Human rights in the United Kingdom

39: 238: 208: 112: 524: 4171:'The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law... wherein every man by common consent gives up that right, for the sake of justice and the general good. By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass. No man can set his foot upon my ground without my licence, but he is liable to an action, though the damage be nothing... If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment.' 6530:, the bulk of which entered into force in October 2010, which introduces an "equality duty" requiring public bodies to have due regard to the need to eliminate discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to foster good relations between people. It imposes a duty on public bodies to publish information about compliance with the equality duty and to set equality objectives. The Act clarifies existing legislation and simplifies the definition of direct discrimination, extends the definitions of indirect discrimination and harassment, regulates pay secrecy clauses in employment contracts and the use of health questionnaires by employers. It gives 4138:. Under section 24, constables can arrest people without a warrant if they are committing an offence, or if there are reasonable grounds for suspecting they will. The meaning of 'reasonable grounds' is not exacting, but a police officer must not arrest someone in bad faith, or irrationally, or if a suspect is cooperating and arrest is therefore unnecessary. Otherwise, a justice of the peace may issue a warrant for arrest, require attendance at court, in writing, and it can be executed by a constable. With a warrant, a constable can enter and search premises to make an arrest, or enter and search after an arrest. In addition, any person can make a ' 4737: 6007: 4106: 137: 5387: 6696:" applicable to the United Kingdom unless those rights exist already in its law. However, the Court of Justice held in December 2011 that Protocol 30 does not operate to exempt the United Kingdom from ensuring compliance with the Charter's provisions or from preventing a national court from doing so. The extent to which Member States are bound by the Charter was highlighted in a judgment of the European Court of Justice from February 2013 which held that compliance is required where national legislation falls within the scope of European Union law. 396: 5497:

Connected to this, news outlets should ask someone who is a subject of a story for their side. Internet operators are liable for statements on their websites that are defamatory if the poster is hard to identify, and they fail on a notice by the claimant to remove the statement within 48 hours. There can be no claim for defamation if a defendant has the 'absolute privilege' of making a statement in Parliament or reports, in the course of high state duty, internal documents or a foreign embassy, or reports of courts' proceedings.

8071:(SHRC, www.scottishhumanrights.com) was established by The Scottish Commission for Human Rights Act 2006 (Scottish Parliament), and became fully operational on 10 December 2008, Human Rights Day, and the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Commission is mandated to promote and protect human rights in Scotland in relation to civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, through publications, research, inquiries, advice, monitoring, legal intervention and education and training. 4226:, because the police used it to help an ex-husband recover property when an ex-wife was absent from a home. Under section 19, an officer can seize material if they have reasonable grounds to believe it was obtained by committing an offence, or if it is evidence, but not if it is subject to legal privilege. Third, although 'the law does not encourage' someone to 'resist the authority of... an officer of the law', there is an inherent right to resist an unlawful arrest, but it is an offence to resist a lawful arrest. 426: 4808: 2453: 364: 2486: 8053:; its powers were strengthened by the Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007. The Commission is mandated to promote and protect human rights in Northern Ireland through advising on legislation and policy, providing legal assistance to individuals, intervening in litigation, conducting litigation in its own name, publications, research, investigations, monitoring compliance with international standards, and education and training. 4795:. Interception should not be disclosed in judicial proceedings. Local councils are able to carry out interceptions, albeit with authority of a justice of the peace. Journalists' material can be intercepted, though only with authority of a judicial commissioner. The government can also require internet service providers retain data, including bulk data, for up to a year. Judicial commissioners must have held high judicial office, while the 4868:

subject to more protective rights contained in UK law. Whenever a 'data subject' has personal data processed or stored, they have basic rights to be provided with transparent information about the data stored including when they have not given that information themselves, to access the data and rectify any inaccuracies, and to demand that the data is erased when it is no longer necessary for the purpose for which it was originally given.

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have a duty to enforce the law, but decisions about how to allocate scarce resources mean that police forces can choose to prioritise tackling some kinds of crime (e.g. violence) over others (e.g. drugs). Generally police forces will not be liable in tort for failing to stop criminal acts, but positive duties do exist to take preventative measures or properly investigate allegations.

12328:(2019) ch 8, 324, stating freedom of association "is fundamental to democratic society... workers taking collective action were major... factors contributing to the deposition of German Kaiser in 1918, Indian independence in 1948, the victory of the US civil rights movement in 1964, the collapse of the Iron Curtain in 1989, and the end of apartheid South Africa in 1994". 6680:, is applicable to Member States when "they are implementing Union law". The Charter includes a number of rights not provided for in the Convention including the right of access to healthcare, the right of collective bargaining and action, the right to freedom of the arts and sciences, the right to education and the right of access to a free placement service. 9874:, 'NO Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right.' 4856:(e.g. personal interactions, hobbies, messages), Microsoft (e.g. emails, or cloud documents) and others. Because people have no choice but to agree to the terms and conditions, consent is defective and contract terms are often unfair, legislation has been increasing in strength to reflect the fundamental 'right to the protection of personal data' in the 4158:'s authority, but can only do intimate searches of orifices if there are reasonable grounds for thinking there is a class A drug or article that could cause injury. A detainee has the right to inform a friend or relative, and consult a solicitor, but this right can be delayed by 36 hours if arrested for an indictable offence or 48 hours for terrorism. 4162:

is ultimately 'at the heart' of a fair trial, and 'particular caution required before a domestic court invoke an accused's silence against him.' No statement or confession is admissible unless it is voluntarily given. A clear exception, however, is that a vehicle owner can be required to reveal the identity of a driver, and this does not breach

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effect and influence on the approach adopted by the UK to the regulation of activities which could potentially engage Convention rights. As one author has noted, "here is hardly an area of state regulation untouched by standards which have emerged from the application of Convention provisions to situations presented by individual applicants."

2636: 4733:'. The four main fields of law relating to privacy concern (1) listening devices and interference with private property, (2) interception of mail, email or web communications by government, (3) mass data storage and processing by corporations or state bodies, and (4) other breaches of confidence and privacy, particularly by the press. 7764:

Government new powers to limit who is considered a victim of modern slavery, with clauses limiting support in cases where survivors have not complied with State-set deadlines to disclose their abuse. Under Part 5, decision makers would also be asked to consider the survivors' criminal history before deeming them eligible for support.

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threaten, abuse or insult anyone, including through displays, to stir up racial hatred. The same idea extends to religious hatred, sexual orientation and in practice disability. In international law, it is also explicit, that advocacy of hatred includes 'incitement to discrimination' (as well as hostility or violence).

6149:, where 12 or more people use or threaten unlawful violence. Second, using threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, including on signs, is an offence if this could make people believe they will suffer immediate unlawful violence, or if it causes or is likely to cause "harassment, alarm or distress." 6703:, notably the right not to be discriminated against on grounds of nationality in an area within the scope of European Union law, the right to move and reside within the EU, the right to vote and stand for election in European and municipal elections, the right to diplomatic protection, the right to petition the 5469:, which would have required age verification on the basis of protecting children to access all pornographic websites, by requiring companies take bank card details, has been repeatedly delayed. Third, there are three main public order offences, based on incitement to disaffection, racial hatred, and terrorism. 5501:

global nature of media, a claim in the UK must ensure that the UK is the 'most appropriate place', there is no long trial by jury, and courts can order removal of claims from many websites if it has spread. Claims for breach of confidence are meant to protect the right to privacy. Examples have included an

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Under Clauses 57–58, the Secretary of State would be granted powers to issue potential victims with a 'deadline' by which point all evidence in their case must be shared with the relevant authority. Decision makers will be asked to consider compliance with the deadline as part of their decision as to

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In November 2021, an amendment to the Bill was introduced which, if passed, would allow people to be deprived of British citizenship without being given notice. At the time the Home Office stated its position on citizenship: "British citizenship is a privilege, not a right". As of 27 January 2022, it

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the European Court of Human Rights held there was no breach of article 5, the right to liberty, when protestors were kettled in Oxford Circus without food or drink for 7 hours. They were held not to have been falsely imprisoned and the conduct was justified to stop breach of the peace. Arguments were

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wanted to march against alcohol but was stopped by the police over concerns that a rival 'skeleton army' of local brewers would violently disrupt them and so breach the beach. The court held that nobody could 'say that such an assembly in itself an unlawful one' and said there was 'no authority' for

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states: 'Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association with others' including joining 'trade unions for the protection of' their interests. Like with other rights, this cannot be restricted without a lawful justification, that goes no further than necessary in a

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enshrines the right to freedom of expression which includes the rights 'to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers.' This does not prevent 'the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.' Like

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section 2 creates a duty to consider whether means less intrusive to privacy could be used, warrants can be issue for targeted or bulk interception of any data, including to assist other governments, but only to detect serious crime, protect national security, or protect the UK's economic well-being,

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sections 92 prohibits 'interference with property or with wireless telegraphy' without authorisation by a chief constable or others. Such listening or bugging devices may only be used 'for the prevention or detection of serious crime' that could lead to over 3 years of jail. A judicial commissioner's

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The Home Secretary is meant to issue a 'strategic policing document' that chief constables pay regard to, but can intervene and require 'special measures' if there is mismanagement. This means the Home Secretary is ultimately politically responsible, but administration is largely local. Commissioners

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section 8 enables officers to enter premises and search but only based on a warrant granted by a justice of the peace. There is no right to search communications between lawyer and a client, or confidential personal records, some medical materials, and confidential journalistic material, unless there

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states no 'one shall be deprived of liberty' unless law expressly allows that person's detention after conviction, a lawful arrest or detention on suspicion of an offence, detention of a minor for education, detention for health or stopping infectious diseases spreading, or for lawful deportation or

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for giving out leaflets and displaying placards opposed to it, on the ground that frustrated its business. Lord Denning MR dissented, and would have held the protestors used the highway reasonably, there was no nuisance at common law, and any picket was lawful if to obtain or communicate information

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There is also 'qualified privilege' which gives a defence to defamation, but only if the writer asks the subject for an explanation or contradiction, for any legislative proceedings outside the UK, public enquiries, non-UK government documents, and matters of an international organisation. Given the

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Disaffection means attempting to persuade the armed forces, police, or others, to revolt or even withhold services. Racial hatred means 'hatred against a group of persons defined by reference to colour, race, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origins', and it is an offence to

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This means that most speech, with most reach, is designed to be compatible with generating advertising revenue and shareholder profit for the newspaper, TV, or internet corporation, and controllers choose which speech or images are acceptable, unless the law creates different rights. While there are

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requires that all data is processed lawfully, fairly and transparently, and on the basis of 'consent' or a contract. The meaning of 'consent' requires more than the basic rules for commercial contracts, and must be clearly and distinctly identifiable, and revocable at any time. Contract terms may be

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a man accused of drug offences was detained and handcuffed by police while attending a friend's trial, but before being arrested he broke free and escaped. He was caught again, and convicted for escaping lawful custody, but the Lord Chief Justice overturned the conviction because there was no lawful

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Interviews should be recorded, people can be photographed and drug tested without their consent. 'Intimate' samples of bodily fluids, blood and swabs cannot be taken without consent, but courts may draw adverse inferences. When being questioned by police, it is acknowledged that the right to silence

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The UK became the first state to deposit its instrument of ratification of the Convention on 8 March 1951, with the Convention taking effect on 3 September 1953 after the tenth ratification was deposited. No legislation was introduced and no steps were taken to give effect to the Convention's rights

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When Google announced in December 2004 that it would digitally scan the books of five major research libraries to make their contents searchable, the promise of a universal library was resurrected. ... From the days of Sumerian clay tablets till now, humans have "published" at least 32 million

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IRLR 76, defendants were stopped at a motorway exit, suspected of travelling to attend a picket at a colliery. They refused to go back and were arrested for obstructing a police officer. Skinner J upheld convictions, saying provided officers 'honestly and reasonably form the opinion that there is a

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By the end of 2010, the European Court of Human Rights had, in 271 cases, found violations of the European Convention of Human Rights by the United Kingdom.. These judgments cover a wide variety of areas, from the rights of prisoners to trade union activities. The decisions have also had a profound

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Under Clauses 60-61, guidance would be issued by the Secretary of State to prevent survivors from accessing a second recovery period, which charities such as the Anti Trafficking Labour Exploitation Unit warned could penalise particularly vulnerable victims who are targeted for repeat exploitation:

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The Human Rights Act 1998 seeks to give direct effect to the European Convention on Human Rights in domestic law by enabling claimants to bring an action in national courts instead of having to take their case before the European Court of Human Rights, as had previously been the case. The Act makes

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Under Clause 62, a 'public order' exemption will give the Government powers to ban survivors from support if they have a conviction of 12 months or more. Many non-violent crimes carry 12-month convictions, including activity routinely enforced by traffickers (such as marijuana cultivation or petty

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and councils to obtain private information ('directed'), or surveillance of a residence or vehicle ('intrusive') if for the purpose of national security, preventing serious crime, or protecting UK economic well-being. Only 'intrusive' surveillance requires approval by a judicial commissioner. This

4729:, traditionally protected against unjustified physical violations of people's homes, but given extensive powers of entry, and with modern information technology the central concerns of privacy are electronic surveillance, both by the state and by private corporations aiming to profit from data or ' 4241:

are available for 'oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional actions'. Evidence illegally obtained, such as a confession, and certainly anything through 'torture, inhuman or degrading treatment and the use or threat of violence' must be excluded, and a court can refuse evidence if it would have an

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section 1 allows a constable to stop and search people if a constable 'has reasonable grounds for suspecting' that they will 'find stolen or prohibited articles', they may seize the articles, and they may use reasonable force. The constable must give their name, police station, and grounds for the

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People must be told reasons for any detention, be put on trial in a reasonable time, or released immediately with compensation if detention was unlawful. In practice, every power of the police or the state to maintain order and security 'inevitably means a corresponding reduction in the liberty of

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The second reading in the House of Commons took place on 16 February 1998 where the bill was introduced by Jack Straw who stated that it was "the first major Bill on human rights for more than 300 years". In addition to the incorporation of the Convention in domestic law, Jack Straw indicated that

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published a Consultation Paper headed "Bringing Rights Home" which set out Labour's plans to incorporate the Convention if it won the next election. The paper focused on the first stage of Labour's human rights policy and how the Convention should be incorporated, notably as regards its ability to

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thinkers, argued that protection of "property" – which to him meant "life, liberty and estates" – were the very reasons that society existed. He articulated that every person is created equal and free but, in return for the advantages of living in an organised society, a person may need to give up

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to enter 'any premises' without leave, or threaten violence to secure entry. For 'residential premises' it is also an offence to remain as a trespasser after being required to leave. Further, a law dating from 1875, still makes it an offence to 'wrongfully and without legal authority... watch and

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Third, there is a right to act upon the goals of the association, for instance by campaigning for election as a political party, or as a trade union collectively bargaining with an employer for better wages or if necessary going on strike. UK law generally imposes no restriction on people forming

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Political pressure aside, the overall government view was that the Convention was only aimed at preventing a totalitarian takeover and not human rights issues within a functioning democracy. In essence, it was thought that Britain had little to lose from ratification but rejection could risk some

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disapproved of ratification on the basis of the loss of sovereignty that would result. Jowitt also saw a threat to the domestic system of common law and the risk in allowing judgments to be made by an unknown foreign court. He nevertheless believed that ratification was necessary from a political

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3 All ER 660, a police officer instructed at a trade dispute in a North London factory there should only be two pickets at each entrance. The appellant insisted on joining, and was arrested for obstruction. Divisional Court upheld the conviction, the restriction to 2 pickets was not unlawful and

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which include the right of free movement between Member States, the right to provide services in another Member State, the right to move capital between States and the right to move goods between States without restriction. The rights to equal pay and to equal treatment in the workplace and with

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Generally, the right to freedom of association involves three main principles. First, there is a right to suffer no disadvantage for associating with others, for instance, because if an employer penalises workers for joining a trade union. Second, one must be able to associate with others on the

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has frequently led to abuse, for instance, in one case with a family being put under surveillance to see if they lived in a catchment area of an oversubscribed school, and in another an intelligence officer infiltrating a protest group and fathering a child, after taking a dead child's identity.

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stolen and leaked by a former employee. It was also held to be unlawful for a newspaper to publish details of an applicant's private sexual life, even though in other countries the story had spread around the internet, because there was no 'public interest... in the disclosure or publication of

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in stop and search, the Home Office Code A says that 'reasonable suspicion cannot be based on generalisations or stereotypical images' of people being involved in crime. It was formerly seen as 'contrary to constitutional principle' to search someone to find whether or not there are grounds for

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requires primary and secondary legislation to be given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention insofar as this is possible. If the legislation cannot be interpreted in a manner which is compatible, this does not affect its validity, continuing operation or enforcement. In such a

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Under Clause 59, the threshold that survivors must meet, in order to access the most urgent forms of support and subsistence, will be raised. Under the current system, survivors have access to support, such as a caseworker or translator, before being subjected to the toughest stage of decision

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Universities have a special duty, imposed in 1986, to 'ensure that freedom of speech within the law is secured for members... and for visiting speakers' and not denied use of premises based on their views or objectives. This does not mean, however, that student societies cannot protest or that

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The truth is always a defence for stating something factual, and a defendant may always show their statement 'is substantially true', or that they made a statement of honest opinion, rather than an assertion of fact. Further, of the statement is in the public interest, it will not be unlawful.

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defines incitement to terrorism as 'direct or indirect encouragement or other inducement' for 'commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism', as well as glorifying terrorist acts (that is 'any form of praise or celebration') punishable with 7 years in prison. Fourth, the laws of

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held that indefinite detention under Part 4 was incompatible with the right to non-discrimination under Article 14 ECHR, on the basis that only suspected terrorists who were foreign nationals were subjected to detention, while suspects who were British nationals remained free. However, SIAC's

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one would ordinarily be surprised if conduct which violated a fundamental right or freedom of the individual did not find a reflection in a body of law ordinarily as sensitive to human needs as the common law, and it is demonstrable that the common law in some areas has evolved in a direction

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citizenship and registration of stateless citizens. Amongst other elements, it proposes to introduce "designated places" or "offshore" asylum hubs for application of refugee and migrant asylum claims, potentially in another European country or an African country. Part 5 of the Act grants the

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also makes it an offence to trespass and reside, disrupt or quat on premises without the owner's consent. Genuine belief in the importance of the cause is no defence, and an injunction can be obtained for violations. however, in all of these offences the human right of freedom of assembly or

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and speak freely to a crowd, the communication channels with the biggest audiences are owned by large corporate entities: three internet media networks, five television networks, and six corporate owned newspaper groups, almost all of which aim have shareholders that demand to make a profit.

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in covert operations against terrorists, gangs and drug dealers. The committee raised alarm over government plans to give law enforcement bodies more freedom over their use of children. Some of the child spies are aged under 16. Parliament's joint committee on human rights has been asked to

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into domestic law. The provisions of unincorporated treaties can have an impact on domestic law in a certain number of situations including the interpretation of legislation, the consideration of public policy and the assessment of the legality of the exercise of administrative discretion.

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The UK's transparent, and publicly accountable system of TV media regulation is consistently held to be compatible with freedom of expression. Two of the UK's TV networks, the BBC and Channel 4, are publicly owned and accountable, through an arm's length appointment process overseen by the

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for peaceful persuasion. Whenever a picket is made in the "contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute" it is lawful, so mushroom workers leafleting customers outside a supermarket to boycott their employers' mushrooms acted lawfully even though it caused the employers economic loss.

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commented: "It appears that the Policing Bill is stained with the grubby, oil-soaked hands of the fossil fuel lobby. And no wonder – this cracks down on the fundamental rights of protestors to challenge the very climate-wrecking policies espoused by this downright dangerous industry."

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terms one wishes so that, for example, a political party or a trade union must be able to admit or expel members based on their political values and actions. The flip side of this is that common law recognises a right not to be unjustly excluded from an association. For instance in

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section 9 makes it illegal to supply of a video without a classification certificate, which is graded according to sexual or violent activity. Obscene publications, since early common law, have been banned although the idea of what is 'obscene' has changed from Victorian values.

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gives effect to this by providing a basis on which decisions relating to a child's welfare are made. Section 1 of the Act provides that a court must, when taking a decision with regard to a child, take into account the child's wishes and feelings. Adoption is regulated by the

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In particular, there is a presumption that Parliament does not intend to legislate in a manner contrary to international agreements which have been ratified by the United Kingdom but not incorporated into domestic law. This presumption is capable of rebuttal by reference to

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In December 2004, the House of Lords held 8-1 that Part 4 was incompatible with both Article 5 and Article 14 ECHR on the basis that indefinite detention was both a disproportionate measure notwithstanding the seriousness of the terrorist threat, as well as discriminatory.

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guaranteed 'freedom of speech'. The government and employers suppressed free speech through the French revolution and after the Napoleonic wars, until the repeal of the anti-Catholic laws, and the abolition of restraints on trade union organising, as well as throughout the

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ICR 867, 881, Lord Diplock, stating the test concerns 'the degree of likelihood the plaintiff would have succeeded in establishing his right to an injunction if the action had gone to trial, is a factor to be brought into the balance.' AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,

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despite police ordering them to disperse from a four-mile radius, could not be lawfully arrested or convicted, because their occupation was 'not inconsistent with the primary right of the public to pass and repass.' This established that peaceful meetings may be held on a

3270:'s 1989 bill to incorporate the Convention also failed on its second reading. At the time, official Conservative party policy was in favour of maintaining the existing constitutional arrangements which it saw as ensuring a high standard of protection of individual rights. 7084: 2704:

bound the King to require Parliament's consent before any tax, respect the right to a trial "by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land", stated that "We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right", guaranteed

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By contrast, the common law historically required punishment for "erroneous opinions concerning rites or modes of worship" to be provided for in legislation before it could be applied. There were a number of such laws in the 17th and 18th centuries, including the

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On 9 May 2022, more than 50 organisations warned the UK government that tearing up the Human Rights Act would have “dire consequences” including removing obligations to properly address violence against women and girls and destabilising peace in Northern Ireland.

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all other rights these are subject to restrictions set out in law, and as necessary in a democratic society, to stop crime, or protect security, territorial integrity, safety, health, morals, the rights of others, and to maintain the judiciary's impartiality.

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debate, Lord Campbell, HL Deb (25 June 1857) col 329 said obscene meant 'exclusively to works written for the single purpose of corrupting the morals of youth, and of a nature calculated to shock the common feelings of decency in any well regulated mind'. In

3129:. Although willing to accept the right of petition, he objected to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court on the basis that it would deprive the United Kingdom of a degree of flexibility in dealing with petitions and could lead to political embarrassment. 7775:

Exemption from support, on the basis of offending, raised concerns due to the overlap between forced criminality and modern slavery. In the UK, a majority of reported survivors (49%) are forced to commit criminal activity as a result of their exploitation.

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People who are arrested must be brought to a police station as soon as practicable, and there must either be released, charged or detained for questioning. People can only be detained without charge for 24 hours, but this can be extended to 36 hours for an

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that bulk data enables security services to 'make the right connections between disparate pieces of information'. The fact of bulk data collection, however, inevitably means people who have nothing to do with serious crime remain under state surveillance.

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published a report recommending incorporation which was debated in the Lords leading to an amendment being moved which was requesting that the government introduce legislation on the matter. Lord Wade succeeded in securing the Lords' approval for a draft

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of foreign nationals certified by the Home Secretary as "suspected international terrorists" where such persons could not be deported on the grounds that they faced a real risk of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment if removed to their home country.

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because 'Sadly this Bill ignores reforms that could improve the effectiveness of investigations and prosecutions and continues the discredited trend of unnecessary and unjust blank cheque powers that have the potential to undermine long term security'.

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in conjunction with more than 40 non-profit organisations and law firms with specialism in human trafficking. The campaign appeals to Members of Parliament to share concerns with colleagues in the Lords, in order to see Part 5 removed from the Bill at

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the Supreme Court held that a ticketing agency had no data protection defence against disclosing information to the Rugby Football Union about people who touted tickets against its rules, because the legitimate interest in stopping theft was stronger.

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held that although a union had the right to strike, and the UK's laws were at the outer limits (with Russia and Turkey) in restricting union freedoms, it was within the margin of appreciation to have restricting balloting rules, and possibly to limit

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article 9 guaranteed the 'freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament' and stated they were 'not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament', but the first full, legal guarantees for free speech came from the

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wrote that the 'house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress'. Today it is clear that common law recognises "the tort of invasion of privacy". While rights to liberty and a fair trial also protect against unjustified search or seizure, the

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The practical right to free expression is limited by (1) unaccountable ownership in the media, (2) censorship and obscenity laws, (3) public order offences, and (4) the law of defamation and breach of confidence. First, although anybody can stand on

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Third, it has been recognised that the 'right to keep oneself to oneself, to tell other people that certain things are none of their business, is under technological threat' also from private corporations, as well as the state. Through standard form

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of the political system by bringing about "a better balance between rights and responsibilities, between the powers of the state and the freedom of the individual" and the introduction of a culture of awareness of human rights by public authorities.

7502:, the Downing Street sought advice on emulating the Australian offshore detention system model. Immigration policy experts warn that implementing the policy would create a fresh “human rights disaster”. Reportedly, dozens of people have died in the 6948: 4915:

that there was no breach of privacy when a primary school's enhanced criminal record check on an applicant for a teaching assistant job showed the applicant's son was put on a child protection register because of neglect, and she was refused a job.

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in October 1993 which agreed in a two-stage policy whereby the Convention would be incorporated into law followed by the enactment of a Bill of Rights. It was planned to entrench Convention rights using a "notwithstanding clause" similar to that in

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and turn it back to London. There was no evidence a breach of peace was imminent. It regarded freedom of assembly as a residual right which individuals are free to exercise so long as the law does not preclude them from doing so. By contrast, in

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sections 319–321, regulates television (but not explicitly internet broadcasts, or newspapers) to ensure that diverse views are heard, and to restrict discriminatory viewing, or the stop misleading information, and allows a complaints procedure.

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Local authorities have a duty to act in a way to facilitate the right to family life, for example in providing travel arrangements for the elderly under the Health Services and Public Health Act 1968. The right to education is guaranteed by the

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which were incompatible with it, imposing a duty on public authorities to comply and making provision for effective remedies including damages for breaches. Introduced during a period of concern over the impact of European Community law on the

12125:'(1) Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law. (2) Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.' In the UK this would engage the 5460:

to search and seize obscene material, subject to a defence for literary, artistic, scientific or other merit. Pornography, but also non-sexual gay literature, was suppressed until the 1990s, There are around 70 cases each year, but today the

8060:(EHRC, www.equalityhumanrights.com) deals with anti-discrimination and equality issues in England, Scotland and Wales, and with human rights issues in England and Wales, and certain human rights issues in Scotland (those not devolved to the 7463:

However, the use of immigration detention powers meant that, although the British government could not force them, the detainees were technically free to return (albeit facing a real risk of torture). However, 2 detainees did leave – one to

3158:

As had been the case for ratification in 1950, the Labour government concluded in 1965 that there was little to be lost from giving in to the pressure to recognise the Court and the right of petition. In December 1965, Wilson informed the

10970:

UKSC 62, Lord Hope, 'He took the risk of being seen and of his movements being noted down. The criminal nature of what he was doing, if that was what it was found to be, was not an aspect of his private life that he was entitled to keep

16869:"These plans are inhumane and farcical. Offshore detention centres are places of cruelty and neglect - they should have absolutely NO place in our asylum system. When will Priti Patel stop playing political football with people's lives?" 2790:, Lord Mansfield held that slavery was unlawful at common law so that a person who had purportedly been enslaved in Boston, Massachusetts had to be freed in England. This was a severe grievance of southern colonies in the run up to the 3545:. Section 57(2) of the Act states: "A member of the Scottish Executive has no power to make any subordinate legislation, or to do any other act, so far as the legislation or act is incompatible with any of the Convention rights...” 3328:

Smith gave a speech on 1 March 1993 entitled "A Citizen's Democracy" in which he called for a "new constitutional settlement, a new deal between the people and the state that puts the citizen centre stage". This was followed by the

3013:, the Legal Committee of the Council of Europe's Consultative Assembly proposed that the Council's Committee of Ministers draw up a convention which would take in and ensure the effective enjoyment of the rights proclaimed in the 10454: 3607:

that "at no time has there in England been any proclamation of the right to liberty of thought or to freedom of speech, it can hardly be said that our constitution knows of such a thing as any specific right of public meeting".

3589:

are domestic sources of rights. Since 1998, through judicial development, the two have increasingly converged as the dominant view is that the ordinary rules of tort, equity, contract or property can accommodate human rights. As

4242:

adverse effect on the fairness of proceedings. Since 2011, Police and Crime Commissioners are directly elected in England and Wales (on low turnouts) and have a duty to 'secure that the police force is efficient and effective'.

16625: 6691:

does not have the jurisdiction to state a breach of the Charter by national laws, regulations or administrative provisions, practices or action, and that nothing in Title IV of the Charter concerning employment rights creates

3417:, Lord Irvine confirmed that the bill did not in fact incorporate the Convention, but rather gave "further effect in the United Kingdom to convention rights". Lord Irvine also rejected a proposed amendment by the Conservative 18587: 15251: 12063:

s 91 prohibits causing disaffection among police officers or inducing them to withhold services or commit breaches of discipline. This effectively prohibits strikes, or calling for them, although it appears unenforceable in

11909: 6276:

said that "parental rights to control a child do not exist for the benefit of the parent". The effect of this is to allow state intervention in family life where justified in the interests of the child in question, and the

4898:

The penalties for breach of GDPR rules, since it came into force in May 2018, can be up to 4% of a company's worldwide turnover, or €20m, whichever is higher. There are also databases kept by UK state bodies, including the

3480:

accorded to states by the Court, as well as limiting the obligation to interpret legislation compatibly with Convention rights only when it was 'reasonable' to do so. A successful amendment was tabled by Labour backbencher

16248: 8446: 7658:

stated: "I think politicians would be wise to leave decisions to the responsible people." Tipping added that "they've got to leave people to make local decisions in local circumstances." In March 2021, Michael Barton and

12942:

real risk of a breach of the peace in the sense that it is in close proximity both in place and time, then the conditions exist for reasonable preventive action including, if necessary, the measures taken in this case.'

6880: 7506:

network, while thousands of others have sustained mental trauma and self harm. The Australian government has been ordered in the past to pay a compensation of $ 70 million to about 2,000 detainees, following the case.

