640:(MSF), one of the prominent critics of Sphere, argues that Sphere “tend towards being prescriptive, leaving little room for contextual adaption”, and thus is only useful in an ideal situation. Importantly, a number of French humanitarian agencies feared that donors would disburse funding based on fulfillment of Sphere standards, restricting the ability of agencies to demonstrate success in ways that are not open to formal measurement. They felt that the Sphere approach would ignore non-quantifiable aspects of humanitarian action such as solidarity and witnessing and could devalue efforts of the affected population to solve their own problems
326:) about a project for setting standards. The members of both organizations decided that it would be a good idea to pool their resources and set up a joint project. Thus, in 1997, the Sphere Project was set up with a management committee made up of representatives from each of the SCHR members and representatives from InterAction. More than 25 percent of the funds for the first phase of the project came from the member agencies of the management committee and the rest from a few government donors. From the beginning, three observers were invited to fully participate in the work of the management committee.
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633:
charter recognizes that affected persons have a ‘right of assistance’ and describes the legal responsibility of states to guarantee that right. However, while the ‘right to dignity’ and ‘right to assist’ are clearly established in international law, the legal basis of a ‘right to assistance’ is not entirely clear. Furthermore, the right to life with dignity described in the charter is intimately linked to social, economic and political rights that are not sufficiently addressed in the charter.
36:
140:
575:
In 2015, Sphere and six other humanitarian standard initiatives formally joined to establish the
Humanitarian Standards Partnership (HSP). The aim of the Partnership is to improve the quality and accountability of humanitarian action across all sectors and a harmonized approach to support the user in
493:
Phase 2 saw the development of extensive training material for using the handbook. The training program focuses "mainly on the day-to-day work of the individual humanitarian practitioner." The main method is to use workshops for humanitarian field staff to facilitate the practical application of the
476:
Phase 2 of the project was initiated in
November focusing on the publication and dissemination of the standards and the development of training materials. In December, a first draft was published and launched both in Washington, DC, and London. The first draft notes that it was drawn up with the work
502:
The handbook was completely revised and a second edition was launched in 2004. In addition an extensive external evaluation was carried out. After 2004, Sphere took on anew form, with an expanded board replacing the project's management committee. Its focus shifted towards facilitating the work of
400:
The original objective of the Sphere
Project was to develop a humanitarian charter and associated set of minimum standards in collaboration with leading NGOs, interested donor governments and UN agencies, to both disseminate the resultant products widely within the international humanitarian system
623:
From the beginning, a decision was made that an important part of the funding would come from the sponsoring agencies themselves, with the remainder made up of funds from governmental agencies. A little over a quarter of the funds for phase 1 came from the SCHR and InterAction with the rest coming
646:
A final criticism often raised by non-Western parties is that the Sphere standards impose standardization based on “Western” benchmarks. While Sphere does promote close consultation with the affected populations, it imposes very detailed standards that may differ from the wishes of beneficiaries.
632:
Although generally well accepted, a number of criticisms have been levelled against Sphere both in terms of its humanitarian charter and minimum standards. The first critique concerns the Sphere charter. As the charter was developed by NGOs, its legal validity has been called into question. The
437:
Five sector committees were formed, each with a manager seconded by one of the sponsoring agencies. The sector committees were made up of experts drawn not only from NGOs, but also from the Red Cross and Inter-governmental agencies such as the UNHCR, WHO, and WFP. The sector committees formulated
313:
in 1994. A growing number of donor and NGO evaluations were critical of the responses and actions of many NGOs. There was growing discussion among humanitarian agencies about the lack of standards for providing humanitarian assistance. Some of the preliminary conclusions of the multi-donor Joint
314:
Evaluation of
Emergency Assistance to Rwanda were critical of the performance of humanitarian agencies in the Great Lakes crisis. A number of agencies felt that it was time to get their own houses in order and explored the idea of formulating standards for humanitarian response.
526:. Sphere is currently governed by a General Assembly, composed of all Sphere members, and overseen by an Executive Committee, whose officers are elected among the members by the General Assembly. To reflect the new status, Sphere adopted a new logo.
438:
minimum standards of assistance for each of the sectors. The intention of the project was that the setting up of minimum standards would help to improve accountability and the overall quality of humanitarian response to those affected by disasters.
