66:
265:
235:
139:
3257:). Instead legislative authority via an Act of Parliament was required by the Government. The Court's reasoning in the initial hearing was that such a notice would inevitably affect rights under domestic law (many EU rights having direct effect in the UK). On the assumption – later proven false – that triggering Article 50 would inevitably result in Brexit, using the prerogative in this way would therefore frustrate the intention of Parliament to confer those rights. This reasoning was maintained in the subsequent Supreme Court hearing, although that judgement devoted more attention to the fact that Parliament had voted the UK into what was then the EEC by statute in 1972, which under the principle of
551:
164:
423:
26:
453:
2480:
391:
2513:
2526:
2495:
2633:
2620:—who are then accountable to Parliament for the decision—has been required in order for the prerogative to be exercised. The monarch remains constitutionally empowered to exercise the royal prerogative against the advice of the prime minister or the cabinet, but in practice would likely only do so in emergencies or where existing precedent does not adequately apply to the circumstances in question.
2840:
2822:. These included limits to the royal prerogative, which many felt had been misused by James; Article 1 prevented the monarch suspending or executing laws without consent of Parliament, while Article 4 made it illegal to use the prerogative to levy taxes "without grant of Parliament". The Bill also allowed Parliament to limit the use of remaining prerogatives in future, one example being the
2864:
the monarch could dissolve
Parliament single-handedly, on the condition that "an occasion has arisen on which there is fair reason to suppose that the opinion of the House is not the opinion of the electors ... A dissolution is allowable, or necessary, whenever the wishes of the legislature are, or may fairly be presumed to be, different from the wishes of the nation."
3128:, the monarch is the sole authority for the armed forces, and as such their organisation, disposition and control cannot be questioned by the courts. This exercise of prerogative power gives the Crown authority to recruit members of the armed forces, appoint commissioned officers, and establish agreements with foreign governments to station troops in their territory.
3226:(1920), where the House of Lords confirmed that a statutory provision in an area where prerogative powers are in use "abridges the Royal Prerogative while it is in force to this extent – that the Crown can only do the particular thing under and in accordance with the statutory provisions, and that its prerogative power to do that thing is in abeyance".
3233:, concerning the revocation of a commercial airline operator's licence (December 1976), where it was confirmed that prerogative powers could not be used to contradict a statutory provision, and that in situations to which the power and the statute both applied, the power could only be used to further the aim of the statute. Another extension came with
3261:(1920) superseded the normal prerogative power to enter into treaties. Following this decision, Parliament decided to provide legal authorisation to the Government to serve a notice in accordance with Article 50. This was duly granted in the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 and Theresa May exercised the power on 29 March 2017.
2793:, the judiciary rejected this idea on the grounds that while not subject to any individual, the monarch was subject to the law. Until he had gained sufficient knowledge of the law, he had no right to interpret it which Coke also pointed out "requires long study and experience, before that a man can attain to the cognisance of it". In the 1611
3124:, which the monarch has complete discretion to grant. In relation to the armed forces, the monarch is the Commander in Chief, and members are regulated under the royal prerogative. Most statutes do not apply to the armed forces, although some areas, such as military discipline, are governed by Acts of Parliament. Under the
3208:
to take and occupy, for military purposes in wartime, a commercial airfield on the south coast. The government argued that this action was to defend against an invasion; the courts held that for the prerogative to be exercised, the government must demonstrate that a threat of invasion exists. This was backed up by
3269:
Before the modern judicial review procedure superseded the petition of right as the remedy for challenging the validity of a prerogative power, the courts were traditionally only willing to state whether or not powers existed, not whether they had been used appropriately. They therefore applied only
3033:
The royal prerogative is in much use in the realm of foreign affairs. It is the monarch who recognises foreign states (although several statutes regulate the immunities enjoyed by their heads and diplomatic representatives), issues declarations of war and peace, and forms international treaties. The
3207:
Case"), but during the appeal the case was settled and the appeal withdrawn when the Crown agreed to pay compensation. The appeal was from a unanimous decision of the Court of Appeal that the Crown, both under the statutory
Defence of the Realm Regulations and by the royal prerogative, was entitled
3174:
In simple terms, the prerogative is used by the prime minister and cabinet to govern the realm in the name of the Crown; although the monarch has the "right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn", an action in that role involves no exercise of discretion. Under the right to
3169:
The present Queen ... is kept very closely in touch with the exercise of governmental power by means of a weekly audience with the prime minister during which she is fully briefed about the affairs of government ... should be emphasised that the prime minister is not under any obligation
2863:
wrote that a dissolution involves "the acquiescence of ministers", and as such the monarch could not dissolve
Parliament without ministerial consent; "if ministers refuse to give such advice, she can do no more than dismiss them". A. V. Dicey, however, believed that in certain extreme circumstances
2652:
The prerogative appears to be historically and as a matter of fact nothing else than the residue of discretionary or arbitrary authority which at any given time is legally left in the hands of the crown. The prerogative is the name of the remaining portion of the Crown's original authority ...