4117:

Three main issues of police power and liberty are (1) powers of arrest, detention and questioning, (2) powers to enter, search or seize property, and (3) the accountability of the police for abuse of power. First, the

17115: 6858: 10870:

explanatory notes stated over 1300 statutory provisions enable entry into people's homes, and while ss 39-47 and Sch 2 enable a Minister to repeal and replace these powers, the government continued to add them, e.g.

6102:

excluded protestors collecting signatures to stop the loss of open space from their mall. Although UK law could provide more protection than the minimum European level, it does not, and makes it an offence under the

12961: 10557:(2000) 29 EHRR 245, ECHR art 2 requires the state 'to take preventive operational measures to protect an individual whose life is at risk from the criminal acts of another individual.' But breach hard to establish. 7747:, and continued to defend the decision after the guide was disawned in 2020. As of January 2022, despite initial "Kill the Bill" protests by grassroots groups, no mass movement opposing this bill has come together. 4054:

of the person, to be free from the domination or servitude of others, and only to lose one's liberty 'by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land' has been fundamental to UK and English law since the

7614:(HRW) urged the UK Government to fill the loopholes in the "Domestic Abuse Bill", which does not include measures to protect all women and girls. The plea came following a rampant rise in domestic abuse during the 6461:, refusing to find that slavery in the colonies was contrary to public policy and not interpreting the word "person" to include women. Due to the inadequacies of the common law in this area, Parliament enacted the 12648: 5682: 11849:(2018) 464, ‘most newspapers are commercial enterprises whose first duty is one arising under private law to maximise shareholder return.’ There is no formal legal duty to maximise shareholder returns under the 2784:, following Locke almost exactly, established that the state and government could do nothing that is not expressly provided for by law, and that people could do anything but that which is prohibited by law. In 14004: 12873: 6073:

so long as they do not restrict access by other road users. As well as rights to use public spaces, the law creates positive rights to use public property, such as school halls, for public political meetings.

5882: 5846: 4979:

states that everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, including religion and belief. Only the manifestation of a belief can be limited on justifiable legal grounds as strictly necessary in a democracy.

16527: 3548:

UK human rights legislation has been criticised by some for what they perceive as excessive attention to the human rights of offenders at the expense of those of victims; high-profile cases, such as those of

12978: 9646: 7132: 5908: 4614: 11227:

s 27(4) and National Police Records (Recordable Offences) Regulations 2000/1139, recording people's convictions, cautions, reprimands, and warnings for any offence punishable with prison or in the Schedule.

2892:

contains the rights to life, rights against torture, against forced labour, to marry, to an effective remedy, and the right to suffer no discrimination in those rights. Most case law concerns the rights to

11301: 7800: 3753: 3071:

loss of face in Europe. The Convention had more support among Conservative party politicians, in particular Winston Churchill who believed that it could help unify Europe on the basis of the rule of law.

16666: 12915: 11029: 10184: 8030: 5054:

is no longer illegal and the law places no formal restrictions on the freedom of worship. There is no formal legal definition of religion and courts generally abstain from deciding issues of religious

4349:

implies that each party has the opportunity to present their own case to an impartial tribunal. Courts must generally sit in public and decisions may be challenged on the grounds of actual or apparent

4154:, or another 36 hours (i.e. 72 hours in total) but only with approval of a magistrate's court where the detainee has a right to legal representation. People can be searched at a police station with an 16124: 5493:

states that defamation means a statement that has or would 'cause serious harm to the reputation of the claimant', and if that claimant is a profit making body this requires 'serious financial loss'.

12210: 6924: 3338:, which would have led to the Convention prevailing over legislation passed by Parliament unless stated otherwise. A human rights commission would also be set up to monitor and promote human rights. 15856: 13722: 11278: 16181: 16295:

books, 750 million articles and essays, 25 million songs, 500 million images, 500,000 movies, 3 million videos, TV shows and short films and 100 billion public Web pages.

12012: 11934: 5718: 4673: 3390:

published a report calling for the creation of a "Human Rights Commissioner" to oversee the operation of the legislation and to bring cases on behalf of those seeking protection of their rights.

3183:

for challenges to the Act, and the United Kingdom's acceptance explicitly stated that it applied only to claims arising after its effective date. The declarations of acceptance were deposited by

10478:

AC 558, an illegally placed surveillance device evidence was admissible, even with probable ECHR art 8 breach, but merely 'a consideration which may be taken into account for what it is worth'.

5420:

loose limits on cross-ownership of TV and newspapers, there is no regulation yet separate advertising business and internet media platforms where their interests conflict with public goals. The

4788:

and this must be proportionate. Applications are made to the Home Secretary or other appropriate ministers, and must be approved by a judicial commissioner with written reasons for any refusal.

3091:

and the right of individual petition to the Court. It was thought that the possibility to submit complaints was open to abuse and could be used for political purposes, notably by members of the

17755: 6435:

authorising the search of premises and seizure of evidence without prior warning. The order's purpose is to prevent the destruction of incriminating evidence, particularly in cases of alleged

5956:, social campaign groups, and businesses all associate freely in democratic societies, and take action upon that freedom, including through assemblies, strikes, or protests. Also protected in 16002: 12158: 10401:, and at 591, Lord Simonds, 'it is the corollary of the right of every citizen to be thus free from arrest that he should be entitled to resist arrest unless that arrest is lawful'. See also 10300:

AC 599, a confession or statement of an accused person is not admissible unless it is voluntary, not obtained by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage, exercised by the person in authority:

8498: 7792:, as disadvantaging those whose memory recall is affected by severe trauma. Survivor groups have outlined the role that Clauses 57-58 could play in disincentivising survivors from reporting. 6600:, members of the regular armed forces or police, members of any non-Commonwealth legislature, members of various commissions, boards and tribunals, persons imprisoned for more than one year, 3669:). Furthermore, there is a duty upon medical professionals to keep patients alive unless to do so would be contrary to the patient's best interests based on professional medical opinion (the 8152: 7726:

were not tough enough, saying: "He who pays the piper calls the tune. We urgently need to rewrite the laws governing this sort of sock puppet funding so that we can see who speaks for who."

6130:. The House of Lords held that it was no defence even if the invasion was itself unlawful in international law, and there was still a conspiracy to cause criminal damage in violation of the 17837: 17557: 10242: 7060: 4871:

There is a further right that data must be portable 'to another controller without hindrance', for instance in switching phone contacts. Data may be disclosed for legitimate reasons, so in

15968: 15597: 3538:

which has no direct effect on the legislation nor any practical consequences for the case in which it is made; it allows Parliament to take remedial action without being obliged to do so.

16217: 12246: 10888:(2018) ch 16, 429, not just the state but private parties violate privacy, highlighting 'newspapers engaged in a desperate circulation war, or employers checking on employees'. S Zuboff, 9976:(2018) 398, 'Every power conferred on police officers inevitably means a corresponding reduction in the liberty of the individual, and brings us face to face with Convention obligations.' 15510: 12935:

arbitrary. Lord Parker CJ, 'a police officer charged with the duty of preserving the Queen's peace must be left to take such steps as, on the evidence before him, he thinks are proper.'

7654:(APCC), a group of elected officials in England and Wales, registered their disagreement with the bill. On the topic of proposed legally-binding restrictions on protests, the APCC chair 3099:

as Britain's authority could be undermined. Britain's attempts to exclude the provisions relating to these two issues were unsuccessful but it managed to ensure that they were optional.

12348: 6812: 3335: 3259:

was poorly attended. There was concern at the time about judges deciding cases involving human rights which could lead them from their traditionally impartial role to political issues

12721:

s 241, originally in the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 s 7. This fell into disuse, but was revived for miners' strike: Wallington (1985) 14 Industrial Law Journal 145.

6272:, Lord Scarman stated that "parental rights are derived from parental duty and exist only so long as they are needed for the protection of the person and property of the child", while 12694: 10146: 7038: 5764: 3915: 15294: 7796:

making. In November 2021, more than 110 non-profit organisations condemned the 'tightening up' of support, in a letter to the Home Secretary led by the Human Trafficking Foundation.

12252: 3025:. The Committee agreed and the text of what was to become the European Convention of Human Rights was in the main drafted by Sir Oscar Dowson, a retired senior legal adviser to the 4879:

Article 32 states a data controller must ensure the security of people's data, and notify supervisory authorities of any breach, including transfers to 'third countries' where the

3523:

in that it operates only vis-à-vis public bodies and not private parties. There are however certain situations in which the Act can be indirectly invoked against a private person.

16240: 14984: 11502: 4368:

legal advice. The prosecution is under a common law duty to disclose all relevant evidence including that which may assist the defendant. The accused also benefits from a limited

16815: 16766: 16385: 12887: 12289: 10525: 6473:

was the first legislation to protect against discrimination on the grounds of sex or marital status, while dismissal for pregnancy-related reasons is qualified as automatically

5298: 4831:

have vast databases on user behaviour. In 2016, a scandal broke as it was found Facebook and other data was illegally taken and used for psychologically targeted adverts in the

480: 465: 10156:

means a constable who arrests someone in good faith is protected from liability from arrest if it turns out the warrant was beyond the jurisdiction of the person who issued it.

5398:, here in 1944, people traditionally gather to exchange views, debate, and listen. Debating and free speech societies are found throughout the UK and make a regular part of TV. 4950:

purely private sexual encounters, even though they involve adultery or more than one person at the same time'. In this way the common law has developed to uphold human rights.

4330:

that everyone has the right to "trial by one's Peers, or the law of the land". Several principles also combine to guarantee an individual a certain level of protection by law.

12652:

PL 344, a university was not entitled to stop a talk by secretaries of the South African Embassy, from the apartheid government, because of fears about violence on the nearby

8492: 7119: 6902: 6745: 6609: 5623: 4637: 2855: 1230: 17123: 16033: 12618: 11924: 10821:(1604) 77 Eng Rep 194, Sir Edward Coke, 'The house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose.' 5202: 3109:

ratified the First Protocol to the ECHR in 1953 relating to the rights to property, education and free elections, but resisted the right of petition on the grounds that the

16501: 15655: 11888:

Sch 2, and CA 2003 Sch 14, para 1, states a person cannot hold a Channel 3 (ITV) licence if he runs a national newspaper/s with market share over 20% over a 6-month period.

6264:

The right to respect for family life, for which there is no general right at common law, is qualified by the broad principle that the welfare of the child is paramount and

19293: 19253: 19233: 18762: 12240: 8456: 2986:-occupied countries with a beacon of hope. The initiative in producing a legally binding human rights agreement had already been taken by the International Council of the 2377: 1401: 1387: 5429:

government. However most television channels are funded through advertising revenue. There is also effectively no regulation of standards on internet media, although the

4202:

by 'the law of England every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass.' Here a sheriff searched and seized property at the home of a journalist,

16687: 15826: 13559: 11998:

AC 435 finding a gay magazine for men to meet other men was involved in a 'conspiracy' to 'corrupt public morals' even though homosexuality ceased to be criminal in the

2039: 545: 19308: 17620: 17595: 15219: 12997: 12152: 7378: 7290:– which included evidence that the UK government of the time had intentionally misled the European Courts by withholding information, and that the decision to use the 4900: 14008: 7521:

There has been a growing awareness of human trafficking as a human rights issue in the UK, in particular the trafficking of women and under-age girls into the UK for

6635:. Electoral campaigns and electoral publicity, including expenditure rules per candidate, are regulated by the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000. 15808: 12718: 12344: 12119: 11591: 9940: 6512: 6508: 5896: 5611: 5518:

The courts have stated that there is no difference between the protection offered by the common law, and that guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights.

5179: 5079: 4510: 3857: 1353: 14437: 11928:

UKHL 23 finding that a ban on an anti-abortion group showing 'prolonged and deeply disturbing' images of an aborted foetus for a TV campaign advert did not violate

6041:

Any procession in the streets or highways is lawful, although there is a duty to inform police 6 days in advance if it is to demonstrate for a cause. This said, in

3215:

instrument to challenge the sovereignty of Parliament and protect basic human rights. The following year a Charter of Human Rights was unveiled by the Labour Party

17577: 12612: 12380:

who was not given a raise after he refused to give up trade union membership was held to have suffered an unlawful detriment, violating his freedom of association.

11079: 8611: 7143: 4028: 2541: 2417: 1240: 691: 16407: 2763:

in Scotland, enshrined principles of representative democracy, no tax without Parliament, freedom of speech in Parliament, and no "cruel and unusual punishment".

17625: 17493: 16531: 16091: 12567: 10480: 10393: 10190: 7456:

to detain a foreign national pending deportation. Instead, Part 4 removed a limitation on detention powers imposed by the requirements of Article 5(1)(f) of the

4583: 3926: 2844:

at its centre, enshrining civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Though a UN General Assembly Declaration, not a treaty, the rights are binding

1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 16840: 7491:

Following the judgment, the government moved to introduce control orders as an (highly controversial) alternative measure. It was secured by the passing of the

6750:

The United Kingdom is party to a number of international treaties and agreements which guarantee fundamental human rights and freedoms. However, as the UK is a

17653: 10383:

ss 19 and 21, a record must be provided to the occupier, and a person has a right of access under police supervision unless this would prejudice investigation.

8366: 6935: 6038:

summarised in 1981, freedom of assembly "is the right for everyone to meet and assemble with his fellows to discuss their affairs and to promote their views".

3646:

had by 1998 been abolished in respect of all offences. Under the Coroners Act 1988 there is a duty in certain circumstances for deaths to be investigated by a

2766:

Philosophers began to think of rights not as privileges to be granted by the government or the law, but as a fundamental part of what it means to be a person.

2101: 666: 16469: 16433: 9574: 6178:

paper outside a football ground, and a homophobic preacher holding signs in Bournemouth saying 'Stop Immorality', 'Stop Homosexuality' and 'Stop Lesbianism'.

4931:, although one that may be giving way to a tort of misuse of private information. For instance, it was held that it was an unlawful breach of privacy for the 16114: 12222: 11634: 10068: 8005: 7558: 7384:

Both the above Acts have been criticised for the lack of parliamentary discussion; the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 went from introduction to

7108: 6616: 4131:

arrest. But since 1994, there is no need for police to show reasonable suspicion to search someone to prevent violence or the carrying of offensive weapons.

3285:– the latter two having published proposals for a British Bill of Rights incorporating the rights. Incorporation was also advocated by senior members of the 2057: 1639: 681: 15276: 10046:

s 23 enables stop and search powers for unlawful drugs. M Townsend, 'Racial bias in police stop and search getting worse, report reveals' (13 October 2018)

5433:

called for the same regulation as on TV to be applied after Facebook data theft and psychologically targeted political ads were used by ‘Vote Leave’ in the

15864: 12930: 11522: 10133: 10127: 8034: 7952:

Failure by a local authority to take sufficient measures in the case of severe neglect and abuse of children by their parents over several years (Z, 2001);

6836: 6741: 5696: 2851: 531: 16599: 13726: 10050:, finds black people are 9 times more likely than white people to be searched. In 2019, 43% of searches in London were on black people: (26 January 2019) 18144: 18109: 18099: 16173: 15886: 15480: 12901: 12035: 11994: 11992:

AC 220, finding obscene an illustrated magazine with contacts for prostitutes, and convicting the publisher, Shaw, for conspiracy, Lord Reid dissenting.

11516: 10101: 7095: 6673: 6652: 6307: 5244: 4146:. Anyone being arrested must be told the fact of arrest, and the reasons, or be told as soon as practicable, and if they are not the arrest is unlawful. 2802: 2139: 1903: 318: 9620: 8263: 3626:

The common law ensures the protection of the right to life and that no person is deprived of life intentionally. This is achieved primarily through the

18602: 18154: 17675: 17016: 16056: 15755: 15738: 12937: 12623: 10349: 10051: 4716:

article 8 enshrines the right to one's 'private and family life', 'home' and 'correspondence' unless interference is 'in accordance with the law' and '

4277:. They may also order the payment of compensation to persons who have been unlawfully detained and the Home Secretary may award payments to victims of 3095:, rather than for genuine grievances. In addition, it was feared that the consequences of accepting individual petition would cause instability in the 670: 559: 323: 13001:

UKSC 7, 'The area of discretion available to the police was also constrained by the positive obligation to protect the appellant's article 8 rights'.

11977:(a notorious womaniser) held there immunity for a medical treatise depended on the circumstances, and the author's intent could be taken into account. 10055: 8340: 18502: 17817: 17610: 16788: 14680: 12859: 12788: 11949: 5971: 5834: 4382:

are admissible as evidence under certain conditions laid down in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. The accused additionally benefits from a

2114: 2110: 1261: 15994: 15340: 19073: 18104: 17665: 16738: 10499: 8159: 5870: 5752: 3216: 1380: 433: 8212: 5444:

prohibits obscenity in plays, that is 'indecent, offensive, disgusting or injurious to morality' but with a defence in the public good, while the

2813:. Although some labelled natural rights as "nonsense upon stilts", more legal rights were slowly developed by Parliament and the courts. In 1792, 18094: 17522: 15924: 12466: 11082: 10957: 10403: 10335: 10314: 8592: 6620: 3355: 2366: 1235: 676: 77: 16209: 8668:"The British government wants to hand police unprecedented powers to handle protesters. Human rights activists say it's an affront to democracy" 7406:

might contravene Article 8 of the European Convention (the right to respect for private life) and Article 14 (the right to non-discrimination).

18390: 18201: 17717: 17461: 17417:

Wicks, Elizabeth (Autumn 2000). "The United Kingdom Government's perceptions of the European Convention on Human Rights at the time of entry".

16712: 15770: 13593: 12487: 12472: 12073:

Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919 s 3 prohibits an 'alien' from causing sedition or disaffection among civil population and armed forces.

11211: 10282: 10268: 10236: 9899: 5961: 5776: 4923:, was abandoned because of protests about confidentiality and security of data. Finally, claimants may sue any private party on the grounds of 3960: 3894: 3531: 2736:

in the 13th century is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people.

1601: 686: 11252: 4887:

the House of Commons fake news committee found that Facebook enabled massive breaches of users' data, being sold onto third parties including

2940:

to prosecute more easily against peaceful protest, if the government deems such protest to be "disruptive", forcing deemed protestors to wear

18166: 17812: 17590: 16330: 15905: 12773: 12592: 11969: 10486: 10367: 10296: 7651: 7643: 6195:

not, however, made under article 11. This said, the police must use their 'operational discretion' at all times with regard to human rights.

5730: 4649: 4090: 3994: 3982: 3948: 3294: 3266:

secured the Lords' approval for his incorporation bill, but was unsuccessful in the Commons, even though a second reading had been obtained.

2342: 2044: 1424: 940: 860: 276: 16352: 15188: 15158: 15069: 14620: 14370: 14233: 10047: 8574: 8103:

is a British voluntary body and programme of the Open Trust that aims to highlight what it sees as the erosion of civil liberties in the UK;

7630:. Thousands of homeless children in London are being placed in "uninhabitable" accommodations that violate their rights and cause "trauma". 7626:

According to a report by HRW and the Childhood Trust, the UK government was failing in its duty to ensure the right to adequate housing for

19402: 19026: 18497: 18276: 17880: 17470: 16281: 15298: 15099: 15010: 14925: 14895: 14865: 14835: 14774: 14710: 14650: 14561: 14531: 14501: 14400: 14340: 14310: 14280: 14203: 14148: 14072: 14030: 13959: 13132: 12023: 11988: 11765: 8413:

AW Blumrosen, 'The Profound Influence in America of Lord Mansfield's Decision in Somerset v Stuart' (2007) 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 645

6269: 6265: 4353:. Although judges are under a common law duty to give reasons for their decisions, there is no such rule for non-judicial decision-makers. 3670: 3445: 3087:

Two aspects of the Convention gave the United Kingdom's representatives to the Council of Europe cause for concern: the establishment of a

2534: 2397: 2092: 2019: 1988: 945: 855: 16688:"News - Anti-slavery sector urges government to make major changes to "dangerous" Nationality and Borders Bill - University of Nottingham" 12982:

UKSC 9 holding arrests and release of protestors on the royal wedding day was not unlawful. Contrast AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,

12051:, makes it an offence to maliciously and advisedly endeavour to seduce a member of the armed forces from that person's duty or allegiance. 8312: 19397: 18442: 18253: 17347: 12760: 12029: 12017: 11640: 10559: 10432: 8253:

clauses 12 (no tax without consent), 39 (fair trial), 40 (justice), 41 (free movement of merchants), and 47 (disafforesting common land).

7946:

Investigation of an unlawful killing by police officers conducted by the police officers who participated in the killing (McShane, 2002);

7437: 7374: 5569: 4768: 4570: 4059:. This said, slavery and serfdom took until the 16th century to break down in England, and was maintained at least until 1833 within the 4006: 3678: 3387: 2362: 2149: 1771: 696: 297: 16757: 16376: 14988: 8548: 3163:

that the right of petition would be recognised for an initial period of three years. At the time the government were concerned that the

18452: 18395: 17927: 17870: 17372: 17323: 17309: 15447: 12337: 12304: 12275: 10084: 9933: 8094: 8009: 6520: 6379:

carried out by public officials in the performance of their duties and evidence obtained by torture is excluded by the common law. The

6138: 5811: 5585: 5310: 5156: 5140: 4783:, where evidence of the defendant money laundering was gathered by police following the suspect in public spaces. Second, although the 4484: 3831: 3200: 3145: 2841: 2314: 1577: 625: 87: 11884:

to maintain 'sufficient plurality', s 391, requires regular review of media ownership by Ofcom, sent to Secretary of State, under the

10188:

1 All ER 1046, s 28 is a rule ‘laid down by Parliament to protect the individual against the excess or abuse of the power of arrest’.

4996:

requiring holders of military or civil functions to take the oaths of supremacy and allegiance and subscribe to a declaration against

18791: 17685: 14178: 12103: 6970: 5067: 4971: 4237:

Anyone can bring a claim against police for unlawful conduct, the chief constable is vicariously liable for constables' conduct, and

3302: 2289: 2274: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 446: 7271:" and deprivation of food and drink, constituted "cruel and inhuman treatment", but fell short of torture, in a landmark 1978 case. 4799:

audits, inspects and investigates the exercise of public body powers. In 2015, over 3059 warrants were granted, and it is argued by

18437: 18296: 18248: 17485: 17345:

Marston, Geoffrey (October 1993). "The United Kingdom's part in the preparation of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950".

14955: 12501: 11904: 11316: 8042: 6648: 6425: 5599: 5167: 5090: 5028: 4498: 3845: 3643: 3486: 3476:

Amendments rejected included giving courts a greater degree of flexibility with regard to Strasbourg case-law and referring to the

2259: 2254: 1723: 1301: 706: 16025: 15719: 13768: 10272:(2000) 31 EHRR 1, 20 the right to silence is in ECHR art 6, 'at the heart'. But drawing adverse inferences is not an infringement. 4402:, the accused should be able to follow proceedings and they have a right to be present during proceedings. The application of the 92: 19201: 18018: 17827: 17658: 16966: 16916: 16890: 11812:, but this could be changed (for instance to include workers or readers) with 75% approval of directors under article 7, (5) the 11704: 8667: 7516: 6751: 6273: 6238: 6230: 5430: 5097:, although the House of Lords has held that there would be no breach of human rights if such a possibility was not provided for. 4864: 4468: 4206:, but the 'warrant' used by the sheriff had no legal basis. The Court held that the sheriff had to pay damages. Today, under the 3815: 3414: 3140:

to which the United Kingdom was subject. Further pressure for acceptance came from the British judge and President of the Court,

2999: 2527: 2085: 1752: 1665: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 168: 22: 17480: 15695: 2600:

is recent, but the UK law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions. Today the main source of jurisprudence is the

19131: 18779: 18353: 18082: 18050: 17890: 17875: 17865: 17690: 17680: 17670: 17643: 7647: 7476: 7295: 6474: 6452: 5355: 4326:

prohibits criminal offences applying retroactively to acts done before something was made criminal. This follows the law since

3526: 3433: 3298: 2294: 2279: 2192: 2157: 2134: 2062: 1633: 1615: 715: 618: 470: 417: 15421: 5511:

that revealed official secrets. But the government lost its claim to have an injunction against a newspaper on the effects of

4707:

The constitutional importance of privacy, of one's home, belongings, and correspondence, has been recognised since 1604, when

2514: 18472: 18045: 17446: 17407: 17299: 17266: 17247: 17203: 17180: 17158: 17079: 17062: 15389: 12607: 11224: 7785: 7413:

introduced a Counter-Terrorism and Security Act, which was criticized by the civil liberties and human rights pressure group

7014: 6632: 6628: 6553: 6549: 6391: 5671: 5371: 4747:, is among the public bodies which can apply for warrants to put people under surveillance to detect serious crime. With the 4627: 4369: 4357: 4207: 4119: 4110: 4099: 3905: 3314: 3018: 2621: 2477: 2407: 2319: 2309: 2299: 2244: 2162: 2052: 1560: 475: 408: 17466: 15226: 13677:"Protocol on the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and to the United Kingdom" 6221:

must be observed if the marriage is to be valid and parties who are less than 18 years of age must obtain consent under the

4398:

it was held that it was never permissible for a judge to direct a jury to find a defendant guilty. There is also a right to

19066: 18339: 18161: 17822: 17795: 16147: 14000: 12204: 11974: 11248: 10131:

EWCA Civ 235, 'the "threshold" for the existence of "reasonable grounds" for suspicion is low... small, even sparse.' Also

8057: 7542: 7481: 7240: 6581: 6234: 5075: 5031:

of those who married Catholics. However, it remains the case that the Sovereign must be a member of the Church of England.

4904: 4356:

Certain specific rights apply in criminal cases. Persons in custody have the right to consult a solicitor by virtue of the

3515:

it unlawful for a public authority to act in a manner contrary to certain rights prescribed by the Convention and allows a

3457: 3441: 3399: 3322: 3282: 3263: 3118: 3106: 2327: 2214: 2204: 2167: 2127: 2097: 2072: 2034: 1796: 1716: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 538: 271: 10246:

UKHL 39, held there was no right to damages for failure to permit legal representatives, but evidence may be inadmissible.

7602:, the shadow home secretary, and a number of human rights groups have criticized the practice of using children as spies. 7369:. This aspect of the Prevention of Terrorism Act was introduced because the detention without trial of nine foreigners at 6507:. Discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief in the workplace and tertiary education was first regulated by the 18512: 18457: 18400: 18319: 18263: 18231: 18065: 17750: 17515: 17489: 15834: 15321: 14441: 12216: 12048: 8535: 8517: 8117: 7990: 7457: 6823: 6669: 6573: 6412:

and is of key importance in the common law. Protection of the right to own and enjoy property is found in the offence of

6319: 6167: 5859: 5375: 5059: 4760:

approval is further needed if a dwelling, bedroom or office is being bugged, and if refused the police can appeal to the

4713: 4234:

arrest, and the offence could not be widened 'by making it apply to those whose arrest has been deliberately postponed.'

3749: 3410: 3342: 3267: 3137: 3053: 2957: 2925: 2889: 2885: 2862: 2733: 2697: 2605: 2304: 2269: 2264: 2224: 2209: 2199: 2182: 2177: 2172: 1449: 515: 237: 207: 178: 38: 10240:

ECHR 750, suggests that damages were recoverable for denial of access to a solicitor in breach of Convention rights. cf

9417: 9392: 9367: 7759:

was proposed in July 2021 relating to immigration, asylum and the UK's modern slavery response. The Act also deals with

19151: 18487: 18467: 18410: 18375: 17991: 17955: 17451: 16553: 13806: 13676: 12801:

s 12 means that 'courts ought to give more weight to the respondent's defence than might otherwise have been the case.'

8026: 7627: 7503: 7441: 6755: 6504: 6436: 6170:

section 4 if it causes someone to fear on two or more occasions that violence will be used against them. Fourth, while

4720:' for public security, safety, economic well-being, preventing crime, protecting health or morals or rights of others. 4603: 4155: 3418: 3321:

as Labour Party leader in 1992, Labour policy towards the Convention – which had been against it before and during the

3196: 2284: 2249: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2219: 2187: 1776: 506: 341: 48: 16083: 15627:"Amnesty International's Memorandum to the UK Government on Part 4 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001" 15044: 12656:

estate, but could have done if there was concern about 'disorder on university premises and among university members'.

8289: 7224:

records to determine whether both sides of the community were dealt with in equal measure. They were not."), who were

6181:

Generally the police may arrest people who they honestly and reasonably think will risk a breach of the peace, but in

19176: 18482: 18380: 18035: 18028: 17895: 17860: 17845: 17745: 17384: 17335: 9302: 9277: 9252: 7929: 7744: 7193: 7171: 6700: 4796: 4761: 4717: 3243: 2729: 2566: 2144: 1702: 1311: 1306: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 659: 568: 495: 82: 15541: 8504: 8370: 7315: 6078:

universities cannot prohibit speakers based on likely threats to property or good order. Anomalously it was held in

3132:

By 1965 a majority of government ministers believed that the Court would not pose a significantly greater threat to

18567: 18119: 18077: 18001: 17996: 17900: 17778: 15408: 15371: 14433: 11769: 10398: 9924:) 'They who can give up essential Liberty to obtain a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety.' 8100: 8068: 7908: 7756: 7727: 7595: 7562: 7492: 7350: 7197: 6601: 6315: 5020: 3757: 3318: 3306: 3231:

who saw an entrenched Bill of Rights as more effective in preventing abuses by the executive of individual rights.