576:
the application of standards. The HSP organizes joint training opportunities, research initiatives, and outreach activities. It also runs advocacy activities calling for an increased application of humanitarian standards.
563:
The
Handbook is likely the most widely known and internationally recognized tool in the field of humanitarian standards. Considering all of its editions, the Sphere Handbook has been translated in more than 30 languages.
1926:
624:
from 10 governments. As the budget expanded in Phases 2 and 3, so did the number of government donors, shifting the balance, with governments contributing about 85% of the funds for the latter two phases.
643:
Some critics feared that the standards could create unrealistic expectations while ignoring constraints. Failing to meet core Sphere standards could lead to adverse publicity, liability and reprisals.
515:(“Sphere”). The organisation also intensified its efforts on building a global community, bringing together those humanitarian practitioners sharing a commitment to improve the quality and
636:
A second criticism has been that Sphere’s “one size fits all” approach prevents humanitarians from adapting to the diverse cultural, political and security contexts in which they operate.
785:
July 1997 and was a sponsor of the Sphere
Project from the beginning, paying their assessed contributions for both Phases 1 and 2. They withdrew from the project at the end of Phase 2.
1268:
1559:
1617:
1607:
349:
2053:
541:
292:
2048:
1244:
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1196:
1906:
1458:
1075:"Learn from the chapter authors about the Sphere Handbook revision and contribute now | Professionals in Humanitarian Assistance and Protection (PHAP)"
57:
50:
1589:
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597:
482:
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997:
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The Sphere standards are periodically revised to make sure the
Handbook reflects new evidence and evolving practice in the humanitarian sector.
1956:
1484:
1276:
485:, academic institutions, the United Nations and governmental agencies. It was posted on the Sphere Project site to allow for wide feedback.
468:
By May 1998, a draft edition of the handbook was posted on the
Internet for comments. Phase 1 was extended by four months to October 1998.
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1921:
1916:
1612:
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923:
889:
720:
1936:
1554:
1307:
1012:
973:
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781:
Walker and Purdin wrongly indicate that MSF only joined the SCHR and the Sphere
Project half way through the process. MSF joined the
1931:
1074:
1981:
1966:
1602:
1564:
818:
386:
353:
345:
100:
800:
322:
Simultaneously, in 1996, discussions were taking place within InterAction and the
Steering Committee for Humanitarian Response (
72:
1911:
883:
309:
The 1990s saw a rapid increase in the international activities of humanitarian agencies. This was particularly the case during
2070:
540:
The Sphere Handbook is Sphere’s flagship publication. It comprises the Humanitarian Charter, the Protection Principles, the
2006:
1791:
1512:
583:
Minimum Standards for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action (CPMS) (Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action)
79:
2031:
1507:
907:
522:
In June 2018, Sphere launched a membership campaign, inviting humanitarian organisations to formally participate in its
2001:
1724:
1394:
1297:
Van Brabant, Koenraad: "Regaining Perspective: The Debate over Quality Assurance and Accountability" ODI, November 2012
1951:
1708:
868:
119:
86:
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2080:
1901:
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1522:
511:
In 2016, Sphere ceased its activities as a time-limited project (“the Sphere Project”) to become an independent,
68:
1976:
1781:
1658:
1517:
1411:
1312:
Jacqui Tong: Questionable Accountability: MSF and Sphere in 2003 in Disastrs, Volume 28 (2), June 2004, 176-189
839:
17:
1220:
1673:
1479:
1325:"Raising standards in emergency relief: How useful are Sphere minimum standards for humanitarian assistance?"
637:
604:
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369:
287:(formerly known as the Sphere Project) is a global movement started in 1997 aiming to improve the quality of
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2202:
2145:
2085:
1808:
1693:
2011:
1971:
1653:
1527:
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862:
Buchanan-Smith, Margie (2003); How the Sphere Project Came into Being. ODI Working Paper 215, July 2003
477:
of some 641 named individuals (plus countless unnamed persons), drawn from 228 organizations, including
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1760:
1734:
1703:
721:"Humanitarian standards in urban, post-disaster contexts: a study of Sphere shelter standards in Haiti"
667:
310:
1147:
884:
Lowry, Sean; Sphere at the end of phase II. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine 17, October 2000. pp 11–13.
