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Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, defines neutrality as, "Humanitarian actors must not take sides in hostilities or engage in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature". This means that humanitarian workers should not take sides in a conflict. In a conservative interpretation, it also means that humanitarian workers do not speak out about what they see, even in the case of egregious human rights violations, including genocide. There are reasons that some prefer, and utilize, the more conservative interpretation of neutrality. First, some feel that a commitment to staying silent about what they witness allows them to access people in the most need of aid. Otherwise, leaders in areas of conflict may not permit humanitarian workers to access to provide aid. Staying silent can also act as a measure of protection for aid workers, further ensuring that aid is provided to those most in need. Lastly, some argue that staying silent is a way to ensure no discrimination in humanitarian aid. For this argument, choosing sides during a conflict amounts to discrimination, and works against the fundamental principles of humanitarian aid.
245:
neutrality and impartiality) were adopted and endorsed in the
General Assembly resolution 46/182. The General Assemble resolution of 1991 also led to the establishment of the role of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC). In 2004, the General Assembly resolution 58/114 added independence as the fourth core principle essential to humanitarian action. The fourth principle was as result of co-opting of humanitarian assistance in highly politicized context to address challenges faced in preserving independence for local partners and in relation to targeting of beneficiaries and the delivery of need based services in affected areas. These principles have been adopted by many international humanitarian organizations working with affected populations in disaster crisis.
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that impartiality ensures that aid workers only consider a person's need in giving aid, and do not discriminate against someone because of their "nationality, race, gender, identity, religious beliefs, class or political opinions". On the other hand, neutrality "means not taking sides". However, MSF explicitly states that they will speak out about massive human rights violations, including genocide. They argue that the needs of the people experiencing mass violence come above the principle of neutrality. In this, they do not violate impartiality and continue to provide humanitarian aid to individuals who need it most, regardless of sides.
182:, where ICRC did not publicize or condemn the Nazi genocide. This is part of what sparked the continuing debate. However, since the 1990s, the ICRC has amended its interpretation of neutrality and promoted public denouncement of serious violations of humanitarian law. MSF, on the other hand, never adopted the policy of absolute confidentiality, and considers "'bearing witness to the plight of victims as an additional measure of protection". While they uphold the principle of neutrality, they state that, "impartiality and neutrality are not synonymous with silence".
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stated: Sexual exploitation and abuse by humanitarian workers constitute acts of gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for termination of employment. The plan explicitly prohibited the "Exchange of money, employment, goods, or services for sex, including sexual favours or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behaviour." The major NGHAs as well as the UN agencies engaged in humanitarian response committed themselves to setting up internal structures to prevent sexual exploitation and abuse of beneficiaries.
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state. "Neutrality remains closely linked with the definition which introduced the concept into international law to designate the status of a State which decided to stand apart from an armed conflict. Consequently, its applications under positive law still depend on the criteria of abstention and impartiality which have characterized neutrality from the outset."
119:
PADCO, a USAID subcontractor, are sometimes seen as humanitarian NGOs. However, for the UN agencies, particularly where the UN is involved in peacekeeping activities as the result of a
Security Council resolution, it is not clear if the UN is in a position to act in an impartial manner if one of the parties is in violation of terms of the UN Charter.
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Others argue, "neutrality is very important in the provision of humanitarian assistance as it provides humanitarian actors, such as the ICRC, with the humanitarian space needed to provide relief to as many victims of crisis as possible without discrimination, whilst also allowing aid workers to carry
82:
movement, the principle of humanity includes: • It recalls the origin of the movement: a desire to assist without discrimination to the wounded during conflict. • It recalls the double dimension of the movement: national and international one. • To protect life and health • To define the purpose of
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and in GA Resolution 46/182 are derived from the
Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross, particularly principles I (humanity), II (impartiality), III (neutrality—in the case of the UN), and IV (independence). A full commentary and analysis of all ten principles in the Red Cross Red Crescent Code of
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The humanitarian principles originated from the work of the
International Committee of Red Cross and the National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies. The core principles guided the work of these organizations before it was adopted by the United Nations. In 1991, the first three principles (humanity,
201:
Humanitarian agencies must formulate and implement their own policies independently of government policies or actions. Humanitarian agencies, although there are auxiliaries in the humanitarian services and subject to the laws of their countries, must maintain their autonomy from political, economic,
59:
The core principles are defining characteristics, the necessary conditions for humanitarian response. Organizations such as military forces and for-profit companies may deliver assistance to communities affected by disaster in order to save lives and alleviate suffering, but they are not considered
257:
All of the above principles are important requirements for effective field operations. They are based on the widespread field experience of agencies engaged in humanitarian response. In conflict situations, their breach may drastically affect the ability of agencies to respond to the needs of the
227:
The provision of aid must not exploit the vulnerability of victims and be used to further political or religious creeds. All of the major non-governmental humanitarian agencies (NGHAs) by signing up to the RC/NGO Code of
Conduct have committed themselves not to use humanitarian response to further
142:
The application of the word neutrality to humanitarian aid delivered by UN agencies or even governments can be confusing. GA Resolution 46/182 proclaims the principle of neutrality, yet as an inter-governmental political organization, the UN is often engaged in controversies of a political nature.