3092: 1728: 1528: 1523: 1254: 349: 229: 163: 144: 15567: 15133: 14595: 13753: 13707: 13581: 13565: 10910:

AC 558, (2001) 31 EHRR 1016 which found there was no legal basis for police bugging, and therefore a violation of

7710:, to target Extinction Rebellion. After it was reported that other UK-based think tank have received donations by 7675:, respectively, said that the law threatened civil liberties and constituted a politically-motivated move towards 19366: 19263: 19258: 19059: 18630: 18447: 18385: 18311: 18006: 17855: 17802: 17765: 17730: 17704: 17605: 16667:"Nationality and Borders Bill – Briefing and amendment for Clause 57 and 58: Acknowledging disclosure takes time" 15942: 15367: 14811: 14591: 14479: 14475: 12172: 11186: 11050: 10867: 10834: 8107: 8050: 7561:

for "systematic and grave violations" of disabled people's human rights, largely in response to cuts made by the

7399: 6543: 5562: 5457: 5286: 4685: 4270: 3570: 3290: 3141: 3049: 2850:

norms in international law, and the UK ratified two further treaties which recast the Universal Declaration: the

2412: 655: 637: 604: 13625: 18577: 18365: 18291: 18186: 18139: 18055: 17975: 17935: 17725: 17508: 12396: 11570: 10150: 10054:. See also K Rawlinson, 'Bristol race relations adviser Tasered by police is targeted again' (19 October 2018) 7997: 7897: 7789: 7570: 7252: 6737: 6712: 6684: 6665: 6336:

The common law recognises that every person's body is "inviolate". Interference will constitute the offence of

6299: 6283: 5133: 5004: 4892: 3761: 3738: 3737:

is however permitted in certain limited circumstances: the Crown can theoretically compel persons to undertake

3535: 3176: 3152: 3126: 3088: 3022: 2967: 2866: 2791: 1948: 1661: 1629: 1493: 1291: 1271: 372: 199: 118: 105: 30: 17116:"The Queen on the application of Reilly (No. 2) and Hewstone -v- The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions" 13654: 11809: 9990: 9167: 8490:, by the position that international law must be compatible with basic principles of the UK constitution: see 7166:

has under different governments a history of non-compliance with human rights, and has been criticised by the

6588:

and the right to stand as a candidate in elections. Certain persons are excluded from participation including

2920:

In May 2019, the British government announced to appoint its first human rights ambassador. Foreign Secretary

19371: 19223: 19019: 18786: 18592: 18522: 18492: 18462: 18427: 18329: 18301: 18219: 18127: 18011: 17790: 17540: 13807:"Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union: Part two – Non-discrimination and citizenship of the Union" 12122: 11963: 11594: 11590:

In international law, the duty to stop war propaganda and incitement of discrimination is made explicit: see

10980: 8648: 8267: 7314:

In 2018 the EUCHR decided the previous judgement was final ). There have also been persistent allegations of

6624: 6204: 6070: 6035: 5453: 5233: 4784: 4748: 4744: 4594: 4515: 3208: 3184: 2490: 1737: 1498: 245: 15735: 13938: 9943: 8630: 8427:

Anarchical Fallacies; Being an Examination of the Declarations of Rights Issued During the French Revolution

8229:. These jurisdictions have particular human rights considerations of their own, arising from differences in 6344:. Under the criminal law, an individual cannot consent to actual bodily harm and the House of Lords held in 19376: 18905: 18829: 18801: 18747: 18550: 18540: 18477: 18432: 18405: 18258: 18243: 17940: 17915: 17850: 17740: 17312:(Summer 1998). "U.K. acceptance of the Strasbourg jurisdiction: what really went on in Whitehall in 1965". 15626: 11865: 10872: 8344: 7760: 7453: 7392: 6384: 6242: 6212: 6153: 5462: 4740: 4273:

offenders and deprive them of their liberty, as well as detain mental patients under the provisions of the

4250: 3516: 3492:

The bill successfully negotiated the Commons and the Lords and entered into force on 2 October 2000 as the

3437: 3425:

of the European Court of Human Rights, stating that the obligation to take it into account was sufficient.

3330: 2472: 2332: 1916: 1815: 1745: 1732: 1708: 1539: 1534: 14688: 13913: 8029:

in the UK, each with specific jurisdiction and functions. All three are accredited with 'A' status by the

19323: 18796: 18774: 18742: 18737: 18719: 18660: 18582: 18572: 18507: 18370: 18334: 18132: 17910: 17549: 16992: 16942: 12818: 11797: 10539: 10073: 7922: 7857: 7695:

home secretary from 2001 to 2004, called it an "anti-protest bill" threatening to make Britain look like

6672:

must comply with the requirements of EU law as to the protection of fundamental rights. In addition, the

6470: 6448: 6250: 6246: 5440:

Second, censorship and obscenity laws have been a highly traditional limit on freedom of expression. The

4461: 4399: 4265:, those suffering from infectious diseases under the Public Health Act of 1984 and those detained by the 4258: 4098:

the individual', and the UK has among the highest spending on policing in the world. For this reason the

3808: 3635: 3482: 3060: 2913:

and assembly. The UK also enshrines rights to fair labour standards, social security, and a multitude of

2382: 1942: 1801: 1608: 642: 573: 250: 111: 15969:"Appalling Temporary Accommodation 'Violates' Children's Rights, Says Damning Human Rights Watch Report" 15377:

Counter-Terrorism Policy And Human Rights: Terrorism Bill and related matters: Oral and Written Evidence

7955:

Ineffective monitoring of a young prisoner who committed suicide during a short sentence (Keenan, 2001);

7537:

figures, there are over 1,000 cases of trafficking each year. Under pressure from organisations such as

6604:

and persons convicted of corrupt or illegal election practices. The restriction on the participation of

3726:, he became free. The courts did not recognise contracts which were equivalent to slavery or servitude. 19213: 19116: 18856: 18757: 18597: 16574: 12822: 8520:

arts 2 (right to life). Article 3 (right against torture). Article 4, right against forced labour, see

8216: 7989:

samples taken from individuals arrested, but later acquitted or have the charges against them dropped (

7943:

Killing of a prisoner by another mentally ill detainee with whom he was sharing a cell (Edwards, 2002);

6478: 6361: 6226: 6185:

the House of Lords held it was unlawful for police to stop a coach of demonstrators from travelling to

5555: 4361: 3719: 3554: 3453: 3310: 2914: 2503: 1821: 1470: 1414: 1266: 632: 583: 7784:

whether or not somebody has been trafficked. The proposal has been condemned by civil society and the

5334:

The right to freedom of expression is generally seen as being the 'lifeblood of democracy.' After the

19228: 18992: 18752: 18557: 18530: 18040: 17920: 12635: 11757: 10088: 8046: 7982:

Agreement obliging employees to join a certain trade union in order to keep their jobs (Young, 1981);

7915: 7836: 7723: 7672: 7221: 6754:

state, treaties and agreements ratified by the government have only indirect effect until and unless

6688: 6500: 6417: 6372: 6322:

to provide "adequate" healthcare but the courts have not thus far been willing to enforce this duty.

6099: 5445: 5342:

who preached to a crowd even against the judge's direction and 'against full and manifest evidence'.

5223: 5126: 5086: 4848:, tech corporations routinely appropriate users' private data for targeted advertising, particularly 4407: 4262: 4192:

Second, police officers have no right to trespass upon property without a lawful warrant, because as

3485:

which had the effect of incorporating into the bill Articles 1 and 2 of Protocol 6 of the Convention

2873:

even against Acts of Parliament: Parliament has always undertaken to comply with basic principles of

2352: 2347: 1806: 1789: 1766: 1686: 1675: 1419: 1375: 552: 15598:"Liberty's Second Reading briefing on the Counter-Terrorism and Security Bill in the House of Lords" 15554: 14182: 13603: 11913:

EWHC 2527, but this has no publicly accountable legal basis after the industry chose to boycott one.

6394:

allows police to carry out "intimate searches" of suspects in custody without the person's consent.

4123:

search. People cannot be made to remove clothing in public, except an outer coat, jacket or gloves.

19356: 19303: 19278: 19136: 18890: 18420: 18060: 17807: 13650: 12747: 11999: 11777: 11118: 10043: 8123: 7680: 7414: 6123: 5466: 5051: 4908: 4736: 4383: 3639: 3278: 3160: 3121:

led to reconsideration of the issue and this time the only senior dissenting voice was that of the

3103: 2760: 2025: 1757: 1296: 523: 151: 123: 7958:

Keeping a disabled person in dangerously cold conditions without access to a toilet (Price, 2001);

7251:

for its alleged treatment of interned prisoners in Northern Ireland (ECHR Ireland v UK 1978). The

7072:

European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

4089:

will lose both and deserve neither, is reflected in human rights law. Like international law, the

19333: 19283: 19243: 19196: 19191: 19181: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19141: 19126: 19121: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19035: 18948: 18769: 18704: 18415: 18072: 17050: 16276: 15196: 15166: 15077: 14628: 14378: 14241: 13718: 12370: 12086: 11877: 11712: 11558: 11264: 9921: 9871: 8526:(1772) 98 ER 499. Articles 12-14 are the right to marriage, effectiveness and to equal treatment. 7715: 7574: 7403: 7349:" has led to new human rights concerns. The most recent criticism has concerned the now repealed 7025: 6565: 6496: 6466: 6462: 6360:

removed the defence of reasonable chastisement in respect of acts committed against children and

6046: 5636: 5456:

defines 'obscene' as having the effect to 'deprave and corrupt' people, and allows police or the

5421: 5191: 4730: 4338: 4278: 3872: 3566: 3239: 3133: 2617: 2392: 1649: 1620: 1554: 1429: 455: 16271: 15107: 15018: 14933: 14903: 14873: 14843: 14782: 14718: 14658: 14569: 14539: 14509: 14408: 14348: 14318: 14288: 14211: 14156: 14080: 14038: 13967: 8116:

is a human rights and law reform organisation based in the UK. It is the British Section of the

5987:

groups for political purposes, with the significant exception of organisations banned under the

4078: 19361: 19328: 19318: 19298: 19288: 19273: 19268: 19248: 19218: 19186: 19171: 19146: 19082: 18885: 17950: 17235: 16648: 16600:"Briefing for House of Lords Second Reading of the Nationality and Borders Bill | Helen Bamber" 12626:

s 59, that enables public space protection orders, requiring application for a public assembly.

12552:

s 137 is inconsistent with many other EU member state and Commonwealth country rules, see e.g.

12404: 11724: 10449: 10006: 9894: 9330: 8470: 8430: 7711: 7323: 7085:

Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

6716: 6353: 5933: 5535: 5094: 5024: 4884: 4454: 4434: 4274: 3801: 3477: 3379: 3346: 3273:

By 1991 the momentum for incorporation had grown, garnering support from organisations such as

3180: 2963: 2910: 2740: 2662: 1954: 1333: 611: 191: 17447:

U.S. Department of State publications: UK Country Reports on Human Rights Practices since 1996

15794: 15656:"UK offshore detention proposal could create 'human rights disaster', Australian experts warn" 15375: 14959: 13437:. Department for Culture, Media & Sport and Government Equalities Office. 27 February 2013 12340: 11247:

cf J Kollewe, 'NHS data is worth billions – but who should have access to it?' (10 June 2019)

9331:"Orders of the Day — Human Rights Bill [Lords]: 16 Feb 1998: House of Commons debates" 5590: 4489: 2924:

appointed Rita French, Hunt's former principal private secretary, to promote UK's work at the

19313: 19238: 19208: 19040: 18880: 18836: 18699: 18285: 17441: 15381: 14749: 12846: 12834: 12810: 12523: 12192: 12082: 11885: 11699:, owned by an arms-length public corporation ultimately accountable to the UK government (2) 11535: 10890:

The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power

10353:

2 KB 249, power to enter to stop breach of peace: controversial. KD Ewing and C Gearty,

10319: 9936: 8081: 7553:

In January 2014, the UK became the first country in its history to be investigated under the

7538: 7303: 7275: 7259:

had been used, but on appeal amended the ruling to state that the techniques used, including

6492: 6131: 6119: 6104: 6050: 5922: 5823: 5789: 5707: 5324: 5255: 5114: 4963: 4697: 4387: 4294: 4113:

including giving a fixed penalty notice, but not the wider search or arrest powers of police.

4102:, and the limits to police powers, is a key legislative guardian of liberty in the UK today. 4040: 3836: 3769: 3709: 3631: 3586: 3558: 3509: 3505: 3493: 3359: 3076: 2906: 2902: 2881: 2880:

Because this appeals process was long, Parliament legislated to "bring rights home" with the

2693: 2672: 2601: 2586: 2457: 2337: 1925: 1841: 1286: 13409: 10758: 10087:

s 60(5) and see B Bowling and E Marks, 'The rise and fall of suspicionless searches' (2017)

9553: 6687:

from the application of the Charter with the addition of Protocol 30 which affirms that the

6006: 18900: 18841: 18806: 18694: 18667: 18178: 17419: 17314: 17278: 16872: 15462: 15295:"Lesbian dies after being deported by United Kingdom back to Uganda – O-blog-dee-o-blog-da" 13390: 12430: 11716: 11531: 11322: 10194:

AC 573, 'the arrested man is entitled to be told what is the act for which he is arrested.'

8593:"New measures to silence climate activists? They'll only spur us on | Indigo Rumbelow" 8474: 8238: 8197: 7740: 7449: 7433: 7395:

has also been criticised as giving the government very wide-ranging power in an emergency.

7236:, and no loyalists were arrested until 1973, 2 years after the introduction of internment. 7232:, for instance, a total of 1,981 people were interned without trial, of whom only 107 were 6208: 6010: 5992: 5660: 5486: 5404: 5016: 4985: 4924: 4845: 4266: 4105: 3673:), taking into account their quality of life in the event that treatment is continued. The 3465: 3219:, although this was regarded as insufficient by certain Conservative politicians including 3067:

point of view as a refusal would be, in his view, difficult to justify at home and abroad.

3010: 2771: 2744: 1681: 1671: 1407: 1212: 1207: 158: 15703: 15134:"Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities" 14108: 12360:

KD Ewing, 'The Implications of Wilson and Palmer' (2003) 32(1) Industrial Law Journal 1-22

11853: 11626:

Generally the same laws apply to these places of free speech as in the whole country: see

10168: 10153: 6676:, which has legal effect equivalent to the Treaties following the entry into force of the 6174:

is not an offence itself, apprehension is grounds for arrest. This has included selling a

4891:, which psychologically targeted voters with political adverts, and this data spread into 8: 18977: 18895: 18873: 18868: 18851: 18846: 18824: 18714: 18672: 12526: 12227: 12185: 11805: 11251:

and S Boseley, 'NHS to scrap single database of patients' medical details' (6 July 2016)

8441: 8061: 7864: 7668: 7522: 7279: 7244: 7229: 6704: 6569: 6531: 6380: 6175: 6053:

section 11(2) it was "commonly or customarily held" and it did not have a planned route.

5937: 5539: 5490: 5391: 5386: 5351: 5346: 5275: 4888: 4725: 4537: 4342: 4198: 4177: 4139: 4127: 3730: 3729:

The courts have been reluctant to force individuals to work and have declined to enforce

3248: 3168: 3114: 3063: 2814: 2806: 2780: 2756: 2706: 2641: 2582: 2067: 1874: 1644: 1583: 1488: 1483: 1444: 1393: 173: 60: 17436: 17276:

Klug, Francesca (Summer 1999). "The Human Rights Act 1998, Pepper v Hart and all that".

17217: 15857:"UN arrives in Scotland to investigate alleged human rights violations by UK Government" 12188: 7365:, involving the derogation (opting-out) of human rights laws, through the imposition of 6166:

where the immediacy of any result is lacking. Third, harassment is an offence under the

4249:

Other persons who may be detained include those in need of care and attention under the

2962:

The UK played an important role in the drafting of the Convention, with figures such as

18972: 18928: 18709: 18687: 18682: 18650: 18562: 17735: 15782: 15716: 14745: 13772: 12825:

entitles victims who suffer damage from rioting to compensation for uninsured property.

12452: 12138: 11850: 11628: 11284: 10817: 10231: 9885: 9220: 9218: 9193: 9191: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9034: 9032: 8995: 8993: 8522: 7949:

Failure to protect a child from ill-treatment at the hands of his stepfather (A, 1998);

7807: 7611: 7370: 7248: 7189: 6708: 6661: 6657: 6516: 6486: 6432: 6365: 6291: 6162: 5988: 5477: 5265: 5035: 4997: 4967: 4779:

Surveillance in public places does not engage the human right to privacy, according to

4661: 4525: 4373: 4365: 4181: 4151: 4143: 3882: 3350: 3164: 2971: 2817:

began the British movement for women's rights and equality, while movements behind the

2786: 2721: 1898: 1834: 1781: 1624: 1348: 578: 357: 70: 17442:

U.S. Department of State publication: 2004 UK Country Report on Human Rights Practices

16487: 15528: 12150:

A trade union, central and local government appear unable to bring defamation claims:

11666:

In 2019, these were (1) YouTube and Google, owned by Alphabet, which is controlled by

11538:(prohibitions on religious gatherings over five people outside the Church of England). 8395:, para. 1.02 and Feldman (2002) 70 criticising the "undifferentiated mass of liberty". 4134:

In 2015 the Supreme Court held suspicionless searches were held to be compatible with

2747:. The idea of freely debating rights to political representation took form during the 18987: 18933: 18535: 17403: 17380: 17331: 17295: 17262: 17243: 17199: 17176: 17154: 17058: 16443: 15511:"Hooded Men: 'British government is waiting on us to die so torture case disappears'" 15441: 15385: 15129: 15040: 14807: 14109:"Domestic implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 13934: 13723:"European Court of Justice holds that EU Charter of Fundamental Rights binding on UK" 12549: 12126: 11899: 11829: 11554: 11527: 11326: 10686: 10650: 10590: 9913: 8447:

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects

8184: 8133: 8013: 7879:

Restrictions on prisoners' correspondence and visits by their lawyers (Golder, 1975);

7772:

theft). The support exemption would also apply to children with custodial sentences.

7692: 7615: 7331: 7260: 7217: 7213: 6733: 6527: 6424:

except that which is authorised by Parliament. The right to property is qualified by

6403: 6357: 6278: 6222: 6218: 6127: 6057: 5957: 5949: 5741: 5441: 5408: 5395: 5335: 5213: 5110: 5093:

both provided for the possibility of exemption from military service on the basis of

5063: 4989: 4391: 4302: 4254: 4238: 4074: 3674: 3542: 3212: 3006: 2991: 2987: 2975: 2933: 2874: 2837: 2818: 2810: 2798: 2752: 2590: 1811: 1463: 1459: 1454: 309: 288: 262: 136: 17475: 16789:"'Trauma deadline' in Borders Bill would see survivors of abuse miss out on support" 16331:"Priti Patel plans to 'hold asylum seekers in offshore processing centres' - report" 15756:"Confirmed! UN is investigating UK's 'grave violations' of disabled people's rights" 12707: 11288: 10578: 9519: 9507: 9495: 9483: 9471: 9459: 9215: 9188: 9129: 9029: 9017: 8990: 8858: 8807: 8200:. Hauser Global Law School Program, New York University School of Law. November 2005 7739:, who advocated for the policing bill, said it was intended to stop tactics used by 5780: 3653:

The law also attaches importance to the preservation of life: aiding and abetting a

18982: 18965: 18960: 18943: 18923: 18729: 17582: 17395: 17356: 16868: 16377:"Labour to oppose Priti Patel's "'unconscionable' plan to detain refugees offshore" 15425: 14123: 13512: 13378: 13279: 12965: 12743: 12538: 12440: 11817: 11761: 11740: 11578: 11491: 11170: 10458: 9868: 9650: 8451: 8250: 8192: 7299: 7201: 7061:

Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography

6677: 6295: 6145:

There are four further significant public order offences. First, it is unlawful to

6083: 5547: 5543: 5434: 5412: 4832: 4820: 4430: 4414: 4379: 3789: 3722:

but as early as 1706 the common law had recognised that as soon as a slave came to

3658: 3341:

In November 1994 Lord Lester introduced a bill in the Lords which was based on the

2995: 2929: 2122: 2010: 2002: 1981: 1965: 1567: 1518: 1368: 1358: 328: 258: 16502:"Dame Sara comments on Clause 62 of the Nationality and Borders Bill in The Times" 14183:"The First Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights" 13138: 13064: 12596: 12579: 12310: 11236: 9841: 7706:

think tank, which received in 2017 a $ 30,000 donation by oil and gas corporation

7377:

was held to be unlawful under human rights legislation, by the House of Lords, in

6413: 5965:

democratic society, to protect security, safety, health or other people's rights.

18655: 18545: 18236: 18196: 17223: 17168: 15742: 15723: 15681: 13649: 13465: 13243: 13069: 12060: 11929: 11856:, but in practice where shareholders monopolise votes to dismiss the board under 11821: 11813: 11728: 11675: 11610: 11376: 10923: 10901: 10782: 10777: 10662: 10511: 10445: 10419: 9846: 9172: 8127: 8001: 7703: 7664: 7291: 7233: 7209: 6721: 6561: 6311: 6171: 6115: 6095: 5527: 5379: 5106: 5039: 4938: 4756: 4708: 4560: 4403: 4334: 4319: 4215: 4017: 3685: 3642:

allows relatives of those killed by the wrongdoing of others to recover damages.

3550: 3520: 3469: 3046: 3042: 2941: 2635: 1893: 1691: 1338: 1320: 596: 219: 65: 17097: 16434:"Fears about bill that would take support away from some modern slavery victims" 15717:

Council of Europe: Protect victims of people trafficking | Amnesty International

13434: 11159: 11133: 9743: 9602: 8183:

The United Kingdom consists of four countries and three distinct legal systems:

6356:

did not give the author of the harm a valid defence in respect of his acts. The

5118: 5011:

into the legal profession and permitted Catholic schools and places of worship.

4417:

if it would be unfair to try a defendant or a fair trial would not be possible.

3666: 18268: 18149: 18087: 17648: 17531: 17191: 16408:"UK Nationality and Borders Bill will slash support for modern slavery victims" 15809:"Benefit cuts 'hitting disabled people hardest' – Poverty and Social Exclusion" 15404: 14980: 14053: 13909: 13460: 11808:

which has a board must guard editorial independence, but which appoints itself

11781: 11700: 11654: 10911: 10847: 10566: 9890: 8575:"Lords can stop police getting pre-emptive protest ban rights, Green peer says" 8120:. Its mission is to promote human rights and advance the rule of law in the UK; 7886: 7819:

committed to promoting the Scrap Part 5 campaign in each of its UK shopfronts.

7816: 7731: 7696: 7688: 7639: 7586: 7554: 7366: 7167: 7163: 6693: 6597: 6577: 6458: 6408:

Protection against the arbitrary deprivation of property was recognised in the

6341: 6337: 6331: 6157: 6082:

that an estate agent might be able to sue a group of protestors in the tort of

6030: 5983:'s refusal to grant her a training licence on grounds of her sex was unlawful. 5976: 5360: 5043: 4976: 4959: 4857: 4792: 4426: 4323: 4307: 4298: 4290: 4223: 4185: 4163: 4135: 4060: 3781: 3715: 3705: 3617: 3345:

which would give the Convention a similar status in UK law as that accorded to

3256: 3235: 3148: 3122: 3038: 3014: 2748: 2562: 2439: 1959: 1654: 1547: 1543: 387: 17360: 13541: 13539: 8158:. Equality and Human Rights Commission. Spring 2012. p. 9. Archived from 7337:

admitted that members of the UK security service were involved in the murder.

7170:

and other international bodies for discrimination, disregarding the rights of

6021:

Like freedom of association, the right of peaceful assembly was recognised at

3171:, depriving the company of the right to compensation for damage caused during 19391: 18324: 17885: 17783: 17773: 17572: 17567: 17368: 17287: 17017:"Scrap Part 5: Lush shop front take-over for survivors of modern day slavery" 16816:"Is the Nationality and Borders Bill just another example of bad law-making?" 16528:"Production of a controlled drug/ Cultivation of cannabis plant – Sentencing" 16447: 13231: 12814: 11832:(who also has a majority stake with Lord Rothermere in the Evening Standard). 11793: 11732: 11067: 9822: 7937: 7903:

Keeping a suspect incommunicado in oppressive conditions without access to a

7768:

is in committee stage, with four sittings scheduled until February 10, 2022.

7655: 7589:

revealed that British police and intelligence agencies are using children as

7361:

of terrorism suspects where there was insufficient evidence to bring them to

7346: 7334: 7205: 6768: 6585: 5531: 4993: 4791:

Warrants can be issued against Members of Parliament with the consent of the

4346: 4068: 4064: 3754:

Caitlin Reilly and Jamieson Wilson v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions

3734: 3621: 3562: 3421:

which would have had the effect of obliging the domestic courts to apply the

3375: 3224: 3056: 2945: 2944:

even if un-prosecuted. Human Rights activists have accused the bill of being

2717: 438: 395: 305: 16758:"Opinion: I'm a trafficking survivor – and terrifed of new government rules" 16470:"New bill quietly gives powers to remove British citizenship without notice" 16026:"New protest laws 'go too far' and are not needed, police commissioners say" 14127: 9589: 8631:"'The Public Order Bill will remove what little voice disabled people have'" 7687:

warned the bill reduced the right to protest to "whispering in the corner".

18191: 17562: 17227: 16626:"Modern Slavery: National Referral Mechanism and Duty to Notify Statistics" 16554:"New theft offences guideline now available – 06 October 2015 – Sentencing" 16210:"Revealed: Policing bill was dreamed up by secretive oil-funded think tank" 16119: 16061: 14263: 14261: 14259: 13787: 13536: 13502: 13500: 13356: 13354: 13023: 13021: 11789: 11614: 11574: 11549: 11409: 11407: 11340: 11338: 11336: 11334: 9621:"Consequences 'dire' if Human Rights Act ditched, more than 50 groups warn" 8084:, the largest human rights organisation in the world, was set up in the UK; 7962: 7854: 7812: 7676: 7599: 7499: 7480:

declaration of Part 4's incompatibility with Article 14 was quashed by the

7385: 7358: 7319: 7183: 6511:. Sexual orientation discrimination in the workplace was prohibited by the 6457:

The common law has not traditionally provided effective protection against

6303: 6186: 5953: 5367: 5050:

and enjoys certain privileges and rights in law. However, the promotion of

4928: 4446: 4442: 3793: 3765: 3638:. Some protection is also offered by the civil law where, for example, the 3627: 3591: 3429: 3370: 3220: 3172: 3096: 2983: 2979: 2829: 2689: 2649: 2597: 1995: 1698: 1476: 403: 284: 17500: 16713:"Open Response Question: Chapter 6 - Supporting Victims of Modern Slavery" 16649:"ATLEU's Briefing for Committee Stage of the Nationality and Borders Bill" 16241:"Exclusive: US climate deniers pump millions into Tory-linked think tanks" 15481:"Statement on 'Hooded Men' case – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade" 13854: 13852: 13837: 13825: 12011:

Old offences of seditious libel and blasphemous libel were removed by the

9800: 9798: 7543:

Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings

7274:

On 2 December 2014, in response to petitions from organisations including

6925:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

4807: 19051: 18677: 18607: 16307: 14177: 13166: 12677: 11683: 11671: 11371: 10798: 10746: 10734: 10722: 10710: 10698: 10674: 10638: 10626: 9697: 9695: 9536: 9534: 9066: 9064: 8695: 8693: 8508:(22 October 1986) BVerfGE 73, 339 (first setting out the basic concepts). 8230: 7966: 7873: 7843: 7736: 7684: 7566: 7534: 7498:

As per immigration policy documents from the Foreign Office, reviewed by

7410: 7362: 7268: 6593: 6409: 6254: 5980: 5512: 5465:

Guidelines only recommend charges for 'extreme' cases. The controversial

5071: 5008: 4880: 4327: 4203: 4193: 4056: 3869: 3604: 3449: 3413:

to the House of Lords on 3 November 1997. In response to a question from

3403: 3228: 3026: 2921: 2884:, so that people can raise human rights claims in UK courts based on the 2710: 2701: 2578: 1884: 1343: 500: 451: 379: 213: 130: 55: 17080:"Graduate's Poundland victory leaves government work schemes in tatters" 15277:"Is UK government policy resulting in asylum seekers starving to death?" 14954: 14256: 13524: 13497: 13366: 13351: 13339: 13327: 13315: 13303: 13154: 13142: 13097: 13085: 13045: 13033: 13018: 11467: 11455: 11443: 11431: 11419: 11404: 11392: 11331: 10614: 7914:

Extradition of a suspect to the United States to face a capital charge (

7646:

is controversial, prior and after it was passed. It was welcomed by the

7594:

investigate the use of child spies by the police and security services.

7569:

since 2011, which disproportionately affect disabled people, as well as

5489:

are designed to balance people's reputations and rights to privacy. The

3677:

permits the termination of a pregnancy under certain conditions and the

3187:

with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe on 14 January 1966.

17213: 16115:"If you thought the right to protest was inalienable, then think again" 16057:"Protest laws move UK towards paramilitary policing, says former chief" 14456: 13890: 13878: 13849: 13598: 13267: 13255: 13219: 13207: 12391: 12376: 11753: 11667: 10553: 10469: 10380: 10330: 10301: 10255: 10227: 10215: 10203: 10179: 10165: 10114: 10030: 10018: 9810: 9795: 9755: 8087: 7973: 7889:

rather than a court to fix the length of sentences (Easterbrook, 2003);

7850: 7719: 7707: 7660: 7427: 7225: 6065: 6022: 5648: 5507: 5502: 5482: 4933: 4828: 4311: 3971: 3937: 3693: 3662: 3383: 3366: 3252: 3110: 2870: 2846: 2767: 2570: 1976: 1761: 1326: 9731: 9719: 9707: 9692: 9668: 9531: 9203: 9148: 9117: 9061: 9005: 8966: 8690: 8678: 8499:

Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission

6064:

the House of Lords held that protestors who assembled on roads around

3519:

to award a remedy in the event of a breach. In principle, the Act has

2998:, and whose international juridical section (counting Lauterpacht and 425: 18955: 18863: 16438: 16174:"Thinktank that briefed against XR given $ 30k by ExxonMobil in 2017" 15995:"PFEW campaigns result in new laws to better protect police officers" 13487: 13485: 13483: 13183: 13181: 13114: 13112: 13012:

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bhajan Singh

11801: 11773: 11720: 11198: 11156: 11144: 11130: 11105: 11093: 11062: 10935: 8422: 8234: 7972:

Injunction against the Sunday Times for publishing extracts from the

7933: 7904: 7893: 7590: 7530: 7354: 7316:

collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and British security forces

6482: 6387:

and provided that an action for damages could be brought by victims.