834:
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2016:
1991:
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1986:
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1197:"Up to the Standards? Humanitarian Standards for Market Assessment and Analysis - Webinar"
8:
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and to encourage their formal adoption and practice by relief agencies and their donors.
297:
210:
139:
815:
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872:
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The International Response to Conflict and Genocide:Lessons from the Rwanda Experience
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991:
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341:
2026:
1838:
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1344:
1336:
1245:"Humanitarian standards now available on mobile devices - News & events - CaLP"
1098:
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1011:
Switzerl, Spherec/o NRCRue de Varembé 3Geneva 1202; book, Add us to your address.
972:
Switzerl, Spherec/o NRCRue de Varembé 3Geneva 1202; book, Add us to your address.
2063:
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Humanitarian inclusion standards for older people and people with disabilities (
450:. Its final draft highlighted the importance of three principles in particular:
2155:
2135:
1996:
1878:
1858:
1663:
516:
291:. The Sphere standards are the most commonly used and most widely known set of
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407:
Five sectors were chosen to cover the basic sectors in humanitarian response:
2196:
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1340:
1269:"Humanitarian Inclusion Standards part of Humanitarian Standards Partnership"
549:
337:
873:
Peter Walker, Susan Purdin (2004) Birthing Sphere. Disasters 28 (2), 100–111
770:
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1853:
1729:
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Peter Walker, Susan Purdin (2004) Birthing Sphere. Disasters 28 (2), p. 106
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people already using and promoting Sphere at national and regional levels.
1823:
1678:
506:
375:
InterAction (165 US-based members; 62 in its Disaster Response Committee)
236:
225:
186:
747:
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523:
1848:
1818:
1803:
553:
35:
1375:
748:"The Sphere Handbook | Standards for quality humanitarian response"
693:
261:
544:, and minimum humanitarian standards in four areas of response:
404:
In July 1997, the first phase of one year of the project began.
350:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1574:
694:"Sphere Standards | Humanitarian Charter and Minimum standards"
668:"Sphere Annual Report 2023 - Sphere-annual-report-2023-web.pdf"
557:
180:
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1755:
1688:
361:
446:
In early 1998, a working group was established to draft the
1946:
1471:
782:
545:
333:
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457:
the distinction between combatants and non-combatants, and
497:
1051:"The Handbook editions and languages | Sphere Standards"
471:
1123:"Humanitarian Standards Partnership | Sphere Standards"
507:
Phase 4, An independent, membership-based organisation
1310:
For an extensive discussion of the MSF position see:
570:
427:
586:
Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS)
1459:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
1148:"Child Protection Minimum Standards Working Group"
317:
1322:
1173:"LEGS and the Humanitarian Standards Partnership"
598:Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies
579:The other initiatives which compose the HSP are:
2194:
2166:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic
949:"Governance and legal entity | Sphere Standards"
905:Sphere Project Newsletter No. 16 (February 2004)
662:
660:
614:, Age and Disability Capacity Program / ADCAP)
546:Water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion
657:
2218:International responses to natural disasters
2161:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks
1177:Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards
432:
1777:|group4 = Analysis and reporting |list4 =
1035:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
996:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1766:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
138:
1348:
1308:MSF Position vis a vis the Sphere Project
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1103:www.humanitarianstandardspartnership.org
1013:"Welcome to the new Sphere newsletter!Â"
1010:
971:
354:International Save the Children Alliance
346:International Committee of the Red Cross
627:
441:
14:
2195:
2141:|group11 = Related articles |list11 =
1897:|group6 = Donors and funding |list6 =
1221:"Humanitarian Standards Partnership |"
1145:
886:, training materials can be found at
603:Minimum Standard for Market Analysis (
529:
498:Phase 3 November 2000 to December 2004
56:Please improve this article by adding
2076:|group9 = Aid worker safety |list9 =
1962:|group7 = Major emergencies |list7 =
589:Minimum Economic Recovery Standards (
472:Phase 2 November 1998 to January 2000
2116:|group10 = Related fields |list10 =
1792:The State of the Humanitarian System
1323:Griekspoor, A.; Collins, S. (2001).
1170:
974:"Sphere is now open for membership!"