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The principle of neutrality was specifically addressed to the Red Cross
Movement to prevent it from not only taking sides in a conflict, but not to "engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature." Neutrality can also apply to humanitarian actions of a
399:
A number of reports which identified the sexual exploitation of refugees in west Africa prodded the humanitarian community to work together in examining the problem and to take measures to prevent abuses. In July 2002, the UN's
Interagency Standing Committee (IASC) adopted a plan of action which
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states: "We hold ourselves accountable to both those we seek to assist and those from whom we accept resources;" and thus identifies the two major stake holders: donors and beneficiaries. However, traditionally humanitarian agencies have tended to practice mainly "upward accountability", i.e. to
162:
The other side of the debate highlights the moral imperative to speak up against egregious violations of human rights. Organizations on this side tend to also promote an understanding of the difference between neutrality and impartiality, another humanitarian principle. MSF, for example, explains
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For most non-governmental humanitarian agencies (NGHAs), the principle of impartiality is unambiguous even if it is sometimes difficult to apply, especially in rapidly changing situations. However, it is no longer clear which organizations can claim to be humanitarian. For example, companies like
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If a warring party believes, for example, that an agency is favouring the other side, or that it is an agent of the enemy, access to the victims may be blocked and the lives of humanitarian workers may be put in danger. If one of the parties perceives that an agency is trying to spread another
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The humanitarian principle of neutrality was formally established in 1991 by the UN General
Assembly resolution 46/182. The principles were developed from the core principles used by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies. OCHA, the United
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Today, the word neutrality is widely used within the humanitarian community, usually to mean the provision of humanitarian aid in an impartial and independent manner, based on need alone. Few international NGOs have curtailed work on justice or human rights issues because of their commitment to
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or complex emergency situations. In disaster management, compliance with the principles are essential elements of humanitarian coordination. The main humanitarian principles have been adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly under the resolution AG 46/182. The four guiding principles are
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This issue is still widely contested in the humanitarian field. In a 2020 opinion piece, Hugo Slim argues that legally, operationally, and morally, it is acceptable for humanitarians to take sides. He states, "Neutral humanitarianism is not necessarily ethically desirable when we see people as
95:(RC/NGO Code) introduces the concept of the humanitarian imperative which expands the principle of humanity to include the right to receive and to give humanitarian assistance. It states the obligation of the international community "to provide humanitarian assistance wherever it is needed."
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To treat everyone the same way without consideration for the level of suffering or the urgency would not be equitable. Impartiality means that the only priority that can be set in dealing with people that need help must be based on need and the order of relief must correspond to the urgency.
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Problems may arise because most NGHAs rely in varying degrees on government donors. Thus for some organizations it is difficult to maintain independence from their donors and not be confused in the field with governments who may be involved in the hostilities. The
73:
The principle of humanity means that all humankind shall be treated humanely and equally in all circumstances by saving lives and alleviating suffering, while ensuring respect for the individual. It is the fundamental principle of humanitarian response.
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Accountability has been defined as: "the processes through which an organisation makes a commitment to respond to and balance the needs of stakeholders in its decision making processes and activities, and delivers against this commitment."
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The experience of many humanitarian agencies during the Rwandan Genocide, led to a number of initiatives designed to improve humanitarian assistance and accountability, particularly with respect to the beneficiaries. Examples include the
248:
The Inter-Agency Standing Committee has the responsibility of upholding humanitarian principles globally. This is the body responsible for bringing together UN agencies, Red Cross Movement and NGOs working in humanitarian action.
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In addition to the core principles, there are other principles that govern humanitarian response for specific types of humanitarian agencies such as UN agencies, the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and NGOs.
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The purpose of humanitarian action is to protect life and health, and ensure respect for human beings. It also promotes mutual understanding, cooperation, friendship and peace among all people. According to the
186:
enemies for good reasons. Is it reasonable to expect a Syrian aid worker to be neutral while her community is being bombed? Is it moral for humanitarians to stay neutral in the face of injustice or genocide?"
210:, has set the example for maintaining its independence (and neutrality) by raising its funds from governments through the use of separate annual appeals for headquarters costs and field operations.