3178:
Today, some prerogative powers are directly exercised by ministers without the approval of
Parliament, including the powers of declaring war and of making peace, the issue of passports, and the granting of honours. Prerogative powers are exercised nominally by the monarch, but on the advice of the
3916:
My Lords, the protection of a
British-born subject does not derive from the possession of a passport but is the exercise of one of the normal functions of a sovereign State. No British subject has a legal right to a passport. The grant of a United Kingdom passport is a Royal prerogative exercised
2665:
By the word prerogative we usually understand that special pre-eminence which the King hath, over and above all other persons, and out of the ordinary course of common law, in right of his regal dignity ... it can only be applied to those rights and capacities which the King enjoys alone, in
2768:
Henry and his descendants normally followed legal decisions, even though in theory they were not bound by them. One suggestion is they recognised stable government required legal advice and consent, while "all the leading lawyers, statesmen and publicists of the Tudor period" agreed everyone was
2713:
monarch exercised supreme power, which was checked by "the recrudescence of feudal turbulence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". The royal prerogative was a way to exercise his power without the consent of others but its limits were unclear and an attempt to legally define its scope was
3330:
campaigned unsuccessfully for the abolition of the royal prerogative in the United
Kingdom in the 1990s, arguing that all governmental powers in effect exercised on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet should be subject to parliamentary scrutiny and require parliamentary approval. Later
2929:. In this situation, constitutional convention is that the previous incumbent has the first right to form a coalition government and seek appointment. If the prime minister decides to retire in the middle of a parliamentary session, then unless there is a clear "prime minister-in-waiting" (e.g.
2920:
The appointment of the prime minister is also, theoretically, governed by the royal prerogative. Technically the monarch may appoint as prime minister anyone he wants to appoint, but in practice the appointee is always the person who is best placed to command a majority in the House of
Commons.
3282:
In the exertion therefore of those prerogatives, which the law has given him, the King is irresistible and absolute, according to the forms of the constitution. And yet if the consequence of that exertion be manifestly to the grievance or dishonour of the kingdom, the
Parliament will call his
2623:
Today, the royal prerogative is available in the conduct of the government of the United
Kingdom, including foreign affairs, defence, and national security. The monarch has a significant constitutional weight in these and other matters, but limited freedom to act, because the exercise of the
3306:
confirmed that the application of judicial review would be dependent on the nature of the government's powers, not their source. Foreign policy and national security powers are considered outside the scope of judicial review, while the prerogative of mercy is considered within it, as per
3321:
Abolition of the royal prerogative is not imminent, and recent movements to abolish the role of the monarchy and its royal prerogative in government have been unsuccessful. The
Ministry of Justice undertook a "review of executive Royal Prerogative powers" in October 2009. Former Labour
3295:
case that "seeing that the prerogative is a discretionary power to be exercised for the public good, it follows that its exercise can be examined by the courts just as any other discretionary power which is vested in the executive." The most authoritative case on the matter is
4253:
3243:
held that even if a statute had not yet come into force, the prerogative could not be used to "conflict with Parliament's wishes" (in that case using its discretion to choose a start date to delay, perhaps indefinitely, the introduction of a statutory compensation scheme).
2997:; the monarch has no direct involvement in its use. Exercises of this power may also take the form of commutations, a limited form of pardon where the sentence is reduced, on certain conditions. The granting of a pardon is not subject to judicial review, as confirmed by
4145:
Powers of King in Council – Royal Prerogative – Extent to which Orders in Council are binding – Inherent Powers of the Court – Preservation of Property in Specie – Neutral Cargo – Contraband – Seizure as Prize – Requisition before Adjudication – Validity – Prize Court
2643:
The royal prerogative has been called "a notoriously difficult concept to define adequately", but whether a particular type of prerogative power exists is a matter of common law to be decided by the courts as the final arbiter. A prominent constitutional theorist,
3917:
through Her Majesty's Ministers and, in particular, the Foreign Secretary. The Foreign Secretary has the power to withhold or withdraw a passport at his discretion, although in practice such power is exercised only very rarely and in very exceptional cases.