860:For more detailed descriptions see:
742:
740:
715:
713:
29:
295:. Sphere's flagship publication is
24:
2071:The State of the World's Cash 2020
2002:Central African Republic Civil War
1814:|group5 = Notable people |list5 =
571:Humanitarian Standards Partnership
25:
2229:
2208:Organizations established in 1997
1952:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
1709:Koyamada International Foundation
1369:
737:
710:
596:Minimum Standards for Education (
428:Phase 1 July 1997 to October 1998
2179:
34:
2081:Attacks on humanitarian workers
1523:Inter-Agency Standing Committee
1316:
1301:
1290:
1261:
1237:
1213:
1189:
1164:
1139:
1115:
1091:
1067:
1043:
1004:
965:
941:
916:
898:
877:
854:
842:- Humanitarian Practice Network
483:Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement
454:the right to life with dignity,
318:Original sponsors and observers
2096:Health Care In Danger Campaign
2007:Western African Ebola outbreak
1659:International Rescue Committee
1518:Humanitarian-Development Nexus
1412:International humanitarian law
840:Overseas Development Institute
827:
809:
791:
775:
764:
686:
556:; Shelter and settlement; and
168:raising humanitarian standards
13:
1:
2049:Sexual exploitation and abuse
1480:History of the United Nations
650:
605:The Cash Learning Partnership
304:
58:secondary or tertiary sources
2146:2015 European migrant crisis
2086:Aid Worker Security Database
1972:Great Indian Famine of 1870s
1809:Global Humanitarian Overview
924:"Sphere External Evaluation"
752:handbook.spherestandards.org
519:of humanitarian assistance.
7:
1654:International Medical Corps
1528:Humanitarian Cluster System
1417:|group1 = History |list1 =
1146:McCune, Adam (2018-07-09).
488:
411:water supply and sanitation
293:core humanitarian standards
152:; 27 years ago
10:
2234:
2151:Detention Centres in Libya
2054:Core Humanitarian Standard
1761:Network for Refugee Voices
1735:Global Refugee-Led Network
835:"The Humanitarian Charter"
618:
542:Core Humanitarian Standard
533:
395:
311:Great Lakes refugee crisis
69:"Sphere" organization
2126:International development
2101:Kunduz hospital airstrike
1743:
1717:
1684:Norwegian Refugee Council
1626:
1588:
1547:
1503:World Humanitarian Summit
1493:
1469:
1422:
1376:Sphere (official website)
433:Setting minimum standards
420:shelter and site planning
366:World Council of Churches
358:Lutheran World Federation
272:
256:
243:
232:
216:
206:
196:
172:
164:
146:
137:
27:Humanitarian organization
2017:South Sudanese Civil War
1992:2011 East Africa drought
1674:Médecins Sans Frontières
1639:Catholic Relief Services
1341:10.1136/bmj.323.7315.740
1017:us4.campaign-archive.com
978:us4.campaign-archive.com
638:Medecins Sans Frontieres
370:Médecins Sans Frontières
2213:Emergency organizations
2111:Dolo hospital airstrike
1967:Chinese Famine of 1870s
1541:organizations |list3 =
1485:1951 Refugee Convention
1407:Humanitarian principles
798:Sphere Project Proposal
513:non-profit organisation
342:Caritas Internationalis
289:humanitarian assistance
2091:World Humanitarian Day
2039:power, abuse |list8 =
1977:Ethiopian famine 1980s
1649:Danish Refugee Council
1627:International agencies
1539:|group3 = Humanitarian
45:relies excessively on
2059:Sphere (organization)
1987:2010 Haiti earthquake
1864:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe
1634:Action Against Hunger
1608:The Federation (IFRC)
1443:A Memory of Solferino
612:HelpAge International
2037:|group8 = Standards,
1799:The New Humanitarian
1249:www.cashlearning.org
1099:"HSPapp - Home Page"
628:Criticisms of Sphere
448:Humanitarian Charter
442:Humanitarian charter
2203:Disaster management
2106:Airstrikes on Yemen
1437:Battle of Solferino
1171:LEGS (2017-01-16).
672:spherestandards.org
536:The Sphere Handbook
530:The Sphere Handbook
494:minimum standards.