6345: 6217:

There is no general right to marry. The necessary formalities in the

6110: 5945: 5941: 5800: 4942: 4920: 4836: 4824: 4315: 3422: 3286: 3274: 3167:

would take advantage of the new right to contest the legality of the

2937: 2833: 2822: 2700:, UK law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions. The 1970: 1588: 1503: 363: 17031: 12555:

Eugen Schmidberger, Internationale Transporte und Planzüge v Austria

12514:

AL Goodhart, 'Public Meetings and Processions' (1937) 6 CLJ 161, 169

7525:. A particular high-profile case resulted in the conviction of five 7192:

focused a lot of effort on measures to combat the activities of the

3037:

There was reluctant support for the Convention back in the UK where

2797:

By 1789, ideas of inherent rights had evolved and inspired both the

18816: 15906:"UK intelligence and police using child spies in covert operations" 15497: 13769:"CJEU clarifies field of application of Fundamental Rights Charter" 12798: 12349:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966

12099: 11861: 11842: 11785: 11016: 11004: 10992: 10906: 10484:(1988) 13 EHRR 242, irregularly obtained evidence can be admitted. 10474: 10408: 8188: 7882:

Routine strip-searching of visitors to a prison (Wainwright, 2006);

7870:

Sentencing a juvenile young offender to be "birched" (Tyrer, 1978);

7780:"It is unclear what situation this clause is designed to address". 6813:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

6557: 6000: 5505:

against a retired security service officer who wrote a book called

5055: 4853: 4812: 4549: 4395: 4086: 3742: 3557:, have attracted controversy, sparking calls for the review of the 3336:

Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

2485: 1931: 1856: 1851: 1437: 17486:

Review of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

13480: 13291: 13178: 13109: 12129:, and could include incitement to discriminate against immigrants. 10602: 7876:

of suspects in the absence of any legal regulation (Malone, 1984);

7039:

Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

6090:

The right to assembly does not yet extend to private property. In

5078:

and discrimination on the grounds of religion is regulated by the

4771:

which also generally allows surveillance by police, intelligence,

18642: 16876: 15341:"UK 'sleepwalking into violating disabled people's human rights'" 13810: 13764: 13680: 13629: 13626:"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union; Article 51" 12653: 11857: 11736: 11708: 11679: 9680: 8113: 7526: 7469: 7264: 7256: 6764: 6589: 6376: 5047: 4438: 4082: 4051: 3785: 3723: 3689: 3654: 3647: 3464:

the bill was intended to have two other significant effects: the

2898: 2894: 2574: 2467: 1937: 1279: 16148:"This anti-protest bill risks making the UK like Putin's Russia" 15925:"UK human rights panel to investigate police use of child spies" 15220:"Overcoming Barriers and Healing the Scars of Human Trafficking" 14432: 13999: 11657:(2012–13) HC 779 discussing media concentration and competition. 7243:

stated "moderate physical pressure" was applied to the men. The

6596:, infants, persons of unsound mind, holders of judicial office, 3448:. The bill was opposed by the Conservative Party, although some 18938: 16633: 14590: 14474: 11860:

s 168, this becomes the duty in practice, and the culture: see

11606: 11181:

House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee,

11045:

House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee,

8090:

works to promote freedom of expression in the UK and worldwide;

7465: 6644: 6605: 6258: 6014: 5996: 5339: 4849: 4816: 2725: 2372: 1572: 17456: 17393: 15771:"UN inquiry considers alleged UK disability rights violations" 15575: 15463:"Prime Time (Web): RTÉ Investigations Unit: The Torture Files" 9525: 9513: 9501: 9489: 9477: 9465: 9224: 9197: 9142: 9038: 9023: 8999: 8864: 8813: 8493:

R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport

8016:, itself also criticised for violating human rights treaties). 7979:

Ordering a journalist to disclose his sources (Goodwin, 1996);

7835:

Criminal sanctions for private consensual homosexual conduct (

7831:

Notable cases involving violations of the Convention include:

7283: 7120:

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

6903:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

6746:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

6610:

House of Commons (Removal of Clergy Disqualification) Act 2001

6045:

the House of Lords held that a regular cycling protest called

4639:

National Police Records (Recordable Offences) Regulations 2000

2856:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

18915: 15557:". Pat Finucane Inquiry Campaign. Retrieved 27 November 2014. 15322:"Jobseekers try to overturn law denying them benefit rebates" 14985:"United Nations Treaty Collection – Chapter IV: Human Rights" 13914:"United Nations Treaty Collection – Chapter IV: Human Rights" 13872:

J.H. Rayner (Mincing Lane) v Department of Trade and Industry

13708:

C‑411/10 and C-493/10 , para. 120 (21 December 2011).

12435: 12400: 11881: 11825: 11752:

In 2019, the largest by website and circulation were (1) the

9656: 8215:. The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives. Archived from 7228:

without trial, and violated the human rights of some. During

6156:

that spectators resented, and did not include books, such as

4946: 3772:

were not forced labour but were nevertheless legally flawed.

2498: 1511: 17437:

Publications by Parliament's Joint Committee on Human Rights

13577:

Hubert Wachauf v Bundesamt für Ernährung und Forstwirtschaft

12191:

and The Defamation (Operators of Websites) Regulations 2013

11605:

The oldest free speech and debating society in the world is

8457:

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen

7806:

In December 2021, the Scrap Part 5 campaign was launched by

6094:

the Court of Human Rights held there was no interference in

6034:

saying anyone 'may be convicted for doing a lawful act'. As

4873:

Rugby Football Union v Consolidated Information Services Ltd

3541:

Human rights in Scotland are given legal effect through the

3406:

on the bill – "Rights Brought Home: The Human Rights Bill".

2378:

Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

17219:

An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution

16841:"Urgent changes needed to the Nationality and Borders Bill" 13560:

Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary

12455:

s 3 and Sch 2, with a growing list of banned organisations.

11617:

in 1823. Most universities have student debating societies.

11147:

art 17. Also art 18 gives the right to restrict processing.

9994: 7743:, which was mistakenly listed as an extremist group by the 7306:

had formally petitioned the EUCHR to re-examine the case.

6349: 6146: 5625:

Int'l Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966

5012: 4772: 4350: 3603:

The modern law contrasts to the older view, represented by

3382:

Consultative Committee on Constitutional Reform chaired by

2429: 1862: 12759:

Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 ss 61-77, also

12039:(1982) 5 EHRR 123 (linking Jesus Christ to homosexuality). 11864:, 'The Coming Transformation of Shareholder Value' (2005) 9842:"Government fail to overturn Poundland work scheme ruling" 9554:"Protecting and promoting human rights at home and abroad" 9418:"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 21 Oct 1998 (pt 43)" 7702:

The bill was based on the 2019 report by the conservative

7683:

said the bill "threatens protest". Broadcaster and writer

7379:

A and Others v. Secretary of State for the Home Department

7162:

While protection of human rights is generally robust, the

6060:

section 137 makes it an offence to obstruct a highway, in

4222:

to have unjustifiably violated the right to privacy under

16739:"Rushed borders bill will fail victims of modern slavery" 12719:

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992

12345:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966

12120:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966

11696: 11592:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966

9941:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966

9393:"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 3 Jun 1998 (pt 40)" 9368:"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 3 Jun 1998 (pt 33)" 9235: 9233: 9083: 9081: 9079: 8785: 8783: 7986: 7327: 6513:

Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003

6509:

Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003

6421: 6142:

expression of the protesters must be taken into account.

5613:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966

5181:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966

5080:

Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003

4800: 4512:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966

3859:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966

3428:

The Liberal Democrats supported the bill, as did several

3179:, the acceptance was timed to fall outside the six-month 2558: 2434: 17481:

Amnesty International UK trafficking/forced prostitution

17402:. Blackstone's Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 15769:

editor, Patrick Butler Social policy (20 October 2015).

12821:, which allowed police to disperse meetings lapsed. The 11080:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 2000

9051: 9049: 9047: 8906: 8882: 8834: 8717: 7388:

in 32 days, the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 in 17.

7157: 7144:

Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings

6314:

benefits. There is no positive right to healthcare. The

3569:

announced plans to replace the Human Rights Act with a "

3199:

of the Convention into national law was made in 1968 by

692:

Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions

13717: 12891:

EWHC 2543, injunctions against animal rights activists.

10455:

Kuddus v Chief Constable of Leicestershire Constabulary

9435: 9348: 8824: 8822: 8758: 8756: 8612:"The Return of Thoughtcrime | by Robert Skidelsky" 8487: 8126:

is an influential pressure group which aims to protect

7921:

Granting the police blanket immunity from prosecution (

7822: 7448:

Part 4 did not create new detention powers – under the

6118:

base intending to damage military equipment during the

4988:

requiring holders of civic office to be members of the

2978:

in 1949 as a means of guarding against the rise of new

15903: 15736:

Home Secretary signs vital anti-trafficking convention

15252:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 14960:"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" 14750:"United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child" 14480:"Annex: Human rights laws and standards in healthcare" 11372:"Law ending exclusively male royal succession now law" 9230: 9076: 8795: 8780: 8768: 7220:

concluded; "This included examination and analysis of

4852:(e.g. search and browsing history, email, locations), 3745:

can be forced to work whilst serving their sentences.

3365:

On 18 December 1996, the shadow Labour Home Secretary

3251:

but it did not make any progress in the Commons where

3002:

amongst its members) had produced a draft convention.

2951: 17240:

Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales

16814:

Sinclair, Alexandra; Shakil, Saba (10 January 2022).

14438:"CEDAW Committee's Concluding Observations to the UK" 13458: 12797:(2018) chs 18, 501, where human rights are at stake, 10947:

Investigatory Powers Tribunal, Report 2010 (2011) 28.

9918:

Objections to Barclay's Draft Articles of 16 February

9105: 9044: 8978: 8954: 8942: 8918: 8705: 8045:(NIHRC, www.nihrc.org) was set up in 1999, under the 7577:". The final report was published on 3 October 2017. 7559:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

7308:

As of January 2016, the case remains before the EUCHR

7109:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

6617:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

4142:

of another person who is in the act of committing an

2990:, an organisation whose cause had been championed by 2589:, from membership of the Council of Europe, and from 682:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

14812:"The United Kingdom and the European Social Charter" 13065:"Same-sex marriage becomes law in England and Wales" 12256:

EWCA Civ 432, and Defamation Act 1996 Sch 1, part 1.

11910:

R (News Media Association) v Press Recognition Panel

8930: 8894: 8870: 8846: 8819: 8753: 8741: 8729: 8313:"Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change" 7533:

girl and forced her into prostitution. According to

7318:, such as in the 1989 murder of human rights lawyer 7208:. In Northern Ireland, the government curtailed the 6837:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

6742:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

5577: 4811:

The world's biggest tech corporations, particularly

3684:

There is also an obligation on the state to prevent

2852:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

18629: 17398:; Prochaska, Elizabeth; Brown, Christopher (2011). 16967:"How Lush Is Taking A Stand Against Modern Slavery" 16917:"How Lush Is Taking A Stand Against Modern Slavery" 13995: 13993: 13991: 13989: 13987: 13985: 13939:"Complete list of the Council of Europe's treaties" 13754:

C‑617/10 , paras. 20-21 (26 February 2013).

12684:

AC 587, holding there was no right to stop traffic.

12098:Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 s 1, inserted 9993:, para 67, the UK spent 2.5% of GDP on police, the 8037:, in both cases sharing one (United Kingdom) vote. 7803:labelled the proposals as "inhumane and farcical". 7750: 7212:of all those, disproportionately from the Catholic 7096:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

6674:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

6653:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

6526:Much of this legislation was consolidated into the 6308:

Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992

6152:Insults did not include anti-apartheid protests at 4953: 4390:, the onus is on the prosecution as established in 4318:if justice requires it, according to principles of 3349:by allowing courts to disapply future and existing 2803:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