46:
Humanitarian principles are a set of principles that governs the way humanitarian response is carried out. The principle is central to establishing and maintaining access to affected populations in
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and no discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, gender, religion, political opinion or class. It must be based on need alone. Priority must be given to the most urgent cases of distress.
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569:, "Relief agencies and moral standing in war: principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and solidarity, Development in Practice, Volume 10, Numbers 3-4/August 1, 2000
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Humanitarian principles are mainly focused on the behavior of organizations. However a humane response implies that humanitarian workers are not to take advantage of the
412:, an internationally recognised management tool that helps humanitarian and development organisations enhance the quality of their human resources management. The NGO,
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While neutrality is an important principle in the work of Humanitarian Aid, there is a long-standing controversy in the field on how it should be implemented.
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According to this interpretation, the UN agency or a government can provide neutral humanitarian aid as long as it does it impartially, based upon need alone.
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of beneficiaries by humanitarian workers. In an emergency where victims have lost everything, women and girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse.
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Equal status and share of responsibilities and duties in helping each other. Solidarity with regard to decision-making regardless of their size or wealth.
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of those affected by war and violence. Agencies have the responsibility for developing rules of staff conduct which prevent abuse of the beneficiaries.
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commentary is focused on the Red Cross use of the principle of humanity, but includes more general comments relevant to the whole humanitarian sector.
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Substantial efforts have been made in the humanitarian sector to monitor compliance with humanitarian principles. Such efforts include The
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means not to take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.
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carries out peer reviews among its members which look in part at the issue of compliance with principles set out in the RC/NGO Code
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The RC/NGO Code also lists a number of more aspirational principles which are derived from experience with development assistance.
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As the field of humanitarian aid continues to professionalize, so do the definitions and implementations of its principles.
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Humanitarian agencies should use information activities to portray victims as dignified human beings, not hopeless objects
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Structures internal to the Red Cross Movement monitor compliance to the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross.
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military or any other others and to be able at all times to act in accordance with the humanitarian principles.
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by the humanitarian sector as humanitarian agencies as their response is not based on the core principles.
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174:(MSF) (also known as Doctors Without Borders). Historically, the ICRC interpreted "neutrality" to mean
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Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief
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Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief
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The Sphere Project Humanitarian Charter uses the language of human rights to remind that the
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response (also called humanitarian response) whether in the case of a natural disaster or a
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635:(For a discussion of the concept of neutrality with respect to humanitarian response see:
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Humanitarian response should use local resources and capacities as much as possible
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23:. Here, humanitarian pertains to the practice of saving lives and alleviating
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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).
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A Dictionary of Disaster Management$ A Dictionary of Disaster Management
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The Golden Fleece: Manipulation and Independence in Humanitarian Action
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religious faith, there may be a hostile reaction to their activities.
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748:"How Important is Neutrality in Providing Humanitarian Assistance?"
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Emergency response should strive to reduce future vulnerabilities
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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
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Agencies should be accountable to both donors and beneficiaries
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Lloyd, Robert M.; Monica Blagescu; Lucy de las Casas (2005).
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UNCCD - United Nations - Convention to Combat Desertification
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One of the most problematic areas is related to the issue of
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out their duties safely and to the best of their abilities."
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Humanitarian Ethics: The Morality of Aid in War and Disaster
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1213:"The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross: a commentary"
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The participation of the beneficiaries should be encouraged
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Agencies should operate with respect to culture and custom
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adds: "Accountability is about using power responsibly."
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663:"You don't have to be neutral to be a good humanitarian"
585:"Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations"
978:. Hurst and Oxford University Press. pp. 39–111.
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International Convention on Civil and Political Rights
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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
784:"Neutrality vs. impartiality: What's the difference?"
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Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International
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Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International
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Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International
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Humanity, Neutrality, Impartiality and Independence.
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govern the way humanitarian response is carried out.
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Cross-Files | ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library
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OCHA on Message: General Assembly resolutio n 46/182
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IASC, Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
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Principles based on field experience in emergencies
580:Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping
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129:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
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166:Two of the major players in this debate are the
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891:Joanna Macrae: NGOs: Has the 'N' gone missing?
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815:Doctors Without Borders (MSF) (2016-09-22).
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19:There are a number of meanings for the term
16:Ideas regarded as central to humanitarianism
1509:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
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611:"International Committee of the Red Cross"
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719:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law"
487:Rubin, Olivier; Dahlberg, Rasmus (2017).
459:UNOCHA, United Nations; OCHA, UN (1998).
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168:International Committee of the Red Cross
422:The RC/NGO Code is self-enforcing. The
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1090:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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908:"What are Humanitarian Principles?"
894:Randolph Kent: Footing the aid bill
692:"What are Humanitarian Principles?"