4246:"Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 50 TEU – Notification by a Member State of its intention to withdraw from the European Union – Consequences of the notification – Right of unilateral revocation of the notification – Conditions – Case C‑621/18"
3331:
governments argued that such is the breadth of topics covered by the royal prerogative that requiring parliamentary approval in each instance where the prerogative is currently used would overwhelm parliamentary time and slow the enactment of legislation.
3104:, the regulation of the armed forces and ecclesiastical appointments. Although the granting of most honours is normally decided by the executive, the monarch is still the person who technically awards them. Exceptions to this rule are membership of the
2670:
Dicey's opinion that any action of governance by the monarch beyond statute is under the prerogative diverges from Blackstone's that the prerogative simply covers those actions that no other person or body in the United Kingdom can undertake, such as
3044:. Monarchs also have the power to alter British territorial waters and cede territory. Their freedom to do these things in practice is doubtful, in that they might deprive British citizens of their nationality and rights. When the island of
2850:
The power to dissolve parliament is "perhaps the most important residual prerogative exercised personally by the sovereign, and represents the greatest potential for controversy." This prerogative is normally exercised at the request of the
2769:
subject to the law, including the king. Although possessing "unfettered discretion" in when to use the prerogative, the monarch was limited in areas where the courts had imposed conditions on its use or where he had chosen to do so himself.
2937:
in 1955) the monarch in principle has to choose a successor (after taking appropriate advice, not necessarily from the outgoing prime minister), but the last monarch to be actively involved in such a process was George V, who appointed
4245:
2899:; Jennings writes that "it was assumed by the King throughout that he had not only the legal power but the constitutional right to refuse assent". The royal prerogative to dissolve Parliament was abrogated by Section 3(2) of the
2958:
in October 1963). Nowadays, the monarch has no discretion, as the governing party will elect a new leader who will near-automatically be appointed as he or she commands the support of the majority of the Commons (most recently
3187:. Some key functions of the British government are still executed by virtue of the royal prerogative, but generally the usage of the prerogative has been diminishing as functions are progressively put on a statutory basis.
3143:
3040:
3054:
3235:
3092:
is also used to prevent a person leaving the country. The right to make treaties is a disputed prerogative power: under Blackstone's definition, a prerogative power must be one unique to the monarch.
2912:
3082:
2993:. Pardons may eliminate the "pains, penalties and punishments" from a criminal conviction, though they do not remove convictions themselves. This power is commonly exercised on the advice of the
3220:, held generally that to exercise a power not granted by statute (such as a prerogative power) the government must prove to the court that the exercise is justified. The next decision came in
4065:
3038:. Once territory has been annexed, the monarch has complete discretion as to the extent to which the government will take over the former government's liabilities; this was confirmed in
2871:; this would very likely lead to a government resigning. By convention, the monarch always assents to bills; the last time the royal assent was not given was in 1708 during the reign of
4652:
3019:(or the equivalent in Scotland or Northern Ireland) in the name of the Crown, to stop legal proceedings against an individual. This is not reviewable by the courts, as confirmed by
2757:
3309:
3298:
2999:
4044:
2691:. A clear distinction has not been necessary in the relevant cases, and the courts may never need to settle the question as few cases deal directly with the prerogative itself.
507:
492:
3249:
1257:
2921:
Usually, this is the leader of the political party that is returned to Parliament with a majority of seats after a general election. Difficulties may result with a so-called
3271:
3048:
was ceded to Germany in 1890, parliamentary approval was first sought. Monarchs can also regulate colonies and dependent territories by exercising the prerogative through
2404:
1428:
1414:
2066:
572:
1380:
2568:
2444:
1267:
718:
3058:, the Court of Appeal ruled that using Orders-in-Council to frustrate judicial rulings was an unlawful abuse of power, although this ruling was later overturned.
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
2749:, Henry accepted this restriction, believing he was far more powerful ruling with the consent of Parliament than without, especially in the matter of taxation.
3021:
2128:
693:
4284:
4560:
4090:
3101:
2084:
1666:
708:
3432:
3412:
held that a state that had issued a notification under Article 50 was free to rescind it at will, without requiring the consent of the other Member States.