17286: 16756: 16375: 16203: 16201: 16199: 15045:"Application of the Charter in the United Kingdom" 14744: 14740: 14738: 14736: 13843: 13831: 13793: 13703:N. S. v Secretary of State for the Home Department 13545: 12624:Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 12305:Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No. 2) 11526:(1670) 6 St Tr 951, prosecuting Quakers under the 11487:Sepet v Secretary of State for the Home Department 6325: 671:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies 17049: 15128: 15039: 14806: 13651:House of Lords Select Committee on European Union 12732:Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law 12403:, could expel a member of the fascist group, the 11727:, where 80% of votes on shares are controlled by 9447: 9093: 6534:new powers to make recommendations to employers. 5148: 4364:allows an individual to request confidential and 3692:by providing relief to persons who may otherwise 3234:In 1976, a draft Bill of Rights was moved in the 2743:reasserted the values of the Magna Carta against 1262:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom 19389: 17198:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 17189: 14462: 14267: 14102: 14100: 14098: 14059: 13982: 13896: 13884: 13858: 13530: 13518: 13506: 13454: 13452: 13396: 13384: 13372: 13360: 13345: 13333: 13321: 13309: 13285: 13273: 13261: 13249: 13237: 13225: 13213: 13172: 13160: 13148: 13103: 13091: 13051: 13039: 13027: 12962:R (Laporte) v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire 11553:(1834) 172 ER 1380 on the transportation of the 11473: 11461: 11449: 11437: 11425: 11413: 11398: 11344: 10804: 10764: 10752: 10740: 10728: 10716: 10704: 10692: 10680: 10668: 10656: 10644: 10632: 10620: 10596: 10584: 10572: 10500:Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 9828: 9816: 9804: 9761: 9749: 9737: 9725: 9713: 9701: 9674: 9540: 9303:"Lords Hansard text for 18 Nov 1997 (171118-15)" 9278:"Lords Hansard text for 29 Jan 1998 (180129-27)" 9209: 9154: 9123: 9070: 9011: 8972: 8699: 8684: 7353:, a response to a perceived increased threat of 6767:in accordance with the principle established in 5338:, it was established that a jury could acquit a 4229:By contrast, before being formally arrested, in 3681:requires the storage of embryos to be licensed. 2825:drove reform for labour and democratic freedom. 2716:It implicitly supported what became the writ of 17462:Guardian Special Report: Human Rights in the UK 16196: 16055:Dodd, Vikram; Grierson, Jamie (28 March 2021). 15943:"UK Failing Domestic Abuse Victims in Pandemic" 15366: 14733: 14428: 14426: 13459:Richardson, Amy; Hoar, Cathy (8 October 2010). 13429: 13427: 12649:R v University of Liverpool, ex p Caesar-Gordon 12473:Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow & Co 12467:Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch 9253:"Lords Hansard text for 3 Nov 1997 (171103-03)" 8153:"The UK and the European Court of Human Rights" 7440:was passed. Part 4 of the Act provided for the 6775:International human rights treaties and the UK 6572:who are resident in the UK. Nationals of other 6294:, and the right to housing is enshrined in the 5684:R v University of Liverpool, ex p Caesar-Gordon 4214:A common law power to enter premises to stop a 3362:and failed in the Commons due to lack of time. 3021:of 10 December 1948, as well as establishing a 16813: 16575:"Child trafficking in the UK 2021: a snapshot" 15684:. 28 November 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 15360: 14802: 14800: 14141: 12488:Redmond-Bate v Director of Public Prosecutions 9325: 9323: 8335: 8333: 8031:International Co-ordinating Committee of NHRIs 7863:Parents' rights to exempt their children from 6699:Other rights are conferred on UK nationals as 6683:The United Kingdom sought to obtain a partial 6442: 6098:when the owners of a private shopping mall in 5962:European Convention on Human Rights article 11 3452:rebelled against the party line, most notably 3325:– began to change in favour of incorporation. 2974:providing the impetus for the creation of the 2778:During the 18th century, the landmark case of 687:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 19067: 17516: 17367: 17037: 16353:"UK seeking offshore asylum centres: Reports" 14095: 13933: 13449: 12874:R v Horseferry Road Magistrate, ex p Siadatan 8549:"UK to appoint first human rights ambassador" 8392: 8110:is a non-profit organisation based in London; 8020: 7652:Association of Police and Crime Commissioners 7644:Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 6183:R (Laporte) v Gloucestershire Chief Constable 5884:R (Laporte) v Gloucestershire Chief Constable 5848:R v Horseferry Road Magistrate, ex p Siadatan 5563: 5134: 4911:, Related to this, the Supreme Court held in 4462: 4109:Chief constables can grant limited powers to 4091:European Convention on Human Rights article 5 3809: 3714:Slavery was abolished throughout much of the 3393: 3190: 3023:European Court and Commission of Human Rights 2535: 17322: 16054: 15544:". 1 April 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2014. 14423: 14106: 13491: 13424: 13297: 13187: 13133:Gillick v West Norfolk Area Health Authority 13118: 12979:R (Hicks) v Metropolitan Police Commissioner 12813:s 1, with up to 10 years prison. The famous 11804:(4) the Guardian and the Observer, owned by 11766:Jonathan Harmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere 11183:Disinformation and 'fake news': Final Report 11047:Disinformation and 'fake news': Final Report 10608: 10490:UKHL 53, no need to changes 78 for the ECHR. 9686: 9647:Van Colle v Chief Constable of Hertfordshire 7965:for publishing an article on the effects of 7541:, the UK government has recently signed the 7216:minority (as the UK government commissioned 6584:. The right to vote includes the right to a 6270:Gillick v West Norfolk Area Health Authority 5910:R (Hicks) v Metropolitan Police Commissioner 4616:Rugby Football Union v Consolidated Info Ltd 4476: 3823: 3752:considered the forced labour prohibition in 3358:, the bill did not receive support from the 3155:and various non-governmental organisations. 2932:announced plans to broaden the scope of the 2770:(1632–1704), one of the most influential of 2093:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 2020:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1989:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 17530: 17348:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 15887:"UN Treaty Body Database – CRPD/C/GBR/CO/1" 14797: 12761:Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 11302:Associated Newspapers Ltd v Prince of Wales 11215:ECHR 1581, limits to retain DNA information 10033:s 2, and s 3 requires details are recorded. 9320: 8330: 7801:Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants 7438:Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 7375:Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 6397: 6049:required no notification because under the 5521: 5015:were allowed to enter Parliament under the 4769:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 4572:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 4071:(the right to one's own body) to everyone. 3679:Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 697:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions 19081: 19074: 19060: 17523: 17509: 16461: 15696:"Protect victims of trafficking in the UK" 14979: 13908: 12338:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 12276:Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd 10085:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 9934:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 8097:is a human rights NGO in Northern Ireland. 8095:Committee on the Administration of Justice 8041:The first such body to be created was the 8010:Jobseekers (Back to Work Schemes) Act 2013 6521:Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 6420:and by the principle that there can be no 6139:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 5813:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 5587:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 5570: 5556: 5312:Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd 5158:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 5141: 5127: 4486:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 4469: 4455: 3833:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 3816: 3802: 3146:Secretary General of the Council of Europe 2842:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 2720:, safeguarding individual freedom against 2634: 2542: 2528: 1640:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties 1578:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales 17452:European Court of Human Rights Judgements 16238: 16207: 15904:Damien Gayle; Ian Cobain (19 July 2018). 14179:Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education 14116:Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 12916:Hammond v Director of Public Prosecutions 12104:Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 11030:Privacy International v Foreign Secretary 10884:See AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, 10829: 10827: 10185:Hill v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire 9575:David Cameron: Scrap the Human Rights Act 8649:"The Police Are Psychics Now, Apparently" 8609: 7294:had been taken at UK cabinet level – the 6971:United Nations Convention Against Torture 5068:Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 4972:Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom 3580: 3075:in domestic law until the passing of the 2928:and internationally. In January 2023 the 1016:European Parliament elections (1979–2019) 17292:Constitutional Law of the European Union 17167: 17057:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 406. 16993:"For survivors of modern day slavery..." 16943:"For survivors of modern day slavery..." 16467: 16145: 16084:"Policing bill threatens protest rights" 15398: 14956:International Committee of the Red Cross 13566:222/84 , para. 18 (15 May 1986). 13412:. The Equal Rights Trust. 1 October 2010 13410:"Equality Act 2010 commences in Britain" 12502:Verrall v Great Yarmouth Borough Council 12211:Chatterton v Secretary of State of India 12002:, Lord Reid and Lord Diplock dissenting. 11905:Independent Press Standards Organisation 11703:, a public corporation set up under the 11317:Ahmad v Inner London Education Authority 11041: 11039: 9556:. The Scottish Government. 6 August 2015 8774: 8213:"The Legal System of the United Kingdom" 8043:Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission 6649:General principles of European Union law 6005: 5991:, such as the neo-Nazi white hate group 5601:European Convention on Human Rights 1950 5385: 5169:European Convention on Human Rights 1950 5091:National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939 4806: 4735: 4500:European Convention on Human Rights 1950 4257:. c. 29), and children in the care of a 4104: 3847:European Convention on Human Rights 1950 3499: 3402:in May 1997 led to the publication of a 17344: 17256: 17234: 17055:The European Convention on Human Rights 16623: 16023: 15531:". M&F. Retrieved 27 November 2014. 15517:– via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk. 15357:Stevens Enquiry 3, 17 April 2003, p. 11 13763: 13591: 13582:5/88 , para. 19 (13 July 1989). 12407:, because it was committed to equality. 11705:Department for Culture, Media and Sport 11530:(offence to not attend church) and the 11279:R (Ingenious Media Holdings plc) v HMRC 9239: 9111: 9087: 9055: 8801: 8789: 8711: 7867:in schools (Campbell and Cosans, 1982); 7517:Human trafficking in the United Kingdom 5431:House of Commons committee on fake news 4913:R(L) v Metropolitan Police Commissioner 4865:General Data Protection Regulation 2016 4314:, with a presumption of innocence, and 3005:Chaired by Maxwell Fyfe and the former 2730:first representative English parliament 19390: 17308: 16488:"Nationality and Borders Bill, Stages" 16171: 15768: 15745:, 23 March 2007, accessed 25 July 2007 15682:"Baltic girls forced into sex slavery" 15446:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 15338: 14005:"Monitoring and promoting UN treaties" 12013:Criminal Justice and Coroners Act 2009 11935:R v Central Independent Television plc 10824: 10042:Home Office Code A, para 2.2B(b). The 9603:"Cameron 'will fix human rights mess'" 8984: 8960: 8948: 8924: 8628: 7998:work for private companies without pay 7961:Granting of an injunction against the 7648:Police Federation of England and Wales 7477:Special Immigration Appeals Commission 7296:Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade 6668:requires that any action taken by its 6550:Representation of the People Acts 1983 6453:United Kingdom employment equality law 6043:Kay v Metropolitan Police Commissioner 5719:Kay v Metropolitan Police Commissioner 5356:First Amendment to the US Constitution 4674:Assoc Newspapers Ltd v Prince of Wales 4333:These are often known as the rules of 3432:including Lord Bingham, Lord Scarman, 2063:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 19055: 18628: 17504: 17416: 17212: 17077: 16743:Independent Anti Slavery Commissioner 16506:Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner 16468:Siddique, Haroon (17 November 2021). 16373: 16328: 16284:from the original on 10 December 2020 16269: 16112: 15922: 15319: 15217: 12984:Constitutional and Administrative Law 12795:Constitutional and Administrative Law 12608:Representation of the People Act 1983 12322:Constitutional and Administrative Law 12320:AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, 11847:Constitutional and Administrative Law 11225:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 11036: 10886:Constitutional and Administrative Law 9974:Constitutional and Administrative Law 9972:AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, 9662: 8936: 8912: 8900: 8888: 8876: 8852: 8840: 8828: 8762: 8747: 8735: 8723: 8665: 8610:Skidelsky, Robert (17 January 2023). 8369:. The British Library. Archived from 8343:. The British Library. Archived from 8310: 8266:. The British Library. Archived from 7896:obtained under coercion as evidence ( 7786:Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner 7548: 7158:Human rights violations and criticism 7015:Convention on the Rights of the Child 6638: 6633:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 6431:In civil cases, a judge may grant an 6392:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 5672:Representation of the People Act 1983 5551: 5372:Universal Declaration on Human Rights 5122: 4628:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 4450: 4358:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 4208:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 4126:Because of the widespread problem of 4120:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 4100:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 3906:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 3797: 3019:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2622:Civil liberties in the United Kingdom 2408:United Kingdom and the United Nations 2053:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 17275: 17148: 16866: 16431: 16263: 14001:Equality and Human Rights Commission 12374:ECHR 552, where an employee for the 12205:Prebble v Television New Zealand Ltd 12159:Derbyshire CC v Times Newspapers Ltd 9453: 9441: 9354: 9099: 8058:Equality and Human Rights Commission 7936:without any attempt to arrest them ( 7823:European Court of Human Rights cases 7621: 7510: 7482:Court of Appeal of England and Wales 7174:, the unemployed, and the disabled. 6727: 6711:. To these rights can be added the " 6582:elections to the European Parliament 6519:in employment was prohibited by the 6235:Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 5076:Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 4901:National Domestic Extremism Database 4413:Courts have jurisdiction to prevent 3283:Institute for Public Policy Research 3255:'s unsuccessful attempt to secure a 3082: 2128:British National (Overseas) passport 2073:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute 2035:British Overseas Territories citizen 1529:2011 referendum on law-making powers 1425:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly 19403:Public policy in the United Kingdom 17490:United Nations Human Rights Council 17328:Constitutional Law and Human Rights 17242:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 15827:"Briefing on How Cuts Are Targeted" 15405:Internment – Summary of Main Events 14596:"The UN Convention Against Torture" 12217:Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 12106:s 74, Sch 16. College of Policing, 12049:Incitement to Disaffection Act 1934 10333:ss 9-14 and Sch 1, paras 4-12. See 10243:Cullen v Chief Constable of the RUC 9583: 8118:International Commission of Jurists 7976:novel (Sunday Times (no. 2), 1991); 7458:European Convention on Human Rights 7442:indefinite detention without charge 7177: 6824:European Convention on Human Rights 6574:Member States of the European Union 6537: 6168:Protection from Harassment Act 1997 5860:Protection from Harassment Act 1997 4937:to publish private journals of the 4714:European Convention on Human Rights 3750:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 3699: 3289:, both past and present, including 2958:European Convention on Human Rights 2952:European Convention on Human Rights 2926:United Nations Human Rights Council 2865:, enabling people to appeal to the 2863:European Convention on Human Rights 2739:During the early 17th century, the 2698:European Convention on Human Rights 2606:European Convention on Human Rights 1122:Northern Ireland Assembly elections 179:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 13: 19398:Human rights in the United Kingdom 17098:"Court challenges UK work schemes" 16717:West Midlands Anti Slavery Network 16308:"Nationality and Borders Act 2022" 16127:from the original on 22 March 2021 16094:from the original on 17 March 2021 16036:from the original on 23 March 2021 15460: 13749:Åklagaren v Hans Åkerberg Fransson 12247:Tsikata v Newspaper Publishing plc 12085:ss 17-27, first introduced in the 11711:, owned by asset managers such as 11638:(1873) 8 QBD 118 (Hyde Park), and 11291:, per Lord Nicholls, and UKHL 61 10767:, para. 11.262, 11.270 and 11.272. 9568: 8290:"Origins and growth of Parliament" 8049:which implemented elements of the 8027:national human rights institutions 7633: 7267:, stress postures, subjection to " 6505:Disability Discrimination Act 1995 6437:intellectual property infringement 5940:are central to the functioning of 4919:A planned NHS patients' database, 4883:is defective. However, during the 4604:General Data Protection Regulation 4269:abroad. The courts have powers to 4067:was passed, extending the writ of 3203:who published a pamphlet entitled 3136:or to political survival than the 2557:concern the fundamental rights in 2555:Human rights in the United Kingdom 14: 19414: 17429: 17261:. Abingdon: Routledge-Cavendish. 16769:from the original on 18 June 2022 16388:from the original on 18 June 2022 16333:. The Evening Standard. p. 1 16251:from the original on 17 June 2022 16220:from the original on 15 June 2022 16184:from the original on 15 June 2022 16024:Dearden, Lizzie (16 March 2021). 16005:from the original on 9 March 2021 15863:. 19 October 2015. Archived from 13399:, paras. 17.81, 17.92 and 17.104. 8502:(2008) C-402/05 (for the EU) and 7930:Provisional Irish Republican Army 7745:South East Counter Terrorism Unit 7605: 7585:In July 2018, a committee of the 7286:broadcast a documentary entitled 7194:Provisional Irish Republican Army 5027:to remove the exclusion from the 4797:Investigatory Powers Commissioner 4762:Investigatory Powers Commissioner 4751:these powers have steadily grown. 4718:necessary in a democratic society 1307:Greater London Authority Act 1999 17259:Civil Liberties and Human Rights 17108: 17090: 17086:– via www.theguardian.com. 17078:Malik, Shiv (12 February 2013). 17071: 17043: 17009: 16985: 16959: 16935: 16909: 16883: 16860: 16833: 16807: 16781: 16749: 16731: 16705: 16680: 16659: 16641: 16617: 16592: 16567: 16546: 16520: 16494: 16480: 16425: 16400: 16367: 16345: 16322: 16300: 16239:Bychawski, Adam (16 June 2022). 16232: 16208:Bychawski, Adam (15 June 2022). 16165: 16146:Blunkett, David (2 April 2021). 16139: 16106: 16076: 16048: 16017: 15987: 15961: 15935: 15916: 15897: 15879: 15849: 15819: 15801: 15777:– via www.theguardian.com. 15762: 15748: 15728: 15710: 15688: 15674: 15648: 15619: 15590: 15560: 15547: 15534: 15521: 15503: 15498:https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{ 15491: 15473: 15454: 15414: 15409:Conflict Archive on the Internet 15372:Parliament of the United Kingdom 15351: 15347:– via www.theguardian.com. 15332: 15328:– via www.theguardian.com. 15313: 15287: 15269: 15244: 15211: 15181: 15151: 15122: 15092: 15062: 15033: 15003: 14973: 14948: 14918: 14888: 14858: 14828: 14767: 14703: 14673: 14643: 14613: 14584: 14554: 14524: 14494: 14468: 14434:Scottish Human Rights Commission 14393: 14363: 14333: 14303: 14273: 14226: 14196: 14171: 14065: 14023: 13952: 13927: 13902: 13864: 13844:Lenaerts & Van Nuffel (2005) 13832:Lenaerts & Van Nuffel (2005) 13799: 13794:Lenaerts & Van Nuffel (2005) 13757: 13741: 13711: 13695: 13669: 13643: 13618: 13585: 13569: 13551: 13546:Lenaerts & Van Nuffel (2005) 13402: 13193: 13124: 13057: 13004: 12989: 12971: 12954: 12945: 12922: 12908: 12894: 12880: 12866: 12852: 12840: 12828: 12804: 12780: 12766: 12753: 12737: 12724: 12712: 12701: 12695:Middlebrook Mushrooms Ltd v TGWU 12687: 12671: 12659: 12641: 12629: 12601: 12585: 12573: 12561: 12543: 12532: 12517: 12508: 12494: 12479: 12458: 12446: 12422: 12410: 12383: 12363: 12354: 12331: 12314: 12296: 12282: 12268: 12259: 12233: 12197: 12179: 12165: 12144: 12132: 12113: 12092: 12076: 12067: 12054: 12042: 12005: 11980: 11956: 11941: 11916: 11891: 11871: 11835: 11770:Daily Mail and General Trust plc 11746: 11689: 11660: 11647: 11620: 11599: 11584: 11564: 11541: 11509: 11495: 11479: 11364: 11361:, (1767) 3 Bro Parl Cas 465. 11350: 11308: 11294: 11271: 11257: 11241: 11230: 11218: 11204: 11192: 11175: 11164: 11150: 11138: 11124: 11111: 11099: 11087: 11072: 11055: 11022: 11010: 10998: 10986: 10974: 10964: 10950: 10941: 10929: 10917: 10895: 10878: 10861: 10852: 10841: 10810: 10770: 10546: 10532: 10517: 10505: 10493: 10463: 10439: 10425: 10413: 10386: 10374: 10360: 10355:The Struggle for Civil Liberties 10342: 10324: 10307: 10289: 10275: 10261: 10249: 10221: 10209: 10197: 10173: 10159: 10140: 10120: 10108: 10094: 10078: 10061: 10036: 10024: 10012: 10000: 9979: 9966: 9957: 9948: 9927: 9906: 9877: 9862: 9834: 9781: 8629:Morell, Anna (18 January 2023). 8198:"A Guide to the UK Legal System" 8101:The Convention on Modern Liberty 8069:Scottish Human Rights Commission 8008:, leading to the passing of the 7757:Nationality and Borders Act 2022 7751:2022 Nationality and Borders act 7563:Department for Work and Pensions 7493:Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 7398:On 2 February 2005 Parliament's 7351:Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 7340: 7188:During the 1970s and 1980s, the 7049:Revised European Social Charter 6316:National Health Service Act 1977 5765:Middlebrook Mushrooms Ltd v TGWU 5578:Association and assembly sources 5021:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 4954:Thought, conscience and religion 3758:Department for Work and Pensions 3657:is a criminal offence under the 3113:would come under scrutiny by an 2861:In 1950, the UK co-authored the 2497: 2484: 2466: 2451: 522: 424: 394: 362: 236: 206: 135: 110: 37: 18631:Countries of the United Kingdom 17731:Countries of the United Kingdom 17294:. London: Sweet & Maxwell. 15923:Gayle, Damien (7 August 2018). 15368:Joint Committee on Human Rights 15339:Butler, Patrick (6 July 2014). 14592:Joint Committee on Human Rights 14476:Joint Committee on Human Rights 12610:ss 95-96, and case law such as 12582:, 2 AC 240, a 3 to 2 decision. 12351:art 8, both ratified by the UK. 12253:Curistan v Times Newspapers Ltd 12173:Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd 12108:Hate Crime Operational Guidance 11897:This is detailed by the Ofcom, 10868:Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 10835:PJS v News Group Newspapers Ltd 9767: 9639: 9613: 9595: 9590:Hijacker ruling draws criticism 9546: 9410: 9385: 9360: 9295: 9270: 9245: 9160: 8666:McGee, Luke (17 January 2023). 8659: 8641: 8622: 8603: 8585: 8567: 8541: 8529: 8511: 8480: 8463: 8435: 8416: 8407: 8398: 8311:Blick, Andrew (13 March 2015). 8108:Islamic Human Rights Commission 8051:Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement 8000:, under threat of having their 7598:, the former Brexit secretary, 7529:who 'trafficked' a 16-year-old 7400:Joint Committee on Human Rights 7247:lodged a complaint against the 6619:deals with the registration of 6544:Elections in the United Kingdom 6326:Torture and degrading treatment 5944:because they are the basis for 5458:Director of Public Prosecutions 5287:Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd 5042:, the Church of England is the 5003:Both Acts were repealed by the 4686:PJS v News Group Newspapers Ltd 3378:. On 5 March 1997 a Labour and 3205:Democracy and Individual Rights 3142:Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair 3032: 2982:and to provide the citizens of 2413:United Nations Security Council 93:Other constitutional principles 17726:Counties of the United Kingdom 16329:Davis, Barney (28 June 2021). 16172:Horton, Helen (15 June 2022). 16113:Malik, Kenan (14 March 2021). 14463:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 14268:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 14060:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13897:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13885:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13859:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13531:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13519:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13507:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13461:"The new Equality Act and you" 13397:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13385:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13373:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13361:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13346:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13334:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13322:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13310:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13286:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13274:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13262:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13250:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13238:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13226:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13214:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13173:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13161:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13149:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13104:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13092:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13052:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13040:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 13028:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 12485:(1882) 9 QBD 308, approved in 12397:European Court of Human Rights 12324:(2018) ch 18 and E McGaughey, 12156:1 All ER 1097 (trade unions), 11571:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 11503:R v Home Secretary, ex p Simms 11474:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 11462:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 11450:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 11438:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 11426:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 11414:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 11399:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 11345:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10805:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10778:"The law of 'double jeopardy'" 10765:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10753:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10741:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10729:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10717:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10705:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10693:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10681:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10669:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10657:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10645:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10633:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10621:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10597:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10585:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10573:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 10151:Constables Protection Act 1750 9829:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9817:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9805:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9762:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9750:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9738:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9726:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9714:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9702:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9675:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9541:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9210:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9155:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9124:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9071:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 9012:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 8973:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 8700:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 8685:Clayton & Tomlinson (2009) 8505:Re Wünsche Handelsgesellschaft 8385: 8359: 8304: 8282: 8256: 8244: 8177: 8145: 7849:Different ages of consent for 7580: 7326:, allegedly in collusion with 7253:European Court of Human Rights 6738:International human rights law 6707:and the right to apply to the 6701:citizens of the European Union 6362:corporal punishment in schools 6300:National Minimum Wage Act 1998 6284:Adoption and Children Act 2002 5979:successfully claimed that the 5072:incitement to religious hatred 5005:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 3599:signalled by the Convention... 3536:declaration of incompatibility 3195:The first public call for the 3089:European Court of Human Rights 2867:European Court of Human Rights 2792:US Declaration of Independence 2759:in England and Wales, and the 1949:British Indian Ocean Territory 1494:Act of the Scottish Parliament 1292:English votes for English laws 1272:Council of Nations and Regions 31:Politics of the United Kingdom 1: 17457:Amnesty International UK site 17377:Human Rights Law and Practice 17141: 15542:Cory Collusion Inquiry Report 13435:"Equality Act 2010: guidance" 12888:Oxford University v Broughton 12290:Sunday Times v United Kingdom 11964:Obscene Publications Act 1857 11907:operates for newspapers, see 11866:13(1) Corporate Governance 11 11632:HRLR 249 (Speakers' Corner), 10981:Investigatory Powers Act 2016 10526:R v MPC ex p Blackburn (No 3) 9775:R v Inhabitants of Eastbourne 9168:"Smith backs reform of state" 8486:This is qualified, as in the 8033:, and all participate in the 7842:Refusal to legally recognise 7679:policing. The advocacy group 7421: 6666:primacy of European Union law 6352:committed in private between 6205:Marriage in England and Wales 5454:Obscene Publications Act 1959 5299:Sunday Times v United Kingdom 5234:Obscene Publications Act 1959 5149:Freedom of expression sources 5100: 5058:. The common law offences of 4785:Investigatory Powers Act 2016 4749:Investigatory Powers Act 2016 4595:Investigatory Powers Act 2016 4310:of the Convention requires a 4284: 3242:and in 1978 a House of Lords 2068:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute 1499:Scottish statutory instrument 1074:Scottish Parliament elections 560:Justices of the Supreme Court 18498:Universal basic income (UBI) 17173:The New British Constitution 16845:Human Trafficking Foundation 16674:Human Trafficking Foundation 16270:Kelly, Kevin (14 May 2006). 15320:Malik, Shiv (11 June 2013). 13875:, 2 AC 418, p. 500. 13592:Hickman, Tom (Autumn 2010). 11695:In 2019, these were (1) the 11674:(2) Facebook, controlled by 11613:was established in 1815 and 10873:Scrap Metal Dealers Act 2013 10147:Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 9987:Policing in the 21st Century 9792:, (1706) 2 Ld Raym 1274. 7761:British overseas territories 7454:Home Secretary has the power 7393:Civil Contingencies Act 2004 6664:. As such, the principle of 6385:cruel and unusual punishment 6213:Marriage in Northern Ireland 5948:organisation and discourse. 5463:Criminal Prosecution Service 4839:creates minimal data rights. 4741:Government Communications HQ 4337:and comprise the principles 4251:National Assistance Act 1948 4081:, that people who sacrifice 3916:Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 3585:Both the common law and the 3487:abolishing the death penalty 3217:National Executive Committee 2333:politics of Northern Ireland 1535:Government of Wales Act 1998 667:UK Parliament constituencies 7: 18503:Water supply and sanitation 18202:Weapons of mass destruction 18187:His Majesty's Naval Service 17290:; Van Nuffel, Piet (2005). 17038:Pannick & Lester (2004) 16891:"Joint letter: #ScrapPart5" 16374:Stone, Jon (28 June 2021). 14107:Seibert-Fohr, Anja (2001). 12819:Seditious Meetings Act 1817 12619:Webster v Southwark Council 12265:Defamation Act 2013 ss 9-13 11925:R (Pro-Life Alliance) v BBC 10695:, paras. 11.215 and 11.217. 10659:, paras. 11.142 and 11.181. 10599:, paras. 10.143 and 10.146. 10540:Hill v CC of West Yorkshire 10072:(1879) 2 Adam 255, per the 8393:Pannick & Lester (2004) 8075: 6471:Sex Discrimination Act 1975 6449:Freedom from discrimination 6443:Freedom from discrimination 6268:must take second place. In 6251:Gender Recognition Act 2004 6247:Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 6198: 5203:R (Pro-Life Alliance) v BBC 4723:The law of trespass, as in 4063:, before full abolition of 3409:The bill was introduced by 2569:, human rights derive from 1943:British Antarctic Territory 1267:Legislative consent motions 409:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 10: 19419: 18598:Stereotypes of the British 16355:. Al-Jazeera. 28 June 2021 15555:The Murder of Pat Finucane 13594:"The EU Charter of Rights" 13492:Lester & Oliver (1997) 13298:Lester & Oliver (1997) 13188:Lester & Oliver (1997) 13119:Lester & Oliver (1997) 12823:Riot Compensation Act 2016 12241:Webb v Times Publishing Co 12162:AC 534 (local government). 