iz 10502:Ali al-Zahir 10465: 10457: 10450:(Wafi Ahmad) 10449: 10417: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10324: 10200: 10193:Disputed by 10164: 10153: 10146: 10145:Clan of the 10138: 10128: 10069:. Retrieved 10048: 10032:. Retrieved 10023: 9991: 9980:the original 9969: 9941: 9930: 9918:. Retrieved 9907: 9891:. Retrieved 9880: 9861:. Retrieved 9850: 9823: 9805: 9798: 9761: 9754: 9706: 9699: 9667:. Retrieved 9656: 9637:. Retrieved 9622: 9603:. Retrieved 9583: 9570:. Retrieved 9559: 9548:Encyclopedia 9539: 9530: 9519: 9508: 9485: 9463: 9444: 9417: 9391: 9367: 9344: 9323: 9311:. Retrieved 9301: 9277: 9254: 9239:. Retrieved 9215: 9211:Jafri, S. M. 9193: 9171: 9147: 9135:. Retrieved 9111: 9095:. Retrieved 9075: 9062:. Retrieved 9038: 9015: 9008: 8965: 8946: 8923: 8907:. Retrieved 8898: 8882:. Retrieved 8862: 8846:. Retrieved 8822: 8809:. Retrieved 8789:. New York: 8785: 8770:(1): 35–51. 8767: 8763: 8751:. Retrieved 8728: 8708:. Retrieved 8684: 8671:. Retrieved 8647: 8631:. Retrieved 8607: 8586: 8570:. Retrieved 8550: 8532: 8526: 8514:. Retrieved 8490: 8474:. Retrieved 8450: 8430: 8413: 8409: 8392: 8380:. Retrieved 8360: 8337: 8330: 8289: 8275:. Retrieved 8251: 8228: 8221: 8186: 8171:. Retrieved 8147: 8121: 8095:, p. 9) 8073:. Retrieved 8058: 8035: 8011:. Retrieved 7991: 7972: 7947:. Retrieved 7927: 7906: 7897: 7885: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7806:Haywood 1991 7786: 7774: 7762: 7738:Hanaway 1991 7733: 7706: 7699:Sindawi 2002 7694: 7687:Sindawi 2002 7682: 7670: 7663:Sindawi 2002 7658: 7651:Sindawi 2002 7646: 7639:Sindawi 2002 7624:Günther 1994 7619: 7612:Günther 1994 7607: 7600:Günther 1994 7595: 7583: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7535: 7523: 7511: 7499: 7487: 7475: 7443:. Retrieved 7415: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7377:Fischer 2003 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7221:Kennedy 2004 7216: 7209:Anthony 2011 7204: 7182:Hawting 2000 7177: 7170:Lammens 1921 7165: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7117: 7105: 7086: 7079: 7061: 7055: 7015: 7003:. Retrieved 6994: 6968: 6962: 6942: 6932: 6923: 6913: 6894: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6823: 6817: 6805:. Retrieved 6796: 6786: 6739:Hawting 2000 6717: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6618: 6595: 6586: 6574: 6562: 6550: 6538: 6510: 6501: 6492: 6485:Brunner 2013 6480: 6468: 6456: 6444: 6415: 6403: 6396:Pinault 2001 6391: 6354:Pinault 2001 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6286: 6274: 6247: 6239:the original 6226: 6222: 6209: 6185:Calmard 2004 6180: 6151: 6139: 6127: 6120:Günther 1994 6083: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5907:Lammens 1921 5902: 5890: 5883:Hawting 2000 5878: 5866: 5854: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5764:Lammens 1921 5759: 5747: 5740:Lammens 1921 5735: 5723: 5716:Lammens 1921 5711: 5699: 5687: 5637: 5603:Calmard 1982 5583: 5571: 5502: 5460: 5448:. Retrieved 5439:Hussain,Imam 5438: 5431: 5419: 5407:. Retrieved 5397: 5390: 5378: 5346:, p. 9. 5324: 5312:. Retrieved 5302: 5295: 5283: 5218:Daftary 1990 5164: 5152:. Retrieved 5142: 5120: 5108: 5101:Lammens 1921 5096: 5084: 5072: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5015: 4979: 4968: 4963:, p. 16 4956: 4944:. Retrieved 4924: 4909:, p. 14 4856: 4844: 4799: 4765:Kennedy 2004 4705: 4671: 4574: 4567:. Retrieved 4556: 4547: 4531:. Lulu.com. 4527: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4487: 4482: 4473: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4417:. Retrieved 4400: 4396: 4386: 4360: 4350: 4333:(No. 1836), 4326: 4321: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4199:Mokhtarnameh 4180: 3897: 3647: 3621: 3615: 3605: 3596:. Comparing 3593: 3578:Mir Taqi Mir 3573: 3569: 3549: 3547: 3534: 3526: 3525:in his work 3514: 3513:Inspired by 3512: 3507: 3504:rawda khwani 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3378:. Urdu poet 3354: 3348: 3322:Pahlavi Shah 3306: 3298:Ali Shariati 3286: 3276: 3272: 3253: 3239: 3226:Maria Dakake 3222: 3204: 3198: 3152: 3138: 3111: 3098: 3093: 3077: 3075: 3056: 3051: 3019: 2990: 2973: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2915: 2903: 2875: 2867: 2860: 2848: 