558:
4695:
2166:
1930:
345:
2612:
Prerogative powers were formerly exercised by the monarch acting on his or her own initiative. Since the 19th century, by convention, the advice of the
3086:, the courts held that it was their right to review the granting of passports to, and the withholding of passports from, British citizens. The writ of
697:
586:
350:
4120:
3222:
2141:
2137:
1288:
1407:
460:
4062:
4306:
3139:. The monarch also exerts a certain influence power on his or her weekly and closed conversations with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
2943:
2393:
1262:
703:
104:
2904:
1628:
713:
2369:
2071:
1451:
967:
887:
303:
2879:. This does not mean that the right to refuse, even contrary to the wishes of the Prime Minister, has died: the threat of the Royal Veto by
2653:
Every act which the executive government can lawfully do without the authority of an Act of Parliament is done in virtue of the prerogative.
2602:
3694:
3650:
2561:
2424:
2119:
2046:
2015:
972:
882:
4685:
4365:
3157:, the House of Lords took the view that it extended to "doing all those things in an emergency which are necessary for the conduct of ."
2389:
2176:
1798:
723:
324:
2675:. Case law exists to support both views. Blackstone's notion of the prerogative being the powers of an exclusive nature was favoured by
4690:
4048:
3254:
2994:
2341:
1604:
652:
114:
3888:
3175:
warn, the monarch may present the prime minister with reasons to reconsider a choice, but the choice remains with the prime minister.
3363:
2700:
2316:
2301:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
473:
4661:
3495:
2946:
in 1923. In more modern times, the monarch left it to the politicians involved to choose a successor through private consultations (
3303:
3196:
2704:
2286:
2281:
1750:
1328:
733:
4199:
2859:. Constitutional theorists have had differing views as to whether a unilateral dissolution of Parliament would be possible today;
119:
4680:
3932:
3213:
2554:
2112:
1779:
1692:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
49:
3905:
4040:
3409:
3165:
Today, the monarch exercises the prerogative almost exclusively in line with the advice of the government. Leyland notes that:
2321:
2306:
2219:
2184:
2161:
2089:
1660:
1642:
742:
645:
497:
444:
3077:
has always been an exercise of the royal prerogative, and continues to be exercisable at the Secretary of State's discretion.
2541:
4549:
4530:
4437:
4418:
4399:
3247:
Whilst the royal prerogative is deployed by the UK government when making (and unmaking) treaties, the Supreme Court held in
3016:
2504:
2434:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2271:
2189:
2079:
1587:
502:
435:
4133:
3834:
4151:
3342:
3240:
3180:
3062:
2926:
2852:
2680:
2613:
2354:
2241:
2231:
2194:
2154:
2124:
2099:
2061:
1823:
1743:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
565:
298:
2908:
3253:
that the government could not use the prerogative to serve notice of termination of the UK's membership of the EU (under
3025:, and does not count as an acquittal; the defendant may be brought before the courts on the same charge at a later date.
2331:
2296:
2291:
2251:
2236:
2226:
2209:
2204:
2199:
1476:
542:
264:
234:
205:
65:
3199:
have determined the limited scope for the use of prerogative powers. In 1915, an appeal was made to the House of Lords,
4502:
2311:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2214:
1803:
533:
368:
75:
4125:
3785:
2688:
2676:
2657:
While many commentators follow the Diceyan view, there are constitutional lawyers who prefer the definition given by
2171:
1729:
1338:
1333:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
686:
595:
522:
109:
2907:, which repealed the 2011 Act. Section 6(1) of the 2011 Act however specifically stated that the monarch's power to
2721:
This "turbulence" began to recede over the course of the 16th century and the monarch became truly independent when
2624:
prerogative is conventionally in the hands of the prime minister and other ministers or other government officials.
4276:
2880:
2843:
1755:
1555:
1550:
1281:
376:
256:
190:
171:
4085:
3428:
2900:
2884:
2439:
682:
664:
631:
4143:
Privy Council, The Zamora, On Appeal from the High Court, Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division. (In Prize.)
4129:
3904:
The Earl of Gosford, The Joint Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (16 June 1958).
3153:
2896:
2892:
2764:(1552–1634); considered the leading jurist of his time, his rulings helped define the limits of the prerogative
2598:
1975:
1688:
1656:
1520:
1318:
1298:
399:
226:
145:
132:
57:
3184:
2617:
2517:
1764:
1525:
272:
2872:
2499:
2359:
1943:
1842:
1772:
1759:
1735:
1566:
1561:
3796:, the effect of which stops the legal proceedings. The power is not subject to the control of the courts:
2409:
1969:
1828:
1635:
669:
600:
277:
138:
3147:, recognised that the prerogative also includes the power to "take all reasonable steps to preserve the
4700:
3125:
2753:
and other contemporary writers argued the monarch could not levy taxes without Parliamentary approval.