10609:Lester & Oliver (1997) 10587:, paras. 10.95 and 10.122. 9889:(1772) 98 ER 499, and now 9687:Lester & Oliver (1997) 9422:publications.parliament.uk 9397:publications.parliament.uk 9372:publications.parliament.uk 9307:publications.parliament.uk 9282:publications.parliament.uk 9257:publications.parliament.uk 8021:Human rights organisations 7514: 7425: 7181: 6731: 6642: 6576:have the right to vote in 6541: 6479:Employment Rights Act 1996 6446: 6418:intellectual property laws 6401: 6329: 6229:introduced the concept of 6227:Civil Partnership Act 2004 6202: 5525: 5104: 4957: 4424: 4420: 4372:and the privilege against 4362:Access to Justice Act 1999 4288: 4111:community support officers 3779: 3775: 3756:, where it ruled that the 3720:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 3703: 3615: 3503: 3394:Passage through Parliament 3343:New Zealand Bill of Rights 3191:Campaign for incorporation 3177:a House of Lords' decision 3138:Commission of Human Rights 2955: 2915:social and economic rights 2732:in 1265, the emergence of 2709:for people, and preserved 2692:is recent, but before the 2615: 2611: 2608:into domestic litigation. 2565:. An integral part of the 2383:UK–EU withdrawal agreement 19347: 19089: 19013: 18914: 18815: 18763:First Minister and deputy 18728: 18641: 18637: 18624: 18620: 18521: 18361: 18352: 18310: 18227: 18218: 18177: 18118: 17987: 17983: 17974: 17836: 17764: 17716: 17712: 17703: 17636: 17548: 17539: 17494:Universal Periodic Review 17400:The Human Rights Act 1998 15831:Centre for Welfare Reform 13655:"Tenth Report; Chapter 5" 13521:, paras. 20.12 and 20.13. 13387:, paras. 17.44 and 17.65. 13288:, paras. 18.01 and 18.04. 12817:is now repealed, and the 12636:Education (No 2) Act 1986 12622:QB 698. But contrast the 8047:Northern Ireland Act 1998 7673:Greater Manchester Police 7434:11 September 2001 attacks 6953:Acceded 17 December 2004 6872:Signed 16 September 1963 6689:European Court of Justice 6660:form an integral part of 6501:disability discrimination 6485:was brought in under the 6373:Criminal Justice Act 1988 6100:Washington, Tyne and Wear 5919: 5905: 5893: 5879: 5867: 5857: 5843: 5831: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5787: 5773: 5761: 5749: 5739: 5727: 5715: 5705: 5693: 5679: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5597: 5583: 5446:Video Recordings Act 1984 5321: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5273: 5263: 5253: 5241: 5231: 5224:Video Recordings Act 1984 5221: 5211: 5199: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5154: 5087:Military Service Act 1916 4694: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4635: 4625: 4611: 4601: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4508: 4496: 4482: 4408:Criminal Justice Act 2003 4037: 4025: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3935: 3923: 3913: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3829: 3768:work in return for their 3534:allows a court to make a 3356:Parliamentary sovereignty 2917:through its legislation. 2678: 2668: 2658: 2648: 2633: 2628: 2604:, which incorporated the 2458:United Kingdom portal 2348:Northern Ireland Protocol 1687:Non-metropolitan District 1376:Northern Ireland Act 1998 626:Monetary Policy Committee 78:Parliamentary sovereignty 18391:Environmental inequality 17330:. London: Butterworths. 15139:. paras. 14-15 and 21-23 12998:DB v PSI Chief Constable 12748:Criminal Damage Act 1971 12326:A Casebook on Labour Law 12153:EETPU v Times Newspapers 12000:Sexual Offences Act 1967 11723:(4) Channel 5, owned by 11119:Consumer Rights Act 2015 10044:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 9985:Home Affairs Committee, 9789:Smith v Brown and Cooper 9778:, (1803) 4 East 103. 9665:, pp. 239–240, 271. 8469:Turning points were the 8139: 7409:In 2015, Home Secretary 7402:also suggested that the 6881:Second Optional Protocol 6426:compulsory purchase laws 6398:Enjoyment of possessions 6241:. The right to obtain a 5522:Association and assembly 5467:Digital Economy Act 2017 4909:Police National Computer 4477:Right to privacy sources 4406:rule was limited by the 4384:presumption of innocence 4211:is an order of a judge. 3824:Right to liberty sources 3640:Fatal Accidents Act 1976 2936:, which would allow the 2828:Upon the catastrophe of 2761:Claim of Rights Act 1689 2026:Turks and Caicos Islands 1297:Greater London Authority 447:Leader of the Opposition 152:William, Prince of Wales 21:This article is part of 19083:Human rights in Europe 17361:10.1093/iclqaj/42.4.796 17326:; Oliver, Dawn (1997). 17257:Fenwick, Helen (2007). 17196:The Law of Human Rights 16277:New York Times Magazine 15891:UN Treaty Body Database 15225:. p. 12. Archived from 15218:Bawso (November 2012). 14128:10.1163/187574101X00123 13719:Doughty Street Chambers 13252:, paras. 8.12 and 8.15. 12371:Wilson v United Kingdom 12087:Race Relations Act 1965 11878:Communications Act 2003 11739:which is controlled by 11713:Capital Group Companies 11559:Unlawful Oaths Act 1797 11265:Prince Albert v Strange 10671:, paras. 11.205-11.206. 10234:s 41 and Sch 8 para 9. 9752:, paras. 7.16 and 7.19. 9592:, BBC News, 12 May 2006 8367:"Locke's Two Treatises" 8292:. The National Archives 8035:European Group of NHRIs 7996:Forcing individuals to 7716:Scottish National Party 7404:Identity Cards Act 2006 7357:. This act allowed the 7198:loyalist paramilitaries 7052:Signed 7 November 1997 7026:European Social Charter 6859:First Optional Protocol 6627:are determined by four 6497:Race Relations Act 1976 6467:Race Relations Act 1968 6463:Race Relations Act 1965 6298:. The enactment of the 6192:Austin v United Kingdom 5897:Austin v United Kingdom 5637:Wilson v United Kingdom 5422:Communications Act 2003 5192:Communications Act 2003 5095:conscientious objection 4731:surveillance capitalism 4339:nemo iudex in causa sua 4279:miscarriages of justice 3611: 3561:and other legislation. 3360:Conservative government 3331:Labour Party Conference 3104:Conservative government 2618:History of human rights 2561:of every person in the 1772:Community council areas 1650:Non-metropolitan county 1430:Law of Northern Ireland 19132:Bosnia and Herzegovina 18277:Science and technology 17379:. London: LexisNexis. 17053:; White, C.A. (1996). 16867:JCWI (28 June 2021). 15572:wayback.archive-it.org 12613:Wheeler v Leicester CC 12405:British National Party 12021:(1886) 16 Cox CC 355, 10450:Police Reform Act 2002 10339:(1995) 1 Cr App R 431. 10007:Police Reform Act 2002 9895:Habeas Corpus Act 1679 8471:Second Reform Act 1867 7985:Keeping a database of 7724:the UK's lobbying laws 7722:commented this showed 7712:climate change deniers 6717:European single market 6631:established under the 6495:was prohibited by the 6318:imposes a duty on the 6257:to change their legal 6018: 5934:freedom of association 5536:Freedom of association 5399: 5066:were abolished by the 5025:Act of Settlement 1701 4941:about the handover of 4885:2016 Brexit referendum 4840: 4752: 4606:(EU) 2016/679 arts 4-7 4435:Privacy in English law 4275:Mental Health Act 1983 4173: 4114: 4029:R v MPC ex p Blackburn 3601: 3581:Rights in domestic law 3571:British Bill of Rights 3478:margin of appreciation 3347:European Community law 2911:freedom of association 2775:some of this freedom. 2741:Petition of Right 1628 2682:Assert certain rights. 2663:Parliamentary Archives 2111:Diplomatic missions of 1955:British Virgin Islands 18254:Free trade agreements 17476:Human Rights Act 1998 17222:. London: Macmillan. 17149:Amos, Merris (2006). 16432:Thornton, Dame Sara. 15741:17 April 2008 at the 15634:Amnesty International 15382:The Stationery Office 14062:, paras. 3.119-3.122. 12847:Public Order Act 1986 12835:Public Order Act 1986 12811:Public Order Act 1986 12568:Public Order Act 1980 12524:Public Order Act 1986 12110:(2014) on disability. 12083:Public Order Act 1986 12015:s 73. See previously 11886:Broadcasting Act 1990 11536:Conventicles Act 1670 11268:(1849) 1 Mac&G 25 10575:, paras. 10.76-10.80. 10481:Schenck v Switzerland 10394:Christie v Leachinsky 10320:Road Traffic Act 1988 10191:Christie v Leachinsky 10149:s 1 and 125D-126. nb 8496:UKSC 3 (for the UK), 8082:Amnesty International 7969:(Sunday Times, 1979); 7567:social care provision 7539:Amnesty International 7373:under Part IV of the 7302:, announced that the 7276:Amnesty International 7255:initially ruled that 6724:are also recognised. 6493:Racial discrimination 6203:Further information: 6132:Criminal Law Act 1977 6122:, which was itself a 6120:2003 invasion of Iraq 6105:Criminal Law Act 1977 6051:Public Order Act 1986 6009: 5923:UK constitutional law 5824:Public Order Act 1986 5790:Criminal Law Act 1977 5708:Public Order Act 1986 5389: 5325:UK constitutional law 5256:Public Order Act 1986 5115:Freedom of expression 4964:Freedom of conscience 4810: 4781:Kinloch v HM Advocate 4739: 4698:UK constitutional law 4584:Kinloch v HM Advocate 4529:(1604) 77 Eng Rep 194 4386:. In discharging the 4295:Right to a fair trial 4169: 4108: 4041:UK constitutional law 3927:Christie v Leachinsky 3908:ss 1-3, 17-28 and 117 3710:Slavery at common law 3665:is unlawful (see the 3596: 3587:Human Rights Act 1998 3559:Human Rights Act 1998 3555:2006 Afghan hijackers 3510:UK constitutional law 3506:Human Rights Act 1998 3500:Human Rights Act 1998 3494:Human Rights Act 1998 3323:1992 General Election 3077:Human Rights Act 1998 2903:freedom of conscience 2882:Human Rights Act 1998 2722:unlawful imprisonment 2694:Human Rights Act 1998 2673:Parliament of England 2642:Bill of Rights (1689) 2602:Human Rights Act 1998 2587:Human Rights Act 1998 2353:British–Irish Council 2338:Good Friday Agreement 2150:Free trade agreements 2115:in the United Kingdom 1926:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1842:Bailiwick of Guernsey 1402:deputy First Minister 1287:Governance of England 298:Deputy Prime Minister 18603:World Heritage Sites 18396:Environmental issues 18100:Female party leaders 17741:Overseas territories 17467:Censorship in the UK 16765:. 25 February 2022. 16692:www.nottingham.ac.uk 15758:. 11 September 2015. 13721:(23 December 2011). 13653:(26 February 2008). 12786:On injunctions, see 12434:ECHR 366, where the 12431:RMT v United Kingdom 12395:ECHR 184, where the 12293:(1979–80) 2 EHRR 245 12027:(1909) 22 Cos CC 1, 11973:(1868) LR 3 QB 360, 11816:, controlled by the 11717:Ameriprise Financial 11532:Conventicle Act 1664 11323:Redfearn v Serco Ltd 10858:(1765) 19 St Tr 1030 10074:Lord Justice General 9526:Wadham et al. (2011) 9514:Wadham et al. (2011) 9502:Wadham et al. (2011) 9490:Wadham et al. (2011) 9478:Wadham et al. (2011) 9466:Wadham et al. (2011) 9225:Wadham et al. (2011) 9198:Wadham et al. (2011) 9143:Wadham et al. (2011) 9039:Wadham et al. (2011) 9024:Wadham et al. (2011) 9000:Wadham et al. (2011) 8865:Wadham et al. (2011) 8814:Wadham et al. (2011) 8475:Trade Union Act 1871 8317:History & Policy 8239:Northern Ireland law 7815:. In February 2022, 7741:Extinction Rebellion 7573:programmes and the " 7504:Australian detention 7450:1971 Immigration Act 7006:Signed 24 June 2013 6625:electoral boundaries 6564:and citizens of the 6532:employment tribunals 6364:was outlawed in the 6245:is contained in the 6209:Marriage in Scotland 6108:beset' premises. In 6011:Extinction Rebellion 5661:RMT v United Kingdom 5487:breach of confidence 5370:, the UK signed the 5302:(1979–80) 2 EHRR 245 5052:anti-Christian views 5017:Jews Relief Act 1858 4986:Corporation Act 1661 4925:breach of confidence 4767:On top of this, the 4541:(1765) 19 St Tr 1030 4267:British Armed Forces 4263:secure accommodation 3731:contracts of service 3532:section 4 of the Act 3527:Section 3 of the Act 3134:national sovereignty 3011:Pierre-Henri Teitgen 1917:Overseas Territories 1682:Metropolitan Borough 1408:Emma Little-Pengelly 1349:Combined authorities 707:UK general elections 174:Counsellors of State 88:Separation of powers 19348:States with limited 16604:www.helenbamber.org 15867:on 18 February 2019 15722:24 May 2006 at the 15578:on 10 February 2020 15232:on 13 November 2013 14691:on 13 November 2013 14444:on 13 November 2013 14381:on 13 November 2013 14244:on 13 November 2013 14011:on 13 November 2013 13240:, paras. 8.09-8.10. 12399:held that a union, 12228:Defamation Act 1996 12223:Al-Fayed v Al-Tajir 12186:Defamation Act 2013 11953:(1727) 17 St Tr 153 11806:Scott Trust Limited 11764:, largely owned by 11635:Bailey v Williamson 11573:, and contrast the 11066:1 AC 541, 556, per 10786:. 11 September 2006 10069:Jackson v Stevenson 9831:, paras. 9.08-9.09. 9444:, pp. 272–273. 9357:, pp. 246–247. 8915:, pp. 453–454. 8891:, pp. 452–453. 8843:, pp. 448–449. 8726:, pp. 444–445. 8062:Scottish Parliament 7865:corporal punishment 7669:Durham Constabulary 7523:forced prostitution 7280:Pat Finucane Centre 7245:Republic of Ireland 7241:Ministry of Defence 7230:Operation Demetrius 6776: 6705:European Parliament 6629:Boundary Committees 6608:was removed by the 6481:. The principle of 6381:Bill of Rights 1689 6310:provides access to 6025:. For instance, in 5999:fundamentalists in 5938:freedom of assembly 5540:Freedom of assembly 5491:Defamation Act 2013 5376:European Convention 5352:American Revolution 5347:Bill of Rights 1689 5276:Defamation Act 2013 5074:was created by the 5070:. A new offence of 4889:Cambridge Analytica 4726:Entick v Carrington 4553:(2001) 31 EHRR 1016 4538:Entick v Carrington 4343:audi alteram partem 4199:Entick v Carrington 4178:Entick v Carrington 4128:race discrimination 3175:. As recognised by 3169:War Damage Act 1965 3115:international court 3064:Sir Stafford Cripps 3045:was in office. The 2815:Mary Wollstonecraft 2781:Entick v Carrington 2757:Bill of Rights 1689 2751:of 1647. After the 2583:Bill of Rights 1689 2140:UK–CD Customs Union 1904:UK-CD Customs Union 1875:Bailiwick of Jersey 1662:Unitary authorities 1645:Metropolitan county 1630:Ceremonial counties 1584:Act of Senedd Cymru 1489:Scottish Parliament 1445:Scottish devolution 18297:Telecommunications 18249:Economic geography 18105:Political scandals 17736:Crown Dependencies 17190:Clayton, Richard; 17019:. 28 February 2022 16973:. 28 February 2022 16923:. 28 February 2022 16897:. 11 February 2022 16895:After Exploitation 16847:. 19 November 2021 16490:. 1 February 2022. 15947:Human Rights Watch 15793:has generic name ( 15636:. 5 September 2002 15281:www.amnesty.org.uk 15256:docstore.ohchr.org 15193:UK Treaties Online 15163:UK Treaties Online 15104:UK Treaties Online 15074:UK Treaties Online 15015:UK Treaties Online 14930:UK Treaties Online 14900:UK Treaties Online 14870:UK Treaties Online 14840:UK Treaties Online 14779:UK Treaties Online 14746:Scottish Executive 14715:UK Treaties Online 14685:UK Treaties Online 14655:UK Treaties Online 14625:UK Treaties Online 14566:UK Treaties Online 14536:UK Treaties Online 14506:UK Treaties Online 14478:(14 August 2007). 14405:UK Treaties Online 14375:UK Treaties Online 14345:UK Treaties Online 14315:UK Treaties Online 14285:UK Treaties Online 14238:UK Treaties Online 14208:UK Treaties Online 14153:UK Treaties Online 14077:UK Treaties Online 14035:UK Treaties Online 13964:UK Treaties Online 13775:on 5 November 2013 13729:on 5 November 2013 13683:. 17 December 2007 13606:on 5 November 2013 13204:, 1 WLR 1172. 13201:Collins v Willcock 12931:Piddington v Bates 12453:Terrorism Act 2000 12279:(1992) 14 EHRR 153 12139:Terrorism Act 2006 11851:Companies Act 2006 11644:EWHC 1931 (Admin). 11629:Redmond-Bate v DPP 11609:(est 1755), while 11285:Campbell v MGN Ltd 11033:UKIPTrib 15_110-CH 10371:(1998) 27 EHRR 493 10286:(2003) 36 EHRR 162 10232:Terrorism Act 2000 10134:R (TL) v Surrey CC 10128:Alanov v Sussex CC 9886:Somerset v Stewart 9577:, 24 August 2007, 8599:. 16 January 2023. 8581:. 27 January 2023. 8523:Somerset v Stewart 8347:on 14 January 2015 8004:payments stopped ( 7858:(Sutherland, 2000) 7808:After Exploitation 7799:In June 2021, the 7790:Dame Sara Thornton 7612:Human Rights Watch 7549:Disabled residents 7371:HM Prison Belmarsh 7322:by members of the 7249:British government 7190:British government 6774: 6709:European Ombudsman 6694:justiciable rights 6662:European Union law 6658:Fundamental rights 6639:European Union law 6517:Age discrimination 6487:Equal Pay Act 1970 6433:Anton Piller order 6366:Education Act 1996 6320:Secretary of State 6292:Education Act 1944 6231:civil partnerships 6163:The Satanic Verses 6114:, Jones entered a 6027:Beatty v Gillbanks 6019: 5989:Terrorism Act 2000 5697:Beatty v Gillbanks 5478:Terrorism Act 2006 5400: 5266:Terrorism Act 2006 5044:established church 5036:Church of Scotland 5029:line of succession 4998:transubstantiation 4968:Freedom of thought 4841: 4753: 4662:Campbell v MGN Ltd 4394:. For example, in 4374:self-incrimination 4255:11 & 12 Geo. 6 4152:indictable offence 4144:indictable offence 4115: 3986:(1998) 27 EHRR 493 3964:(2003) 36 EHRR 162 3883:Somerset v Stewart 3644:Capital punishment 3630:and the crimes of 3400:election of Labour 3351:Acts of Parliament 3165:Burmah Oil Company 3153:Terence Higgins MP 3054:Colonial Secretary 2972:Hersch Lauterpacht 2811:French Revolutions 2787:Somerset v Stewart 2629:The Bill of Rights 1899:Common Travel Area 1835:Crown Dependencies 1802:Preserved counties 1782:Shires of Scotland 358:King-in-Parliament 19385: 19384: 19049: 19048: 19009: 19008: 19005: 19004: 19001: 19000: 18616: 18615: 18348: 18347: 18214: 18213: 18210: 18209: 18095:Political parties 18019:Foreign relations 17970: 17969: 17966: 17965: 17699: 17698: 17676:Mass surveillance 17654:Foreign relations 17587:Second World War 17409:978-0-19-969700-7 17396:Mountfield, Helen 17301:978-0-421-88610-0 17268:978-1-85941-937-3 17249:978-0-19-876503-5 17205:978-0-19-926355-4 17182:978-1-84113-149-8 17160:978-1-84113-324-9 17064:978-0-19-826242-8 16795:. 27 January 2022 16272:"Scan This Book!" 15999:Police Federation 15975:. 17 January 2022 15813:www.poverty.ac.uk 15529:Pat Finucane Case 15391:978-0-10-400766-2 15130:Council of Europe 15043:(21 April 2010). 15041:Council of Europe 14991:on 25 August 2012 14808:Council of Europe 14181:(5 August 2013). 13935:Council of Europe 13657:. paras 5.25-5.60 12902:Alexander v Smith 12550:Highways Act 1980 12127:Equality Act 2010 12036:Gay News Ltd v UK 11995:Knuller Ltd v DPP 11900:Broadcasting Code 11830:Alexander Lebedev 11555:Tolpuddle martyrs 11528:Religion Act 1592 11517:R v Penn and Mead 10472:ss 76-78 and see 10397:AC 573, 599, per 10318:1 AC 681, on the 10102:R (Roberts) v MPC 9963:ECHR art 5(2)-(5) 9914:Benjamin Franklin 9850:. 30 October 2013 8616:Project Syndicate 8450:(1792). See also 8373:on 6 October 2014 8270:on 6 October 2014 8185:England and Wales 8134:Michael Mansfield 8014:ex post facto law 7628:homeless families 7622:Children's rights 7616:COVID-19 pandemic 7511:Human trafficking 7345:Since 2001, the " 7332:UK Prime Minister 7288:The Torture Files 7261:sleep deprivation 7218:Stevens Inquiries 7155: 7154: 7148:17 December 2008 7133:Optional Protocol 7065:20 February 2009 7019:16 December 1991 6997:10 December 2003 6993:Optional Protocol 6949:Optional Protocol 6885:10 December 1999 6796:Council of Europe 6734:International law 6728:International law 6621:political parties 6528:Equality Act 2010 6404:Right to property 6358:Children Act 2004 6354:consenting adults 6279:Children Act 1989 6239:same-sex marriage 6223:Children Act 1989 6219:Marriage Act 1949 6128:international law 6058:Highways Act 1980 5975:a horse trainer, 5958:international law 5950:Political parties 5929: 5928: 5742:Highways Act 1980 5442:Theatres Act 1968 5409:Parliament Square 5396:Hyde Park, London 5374:, and joined the 5336:English Civil War 5331: 5330: 5245:Knuller Ltd v DPP 5214:Theatres Act 1968 5111:Freedom of speech 5064:blasphemous libel 4990:Church of England 4704: 4703: 4665:UKHL 22, UKHL 61 4415:abuses of process 4392:Woolmington v DPP 4303:Ex post facto law 4239:exemplary damages 4075:Benjamin Franklin 4047: 4046: 3675:Abortion Act 1967 3543:Scotland Act 1998 3185:Robert Boothby MP 3181:limitation period 3083:Right of petition 3043:Labour government 3007:French Resistance 2992:Winston Churchill 2988:European Movement 2976:Council of Europe 2970:and the UK-based 2934:Public Order Bill 2875:international law 2838:international law 2819:Tolpuddle martyrs 2799:US Bill of Rights 2753:English Civil War 2686: 2685: 2591:international law 2552: 2551: 2343:UK–Ireland border 2135:Visa requirements 2086:Foreign relations 2040:Visa requirements 2014: 2005: 1998: 1822:Historic counties 1709:Historic counties 1455:Scotland Act 1998 677:Political parties 574:England and Wales 507:King-on-the-Bench 439:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 74: 19410: 19090:Sovereign states 19076: 19069: 19062: 19053: 19052: 19029: 19022: 18730:Northern Ireland 18639: 18638: 18626: 18625: 18622: 18621: 18359: 18358: 18272: 18225: 18224: 18083:House of Commons 18051:Local government 17985: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17891:Renewable energy 17876:hydroelectricity 17714: 17713: 17710: 17709: 17546: 17545: 17525: 17518: 17511: 17502: 17501: 17424: 17413: 17390: 17364: 17341: 17319: 17305: 17283: 17272: 17253: 17231: 17209: 17186: 17175:. Oxford: Hart. 17169:Bogdanor, Vernon 17164: 17153:. Oxford: Hart. 17151:Human Rights Law 17136: 17135: 17133: 17131: 17122:. Archived from 17120:www.judiciary.uk 17112: 17106: 17105: 17094: 17088: 17087: 17075: 17069: 17068: 17047: 17041: 17035: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17024: 17013: 17007: 17006: 17004: 17002: 16989: 16983: 16982: 16980: 16978: 16963: 16957: 16956: 16954: 16952: 16939: 16933: 16932: 16930: 16928: 16913: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16902: 16887: 16881: 16880: 16864: 16858: 16856: 16854: 16852: 16837: 16831: 16830: 16828: 16826: 16811: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16800: 16785: 16779: 16778: 16776: 16774: 16760: 16753: 16747: 16746: 16745:. 11 April 2021. 16735: 16729: 16728: 16726: 16724: 16709: 16703: 16702: 16700: 16698: 16684: 16678: 16677: 16671: 16663: 16657: 16656: 16645: 16639: 16638: 16630: 16621: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16610: 16596: 16590: 16589: 16587: 16585: 16571: 16565: 16564: 16562: 16560: 16550: 16544: 16543: 16541: 16539: 16530:. Archived from 16524: 16518: 16517: 16515: 16513: 16508:. 2 October 2022 16498: 16492: 16491: 16484: 16478: 16477: 16465: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16454: 16429: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16418: 16404: 16398: 16397: 16395: 16393: 16379: 16371: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16360: 16349: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16338: 16326: 16320: 16319: 16317: 16315: 16304: 16298: 16297: 16291: 16289: 16267: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16256: 16236: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16225: 16205: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16189: 16169: 16163: 16162: 16160: 16158: 16143: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16132: 16110: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16099: 16090:. 9 March 2021. 16080: 16074: 16073: 16071: 16069: 16052: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16021: 16015: 16014: 16012: 16010: 16001:. 9 March 2021. 15991: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15965: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15939: 15933: 15932: 15920: 15914: 15913: 15901: 15895: 15894: 15883: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15872: 15853: 15847: 15846: 15844: 15842: 15833:. 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Archived from 14069: 14063: 14057: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14037:. Archived from 14027: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14016: 14007:. Archived from 13997: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13975: 13966:. Archived from 13956: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13945: 13931: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13920: 13906: 13900: 13894: 13888: 13882: 13876: 13874: 13868: 13862: 13856: 13847: 13841: 13835: 13829: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13818: 13803: 13797: 13791: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13780: 13771:. Archived from 13767:(4 March 2013). 13761: 13755: 13751: 13745: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13725:. Archived from 13715: 13709: 13705: 13699: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13688: 13673: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13662: 13647: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13636: 13622: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13611: 13602:. Archived from 13589: 13583: 13579: 13573: 13567: 13563: 13555: 13549: 13543: 13534: 13528: 13522: 13516: 13510: 13504: 13495: 13489: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13473: 13456: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13431: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13364: 13358: 13349: 13343: 13337: 13331: 13325: 13319: 13313: 13307: 13301: 13295: 13289: 13283: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13217: 13211: 13205: 13203: 13197: 13191: 13185: 13176: 13170: 13164: 13158: 13152: 13146: 13140: 13136: 13128: 13122: 13116: 13107: 13101: 13095: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13061: 13055: 13049: 13043: 13037: 13031: 13025: 13016: 13014: 13008: 13002: 12993: 12987: 12975: 12969: 12958: 12952: 12949: 12943: 12938:Moss v McLachlan 12926: 12920: 12912: 12906: 12898: 12892: 12884: 12878: 12870: 12864: 12856: 12850: 12844: 12838: 12832: 12826: 12808: 12802: 12784: 12778: 12770: 12764: 12757: 12751: 12741: 12735: 12730:See J Crawford, 12728: 12722: 12716: 12710: 12705: 12699: 12691: 12685: 12675: 12669: 12663: 12657: 12645: 12639: 12633: 12627: 12605: 12599: 12589: 12583: 12577: 12571: 12565: 12559: 12547: 12541: 12536: 12530: 12521: 12515: 12512: 12506: 12498: 12492: 12483: 12477: 12462: 12456: 12450: 12444: 12441:secondary action 12426: 12420: 12414: 12408: 12387: 12381: 12367: 12361: 12358: 12352: 12335: 12329: 12318: 12312: 12308: 12300: 12294: 12286: 12280: 12272: 12266: 12263: 12257: 12237: 12231: 12201: 12195: 12183: 12177: 12169: 12163: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12130: 12117: 12111: 12096: 12090: 12080: 12074: 12071: 12065: 12058: 12052: 12046: 12040: 12009: 12003: 11984: 11978: 11975:Lord Cockburn CJ 11960: 11954: 11945: 11939: 11920: 11914: 11895: 11889: 11875: 11869: 11845:and CJS Knight, 11839: 11833: 11828:, controlled by 11818:Barclay Brothers 11800:, controlled by 11780:, controlled by 11762:Evening Standard 11750: 11744: 11741:Brian L. Roberts 11693: 11687: 11682:, controlled by 11664: 11658: 11651: 11645: 11624: 11618: 11603: 11597: 11588: 11582: 11579:Papists Act 1778 11568: 11562: 11545: 11539: 11513: 11507: 11499: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11477: 11471: 11465: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11368: 11362: 11360: 11358:Harrison v Evans 11354: 11348: 11342: 11329: 11312: 11306: 11298: 11292: 11275: 11269: 11261: 11255: 11245: 11239: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11208: 11202: 11196: 11190: 11179: 11173: 11168: 11162: 11154: 11148: 11142: 11136: 11128: 11122: 11115: 11109: 11103: 11097: 11091: 11085: 11076: 11070: 11059: 11053: 11043: 11034: 11026: 11020: 11014: 11008: 11002: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10954: 10948: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10904:s 92, following 10899: 10893: 10882: 10876: 10865: 10859: 10856: 10850: 10845: 10839: 10831: 10822: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10774: 10768: 10762: 10756: 10750: 10744: 10738: 10732: 10726: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10690: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10636: 10630: 10624: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10594: 10588: 10582: 10576: 10570: 10564: 10550: 10544: 10536: 10530: 10521: 10515: 10509: 10503: 10497: 10491: 10467: 10461: 10443: 10437: 10429: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10364: 10358: 10350:Thomas v Sawkins 10346: 10340: 10328: 10322: 10311: 10305: 10293: 10287: 10279: 10273: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10195: 10177: 10171: 10163: 10157: 10144: 10138: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10098: 10092: 10082: 10076: 10065: 10059: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9983: 9977: 9970: 9964: 9961: 9955: 9952: 9946: 9931: 9925: 9910: 9904: 9903:(1845) 7 QB 742. 9881: 9875: 9869:Magna Carta 1215 9866: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9793: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9672: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9327: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9228: 9222: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9074: 9068: 9059: 9053: 9042: 9036: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8817: 8811: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8515: 8509: 8484: 8478: 8467: 8461: 8442:M Wollstonecraft 8439: 8433: 8420: 8414: 8411: 8405: 8404:(1772) 98 ER 499 8402: 8396: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8337: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8254: 8251:Magna Carta 1215 8248: 8242: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8219:on 13 March 2016 8209: 8207: 8205: 8193:Northern Ireland 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8165:on 13 April 2016 8164: 8157: 8149: 8025:There are three 7665:chief constables 7610:On 8 June 2020, 7495:, now repealed. 7330:. In 2011, then 7304:Irish government 7300:Charles Flanagan 7202:Northern Ireland 7178:Northern Ireland 7124:15 January 1998 6984:28 January 2005 6975:8 December 1988 6962:10 October 2003 6850:3 November 1952 6777: 6773: 6678:Treaty of Lisbon 6562:British subjects 6538:Electoral rights 6475:unfair dismissal 6340:and the tort of 6296:Housing Act 1985 6084:private nuisance 5911: 5885: 5849: 5814: 5700:(1882) 9 QBD 308 5685: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5588: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5544:Right to protest 5435:2016 Brexit poll 5413:Trafalgar Square 5405:Speakers’ Corner 5392:Speakers' Corner 5313: 5182: 5170: 5159: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5120: 5119: 4929:equitable action 4833:2016 Brexit poll 4640: 4617: 4573: 4513: 4501: 4487: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4431:Right to privacy 4370:right to silence 4188: 4140:citizens' arrest 3918:ss 1 and 125-126 3886:(1772) 98 ER 499 3870:Magna Carta 1297 3860: 3848: 3834: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3790:Right to liberty 3770:benefit payments 3764:under which the 3700:No forced labour 3659:Suicide Act 1961 3594:put it in 2008, 3434:Lord Wilberforce 3388:Robert Maclennan 3380:Liberal Democrat 3313:. Following the 3244:Select committee 3161:House of Commons 3119:election in 1964 3097:British colonies 2996:Harold Macmillan 2942:tracking devices 2930:Sunak government 2702:Magna Carta 1215 2688:Codification of 2654:16 December 1689 2638: 2626: 2625: 2596:Codification of 2544: 2537: 2530: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2478:Northern Ireland 2471: 2470: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2393:The Commonwealth 2022: 2011:Tristan da Cunha 2009: 2003:Ascension Island 2001: 1993: 1991: 1982:Pitcairn Islands 1966:Falkland Islands 1928: 1865: 1717:Northern Ireland 1519:Welsh devolution 1394:Michelle O'Neill 1369:Northern Ireland 1359:Cornwall Council 1175:Senedd elections 619:Deputy governors 584:Northern Ireland 546:Deputy President 526: 428: 418:House of Commons 398: 366: 259:Starmer ministry 240: 210: 139: 114: 68: 41: 18: 17: 19418: 19417: 19413: 19412: 19411: 19409: 19408: 19407: 19388: 19387: 19386: 19381: 19367:Northern Cyprus 19349: 19343: 19264:North Macedonia 19085: 19080: 19050: 19045: 19032: 19025: 19018: 18997: 18910: 18811: 18724: 18633: 18612: 18517: 18473:Public holidays 18453:Life expectancy 18344: 18306: 18286:London Exchange 18282:Stock exchanges 18270: 18269:Pound sterling 18237:Bank of England 18206: 18197:Royal Air Force 18173: 18114: 18046:Law enforcement 17962: 17871:hydraulic frac. 17832: 17813:Lakes and lochs 17760: 17756:Former colonies 17695: 17691:Women's history 17666:Law enforcement 17632: 17578:First World War 17535: 17529: 17499: 17496:, 10 April 2008 17432: 17427: 17410: 17387: 17373:Lester, Anthony 17338: 17324:Lester, Anthony 17310:Lester, Anthony 17302: 17269: 17250: 17206: 17192:Tomlinson, Hugh 17183: 17161: 17144: 17139: 17129: 17127: 17126:on 11 June 2022 17114: 17113: 17109: 17096: 17095: 17091: 17076: 17072: 17065: 17048: 17044: 17036: 17032: 17022: 17020: 17015: 17014: 17010: 17000: 16998: 16991: 16990: 16986: 16976: 16974: 16965: 16964: 16960: 16950: 16948: 16941: 16940: 16936: 16926: 16924: 16915: 16914: 16910: 16900: 16898: 16889: 16888: 16884: 16865: 16861: 16850: 16848: 16839: 16838: 16834: 16824: 16822: 16812: 16808: 16798: 16796: 16787: 16786: 16782: 16772: 16770: 16763:The Independent 16755: 16754: 16750: 16737: 16736: 16732: 16722: 16720: 16711: 16710: 16706: 16696: 16694: 16686: 16685: 16681: 16669: 16665: 16664: 16660: 16647: 16646: 16642: 16628: 16622: 16618: 16608: 16606: 16598: 16597: 16593: 16583: 16581: 16573: 16572: 16568: 16558: 16556: 16552: 16551: 16547: 16537: 16535: 16526: 16525: 16521: 16511: 16509: 16500: 16499: 16495: 16486: 16485: 16481: 16466: 16462: 16452: 16450: 16430: 16426: 16416: 16414: 16406: 16405: 16401: 16391: 16389: 16382:The Independent 16372: 16368: 16358: 16356: 16351: 16350: 16346: 16336: 16334: 16327: 16323: 16313: 16311: 16310:. UK Parliament 16306: 16305: 16301: 16287: 16285: 16268: 16264: 16254: 16252: 16237: 16233: 16223: 16221: 16206: 16197: 16187: 16185: 16170: 16166: 16156: 16154: 16144: 16140: 16130: 16128: 16111: 16107: 16097: 16095: 16082: 16081: 16077: 16067: 16065: 16053: 16049: 16039: 16037: 16030:The Independent 16022: 16018: 16008: 16006: 15993: 15992: 15988: 15978: 15976: 15973:Huffington Post 15967: 15966: 15962: 15952: 15950: 15941: 15940: 15936: 15921: 15917: 15902: 15898: 15885: 15884: 15880: 15870: 15868: 15855: 15854: 15850: 15840: 15838: 15825: 15824: 15820: 15807: 15806: 15802: 15790: 15789: 15780: 15779: 15767: 15763: 15754: 15753: 15749: 15743:Wayback Machine 15733: 15729: 15724:Wayback Machine 15715: 15711: 15694: 15693: 15689: 15680: 15679: 15675: 15665: 15663: 15654: 15653: 15649: 15639: 15637: 15629: 15625: 15624: 15620: 15610: 15608: 15600: 15596: 15595: 15591: 15581: 15579: 15566: 15565: 15561: 15552: 15548: 15539: 15535: 15526: 15522: 15509: 15508: 15504: 15496: 15492: 15479: 15478: 15474: 15459: 15455: 15439: 15438: 15431: 15429: 15422:"Archived copy" 15420: 15419: 15415: 15403: 15399: 15392: 15384:. p. 110. 15380:. Vol. 2. 