2837: 2829: 2814: 2795: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2762: 2744: 2719:Ali al-Akbar 2712: 2676: 2645: 2644:rather than 2641: 2623: 2610: 2606: 2603:Proof of God 2602: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2492: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2432: 2421: 2414: 2395: 2385:Mourning of 2339: 2316: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2254: 2236: 2226: 2218: 2212: 2197: 2186: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2121: 2071: 2067: 2044: 2017: 2013: 1993: 1984: 1972: 1969: 1938: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1902: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1872: 1856: 1748: 1745: 1729: 1686: 1665: 1621: 1597: 1578: 1561: 1550: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1501: 1474: 1428: 1421:clan of the 1396: 1352: 1342: 1330:Second Fitna 1289: 1224: 1223: 1115:Umm al-Banin 1071: 844:Second Fitna 724:Intercession 714:Judgment Day 426:Grandson of 370:Ali al-Akbar 138:(the Martyr) 105:Succeeded by 82: 59:Hagia Sophia 36: 11227:concealment 11215:occultation 11086:Ali al-Hadi 10962:Aga Khan IV 10952:Aga Khan II 10897:Murad Mirza 10823:Ali al-Hadi 10360:Ali al-Hadi 10350:Ali al-Rida 10140:Banu Hashim 10134:Ahl al-Bayt 9804:Volume III: 9795:Schacht, J. 9791:Pellat, Ch. 9751:Pellat, Ch. 9743:Schacht, J. 9705:Volume III: 9696:Schacht, J. 9692:Pellat, Ch. 9619:"Āl–e ʿAbā" 9166:Halm, Heinz 8613:E. J. Brill 8327:Pellat, Ch. 8257:I.B. Tauris 8218:Pellat, Ch. 7779:Norris 1993 7767:Norris 1993 7755:Aghaie 2004 7552:Aghaie 2004 7528:Aghaie 2004 7516:Aghaie 2004 7504:Aghaie 2004 7365:Aghaie 2004 7341:Aghaie 2004 7317:Aghaie 2004 7305:Aghaie 2004 7257:Aghaie 2004 7197:Sharon 1983 7122:Dakake 2007 6449:Nakash 1993 6420:Aghaie 2004 6318:Nakash 1993 6306:Aghaie 2004 6291:Nakash 1993 6279:Howard 1990 6252:Aghaie 2004 6202:Nakash 1993 6173:Nakash 1993 6088:Howard 1986 6076:Howard 1986 6064:Howard 1986 6052:Howard 1986 5970:Howard 1986 5958:Howard 1986 5871:Donner 2010 5815:Nakash 1993 5788:Donner 2010 5752:Howard 1990 5728:Howard 1990 5704:Howard 1990 5692:Howard 1990 5657:Howard 1990 5642:Howard 1990 5588:Howard 1990 5576:Howard 1990 5507:Howard 1990 5424:Howard 1990 5383:Howard 1986 5288:Howard 1990 5169:Howard 1990 5125:Howard 1990 4875:Haider 2016 4744:Donner 2010 4727:Munson 1988 4710:Dakake 2007 4329:located at 4314:al-Mada'ini 4243:ṢaḥīḥMoslem 3628:Hakim Sanai 3612:Sufi poetry 3360:South Asian 3265:Shah Ismail 3234:S. M. 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Oxford: 8673:10 October 8633:10 October 8611:. Leiden: 8572:10 October 8516:10 October 8476:10 October 8382:10 October 8336:Volume VI: 8277:10 October 8227:Volume VI: 8173:10 October 8151:. Oxford: 8013:10 October 7949:10 October 7818:Hyder 2006 7791:Elsie 2005 7588:Hyder 2006 7233:Ayoub 1978 7146:Jafri 1979 7134:Ayoub 1978 7062:Daily News 6938:Gil, Moshe 6754:Ayoub 1978 6662:Ibn Kathir 6650:Ibn Kathir 6437:Hyder 2006 6384:Ayoub 1978 6342:Ayoub 1978 6330:Ayoub 1978 6267:Ayoub 1978 6040:Jafri 1979 5895:Dixon 1971 5859:Dixon 1971 5800:Ayoub 1978 5545:Ayoub 1978 5495:Ayoub 1978 5450:10 October 5409:10 October 5314:10 October 5154:10 October 5077:Momen 1985 5044:Jafri 1979 4973:Algar 1984 4946:10 October 4907:Momen 1985 4569:10 October 4206:References 3655:Yunus Emre 3642:Sufi poet 3337:Literature 3307:After the 3195:Ahl-e Haqq 3143:conquered 2882:Az-Zukhruf 2858:examples. 2834:said, the 2817:Fakhr Razi 2518:South Asia 2510:husayniyya 2506:husayniyya 2473:husayniyya 2451:husayniyya 2424:pilgrimage 2371:See also: 2269:Ibn Ath'am 2259:al-Mas'udi 2207:See also: 2108:Kermanshah 2104:husayniyya 1655:See also: 1598:After the 1480:See also: 1467:Umm Salama 1383:Early life 1353:Shi'at Ali 1100:Umm Salama 1084:Holy women 672:Holy Books 667:Monotheism 643:Shia Islam 281:32°36′59″N 168:(the Pure) 161:al-Mubarak 136:ash-Shahid 11196:Haydar II 11181:Aziz Shah 11017:Abdallah 10975:(Mu'mini) 10932:Qasim Ali 10754:Abdallah 10625:Abdallah 10448:Abdallah 10261:successor 9814:495469525 9783:Lewis, B. 9770:495469456 9760:Volume I: 9747:Lewis, B. 9715:495469525 9684:Lewis, B. 9615:Algar, .H 9473:453206240 9454:752790641 9414:Tabatabae 9203:474534621 9115:. 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