2530:
1848:
1497:
1441:
1293:
659:
610:
2639:, who maintained that the royal prerogative was any power that could be exercised by only the monarch
2379:
2374:
1833:
1816:
1793:
1713:
1702:
1446:
1402:
579:
4567:
2609:, or "sole prerogative", and the source of many of the executive powers of the British government.
2052:
1784:
1323:
550:
178:
150:
2895:
had been privately advised (by his own lawyer, not by the Prime Minister) that he could veto the
2856:
2799:, Coke further ruled the monarch could only exercise existing prerogatives, not create new ones.
2750:
2419:
1676:
1647:
1581:
1456:
482:
3690:
3646:
4357:
3080:
Under the common law, citizens have the right freely to leave and enter the United Kingdom. In
2815:
2684:
1981:
1360:
638:
218:
3121:
3117:
3070:
2888:
2876:
2795:
2782:
2742:
2722:
2715:
2666:
contradiction to others, and not to those which he enjoys in common with any of his subjects.
2484:
2364:
1952:
1868:
1313:
4586:
Waite, P. B. (1959). "The Struggle of Prerogative and Common Law in the Reign of James I".
3886:
3323:
3109:
2984:
2777:
1708:
1698:
1434:
1239:
1234:
185:
3792:
On proceedings of indictment, the Attorney General, in the name of the Crown, can enter a
8:
4658:
4081:
3777:
3493:
3348:
3105:
2930:
2911:
Parliament is not affected by the Act. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court's 2019 judgment in
2819:
2807:
2803:
2094:
1901:
1671:
1610:
1515:
1510:
1471:
1420:
200:
87:
4611:
4519:
4481:
4300:
4197:
4119:
The case of requisition: in re a petition of right of De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited:
3672:
3353:
3275:
3204:
3136:
3005:
2823:
2811:
2772:
2710:
2672:
2658:
2636:
1925:
1861:
1808:
1651:
1375:
605:
384:
97:
3929:
3914:. Vol. 209. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 860–861.
3034:
monarch also has the power to annex territory, as was done in 1955 with the island of
2737:. Although the monarch was "the predominant partner in the English constitution", the
4632:
4603:
4545:
4526:
4498:
4473:
4433:
4414:
4395:
3781:
3144:
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Northumbria Police Authority
3132:
2955:
2947:
2726:
2606:
2582:
1838:
1490:
1486:
1481:
336:
315:
289:
163:
2846:, the last monarch to arbitrarily dissolve Parliament by using the royal prerogative
25:
4595:
4465:
3368:
3148:
3074:
3049:
2951:
2149:
2037:
2029:
2008:
1992:
1594:
1545:
1395:
1385:
355:
285:
33:
4665:
4542:
Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction
4203:
4155:
4094:
4069:
3936:
3892:
3830:
3771:
3499:
3003:, but the courts have chosen to criticise its application or lack thereof, as in
2939:
2922:
2590:
1920:
1718:
1365:
1347:
623:
246:
92:
4149:
3358:
3131:
The prerogative empowers the monarch to appoint bishops and archbishops in the
3113:
3088:
3011:
2989:
2594:
2466:
1986:
1681:
1574:
1570:
414:
2826:, which required the monarch to dismiss and call Parliament at certain times.
4674:
4636:
4607:
4477:
3383:
3373:
3055:
R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (No 2)
2964:
2860:
465:
422:
332:
3236:
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union
3100:
Monarchs also have power to exercise their prerogative over the granting of
3378:
3288:
2934:
2868:
2867:
The monarch could force the dissolution of Parliament through a refusal of
2022:
1725:
1503:
430:
311:
3052:. The courts have long fought against the monarch's use of this power: in
3426:
3388:
3217:
2983:
The most noted prerogative power that affects the judicial system is the
2972:
2960:
2790:
2761:
2645:
1911:
1370:
527:
478:
406:
240:
157:
82:
3364:
Monarchy of Spain § The Crown, constitution, and royal prerogatives
4485:
3045:
2786:
2632:
2003:
1788:
1353:
4615:
4456:
Holdsworth, W. S. (1921). "The Prerogative in the Sixteenth Century".
4039:
2987:, which has two elements: the granting of pardons and the granting of
452:
3327:
2968:
2586:
1997:
1615:
1530:
390:
4469:
4447:
Chrimes, S. B. (1956). "Richard II's questions to the judges 1387".
4599:
2512:
1958:
1883:
1878:
1464:
2756:
3910:
3883:
R (XH & Another) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
3035:
2917:
established that the prerogative of prorogation is not absolute.