15365: 15361: 15356: 15352: 15337: 15333: 15318: 15314: 15304: 15302: 15293: 15292: 15288: 15275: 15274: 15270: 15260: 15258: 15250: 15249: 15245: 15235: 15233: 15229: 15222: 15216: 15212: 15202: 15200: 15199:on 14 July 2015 15189:"Treaty Record" 15187: 15186: 15182: 15172: 15170: 15169:on 14 July 2015 15159:"Treaty Record" 15157: 15156: 15152: 15142: 15140: 15136: 15127: 15123: 15113: 15111: 15110:on 14 July 2015 15100:"Treaty Record" 15098: 15097: 15093: 15083: 15081: 15080:on 14 July 2015 15070:"Treaty Record" 15068: 15067: 15063: 15053: 15051: 15047: 15038: 15034: 15024: 15022: 15021:on 14 July 2015 15011:"Treaty Record" 15009: 15008: 15004: 14994: 14992: 14978: 14974: 14964: 14962: 14953: 14949: 14939: 14937: 14936:on 15 July 2015 14926:"Treaty Record" 14924: 14923: 14919: 14909: 14907: 14906:on 14 July 2015 14896:"Treaty Record" 14894: 14893: 14889: 14879: 14877: 14876:on 14 July 2015 14866:"Treaty Record" 14864: 14863: 14859: 14849: 14847: 14846:on 14 July 2015 14836:"Treaty Record" 14834: 14833: 14829: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14805: 14798: 14788: 14786: 14785:on 15 July 2015 14775:"Treaty Record" 14773: 14772: 14768: 14758: 14756: 14752: 14743: 14734: 14724: 14722: 14721:on 14 July 2015 14711:"Treaty Record" 14709: 14708: 14704: 14694: 14692: 14681:"Treaty Record" 14679: 14678: 14674: 14664: 14662: 14661:on 15 July 2015 14651:"Treaty Record" 14649: 14648: 14644: 14634: 14632: 14631:on 14 July 2015 14621:"Treaty Record" 14619: 14618: 14614: 14604: 14602: 14598: 14594:(18 May 2006). 14589: 14585: 14575: 14573: 14572:on 15 July 2015 14562:"Treaty Record" 14560: 14559: 14555: 14545: 14543: 14542:on 15 July 2015 14532:"Treaty Record" 14530: 14529: 14525: 14515: 14513: 14512:on 14 July 2015 14502:"Treaty Record" 14500: 14499: 14495: 14485: 14483: 14473: 14469: 14461: 14457: 14447: 14445: 14431: 14424: 14414: 14412: 14411:on 14 July 2015 14401:"Treaty Record" 14399: 14398: 14394: 14384: 14382: 14371:"Treaty Record" 14369: 14368: 14364: 14354: 14352: 14351:on 14 July 2015 14341:"Treaty Record" 14339: 14338: 14334: 14324: 14322: 14321:on 14 July 2015 14311:"Treaty Record" 14309: 14308: 14304: 14294: 14292: 14291:on 14 July 2015 14281:"Treaty Record" 14279: 14278: 14274: 14266: 14257: 14247: 14245: 14234:"Treaty Record" 14232: 14231: 14227: 14217: 14215: 14214:on 14 July 2015 14204:"Treaty Record" 14202: 14201: 14197: 14187: 14185: 14176: 14172: 14162: 14160: 14159:on 15 July 2015 14149:"Treaty Record" 14147: 14146: 14142: 14132: 14130: 14111: 14105: 14096: 14086: 14084: 14083:on 15 July 2015 14073:"Treaty Record" 14071: 14070: 14066: 14058: 14054: 14044: 14042: 14041:on 14 July 2015 14031:"Treaty Record" 14029: 14028: 14024: 14014: 14012: 13998: 13983: 13973: 13971: 13970:on 14 July 2015 13960:"Treaty Record" 13958: 13957: 13953: 13943: 13941: 13932: 13928: 13918: 13916: 13907: 13903: 13895: 13891: 13883: 13879: 13870: 13869: 13865: 13857: 13850: 13842: 13838: 13830: 13826: 13816: 13814: 13813:. 30 March 2010 13805: 13804: 13800: 13796:, para. 12-008. 13792: 13788: 13778: 13776: 13762: 13758: 13747: 13746: 13742: 13732: 13730: 13716: 13712: 13701: 13700: 13696: 13686: 13684: 13675: 13674: 13670: 13660: 13658: 13648: 13644: 13634: 13632: 13624: 13623: 13619: 13609: 13607: 13590: 13586: 13575: 13574: 13570: 13557: 13556: 13552: 13548:, para. 17-077. 13544: 13537: 13529: 13525: 13517: 13513: 13505: 13498: 13490: 13481: 13471: 13469: 13466:BBC News Online 13457: 13450: 13440: 13438: 13433: 13432: 13425: 13415: 13413: 13408: 13407: 13403: 13395: 13391: 13383: 13379: 13371: 13367: 13359: 13352: 13344: 13340: 13332: 13328: 13320: 13316: 13308: 13304: 13296: 13292: 13284: 13280: 13272: 13268: 13260: 13256: 13248: 13244: 13236: 13232: 13224: 13220: 13212: 13208: 13199: 13198: 13194: 13186: 13179: 13175:, para. 13.109. 13171: 13167: 13159: 13155: 13147: 13143: 13130: 13129: 13125: 13117: 13110: 13102: 13098: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13070:BBC News Online 13063: 13062: 13058: 13050: 13046: 13038: 13034: 13026: 13019: 13010: 13009: 13005: 12994: 12990: 12976: 12972: 12959: 12955: 12950: 12946: 12927: 12923: 12919:EWHC 69 (Admin) 12913: 12909: 12899: 12895: 12885: 12881: 12871: 12867: 12860:Brutus v Cozens 12857: 12853: 12845: 12841: 12833: 12829: 12809: 12805: 12789:NWL Ltd v Woods 12785: 12781: 12771: 12767: 12758: 12754: 12742: 12738: 12729: 12725: 12717: 12713: 12706: 12702: 12692: 12688: 12676: 12672: 12664: 12660: 12646: 12642: 12634: 12630: 12606: 12602: 12590: 12586: 12578: 12574: 12566: 12562: 12558:(2003) C-112/00 12548: 12544: 12537: 12533: 12522: 12518: 12513: 12509: 12499: 12495: 12484: 12480: 12463: 12459: 12451: 12447: 12427: 12423: 12417:Nagle v Feilden 12415: 12411: 12388: 12384: 12368: 12364: 12359: 12355: 12347:arts 21-22 and 12336: 12332: 12319: 12315: 12302: 12301: 12297: 12287: 12283: 12273: 12269: 12264: 12260: 12238: 12234: 12202: 12198: 12184: 12180: 12170: 12166: 12149: 12145: 12137: 12133: 12118: 12114: 12097: 12093: 12081: 12077: 12072: 12068: 12061:Police Act 1996 12059: 12055: 12047: 12043: 12010: 12006: 11985: 11981: 11961: 11957: 11946: 11942: 11930:ECHR article 10 11921: 11917: 11896: 11892: 11876: 11872: 11840: 11836: 11822:The Independent 11814:Daily Telegraph 11751: 11747: 11729:Sumner Redstone 11694: 11690: 11676:Mark Zuckerberg 11665: 11661: 11652: 11648: 11625: 11621: 11611:Cambridge Union 11604: 11600: 11589: 11585: 11569: 11565: 11546: 11542: 11514: 11510: 11500: 11496: 11485: 11484: 11480: 11472: 11468: 11460: 11456: 11448: 11444: 11436: 11432: 11424: 11420: 11412: 11405: 11397: 11393: 11383: 11381: 11380:. 25 April 2013 11377:BBC News Online 11370: 11369: 11365: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11343: 11332: 11313: 11309: 11299: 11295: 11276: 11272: 11262: 11258: 11246: 11242: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11209: 11205: 11197: 11193: 11180: 11176: 11169: 11165: 11155: 11151: 11143: 11139: 11129: 11125: 11116: 11112: 11104: 11100: 11092: 11088: 11077: 11073: 11060: 11056: 11044: 11037: 11027: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11003: 10999: 10991: 10987: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10965: 10961:EWCA Crim 1885. 10955: 10951: 10946: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10924:Police Act 1997 10922: 10918: 10902:Police Act 1997 10900: 10896: 10883: 10879: 10866: 10862: 10857: 10853: 10846: 10842: 10832: 10825: 10815: 10811: 10807:, para. 11.302. 10803: 10799: 10789: 10787: 10783:BBC News Online 10776: 10775: 10771: 10763: 10759: 10755:, para. 11.254. 10751: 10747: 10743:, para. 11.253. 10739: 10735: 10731:, para. 11.250. 10727: 10723: 10719:, para. 11.231. 10715: 10711: 10707:, para. 11.221. 10703: 10699: 10691: 10687: 10683:, para. 11.210. 10679: 10675: 10667: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10647:, para. 11.166. 10643: 10639: 10635:, para. 11.124. 10631: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10607: 10603: 10595: 10591: 10583: 10579: 10571: 10567: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10533: 10522: 10518: 10512:Police Act 1996 10510: 10506: 10498: 10494: 10468: 10464: 10446:Police Act 1996 10444: 10440: 10430: 10426: 10420:Police Act 1996 10418: 10414: 10391: 10387: 10379: 10375: 10365: 10361: 10347: 10343: 10329: 10325: 10312: 10308: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10276: 10266: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10226: 10222: 10214: 10210: 10202: 10198: 10178: 10174: 10164: 10160: 10145: 10141: 10125: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10099: 10095: 10083: 10079: 10066: 10062: 10041: 10037: 10029: 10025: 10017: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9984: 9980: 9971: 9967: 9962: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9937:arts 3 and 9-11 9932: 9928: 9911: 9907: 9893:. See also the 9882: 9878: 9867: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9847:BBC News Online 9840: 9839: 9835: 9827: 9823: 9815: 9811: 9803: 9796: 9787: 9786: 9782: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9760: 9756: 9748: 9744: 9736: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9693: 9685: 9681: 9673: 9669: 9661: 9657: 9653:; 1 AC 225 at 9644: 9640: 9630: 9628: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9609:. 15 June 2015. 9601: 9600: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9579:Daily Telegraph 9573: 9569: 9559: 9557: 9552: 9551: 9547: 9539: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9452: 9448: 9440: 9436: 9426: 9424: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9401: 9399: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9374: 9366: 9365: 9361: 9353: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9329: 9328: 9321: 9311: 9309: 9301: 9300: 9296: 9286: 9284: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9261: 9259: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9238: 9231: 9223: 9216: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9189: 9179: 9177: 9173:The Independent 9166: 9165: 9161: 9153: 9149: 9141: 9130: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9098: 9094: 9086: 9077: 9069: 9062: 9054: 9045: 9037: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9010: 9006: 8998: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8959: 8955: 8947: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8863: 8859: 8851: 8847: 8839: 8835: 8827: 8820: 8812: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8788: 8781: 8775:Bogdanor (2009) 8773: 8769: 8761: 8754: 8746: 8742: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8710: 8706: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8664: 8660: 8647: 8646: 8642: 8627: 8623: 8608: 8604: 8591: 8590: 8586: 8573: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8516: 8512: 8485: 8481: 8468: 8464: 8440: 8436: 8421: 8417: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8399: 8390: 8386: 8376: 8374: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8350: 8348: 8339: 8338: 8331: 8321: 8319: 8309: 8305: 8295: 8293: 8288: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8245: 8222: 8220: 8211: 8203: 8201: 8196: 8182: 8178: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8128:civil liberties 8078: 8023: 8002:social security 7825: 7753: 7704:Policy Exchange 7636: 7634:2022 Crime bill 7624: 7608: 7583: 7551: 7519: 7513: 7430: 7424: 7343: 7309: 7292:five techniques 7210:civil liberties 7186: 7180: 7160: 6748: 6732:Main articles: 6730: 6722:social security 6655: 6643:Main articles: 6641: 6578:local elections 6546: 6540: 6455: 6447:Main articles: 6445: 6406: 6400: 6334: 6328: 6312:social security 6266:parental rights 6215: 6201: 6172:breach of peace 6116:Royal Air Force 6096:ECHR article 11 5993:National Action 5972:Nagle v Feilden 5930: 5925: 5915: 5909: 5901: 5889: 5883: 5875: 5863: 5853: 5847: 5839: 5835:Brutus v Cozens 5827: 5817: 5812: 5805: 5793: 5783: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5701: 5689: 5683: 5675: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5576: 5546: 5528:ECHR article 11 5526:Main articles: 5524: 5515:on new births. 5332: 5327: 5317: 5311: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5269: 5259: 5249: 5237: 5227: 5217: 5207: 5195: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5147: 5117: 5107:ECHR article 10 5105:Main articles: 5103: 5040:Church in Wales 5007:which admitted 4974: 4958:Main articles: 4956: 4939:Prince of Wales 4757:Police Act 1997 4745:UK intelligence 4709:Sir Edward Coke 4705: 4700: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4597: 4588: 4576: 4575:ss 26-36 and 65 4571: 4564: 4561:Police Act 1997 4554: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4445: 4425:Main articles: 4423: 4404:double jeopardy 4388:burden of proof 4335:natural justice 4320:natural justice 4305: 4289:Main articles: 4287: 4259:local authority 4216:breach of peace 4190: 4175: 4048: 4043: 4033: 4021: 4018:Police Act 1996 4011: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3931: 3919: 3909: 3899: 3898:(1845) 7 QB 742 3887: 3875: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3837:arts 3 and 9-11 3832: 3825: 3822: 3792: 3780:Main articles: 3778: 3762:workfare policy 3712: 3704:Main articles: 3702: 3694:starve to death 3624: 3616:Main articles: 3614: 3583: 3567:second ministry 3551:Learco Chindamo 3521:vertical effect 3512: 3504:Main articles: 3502: 3470:democratisation 3458:Lord Windlesham 3396: 3264:Lord Broxbourne 3207:. Then in 1974 3193: 3107:elected in 1951 3093:Communist Party 3085: 3047:Lord Chancellor 3035: 2964:Arthur Goodhart 2960: 2954: 2644: 2624: 2614: 2567:UK constitution 2548: 2519: 2515:Other countries 2510: 2509: 2508: 2496: 2483: 2482: 2465: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2426: 2404: 2389: 2359: 2324: 2154: 2119: 2107: 2088: 2078: 2077: 2049: 2031: 2030: 2018: 2017: 2008: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1975: 1964: 1953: 1947: 1936: 1924: 1919: 1909: 1908: 1894:British Islands 1890: 1889: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1844: 1837: 1827: 1826: 1807:Principal areas 1793: 1786: 1749: 1742: 1720: 1713: 1612: 1604: 1594: 1593: 1537: 1526: 1524:1997 referendum 1515: 1508: 1457: 1450:1997 referendum 1441: 1434: 1378: 1372: 1365: 1339:London Assembly 1334:Mayoral cabinet 1321:Mayor of London 1309: 1302:1998 referendum 1283: 1276: 1257: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1010: 711: 710: 702: 662: 648: 647: 629: 599: 597:Bank of England 589: 588: 565: 511: 503: 498: 488: 487: 466:59th Parliament 462: 459: 450: 437: 413: 407: 383: 368: 361: 344: 334: 333: 315: 313: 301: 292: 280: 266: 254: 225: 220:King-in-Council 216: 194: 184: 183: 155: 108: 98: 97: 66:Treaty of Union 51: 12: 11: 5: 19416: 19406: 19405: 19400: 19383: 19382: 19380: 19379: 19374: 19369: 19364: 19359: 19353: 19351: 19345: 19344: 19342: 19341: 19339:United Kingdom 19336: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19216: 19211: 19206: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19152:Czech Republic 19149: 19144: 19139: 19134: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19093: 19091: 19087: 19086: 19079: 19078: 19071: 19064: 19056: 19047: 19046: 19044: 19043: 19038: 19031: 19030: 19023: 19015: 19014: 19011: 19010: 19007: 19006: 19003: 19002: 18999: 18998: 18996: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18969: 18968: 18958: 18953: 18952: 18951: 18949:First Minister 18946: 18941: 18931: 18926: 18920: 18918: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18908: 18903: 18898: 18893: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18877: 18876: 18866: 18861: 18860: 18859: 18857:First Minister 18854: 18849: 18839: 18834: 18833: 18832: 18821: 18819: 18813: 18812: 18810: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18783: 18782: 18772: 18767: 18766: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18745: 18740: 18734: 18732: 18726: 18725: 18723: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18691: 18690: 18680: 18675: 18670: 18665: 18664: 18663: 18658: 18647: 18645: 18635: 18634: 18618: 18617: 18614: 18613: 18611: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18554: 18553: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18527: 18525: 18519: 18518: 18516: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18424: 18423: 18418: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18362: 18356: 18350: 18349: 18346: 18345: 18343: 18342: 18340:Rail transport 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18316: 18314: 18308: 18307: 18305: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18279: 18274: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18240: 18239: 18228: 18222: 18216: 18215: 18212: 18211: 18208: 18207: 18205: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18183: 18181: 18175: 18174: 18172: 18171: 18170: 18169: 18162:Prime Minister 18159: 18158: 18157: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18124: 18122: 18116: 18115: 18113: 18112: 18110:Shadow Cabinet 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18091: 18090: 18088:House of Lords 18085: 18075: 18070: 18069: 18068: 18063: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18032: 18031: 18021: 18016: 18015: 18014: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17988: 17978: 17972: 17971: 17968: 17967: 17964: 17963: 17961: 17960: 17959: 17958: 17953: 17945: 17944: 17943: 17938: 17930: 17925: 17924: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17905: 17904: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17848: 17842: 17840: 17834: 17833: 17831: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17799: 17798: 17788: 17787: 17786: 17781: 17770: 17768: 17762: 17761: 17759: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17722: 17720: 17718:Administrative 17707: 17701: 17700: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17662: 17661: 17651: 17646: 17640: 17638: 17634: 17633: 17631: 17630: 17629: 17628: 17623: 17615: 17614: 17613: 17608: 17600: 17599: 17598: 17593: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17554: 17552: 17543: 17537: 17536: 17534: articles 17532:United Kingdom 17528: 17527: 17520: 17513: 17505: 17498: 17497: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17433: 17431: 17430:External links 17428: 17426: 17425: 17414: 17408: 17394:Wadham, John; 17391: 17385: 17369:Pannick, David 17365: 17355:(4): 796–826. 17342: 17336: 17320: 17306: 17300: 17288:Lenaerts, Koen 17284: 17273: 17267: 17254: 17248: 17236:Feldman, David 17232: 17210: 17204: 17187: 17181: 17165: 17159: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17137: 17107: 17104:. 4 July 2014. 17089: 17070: 17063: 17042: 17030: 17008: 16984: 16958: 16934: 16908: 16882: 16875:) – via 16859: 16832: 16806: 16780: 16748: 16730: 16704: 16679: 16658: 16640: 16616: 16591: 16566: 16545: 16534:on 21 May 2022 16519: 16493: 16479: 16460: 16424: 16399: 16366: 16344: 16321: 16299: 16262: 16231: 16195: 16164: 16138: 16105: 16075: 16047: 16016: 15986: 15960: 15934: 15915: 15896: 15878: 15848: 15837:on 13 May 2019 15818: 15800: 15761: 15747: 15727: 15709: 15700:amnesty.org.uk 15687: 15673: 15662:. October 2020 15647: 15618: 15607:. January 2015 15589: 15568:"IDABC – Home" 15559: 15546: 15533: 15520: 15502: 15490: 15472: 15453: 15428:on 18 May 2011 15413: 15397: 15390: 15359: 15350: 15331: 15312: 15286: 15268: 15243: 15210: 15180: 15150: 15121: 15091: 15061: 15032: 15002: 14981:United Nations 14972: 14947: 14917: 14887: 14857: 14827: 14810:(April 2013). 14796: 14766: 14732: 14702: 14672: 14642: 14612: 14583: 14553: 14523: 14493: 14467: 14455: 14422: 14392: 14362: 14332: 14302: 14272: 14270:, para. 3.121. 14255: 14225: 14195: 14170: 14140: 14094: 14064: 14052: 14022: 13981: 13951: 13926: 13910:United Nations 13901: 13889: 13877: 13863: 13848: 13846:, para. 5-063. 13836: 13834:, para. 5-083. 13824: 13798: 13786: 13756: 13740: 13710: 13694: 13668: 13642: 13617: 13584: 13568: 13550: 13535: 13533:, para. 20.17. 13523: 13511: 13509:, para. 20.11. 13496: 13479: 13448: 13423: 13401: 13389: 13377: 13375:, para. 17.36. 13365: 13363:, para. 17.25. 13350: 13348:, para. 17.18. 13338: 13336:, para. 17.09. 13326: 13324:, para. 17.06. 13314: 13312:, para. 18.18. 13302: 13290: 13278: 13266: 13254: 13242: 13230: 13218: 13206: 13192: 13177: 13165: 13163:, para. 13.60. 13153: 13151:, para. 13.25. 13141: 13123: 13108: 13106:, para. 13.12. 13096: 13094:, para. 13.15. 13084: 13073:. 17 July 2013 13056: 13054:, para. 13.14. 13044: 13042:, para. 13.08. 13032: 13030:, para. 13.04. 13017: 13015:, QB 198. 13003: 12988: 12970: 12953: 12944: 12921: 12907: 12893: 12879: 12865: 12851: 12839: 12827: 12803: 12779: 12765: 12752: 12736: 12723: 12711: 12700: 12686: 12670: 12666:Hubbard v Pitt 12658: 12640: 12628: 12600: 12584: 12572: 12560: 12542: 12531: 12516: 12507: 12493: 12478: 12457: 12445: 12421: 12409: 12382: 12362: 12353: 12341:arts 20 and 23 12330: 12313: 12295: 12281: 12267: 12258: 12250:1 All ER 655, 12232: 12196: 12178: 12164: 12143: 12131: 12112: 12091: 12075: 12066: 12053: 12041: 12004: 11979: 11955: 11940: 11915: 11890: 11870: 11834: 11782:Rupert Murdoch 11745: 11688: 11659: 11655:Leveson Report 11646: 11619: 11598: 11583: 11577:following the 11563: 11540: 11523:Bushell’s case 11508: 11494: 11478: 11476:, para. 14.23. 11466: 11464:, para. 14.26. 11454: 11452:, para. 14.22. 11442: 11440:, para. 14.18. 11430: 11428:, para. 14.06. 11418: 11416:, para. 14.04. 11403: 11401:, para. 14.24. 11391: 11363: 11349: 11347:, para. 14.03. 11330: 11307: 11293: 11270: 11256: 11240: 11229: 11217: 11203: 11191: 11174: 11163: 11149: 11137: 11123: 11110: 11098: 11086: 11071: 11054: 11035: 11021: 11009: 10997: 10985: 10973: 10963: 10949: 10940: 10928: 10916: 10912:ECHR article 8 10894: 10877: 10860: 10851: 10848:ECHR article 8 10840: 10823: 10818:Semayne’s case 10809: 10797: 10769: 10757: 10745: 10733: 10721: 10709: 10697: 10685: 10673: 10661: 10649: 10637: 10625: 10623:, para. 11.06. 10613: 10601: 10589: 10577: 10565: 10545: 10531: 10516: 10504: 10492: 10462: 10438: 10424: 10412: 10407:1 All ER 193, 10385: 10373: 10359: 10341: 10323: 10306: 10288: 10274: 10260: 10248: 10220: 10208: 10196: 10172: 10158: 10139: 10119: 10107: 10093: 10077: 10060: 10035: 10023: 10011: 9999: 9978: 9965: 9956: 9947: 9926: 9905: 9876: 9861: 9833: 9821: 9809: 9794: 9780: 9766: 9764:, para. 5.130. 9754: 9742: 9730: 9718: 9706: 9691: 9679: 9667: 9655: 9638: 9612: 9594: 9582: 9567: 9545: 9530: 9518: 9506: 9494: 9482: 9470: 9458: 9446: 9434: 9409: 9384: 9359: 9347: 9335:TheyWorkForYou 9319: 9294: 9269: 9244: 9242:, p. 160. 9240:Fenwick (2007) 9229: 9214: 9202: 9187: 9176:. 2 March 1993 9159: 9147: 9128: 9116: 9112:Feldman (2002) 9104: 9092: 9090:, p. 143. 9088:Fenwick (2007) 9075: 9060: 9056:Feldman (2002) 9043: 9028: 9016: 9004: 8989: 8987:, p. 253. 8977: 8965: 8963:, p. 252. 8953: 8951:, p. 251. 8941: 8939:, p. 454. 8929: 8927:, p. 239. 8917: 8905: 8903:, p. 453. 8893: 8881: 8879:, p. 452. 8869: 8857: 8855:, p. 451. 8845: 8833: 8831:, p. 448. 8818: 8806: 8804:, p. 796. 8802:Marston (1993) 8794: 8792:, p. 141. 8790:Fenwick (2007) 8779: 8767: 8765:, p. 447. 8752: 8750:, p. 446. 8740: 8738:, p. 445. 8728: 8716: 8712:Feldman (2002) 8704: 8689: 8677: 8658: 8640: 8621: 8602: 8584: 8566: 8540: 8528: 8510: 8479: 8462: 8434: 8415: 8406: 8397: 8384: 8358: 8341:"Human Rights" 8329: 8303: 8281: 8255: 8243: 8176: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8121: 8111: 8104: 8098: 8091: 8085: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8065: 8054: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8017: 7994: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7970: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7901: 7898:Saunders, 1996 7890: 7887:Home Secretary 7883: 7880: 7877: 7871: 7868: 7861: 7847: 7840: 7824: 7821: 7817:Lush cosmetics 7752: 7749: 7732:Caroline Lucas 7697:Vladimir Putin 7689:David Blunkett 7640:United Kingdom 7635: 7632: 7623: 7620: 7607: 7606:Domestic abuse 7604: 7587:House of Lords 7582: 7579: 7555:United Nations 7550: 7547: 7515:Main article: 7512: 7509: 7432:Following the 7426:Main article: 7423: 7420: 7367:control orders 7342: 7339: 7307: 7182:Main article: 7179: 7176: 7168:United Nations 7159: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7141: 7138: 7137:7 August 2009 7135: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7100:27 March 2001 7098: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6781:United Nations 6729: 6726: 6640: 6637: 6598:civil servants 6542:Main article: 6539: 6536: 6459:discrimination 6444: 6441: 6402:Main article: 6399: 6396: 6350:sado-masochism 6338:common assault 6332:ECHR article 3 6330:Main article: 6327: 6324: 6200: 6197: 6176:National Front 6158:Salman Rushdie 6080:Hubbard v Pitt 6031:Salvation Army 5977:Florence Nagle 5932:The rights to 5927: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5871:Duncan v Jones 5868: 5865: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5753:Hubbard v Pitt 5750: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5591:arts 20 and 23 5584: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5523: 5520: 5361:British Empire 5329: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5102: 5099: 4960:ECHR article 9 4955: 4952: 4858:European Union 4793:prime minister 4702: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4526:Semayne’s case 4523: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4451: 4427:ECHR article 8 4422: 4419: 4299:ECHR article 7 4291:ECHR article 6 4286: 4283: 4224:ECHR article 8 4186:Lord Camden CJ 4168: 4164:ECHR article 6 4136:ECHR article 5 4061:British Empire 4045: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974:ss 8-21 and 32 3970: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3782:ECHR article 5 3777: 3774: 3716:British Empire 3706:ECHR article 4 3701: 3698: 3618:ECHR article 2 3613: 3610: 3582: 3579: 3501: 3498: 3489:in peacetime. 3483:Kevin McNamara 3446:Lord Donaldson 3419:Lord Kingsland 3395: 3392: 3268:Edward Gardner 3257:second reading 3236:House of Lords 3211:called for an 3201:Anthony Lester 3192: 3189: 3149:Peter Smithers 3123:Home Secretary 3084: 3081: 3034: 3031: 3015:United Nations 2956:Main article: 2953: 2950: 2888:directly. The 2840:order put the 2749:Putney Debates 2745:King Charles I 2724:with right to 2713:for everyone. 2684: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2613: 2610: 2563:United Kingdom 2550: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2494: 2480: 2475: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2363:European Union 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2118: 2117: 2106: 2105: 2098:Foreign policy 2095: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2015: 2006: 1999: 1984: 1979: 1973: 1968: 1962: 1960:Cayman Islands 1957: 1951: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1777:Civil parishes 1774: 1769: 1764: 1755: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1726: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1699:Civil parishes 1696: 1695: 1694: 1692:London Borough 1689: 1684: 1669: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1655:Greater London 1652: 1647: 1637: 1627: 1618: 1606: 1605: 1602:Administration 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1555:First Minister 1551: 1548:Wales Act 2017 1544:Wales Act 2014 1532: 1521: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1471:First Minister 1467: 1452: 1447: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1388:First Minister 1384: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1304: 1294: 1289: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1223:UK referendums 1221: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 856:1910 (Jan–Feb) 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 716:1801 co-option 712: 704: 700: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 663: 654: 653: 650: 649: 646: 645: 640: 635: 623: 622: 609: 608: 600: 595: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 581: 576: 571: 569:United Kingdom 564: 563: 553:The Lord Hodge 550: 549: 536: 535: 520: 519: 499: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 484: 483: 473: 468: 461: 460: 442: 441: 422: 421: 412: 411: 392: 391: 388:House of Lords 377: 376: 354: 353: 345: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 321: 303: 302: 282: 281: 272:Prime Minister 256: 255: 234: 233: 204: 203: 195: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 149: 148: 128: 127: 109: 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 63: 61:Bill of Rights 58: 52: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19415: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19395: 19393: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19372:South Ossetia 19370: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19355: 19354: 19352: 19346: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19224:Liechtenstein 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19094: 19092: 19088: 19084: 19077: 19072: 19070: 19065: 19063: 19058: 19057: 19054: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19033: 19028: 19024: 19021: 19017: 19016: 19012: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18967: 18964: 18963: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18936: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18921: 18919: 18917: 18913: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18899: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18844: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18831: 18828: 18827: 18826: 18823: 18822: 18820: 18818: 18814: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18781: 18778: 18777: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18750: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18735: 18733: 18731: 18727: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18689: 18686: 18685: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18653: 18652: 18649: 18648: 18646: 18644: 18640: 18636: 18632: 18627: 18623: 18619: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18552: 18549: 18548: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18528: 18526: 18524: 18520: 18514: 18513:Welfare state 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18458:Mental health 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18413: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18401:Ethnic groups 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18363: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18351: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18325:Bus transport 18323: 18321: 18320:Air transport 18318: 18317: 18315: 18313: 18309: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18287: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18267: 18265: 18264:Manufacturing 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18238: 18235: 18234: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18217: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18184: 18182: 18180: 18176: 18168: 18165: 18164: 18163: 18160: 18156: 18153: 18152: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18140:Civil service 18138: 18134: 18131: 18130: 18129: 18126: 18125: 18123: 18121: 18117: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18080: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18067: 18066:republicanism 18064: 18062: 18059: 18058: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18030: 18027: 18026: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18013: 18010: 18009: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17989: 17986: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17973: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17948: 17946: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17933: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17908: 17906: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17886:North Sea oil 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17853: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17843: 17841: 17839: 17835: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17797: 17794: 17793: 17792: 17789: 17785: 17784:Great Britain 17782: 17780: 17777: 17776: 17775: 17774:British Isles 17772: 17771: 17769: 17767: 17763: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17723: 17721: 17719: 17715: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17702: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17660: 17657: 17656: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17635: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17616: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17603: 17601: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17573:Edwardian era 17571: 17569: 17568:Victorian era 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17555: 17553: 17551: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17538: 17533: 17526: 17521: 17519: 17514: 17512: 17507: 17506: 17503: 17495: 17491: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17434: 17422: 17421: 17415: 17411: 17405: 17401: 17397: 17392: 17388: 17386:0-406-96971-X 17382: 17378: 17374: 17370: 17366: 17362: 17358: 17354: 17350: 17349: 17343: 17339: 17337:0-406-89511-2 17333: 17329: 17325: 17321: 17317: 17316: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17297: 17293: 17289: 17285: 17281: 17280: 17274: 17270: 17264: 17260: 17255: 17251: 17245: 17241: 17237: 17233: 17229: 17225: 17221: 17220: 17215: 17211: 17207: 17201: 17197: 17193: 17188: 17184: 17178: 17174: 17170: 17166: 17162: 17156: 17152: 17147: 17146: 17125: 17121: 17117: 17111: 17103: 17099: 17093: 17085: 17081: 17074: 17066: 17060: 17056: 17052: 17046: 17040:, para. 1.02. 17039: 17034: 17018: 17012: 16997: 16994: 16988: 16972: 16968: 16962: 16947: 16944: 16938: 16922: 16918: 16912: 16896: 16892: 16886: 16878: 16874: 16870: 16863: 16846: 16842: 16836: 16821: 16817: 16810: 16794: 16793:The Big Issue 16790: 16784: 16768: 16764: 16759: 16752: 16744: 16740: 16734: 16719:. 10 May 2021 16718: 16714: 16708: 16693: 16689: 16683: 16675: 16668: 16662: 16654: 16650: 16644: 16636: 16635: 16627: 16624:Home Office. 16620: 16605: 16601: 16595: 16580: 16576: 16570: 16555: 16549: 16533: 16529: 16523: 16507: 16503: 16497: 16489: 16483: 16475: 16471: 16464: 16449: 16445: 16441: 16440: 16435: 16428: 16413: 16412:openDemocracy 16409: 16403: 16387: 16383: 16378: 16370: 16354: 16348: 16332: 16325: 16309: 16303: 16296: 16283: 16279: 16278: 16273: 16266: 16250: 16246: 16245:OpenDemocracy 16242: 16235: 16219: 16215: 16214:OpenDemocracy 16211: 16204: 16202: 16200: 16183: 16179: 16175: 16168: 16153: 16149: 16142: 16126: 16122: 16121: 16116: 16109: 16093: 16089: 16085: 16079: 16064: 16063: 16058: 16051: 16035: 16031: 16027: 16020: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15990: 15974: 15970: 15964: 15949:. 8 June 2020 15948: 15944: 15938: 15930: 15926: 15919: 15911: 15907: 15900: 15892: 15888: 15882: 15866: 15862: 15858: 15852: 15836: 15832: 15828: 15822: 15814: 15810: 15804: 15796: 15784: 15776: 15772: 15765: 15757: 15751: 15744: 15740: 15737: 15734:Home Office, 15731: 15725: 15721: 15718: 15713: 15705: 15701: 15697: 15691: 15683: 15677: 15661: 15657: 15651: 15635: 15628: 15622: 15606: 15599: 15593: 15577: 15573: 15569: 15563: 15556: 15550: 15543: 15537: 15530: 15524: 15516: 15512: 15506: 15499: 15494: 15486: 15482: 15476: 15468: 15464: 15457: 15449: 15443: 15427: 15423: 15417: 15410: 15406: 15401: 15393: 15387: 15383: 15379: 15378: 15373: 15369: 15363: 15354: 15346: 15342: 15335: 15327: 15323: 15316: 15300: 15296: 15290: 15282: 15278: 15272: 15257: 15253: 15247: 15228: 15221: 15214: 15198: 15194: 15190: 15184: 15168: 15164: 15160: 15154: 15135: 15131: 15125: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15095: 15079: 15075: 15071: 15065: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15020: 15016: 15012: 15006: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14976: 14961: 14957: 14951: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14921: 14905: 14901: 14897: 14891: 14875: 14871: 14867: 14861: 14845: 14841: 14837: 14831: 14813: 14809: 14803: 14801: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14770: 14751: 14747: 14741: 14739: 14737: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14706: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14676: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14646: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14616: 14597: 14593: 14587: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14557: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14527: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14497: 14481: 14477: 14471: 14465:, para. 6.03. 14464: 14459: 14443: 14439: 14435: 14429: 14427: 14410: 14406: 14402: 14396: 14380: 14376: 14372: 14366: 14350: 14346: 14342: 14336: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14306: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14276: 14269: 14264: 14262: 14260: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14229: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14199: 14184: 14180: 14174: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14144: 14129: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14110: 14103: 14101: 14099: 14082: 14078: 14074: 14068: 14061: 14056: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14026: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13996: 13994: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13986: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13955: 13940: 13936: 13930: 13915: 13911: 13905: 13899:, para. 2.13. 