410:People In Aid Code of Good Practice
376:Vulnerability and behavioral issues
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542:"The seven Fundamental Principles"
270:The core principles, found in the
214:Additional humanitarian principles
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1619:Master of Nonprofit Organizations
1127:. 3 November 2010. Archived from
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240:Origin of Humanitarian principles
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613:. 3 October 2013. Archived from
360:which is proclaimed in both the
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582:(Brahimi report)pp. ix & 9)
316:Code of Good Practice, and the
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228:political or religious creeds.
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1607:List of charitable foundations
1003:. One World Trust. p. 5.
842:"The ICRC during World War II"
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352:The right to life with dignity
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871:Doctors Without Borders - USA
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394:sexual exploitation and abuse
388:Sexual exploitation and abuse
279:'s book Humanitarian Ethics.
272:Red Cross/NGO Code of Conduct
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821:www.doctorswithoutborders.ca
788:www.doctorswithoutborders.ca
782:Devine, Carol (2018-03-11).
661:Slim, H. (August 27, 2020).
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64:Core humanitarian principles
27:. It is usually related to
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1125:"Quality COMPAS - Homepage"
491:. Oxford University Press.
436:Land Degradation Neutrality
429:
283:Humanitarian accountability
68:
10:
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1560:Charity / thrift / op shop
1436:Charity (Christian virtue)
746:Bordoloi, A (2020-08-18).
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39:or other armed conflict.
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1484:Animal Charity Evaluators
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752:E-International Relations
565:For a critical view see:
151:Controversy on Neutrality
172:Médecins Sans Frontières
275:Conduct can be seen in
105:humanitarian assistance
87:Humanitarian Imperative
41:Humanitarian principles
1602:Ethics of philanthropy
1595:Psychological barriers
1395:Nonprofit organization
512:Pictet (1979) Humanity
1420:Voluntary association
1415:Religious corporation
324:Additional principles
1565:Click-to-donate site
1429:Charity and religion
667:The New Humanitarian
591:on November 14, 2007
1131:on 3 November 2010.
840:ICRC (2018-11-26).
176:no public criticism
55:Defining principles
1590:Effective altruism
1575:Donor-advised fund
1540:Alternative giving
1519:Giving What We Can
1494:Charity assessment
1471:Charity evaluation
1307:Charity (practice)
1191:2006-11-20 at the
1172:2006-12-29 at the
974:Hugo Slim (2015).
960:2010-01-31 at the
937:"A/RES/46/182 - E"
642:2009-08-10 at the
517:2009-03-10 at the
1680:Natural disasters
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1634:Visiting the sick
1499:Charity Navigator
1479:Aid effectiveness
1410:Social enterprise
1332:Humanity (virtue)
1238:. Kumarian Pres.
867:"Bearing witness"
617:on 10 August 2009
295:Article 9 of the
48:natural disasters
33:man-made disaster
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1654:Warm-glow giving
1649:Wall of kindness
1639:Voluntary sector
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1327:Fundraising
1290:Main topics
1143:"Home Page"
621:15 November
595:November 1,
472:October 31,
223:Proselytism
1685:Principles
1669:Categories
1612:wealthiest
1368:Foundation
1353:charitable
1312:Compassion
1223:2006-12-14
1203:References
1153:2008-07-18
1077:2008-07-18
1028:|url=
941:www.un.org
921:9 December
876:2020-12-13
851:2020-12-13
826:2020-12-13
798:2020-12-13
757:2020-12-13
551:9 December
404:Compliance
133:neutrality
123:Neutrality
1351:Types of
1019:cite book
567:Hugo Slim
446:Footnotes
277:Hugo Slim
258:victims.
109:impartial
29:emergency
25:suffering
1629:Telethon
1514:GiveWell
1451:Tzedakah
1317:Donation
1302:Altruism
1234:(2012).
1211:(1979).
1189:Archived
1170:Archived
1086:cite web
958:Archived
640:Archived
523:Pictet's
515:Archived
430:See also
364:and the
107:must be
69:Humanity
35:such as
1456:Sadaqah
1373:Private
1322:Empathy
1030:value (
578:(See:
266:Sources
1489:Candid
1242:
1046:"HAPI"
1026:Check
1007:
982:
915:UNOCHA
906:OCHA.
889:(see:
495:
1570:Drive
1461:Zakat
1446:Tithe
1184:(See:
1071:(PDF)
1064:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
695:(PDF)
466:(PDF)
310:ALNAP
1441:Dāna
1297:Alms
1240:ISBN
1092:link
1032:help
1005:ISBN
980:ISBN
923:2018
726:2020
674:2020
623:2006
597:2007
553:2018
493:ISBN
474:2022
424:SCHR
208:ICRC
180:WWII
127:For
91:The
1096:p.2
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