2494:
1964:
1306:
4623:
Williams, D. G. T. "The Prerogative and Parliamentary Control".
4561:"Review of the Executive Royal Prerogative Powers: Final Report"
3310:
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bentley
3299:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
3006:
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bentley
3000:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
2925:, in which no party commands majority support, as last occurred
2875:
when, on ministerial advice, she withheld royal assent from the
3274:: whether the use was illegal. Constitutional scholars such as
3073:
delivered in July 2016, confirmed that granting or withdrawing
2738:
2730:
2399:
1599:
4659:
Review of the Executive Royal Prerogative Powers: Final Report
3490:
Review of the Executive Royal Prerogative Powers: Final Report
3250:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
2839:
2525:
1538:
4274:
3831:"West Rand Central Gold Mining Company, Limited v. The King"
2405:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
3509:
3507:
3427:
Select Committee on Public Administration (16 March 2004).
2734:
2456:
1889:
3287:
During the 1960s and 70s this attitude was changing, with
2818:, who accepted the throne under conditions set out in the
3576:
3564:
3552:
3531:
3429:"Select Committee on Public Administration Fourth Report"
2461:
3885:
EWHC 1898 (Admin) (Hamblen LJ, Cranston J) 28 July 2016
3504:
3229:
This principle of statutory superiority was extended in
719:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
4588:
The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science
4231:
4229:
3600:
3588:
3022:
R v Comptroller-General of Patents, ex parte Tomlinson
2683:
of 1920, but some difficulty with it was expressed by
4495:
England in the later middle ages: a political history
709:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
4275:
Randerson, James; Cooper 10 December 2018, Charlie.
4226:
4061:
Both the above links broken, original now available
3135:, and to regulate the printing and licensing of the
2745:
by stopping short of declaring him all-powerful. In
4558:
3930:
http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1988/7.html
3903:
4518:
4121:De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited v. the King (1920)
4117:('Shoreham Aerodrome Case') 3 K.B. 649, cited in
3519:
698:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
3673:"Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act, 2022"
2855:, either at his or her discretion or following a
1289:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
4672:
4277:"UK can withdraw Brexit notification, ECJ rules"
3041:West Rand Central Gold Mining Company v The King
16:Privileges and immunities of the British monarch
2725:and his successors became head of a Protestant
4516:
3223:Attorney General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd
2905:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
714:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
3906:"The Withholding or Withdrawing of Passports"
2562:
4513:in Law Quarterly Review lxxii: 365–90 (1956)
3137:Authorised (King James) Version of the Bible
2605:. The monarch is regarded internally as the
2120:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2047:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2016:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4355:
4305:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4128:and Alfred Hildesley, with Introduction by
3183:(whom the monarch meets weekly) and of the
3095:
2648:, proposed in the nineteenth century that:
724:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
4696:United Kingdom nuclear command and control
4455:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3513:
3255:Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
2995:Secretary of State for the Home Department
2729:, and therefore answerable neither to the
2569:
2555:
1667:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1605:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
36:are regulated under the royal prerogative.
4544:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
4511:Richard II's questions to the judges 1387
2891:impossible between 1800 and 1829, whilst
2701:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
1043:European Parliament elections (1979–2019)
4539:
4517:Leyland, Peter; Anthony, Gordon (2009).
4358:"How ministers exercise arbitrary power"
3606:
3594:
3302:, generally known as the GCHQ case. The
2838:
2755:
2705:Government in Norman and Angevin England
2631:
4525:(6 ed.). Oxford University Press.
4446:
4427:
4408:
4392:Constitutional & Administrative Law
4389:
3769:
3760:1 QB 909 (CA) (ex officio informations)
3537:
3395:
3083:R v Foreign Secretary, ex parte Everett
4673:
4655:("The prerogative" paragraphs 2.4–2.9)
4194:Laker Airway Ltd v Department of Trade
4041:Public Administration Select Committee
3410:Court of Justice of the European Union
3283:advisers to a just and severe account.
3231:Laker Airway Ltd v Department of Trade
2775:challenged this consensus in the 1607
2090:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
4585:
4430:Constitutional and Administrative Law
4394:(7th ed.). Routledge-Cavendish.
4368:from the original on 11 November 2013
4003:Ministry of Justice (2009) p. 32
3773:Constitutional and Administrative Law
3697:from the original on 2 September 2019
3454:
3452:
3450:
3195:Several influential decisions of the
3017:Attorney General of England and Wales
2829:
2741:recognised the growing importance of
2435:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2080:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
4622:
4594:(2). Blackwell Publishing: 144–152.