298:The Sphere Handbook
211:The Sphere Handbook
134:
1618:Protective Emblems
1613:National Societies
1590:Red Cross Movement
1454:Geneva Conventions
1449:Red Cross Movement
1423:1850s, Creation of
910:2007-04-23 at the
892:2007-05-19 at the
821:2007-06-09 at the
803:2007-09-27 at the
338:Care International
198:Executive Director
132:
2171:Aid effectiveness
2022:Rohingya genocide
1888:[[Warren Buffett}
1884:Michael Bloomberg
1829:Christos Christou
1774:
1773:
1699:Save the Children
1669:Médecins du Monde
1598:Seville Agreement
1536:
1535:
1395:in conflict zones
1335:(7315): 740–742.
460:the principle of
282:
281:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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2186:World portal
2184:
2183:
2032:Yemeni Civil War
2027:Syrian civil war
1839:Martin Griffiths
1545:
1544:
1420:
1419:
1390:Humanitarian aid
1383:Humanitarian aid
1363:
1362:
1352:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1275:. Archived from
1265:
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1258:
1256:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1225:www.ineesite.org
1217:
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1193:
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1152:alliancecpha.org
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2064:Sphere Handbook
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1869:MacKenzie Scott
1844:Jemilah Mahmood
1834:Winnie Byanyima
1770:
1739:
1713:
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1496:reform attempts
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1402:Humanitarianism
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423:health services
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228: 1,044,833
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51:primary sources
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2174:
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2156:Crisis mapping
2153:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2136:Neocolonialism
2133:
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1999:
1997:Typhoon Haiyan
1994:
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1879:Jamshedji Tata
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1859:James Orbinski
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43:This article
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2131:Peacekeeping
2121:Human Rights
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2044:CHS Alliance
2036:
1982:2004 tsunami
1961:
1957:Yield Giving
1896:
1854:Peter Maurer
1813:
1776:
1725:NEAR Network
1704:World Vision
1538:
1513:Localisation
1494:21st-century
1441:
1432:Henry Dunant
1416:
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1292:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
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1824:Jan Egeland
1718:Consortiums
1679:Mercy Corps
1548:UN agencies
1273:www.cbm.org
207:Publication
187:Switzerland
2197:Categories
1892:Bill Gates
1283:2019-02-19
1254:2019-02-19
1230:2019-02-19
1206:2019-02-19
1182:2019-02-19
1157:2019-02-19
1132:2019-02-19
1108:2019-02-19
1084:2019-02-19
1060:2019-02-19
1022:2019-02-19
983:2019-02-19
958:2019-02-19
934:2007-04-03
847:2019-02-19
757:2019-02-19
730:2019-02-19
703:2019-02-19
651:References
524:governance
329:Sponsors:
305:Background
80:newspapers
47:references
2176:|below =
1927:ECHO (EU)
1917:FCDO (UK)
1849:Hugo Slim
1819:Degan Ali
1804:ReliefWeb
1385:|above =
554:nutrition
414:nutrition
147:Formation
2012:Iraq War
1359:11576984
1079:phap.org
1031:cite web
992:cite web
908:Archived
890:Archived
819:Archived
816:Handbook
801:Archived
548:(WASH);
489:Training
417:food aid
233:Expenses
218:Revenue
173:Location
1350:1121289
725:ODI HPN
619:Funding
607:(CaLP))
396:Project
257:Website
165:Purpose
155: (
94:scholar
1942:France
1937:Turkey
1932:Canada
1922:Norway
1575:UNICEF
1357:
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1127:Sphere
1055:Sphere
953:Sphere
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783:SCHRin
698:Sphere
678:7 June
674:. 2024
558:Health
481:, the
368:, and
348:, the
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285:Sphere
247:(2024)
245:Staff
220:(2023)
181:Geneva
133:Sphere
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1907:USAID
1787:ALNAP
1756:Adeso
1689:Oxfam
1555:UNHCR
1470:Post
383:Voice
362:Oxfam
101:JSTOR
87:books
1947:OECD
1902:CERF
1751:BRAC
1730:CALP
1644:CARE
1603:ICRC
1560:OCHA
1472:WWII
1355:PMID
1037:link
998:link
871:and
865:ISBN
680:2024
552:and
479:NGOs
391:ICVA
387:ICRC
334:SCHR
324:SCHR
266:.org
157:1997
150:1997
73:news
2189:}}
1782:ODI
1580:WHO
1570:WFP
1565:IOM
1345:PMC
1337:doi
1333:323
1329:BMJ
262:www
237:CHF
226:CHF
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