13898: 13893: 13887:, para. 2.09. 13886: 13881: 13873: 13867: 13861:, para. 2.05. 13860: 13855: 13853: 13845: 13840: 13833: 13828: 13812: 13808: 13802: 13795: 13790: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13760: 13750: 13744: 13728: 13724: 13720: 13714: 13704: 13698: 13682: 13678: 13672: 13656: 13652: 13646: 13631: 13627: 13621: 13605: 13601: 13600: 13595: 13588: 13578: 13572: 13562: 13561: 13554: 13547: 13542: 13540: 13532: 13527: 13520: 13515: 13508: 13503: 13501: 13493: 13488: 13486: 13484: 13468: 13467: 13462: 13455: 13453: 13436: 13430: 13428: 13411: 13405: 13398: 13393: 13386: 13381: 13374: 13369: 13362: 13357: 13355: 13347: 13342: 13335: 13330: 13323: 13318: 13311: 13306: 13299: 13294: 13287: 13282: 13276:, para. 8.42. 13275: 13270: 13264:, para. 8.16. 13263: 13258: 13251: 13246: 13239: 13234: 13228:, para. 8.04. 13227: 13222: 13216:, para. 8.03. 13215: 13210: 13202: 13196: 13189: 13184: 13182: 13174: 13169: 13162: 13157: 13150: 13145: 13135: 13134: 13127: 13120: 13115: 13113: 13105: 13100: 13093: 13088: 13072: 13071: 13066: 13060: 13053: 13048: 13041: 13036: 13029: 13024: 13022: 13013: 13007: 13000: 12999: 12992: 12986:(2018) 515-6. 12985: 12981: 12980: 12974: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12957: 12948: 12940: 12939: 12933: 12932: 12925: 12918: 12917: 12911: 12904: 12903: 12897: 12890: 12889: 12883: 12876: 12875: 12869: 12862: 12861: 12855: 12848: 12843: 12836: 12831: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12815:Riot Act 1714 12812: 12807: 12800: 12796: 12791: 12790: 12783: 12776: 12775: 12769: 12762: 12756: 12749: 12745: 12740: 12733: 12727: 12720: 12715: 12709: 12704: 12697: 12696: 12690: 12683: 12679: 12674: 12667: 12662: 12655: 12651: 12650: 12644: 12637: 12632: 12625: 12621: 12620: 12615: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12588: 12581: 12576: 12569: 12564: 12557: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12540: 12535: 12528: 12525: 12520: 12511: 12504: 12503: 12497: 12490: 12489: 12482: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12468: 12461: 12454: 12449: 12442: 12437: 12433: 12432: 12425: 12418: 12413: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12386: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12372: 12366: 12357: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12339: 12334: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12307: 12306: 12299: 12292: 12291: 12285: 12278: 12277: 12271: 12262: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12248: 12243: 12242: 12236: 12229: 12225: 12224: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12206: 12200: 12194: 12190: 12187: 12182: 12175: 12174: 12168: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12154: 12147: 12141:ss 1-3 and 20 12140: 12135: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12116: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12095: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12070: 12062: 12057: 12050: 12045: 12038: 12037: 12032: 12031: 12026: 12025: 12020: 12019: 12014: 12008: 12001: 11997: 11996: 11991: 11990: 11983: 11976: 11972: 11971: 11965: 11959: 11952: 11951: 11944: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11919: 11912: 11911: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11894: 11887: 11883: 11880:s 3 requires 11879: 11874: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11838: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11794:Daily Express 11791: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11749: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11692: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11663: 11656: 11650: 11643: 11642: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11593: 11587: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11567: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11551: 11544: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11518: 11512: 11506:2 AC 115, 126 11505: 11504: 11498: 11488: 11482: 11475: 11470: 11463: 11458: 11451: 11446: 11439: 11434: 11427: 11422: 11415: 11410: 11408: 11400: 11395: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11367: 11359: 11353: 11346: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11318: 11311: 11305:EWCA Civ 1776 11304: 11303: 11297: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11280: 11274: 11267: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11233: 11226: 11221: 11214: 11213: 11207: 11200: 11195: 11188: 11184: 11178: 11172: 11167: 11161: 11158: 11153: 11146: 11141: 11135: 11132: 11127: 11120: 11114: 11107: 11102: 11095: 11090: 11084: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11068:Lord Hoffmann 11065: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11040: 11032: 11031: 11025: 11018: 11013: 11006: 11001: 10994: 10989: 10982: 10977: 10967: 10960: 10959: 10958:R v Barkshire 10953: 10944: 10937: 10932: 10925: 10920: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10891: 10887: 10881: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10855: 10849: 10844: 10837: 10836: 10830: 10828: 10820: 10819: 10813: 10806: 10801: 10785: 10784: 10779: 10773: 10766: 10761: 10754: 10749: 10742: 10737: 10730: 10725: 10718: 10713: 10706: 10701: 10694: 10689: 10682: 10677: 10670: 10665: 10658: 10653: 10646: 10641: 10634: 10629: 10622: 10617: 10610: 10605: 10598: 10593: 10586: 10581: 10574: 10569: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10555: 10549: 10542: 10541: 10535: 10528: 10527: 10520: 10513: 10508: 10501: 10496: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10436:EWCA Crim 273 10435: 10434: 10428: 10421: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10405: 10404:Abbassy v MPC 10400: 10399:Lord du Parcq 10396: 10395: 10389: 10382: 10377: 10370: 10369: 10363: 10356: 10352: 10351: 10345: 10338: 10337: 10336:R v Singleton 10332: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10315:Brown v Stott 10310: 10303: 10299: 10298: 10292: 10285: 10284: 10278: 10271: 10270: 10264: 10257: 10252: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10230:ss 54-58 and 10229: 10224: 10217: 10212: 10205: 10200: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10170: 10167: 10162: 10155: 10152: 10148: 10143: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10129: 10123: 10116: 10111: 10104: 10103: 10097: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10075: 10071: 10070: 10064: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10032: 10027: 10020: 10015: 10008: 10003: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9975: 9969: 9960: 9954:ECHR art 5(1) 9951: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9930: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9909: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9887: 9880: 9873: 9870: 9865: 9849: 9848: 9843: 9837: 9830: 9825: 9819:, para. 9.07. 9818: 9813: 9807:, para. 9.06. 9806: 9801: 9799: 9790: 9784: 9776: 9770: 9763: 9758: 9751: 9746: 9740:, para. 7.24. 9739: 9734: 9728:, para. 7.09. 9727: 9722: 9716:, para. 7.44. 9715: 9710: 9704:, para. 7.20. 9703: 9698: 9696: 9688: 9683: 9677:, para. 7.08. 9676: 9671: 9664: 9659: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9642: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9591: 9586: 9580: 9576: 9571: 9555: 9549: 9543:, para. 4.91. 9542: 9537: 9535: 9528:, para. 3.14. 9527: 9522: 9516:, para. 3.11. 9515: 9510: 9504:, para. 3.72. 9503: 9498: 9492:, para. 3.05. 9491: 9486: 9480:, para. 3.23. 9479: 9474: 9468:, para. 3.15. 9467: 9462: 9455: 9450: 9443: 9438: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9356: 9351: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9324: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9241: 9236: 9234: 9227:, para. 1.24. 9226: 9221: 9219: 9212:, para. 1.58. 9211: 9206: 9200:, para. 1.23. 9199: 9194: 9192: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9163: 9157:, para. 1.57. 9156: 9151: 9145:, para. 1.22. 9144: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9126:, para. 1.56. 9125: 9120: 9114:, p. 79. 9113: 9108: 9101: 9096: 9089: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9073:, para. 1.55. 9072: 9067: 9065: 9058:, p. 78. 9057: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9041:, para. 1.21. 9040: 9035: 9033: 9026:, para. 1.20. 9025: 9020: 9014:, para. 1.50. 9013: 9008: 9002:, para. 1.19. 9001: 8996: 8994: 8986: 8985:Lester (1998) 8981: 8975:, para. 1.48. 8974: 8969: 8962: 8961:Lester (1998) 8957: 8950: 8949:Lester (1998) 8945: 8938: 8933: 8926: 8925:Lester (1998) 8921: 8914: 8909: 8902: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8867:, para. 1.18. 8866: 8861: 8854: 8849: 8842: 8837: 8830: 8825: 8823: 8816:, para. 1.05. 8815: 8810: 8803: 8798: 8791: 8786: 8784: 8777:, p. 57. 8776: 8771: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8749: 8744: 8737: 8732: 8725: 8720: 8714:, p. 72. 8713: 8708: 8702:, para. 1.47. 8701: 8696: 8694: 8687:, para. 1.59. 8686: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8662: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8555:. 20 May 2019 8554: 8550: 8544: 8537: 8532: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8483: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8410: 8401: 8394: 8388: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8334: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8291: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8264:"Magna Carta" 8259: 8252: 8247: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8218: 8214: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8161: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7916:Soering, 1989 7913: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7885:Allowing the 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7855:heterosexuals 7852: 7848: 7846:(Rees, 1986); 7845: 7841: 7838: 7837:Dudgeon, 1981 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7663:, the former 7662: 7657: 7656:Paddy Tipping 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7496: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7483: 7478: 7475:In 2002, the 7473: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7394: 7389: 7387: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7347:War on Terror 7341:War on Terror 7338: 7336: 7335:David Cameron 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7206:Great Britain 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7076:24 June 1988 7075: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7043:24 June 2003 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7030:11 July 1962 7029: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6929:7 April 1986 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6828:8 March 1951 6827: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6817:7 March 1969 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6769:Pepper v Hart 6766: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6718: 6714: 6713:four freedoms 6710: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6670:member states 6667: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6586:secret ballot 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6348:that acts of 6347: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6237:provides for 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6196: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6056:Although the 6054: 6052: 6048: 6047:Critical Mass 6044: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5924: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5582: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5532:UK labour law 5529: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5326: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5282: 5278:ss 1-5, 11-13 5277: 5272: 5268:ss 1-3 and 20 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5198: 5194:ss 3, 319-321 5193: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4994:Test Act 1673 4991: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4866: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4699: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4677:EWCA Civ 1776 4676: 4675: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4630:ss 27 and 65A 4629: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4481: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4101: 4095: 4094:extradition. 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079:alleged adage 4076: 4072: 4070: 4069:habeas corpus 4066: 4065:forced labour 4062: 4058: 4053: 4050:The right to 4042: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4010:EWCA Crim 273 4009: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3828: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3739:naval service 3736: 3735:Forced labour 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3622:Right to life 3619: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3588: 3578: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563:David Cameron 3560: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3466:modernisation 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430:crossbenchers 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3376:statutory law 3372: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295:Lord Hailsham 3292: 3291:Lord Gardiner 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3225:Geoffrey Howe 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197:incorporation 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3127:Frank Soskice 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980:dictatorships 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2946:authoritarian 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2772:Enlightenment 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718:habeas corpus 2714: 2712: 2708: 2707:free movement 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2398:member states 2396: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2315:United States 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 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1767:Council areas 1765: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561:Eluned Morgan 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 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Retrieved 17124:the original 17119: 17110: 17101: 17092: 17084:The Guardian 17083: 17073: 17054: 17051:Jacobs, F.G. 17045: 17033: 17021:. Retrieved 17011: 16999:. Retrieved 16995: 16987: 16975:. Retrieved 16970: 16961: 16949:. Retrieved 16945: 16937: 16925:. Retrieved 16920: 16911: 16899:. Retrieved 16894: 16885: 16862: 16849:. Retrieved 16844: 16835: 16823:. Retrieved 16819: 16809: 16797:. Retrieved 16792: 16783: 16771:. Retrieved 16762: 16751: 16742: 16733: 16721:. Retrieved 16716: 16707: 16695:. Retrieved 16691: 16682: 16673: 16661: 16652: 16643: 16632: 16619: 16607:. Retrieved 16603: 16594: 16582:. Retrieved 16578: 16569: 16557:. Retrieved 16548: 16536:. Retrieved 16532:the original 16522: 16510:. Retrieved 16505: 16496: 16482: 16474:The Guardian 16473: 16463: 16451:. Retrieved 16437: 16427: 16415:. Retrieved 16411: 16402: 16390:. Retrieved 16381: 16369: 16357:. Retrieved 16347: 16335:. Retrieved 16324: 16312:. Retrieved 16302: 16293: 16286:. Retrieved 16275: 16265: 16253:. 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Retrieved 13068: 13059: 13047: 13035: 13011: 13006: 12996: 12991: 12983: 12977: 12973: 12960: 12956: 12947: 12936: 12929: 12924: 12914: 12910: 12905:1984 SLT 176 12900: 12896: 12886: 12882: 12872: 12868: 12858: 12854: 12842: 12830: 12806: 12794: 12787: 12782: 12772: 12768: 12755: 12739: 12734:(2019) ch 33 12731: 12726: 12714: 12703: 12693: 12689: 12682:Broome v DPP 12681: 12673: 12665: 12661: 12647: 12643: 12631: 12617: 12616:AC 1054 and 12611: 12603: 12591: 12587: 12575: 12563: 12553: 12545: 12534: 12519: 12510: 12500: 12496: 12486: 12481: 12471: 12465: 12460: 12448: 12429: 12424: 12416: 12412: 12390: 12385: 12375: 12369: 12365: 12356: 12343:. 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Retrieved 9627:. 9 May 2022 9625:The Guardian 9624: 9615: 9606: 9597: 9585: 9578: 9570: 9558:. Retrieved 9548: 9521: 9509: 9497: 9485: 9473: 9461: 9456:, p. 8. 9449: 9437: 9425:. Retrieved 9421: 9412: 9400:. Retrieved 9396: 9387: 9375:. Retrieved 9371: 9362: 9350: 9338:. Retrieved 9334: 9310:. Retrieved 9306: 9297: 9285:. Retrieved 9281: 9272: 9260:. Retrieved 9256: 9247: 9205: 9178:. Retrieved 9171: 9162: 9150: 9119: 9107: 9102:, p. 6. 9095: 9019: 9007: 8980: 8968: 8956: 8944: 8937:Wicks (2000) 8932: 8920: 8913:Wicks (2000) 8908: 8901:Wicks (2000) 8896: 8889:Wicks (2000) 8884: 8877:Wicks (2000) 8872: 8860: 8853:Wicks (2000) 8848: 8841:Wicks (2000) 8836: 8829:Wicks (2000) 8809: 8797: 8770: 8763:Wicks (2000) 8748:Wicks (2000) 8743: 8736:Wicks (2000) 8731: 8724:Wicks (2000) 8719: 8707: 8680: 8671: 8661: 8653:Novara Media 8652: 8643: 8634: 8624: 8615: 8605: 8597:The Guardian 8596: 8587: 8579:The Guardian 8578: 8569: 8557:. Retrieved 8553:The Guardian 8552: 8543: 8531: 8521: 8513: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8482: 8465: 8455: 8445: 8437: 8426: 8418: 8409: 8400: 8387: 8375:. Retrieved 8371:the original 8361: 8349:. Retrieved 8345:the original 8320:. Retrieved 8316: 8306: 8294:. Retrieved 8284: 8272:. Retrieved 8268:the original 8258: 8246: 8221:. Retrieved 8217:the original 8202:. Retrieved 8179: 8167:. Retrieved 8160:the original 8147: 8024: 8006:Reilly, 2012 7991:Marper, 2008 7963:Sunday Times 7932:suspects in 7928:Shooting of 7844:transsexuals 7830: 7826: 7813:Report stage 7805: 7798: 7794: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7754: 7701: 7693:Labour Party 7677:paramilitary 7650:, while the 7637: 7625: 7609: 7600:Diane Abbott 7584: 7552: 7520: 7500:The Guardian 7497: 7490: 7486: 7474: 7462: 7447: 7431: 7408: 7397: 7390: 7386:Royal Assent 7383: 7359:house arrest 7344: 7320:Pat Finucane 7311: 7287: 7273: 7238: 7187: 7184:The Troubles 7161: 7113:8 June 2009 7003:Protocol 15 6981:Protocol 14 6959:Protocol 13 6907:20 May 1976 6894:20 May 1999 6841:20 May 1976 6806:Incorporated 6805: 6800: 6795: 6791:Incorporated 6790: 6785: 6780: 6761: 6756:incorporated 6749: 6698: 6682: 6656: 6614: 6566:Commonwealth 6547: 6525: 6491: 6456: 6430: 6407: 6389: 6370: 6335: 6304:minimum wage 6302:installed a 6288: 6263: 6255:transsexuals 6216: 6191: 6187:RAF Fairford 6182: 6180: 6161: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6109: 6092:Appleby v UK 6091: 6089: 6079: 6076: 6061: 6055: 6042: 6040: 6036:Lord Denning 6026: 6020: 6013:protests in 5985: 5970: 5967: 5954:trade unions 5931: 5907: 5895: 5881: 5869: 5845: 5833: 5799: 5777:Appleby v UK 5775: 5763: 5751: 5729: 5717: 5695: 5681: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5517: 5506: 5499: 5495: 5475: 5471: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5418: 5401: 5368:World War II 5365: 5344: 5333: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5243: 5201: 5084: 5033: 5023:amended the 5002: 4982: 4975: 4932: 4918: 4912: 4905:DNA Database 4897: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4842: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4724: 4722: 4706: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4648: 4613: 4582: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4443:Surveillance 4412: 4378: 4355: 4332: 4306: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4218:was held in 4213: 4197: 4191: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4148: 4133: 4125: 4116: 4096: 4073: 4049: 4027: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3961:Beckles v UK 3959: 3947: 3925: 3895:Bird v Jones 3893: 3881: 3747: 3728: 3713: 3683: 3652: 3636:manslaughter 3628:criminal law 3625: 3602: 3597: 3592:Lord Bingham 3584: 3575: 3547: 3540: 3525: 3513: 3491: 3475: 3462: 3450:backbenchers 3427: 3408: 3397: 3371:Paul Boateng 3364: 3340: 3327: 3303:Lord Bingham 3272: 3261: 3233: 3221:Leon Brittan 3209:Lord Scarman 3204: 3194: 3173:World War II 3157: 3131: 3101: 3086: 3073: 3069: 3036: 3033:Ratification 3004: 3000:Maxwell Fyfe 2961: 2919: 2879: 2860: 2845: 2830:World War II 2827: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2765: 2738: 2728:. After the 2715: 2690:human rights 2687: 2598:human rights 2595: 2554: 2553: 2290:South Africa 2275:Saudi Arabia 1996:Saint Helena 1788: 1758:Subdivisions 1744: 1729:Subdivisions 1715: 1621:Subdivisions 1607: 1553: 1510: 1477:John Swinney 1469: 1436: 1400: 1386: 1367: 1354:Metro mayors 1319: 1278: 1222: 1218: 1174: 1170: 1121: 1117: 1073: 1069: 1015: 1011: 705: 701: 624: 617: 610: 603: 558: 551: 544: 537: 530: 521: 514: 504: 445: 432: 423: 416: 404:Lord Speaker 402: 393: 386: 378: 371: 355: 348: 304: 296: 285:Keir Starmer 283: 270: 257: 244: 235: 228: 217: 212: 205: 198: 159:Royal family 150: 143: 134: 129: 117: 49:Constitution 15: 19350:recognition 19324:Switzerland 19259:Netherlands 18978:Health care 18886:Health care 18792:Health care 18700:Health care 18608:Anglosphere 18483:Social care 18438:Immigration 18381:Drug policy 18145:Departments 18073:Nationality 17846:Agriculture 17779:terminology 17746:City status 17617:Since 1979 17214:Dicey, A.V. 16996:We Are Lush 16946:We Are Lush 16820:Law Gazette 16068:14 December 15861:CommonSpace 15791:|last= 15500:"itemid":} 15236:13 November 15143:13 November 15054:13 November 14965:13 November 14820:13 November 14759:13 November 14695:13 November 14605:13 November 14486:13 November 14448:13 November 14385:13 November 14248:13 November 14188:13 November 14133:13 November 14122:: 399–472. 14015:13 November 12774:DPP v Bayer 12678:TULRCA 1992 12593:DPP v Jones 12470:UKHL 2 and 11970:R v Hicklin 11950:Curl’s case 11903:(2017). An 11735:, owned by 11684:Jack Dorsey 11672:Sergey Brin 11320:QB 38, and 11121:at present. 10983:ss 6 and 20 10487:R v Loosely 10368:McLeod v UK 10297:Ibrahim v R 10218:ss 41-45ZA. 9997:'s highest. 9454:Amos (2006) 9442:Klug (1999) 9355:Klug (1999) 9100:Amos (2006) 8452:O de Gouges 8296:17 November 8231:English law 7967:thalidomide 7923:Osman, 1998 7874:Wiretapping 7851:homosexuals 7737:Priti Patel 7728:Green Party 7699:'s Russia. 7685:Kenan Malik 7596:David Davis 7581:Child spies 7575:bedroom tax 7535:Home Office 7468:and one to 7411:Theresa May 7269:white noise 7214:nationalist 7196:(PIRA) and 6936:Protocol 12 6913:Protocol 7 6891:Protocol 6 6869:Protocol 4 6847:Protocol 1 6556:confer the 6410:Magna Carta 6274:Lord Fraser 6134:section 1. 6062:DPP v Jones 5981:Jockey Club 5731:DPP v Jones 5513:thalidomide 5354:, when the 5034:Unlike the 4881:rule of law 4755:First, the 4650:R (L) v MPC 4380:Confessions 4328:Magna Carta 4220:McLeod v UK 4204:John Entick 4194:Lord Camden 4182:EWHC KB J98 4057:Magna Carta 3995:R v Longman 3983:McLeod v UK 3949:Ibrahim v R 3686:destitution 3605:A. V. Dicey 3530:situation, 3454:Lord Renton 3438:Lord Ackner 3411:Lord Irvine 3404:white paper 3311:Bar Council 3307:Law Society 3299:Lord Taylor 3229:Roy Jenkins 3117:. Labour's 3027:Home Office 2968:John Foster 2922:Jeremy Hunt 2734:petitioning 2711:common land 2579:Magna Carta 2260:New Zealand 2255:Netherlands 2145:Visa policy 2123:UK passport 1885:Isle of Man 1812:Communities 1762:Sheriffdoms 1580:(1999–2011) 1344:London Plan 660:referendums 501:Charles III 481:List of MPs 452:Rishi Sunak 380:Charles III 342:Legislature 319:Departments 214:Charles III 169:Prerogative 131:Charles III 119:The Monarch 83:Rule of law 56:Magna Carta 19392:Categories 19294:San Marino 19254:Montenegro 19234:Luxembourg 19214:Kazakhstan 19117:Azerbaijan 18944:Government 18852:Government 18847:Parliament 18563:Literature 18443:Innovation 18376:Demography 18271:(currency) 18120:Government 18078:Parliament 18002:Devolution 17997:Corruption 17932:Materials 17866:geothermal 17550:Chronology 17423:: 438–455. 17420:Public Law 17318:: 237–253. 17315:Public Law 17282:: 246–273. 17279:Public Law 17142:References 16157:11 January 15979:17 January 15640:27 January 15611:27 January 15582:13 October 15485:www.dfa.ie 15467:www.rte.ie 15461:RTÉ; RTÉ. 15203:4 November 15173:4 November 15114:4 November 15084:4 November 15050:. para. 14 15025:4 November 14995:4 November 14940:4 November 14910:4 November 14880:4 November 14850:4 November 14789:4 November 14755:. para. 21 14725:4 November 14665:4 November 14635:4 November 14576:4 November 14546:4 November 14516:4 November 14482:. para. 47 14415:4 November 14355:4 November 14325:4 November 14295:4 November 14218:4 November 14163:4 November 14087:4 November 14045:4 November 13974:4 November 13944:4 November 13919:4 November 13817:4 November 13779:4 November 13733:4 November 13687:4 November 13661:4 November 13635:4 November 13610:4 November 13599:The Lawyer 13472:30 October 13441:30 October 13416:30 October 13077:30 October 12680:s 220. cf 12392:ASLEF v UK 12377:Daily Mail 12244:2 QB 535, 12214:2 QB 189, 12208:1 AC 321, 12024:R v Aldred 11989:Shaw v DPP 11820:, and (6) 11810:article 63 11798:Daily Star 11788:, (3) the 11754:Daily Mail 11731:, and (5) 11725:Viacom Inc 11678:, and (3) 11668:Larry Page 11595:arts 18-20 11557:under the 11384:30 October 11134:arts 12-14 10790:30 October 10554:Osman v UK 10470:PACEA 1984 10381:PACEA 1984 10331:PACEA 1984 10302:PACEA 1984 10258:ss 60-64A. 10256:PACEA 1984 10228:PACEA 1984 10216:PACEA 1984 10204:PACEA 1984 10180:PACEA 1984 10166:PACEA 1984 10115:PACEA 1984 10031:PACEA 1984 10019:PACEA 1984 9989:(2007–08) 9854:30 October 9427:13 October 9402:13 October 9377:13 October 9340:13 October 9312:13 October 9287:13 October 9262:13 October 9180:4 November 8538:arts 5-11. 8130:in the UK. 8088:ARTICLE 19 7974:Spycatcher 7892:Admitting 7720:Alyn Smith 7708:ExxonMobil 7661:Peter Fahy 7531:Lithuanian 7428:Internment 7422:Internment 7151:Partially 7127:Partially 7103:Partially 7079:Partially 6978:Partially 6831:Partially 6720:regard to 6477:under the 6375:prohibits 6066:Stonehenge 6023:common law 5649:ASLEF v UK 5616:arts 21-22 5508:Spycatcher 5503:injunction 5483:defamation 5380:Article 10 5184:arts 18-20 5101:Expression 4934:Daily Mail 4743:, part of 4400:jury trial 4312:fair trial 4285:Fair trial 3972:PACEA 1984 3938:PACEA 1984 3766:unemployed 3671:Bolam Test 3667:Bland case 3663:euthanasia 3442:Lord Cooke 3415:Lord Simon 3384:Robin Cook 3367:Jack Straw 3319:John Smith 3253:Alan Beith 3213:entrenched 3111:common law 3061:Chancellor 2907:expression 2890:Convention 2886:Convention 2871:Strasbourg 2847:jus cogens 2836:, the new 2805:after the 2801:, and the 2768:John Locke 2616:See also: 2571:common law 1977:Montserrat 1568:Government 1484:Government 1327:Sadiq Khan 1255:Devolution 946:1974 (Oct) 941:1974 (Feb) 861:1910 (Dec) 633:Currencies 471:Opposition 164:Succession 19229:Lithuania 18973:Education 18929:Geography 18881:Education 18837:Geography 18787:Education 18758:Executive 18743:Geography 18695:Education 18668:Geography 18448:Languages 18386:Education 18312:Transport 18150:Ministers 18036:Judiciary 18007:Elections 17947:Wildlife 17856:biodiesel 17838:Resources 17828:Volcanoes 17818:Mountains 17803:Coastline 17705:Geography 17659:1814–1919 17621:political 17606:political 17558:Formation 16448:0140-0460 16439:The Times 15783:cite news 15666:1 October 12777:EWHC 2567 12597:2 WLR 625 12220:s 10(5), 12064:practice. 12030:R v Lemon 12018:R v Burns 11802:Reach plc 11774:The Times 11721:BlackRock 11701:Channel 4 11641:DPP v Haw 11327:ECHR 1878 11199:GDPR 2016 11157:GDPR 2016 11145:GDPR 2016 11131:GDPR 2016 11106:GDPR 2016 11094:GDPR 2016 11063:R v Brown 10971:private.' 10938:ss 26-36. 10936:RIPA 2000 10838:UKSC 26, 10560:DSD v MPC 10514:ss 37A-54 10452:s 42 and 10433:R v Iqbal 10304:ss 76-78. 10089:28 KLJ 62 9944:arts 9-16 9891:article 4 8423:J Bentham 8377:3 October 8351:3 October 8274:3 October 8235:Scots law 7934:Gibraltar 7905:solicitor 7894:testimony 7527:Albanians 7355:terrorism 7234:loyalists 6715:" of the 6602:bankrupts 6558:franchise 6483:equal pay 6383:outlawed 6346:R v Brown 6154:Wimbledon 6124:violation 6111:R v Jones 5946:political 5942:democracy 5801:R v Jones 5172:arts 9-10 5060:blasphemy 5009:Catholics 4977:Article 9 4943:Hong Kong 4927:, an old 4921:care.data 4846:contracts 4837:GDPR 2016 4825:Microsoft 4345:. A fair 4324:Article 7 4316:legal aid 4308:Article 6 4231:R v Iqbal 4156:inspector 4020:ss 37A-54 4007:R v Iqbal 3998:1 WLR 619 3862:arts 9-16 3743:prisoners 3374:override 3305:, by the 3287:judiciary 3275:Charter88 3240:Lord Wade 3057:Griffiths 2938:UK police 2909:, and to 2858:of 1966. 2834:Holocaust 2823:Chartists 2669:Author(s) 2295:Palestine 2280:Singapore 2193:Hong Kong 2158:Australia 2058:UK-OT JMC 1971:Gibraltar 1738:Districts 1672:Districts 1589:Welsh law 1504:Scots law 1415:Executive 656:Elections 638:Banknotes 532:President 496:Judiciary 324:Ministers 192:Executive 106:The Crown 19357:Abkhazia 19309:Slovenia 19304:Slovakia 19279:Portugal 19137:Bulgaria 19036:Category 18988:Religion 18934:Politics 18901:Religion 18842:Politics 18830:timeline 18817:Scotland 18802:Religion 18753:Assembly 18748:Politics 18715:Religion 18673:Politics 18661:timeline 18578:Religion 18558:Identity 18421:Scotland 18366:Cannabis 18292:Taxation 18179:Military 18061:monarchs 18056:Monarchy 17976:Politics 17936:forestry 17916:Scottish 17907:Fishing 17766:Physical 17686:Taxation 17681:Military 17671:Maritime 17644:Economic 17637:By topic 17602:Postwar 17596:military 17591:civilian 17583:Interwar 17375:(2004). 17238:(2002). 17228:7182665M 17216:(1889). 17194:(2009). 17171:(2009). 17102:BBC News 16767:Archived 16579:ECPAT UK 16386:Archived 16282:Archived 16249:Archived 16218:Archived 16182:Archived 16131:26 March 16125:Archived 16098:26 March 16092:Archived 16040:26 March 16034:Archived 16009:26 March 16003:Archived 15739:Archived 15720:Archived 15442:cite web 15374:(2005). 14958:(2013). 14748:(2007). 14601:. p. 8-9 12877:1 QB 260 12799:HRA 1998 12708:ECHR 222 12527:ss 11-16 12505:1 QB 202 12491:HRLR 249 12419:2 QB 633 12226:QB 712, 12193:Schedule 12176:2 AC 127 12100:POA 1986 11862:S Deakin 11843:KD Ewing 11786:Newscorp 11784:through 11768:through 11253:Guardian 11249:Guardian 11189:, and - 11117:See the 11108:arts 6-7 11096:arts 5-6 11078:See the 11017:IPA 2016 11005:IPA 2016 10993:IPA 2016 10907:R v Khan 10475:R v Khan 10409:Woolf LJ 10206:ss 30-39 10137:EWHC 129 10105:UKSC 79. 10056:Guardian 10052:Guardian 10048:Guardian 9991:HC 364-I 9607:BBC News 9560:16 March 8473:and the 8223:16 March 8204:16 March 8189:Scotland 8169:16 March 8076:See also 7940:, 1995); 7911:, 2000); 7571:workfare 7381:(2004). 7278:and the 7226:interned 7172:migrants 6801:Ratified 6786:Ratified 6623:, while 6422:taxation 6306:and the 6233:and the 6199:Marriage 6001:Al Qaeda 5900:ECHR 459 5874:1 KB 218 5852:1 QB 260 5816:ss 61-77 5781:ECHR 222 5734:2 AC 240 5710:ss 11-16 5674:ss 95-96 5664:ECHR 366 5652:ECHR 184 5640:ECHR 552 5411:, or in 5316:1 AC 191 5290:2 AC 127 5258:ss 17-27 5089:and the 5056:doctrine 4992:and the 4907:, and a 4854:Facebook 4813:Facebook 4563:ss 92-97 4550:R v Khan 4396:R v Wang 4360:and the 4271:sentence 4196:said in 4087:security 4032:2 QB 118 3940:ss 30-78 3850:arts 5-7 3553:and the 3517:UK court 3423:case-law 3315:election 3309:and the 3281:and the 3262:In 1986 3059:and the 2854:and the 2832:and the 2821:and the 2807:American 2696:and the 2659:Location 2650:Ratified 2585:and the 2577:such as 2575:statutes 2491:Scotland 2320:Zimbabwe 2310:Portugal 2300:Pakistan 2245:Malaysia 2163:Barbados 1932:Anguilla 1857:Alderney 1852:Guernsey 1746:Scotland 1733:Counties 1540:2006 Act 1464:2016 Act 1460:2012 Act 1438:Scotland 1420:Assembly 1381:2006 Act 1312:2007 Act 605:Governor 579:Scotland 329:Agencies 23:a series 19334:Ukraine 19284:Romania 19244:Moldova 19202:Ireland 19197:Iceland 19192:Hungary 19182:Germany 19177:Georgia 19167:Finland 19162:Estonia 19157:Denmark 19142:Croatia 19127:Belgium 19122:Belarus 19112:Austria 19107:Armenia 19102:Andorra 19097:Albania 19020:Outline 18993:Symbols 18983:Culture 18966:tourism 18961:Economy 18924:History 18906:Symbols 18896:Culture 18874:tourism 18869:Economy 18825:History 18807:Symbols 18797:Culture 18780:tourism 18775:Economy 18738:History 18720:Symbols 18710:Culture 18688:tourism 18683:Economy 18651:History 18643:England 18593:Theatre 18588:Symbols 18546:Cuisine 18523:Culture 18493:Suicide 18463:Poverty 18428:Housing 18416:England 18354:Society 18330:Driving 18302:Tourism 18220:Economy 18128:Cabinet 17928:Hunting 17911:English 17808:Geology 17791:Climate 17541:History 17488:by the 17130:1 April 17023:2 March 17001:2 March 16977:2 March 16951:1 March 16927:1 March 16901:1 March 16877:Twitter 16851:1 March 16825:1 March 16799:1 March 16773:1 March 16723:1 March 16697:1 March 16609:1 March 16584:1 March 16559:1 March 16538:1 March 16512:1 March 16453:1 March 16417:1 March 16392:28 June 16359:28 June 16337:28 June 16288:7 March 16255:18 June 16224:18 June 16188:18 June 16088:Liberty 15871:1 April 15841:1 April 15605:Liberty 15432:26 June 15305:5 April 15261:19 June 13811:EUR-Lex 13765:Equinet 13681:EUR-Lex 13630:EUR-Lex 12966:UKHL 55 12951:UKHL 55 12746:, also 12744:UKHL 16 12698:ICR 612 12654:Toxteth 12539:UKHL 69 12230:s 14(3) 11962:In the 11938:Fam 192 11858:CA 2006 11778:The Sun 11737:Comcast 11680:Twitter 11289:UKHL 22 11201:art 83. 11187:HC 1791 11185:(2019) 11171:UKSC 55 11051:HC 1791 11049:(2019) 10875:s 16(1) 10563:UKSC 11 10459:UKHL 29 9872:ch XXIX 9651:UKHL 50 8429:(1789) 8322:21 July 8124:Liberty 8114:JUSTICE 7681:Liberty 7470:Morocco 7415:Liberty 7265:hooding 7257:torture 6765:Hansard 6752:dualist 6685:opt-out 6570:Ireland 6503:by the 6377:torture 6342:battery 6253:allows 6243:divorce 6071:highway 5888:UKHL 55 5862:ss 1-5A 5804:UKHL 16 5792:ss 6-10 5768:ICR 612 5722:UKHL 69 5206:UKHL 23 5048:England 4689:UKSC 26 4620:UKSC 55 4587:UKSC 62 4490:arts 12 4439:Privacy 4421:Privacy 4347:hearing 4083:liberty 4052:liberty 3873:ch XXIX 3786:Liberty 3776:Liberty 3724:England 3718:by the 3690:neglect 3655:suicide 3648:coroner 3565:in his 3279:Liberty 3009:leader 2899:privacy 2895:liberty 2679:Purpose 2612:History 2573:, from 2473:England 2367:history 2328:Ireland 2215:Germany 2205:Denmark 2168:Belgium 2102:history 1938:Bermuda 1797:History 1753:History 1724:History 1625:Regions 1616:History 1609:England 1280:England 766:1832–33 434:Speaker 246:Cabinet 19362:Kosovo 19329:Turkey 19319:Sweden 19299:Serbia 19289:Russia 19274:Poland 19269:Norway 19249:Monaco 19219:Latvia 19187:Greece 19172:France 19147:Cyprus 19041:Portal 18939:Senedd 18656:social 18541:Cinema 18536:Anthem 18478:Racism 18433:Hunger 18406:Health 18259:Income 18244:Budget 17941:mining 17881:marine 17851:Energy 17823:Rivers 17796:change 17649:Empire 17626:social 17611:social 17406: 17383: 17334: 17298: 17265: 17246: 17226: 17202: 17179: 17157: 17061: 16971:Bustle 16921:Bustle 16634:Gov.uk 16446: 16314:10 May 15953:8 June 15411:(CAIN) 15388: 13752:, 13706:, 13580:, 13564:, 13137:, 12863:AC 854 12849:s 4A-5 12763:s 128. 12750:s 3(b) 12668:QB 142 12580:UKHL 5 12309:, 12123:art 20 11776:, and 11772:, (2) 11707:, (3) 11607:Cogers 11490:, 11237:UKSC 3 11160:art 20 10892:(2019) 10529:QB 241 10448:s 88, 10182:s 28. 8635:mirror 8559:20 May 8460:(1791) 8431:art II 8012:as an 7938:McCann 7691:, the 7466:France 7452:, the 7436:, the 7282:after 6744:; 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