4492:
4287:from the original on 17 October 2020
3525:
3431:. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
3069:), and re-stated in a ruling of the
2810:was replaced by his eldest daughter
2785:to sit as a judge and interpret the
2601:(or "sovereign"), recognised in the
2155:British National (Overseas) passport
2100:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2062:British Overseas Territories citizen
1556:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1452:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
4464:(6). Columbia Law School: 554–571.
3957:The Appointment of Bishops Act 1533
3837:from the original on 2 October 2017
3653:from the original on 27 August 2019
3478:Commentaries on the Laws of England
1149:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
206:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
13:
4686:Constitution of the United Kingdom
3447:
3264:
3170:to take account of royal opinions.
3028:
2978:
24:
14:
4712:
4691:United Kingdom administrative law
4646:
4631:(2). Cambridge University Press.
4432:(4th ed.). Pearson Longman.
3798:R v Comptroller of Patents (1899)
3691:"Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011"
3647:"Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011"
3435:from the original on 9 March 2021
3343:A-G v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd
1334:Greater London Authority Act 1999
4653:Official pamphlet, December 2012
3928:QB 811, EWCA Civ 7, 2 WLR 224
2524:
2511:
2493:
2478:
549:
451:
421:
389:
263:
233:
162:
137:
64:
4356:David McKie (6 December 2000).
4349:
4346:Ministry of Justice (2009) p. 1
4340:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4268:
4256:from the original on 6 May 2021
4238:
4217:
4208:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4137:
4108:
4099:
4075:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3997:
3994:Ministry of Justice (2009) p. 4
3988:
3985:Ministry of Justice (2009) p.14
3979:
3970:
3961:
3950:
3941:
3922:
3911:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
3897:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3683:
3665:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3402:
2901:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2709:Prior to the 13th century, the
2440:United Nations Security Council
120:Other constitutional principles
4681:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
4521:Textbook on Administrative Law
4413:. Cambridge University Press.
3543:
3483:
3470:
3461:
3420:
3190:
3154:Burmah Oil Co. v Lord Advocate
2834:
1976:British Indian Ocean Territory
1521:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1319:English votes for English laws
1299:Council of Nations and Regions
58:Politics of the United Kingdom
1:
2627:
2095:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1526:Scottish statutory instrument
1101:Scottish Parliament elections
587:Justices of the Supreme Court
4559:Ministry of Justice (2009).
4497:(2003 ed.). Routledge.
4072:(retrieved 9 November 2016).
3061:A judgment delivered in the
2681:De Keyser's Royal Hotel case
2360:politics of Northern Ireland
1562:Government of Wales Act 1998
694:UK Parliament constituencies
7:
4493:Keen, Maurice Hugh (1973).
3492:, Chapter Two paragraph 26
3334:
3278:consider this appropriate:
1970:British Antarctic Territory
1294:Legislative consent motions
436:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
10:
4717:
4383:
4115:Petition of Right, In re A
3778:Taylor & Francis Group
3126:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
2897:Third Irish Home Rule Bill
2789:as he saw fit. Led by Sir
2698:
2694:
2410:UK–EU withdrawal agreement
4625:The Cambridge Law Journal
4390:Barnett, Hilaire (2009).
3770:Barnett, Hilaire (2002).
3408:On 10 December 2018, the
3316:
2781:, arguing the king had a
2485:United Kingdom portal
2375:Northern Ireland Protocol
1714:Non-metropolitan District
1403:Northern Ireland Act 1998
653:Monetary Policy Committee
105:Parliamentary sovereignty
23:
4411:The English Constitution
4409:Bagehot, Walter (2001).
4132:, Clarendon Press, 1920
4087:Queen and Prime Minister
4047:(Report). Archived from
3776:(4th ed.). London:
3096:Other prerogative powers
2053:Turks and Caicos Islands
1324:Greater London Authority
474:Leader of the Opposition
179:William, Prince of Wales
48:This article is part of
4664:2 November 2013 at the
3498:2 November 2013 at the
2857:motion of no confidence
2689:Burmah Oil case of 1965
2585:is a body of customary
1799:Community council areas
1677:Non-metropolitan county
1457:Law of Northern Ireland
4540:Loveland, Ian (2009).
4428:Carroll, Alex (2007).
4328:Loveland (2009) p. 108
4319:Loveland (2009) p. 102
4235:Loveland (2009) p. 101
3976:Loveland (2009) p. 119
3967:Loveland (2009) p. 118
3947:Loveland (2009) p. 122
3873:Loveland (2009) p. 121
3855:Loveland (2009) p. 120
3285:
3172:
3160:
2847:
2765:
2714:first made in 1387 by
2668:
2655:
2640:
2138:Diplomatic missions of
1982:British Virgin Islands
32:British passports and
29:
4214:Loveland (2009) p. 99
4196:QB 643, EWCA Civ 10
4184:Loveland (2009) p. 97
4166:Loveland (2009) p. 93
4093:14 April 2010 at the
4030:Bagehot (2001) p. 111
4012:Carroll (2007) p. 251
3811:Barnett (2009) p. 117
3751:Barnett (2009) p. 116
3724:Barnett (2009) p. 115
3715:Barnett (2009) p. 114
3636:Barnett (2009) p. 109
3627:Barnett (2009) p. 107
3618:Barnett (2009) p. 106
3467:Loveland (2009) p. 92
3458:Carroll (2007) p. 246
3326:and cabinet minister
3280:
3216:, on appeal from the
3167:
3122:Royal Victorian Chain
3118:Royal Victorian Order
2903:, and revived by the
2889:Catholic Emancipation
2877:Scottish Militia Bill
2842:
2796:Case of Proclamations
2759:
2699:Further information:
2663:
2650:
2635:
2380:British–Irish Council
2365:Good Friday Agreement
2177:Free trade agreements
2142:in the United Kingdom
1953:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1869:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1429:deputy First Minister
1314:Governance of England
325:Deputy Prime Minister
28:
4449:Law Quarterly Review
4337:Leyland (2007) p. 78
4252:. 10 December 2018.
4068:28 July 2012 at the
4021:Leyland (2007) p. 74
3891:30 July 2021 at the
3476:William Blackstone,
3396:Notes and references
3201:Re Petition of Right
3110:Order of the Thistle
2985:prerogative of mercy
2778:Case of Prohibitions
1944:Overseas Territories
1709:Metropolitan Borough
1435:Emma Little-Pengelly
1376:Combined authorities
734:UK general elections
201:Counsellors of State
115:Separation of powers
4458:Columbia Law Review
4105:Leyland (2007)p. 67
4082:The Royal Household
3540:, pp. 365–390.
3349:Executive privilege
3106:Order of the Garter
2931:Neville Chamberlain
2820:Bill of Rights 1689
2808:James II of England
2804:Glorious Revolution
2167:UK–CD Customs Union
1931:UK-CD Customs Union
1902:Bailiwick of Jersey
1689:Unitary authorities
1672:Metropolitan county
1657:Ceremonial counties
1611:Act of Senedd Cymru
1516:Scottish Parliament
1472:Scottish devolution
4202:7 May 2015 at the
4154:6 May 2015 at the
4045:Press Notice no.19
3935:7 May 2015 at the
3677:legislation.gov.uk
3354:King-in-Parliament
3276:William Blackstone
3212:(1916), where the
3205:Shoreham Aerodrome
2848:
2830:Prerogative powers
2824:Triennial Act 1694
2806:in November 1688,
2773:James I of England
2766:
2673:declaration of war
2659:William Blackstone
2641:
2637:William Blackstone
2607:absolute authority
1926:Common Travel Area
1862:Crown Dependencies
1829:Preserved counties
1809:Shires of Scotland
385:King-in-Parliament
30:
4701:Royal prerogative
4551:978-0-19-921974-2
4532:978-0-19-921776-2
4451:. lxxii: 365–390.
4439:978-1-4058-1231-3
4420:978-0-511-05297-2
4401:978-0-415-45829-0
4051:on 4 January 2004
3549:1 Parl. Hist. 555
3270:the first of the
3259:De Keyser's Hotel
3133:Church of England
3075:British passports
3050:Orders in Council
2956:Alec Douglas-Home
2954:in January 1957,
2948:Winston Churchill
2861:Sir Ivor Jennings
2727:Church of England
2583:royal prerogative
2579:
2578:
2370:UK–Ireland border
2162:Visa requirements
2113:Foreign relations
2067:Visa requirements
2041:
2032:
2025:
1849:Historic counties
1736:Historic counties
1482:Scotland Act 1998
704:Political parties
601:England and Wales
534:King-on-the-Bench
466:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
101:
41:
40:
4708:
4640:
4619:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4573:on 10 March 2011
4572:
4566:. Archived from
4565:
4555:
4536:
4524:
4508:
4489:
4452:
4443:
4424:
4405:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4158:
4141:
4135:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4079:
4073:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3939:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3901:
3895:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3679:. 24 March 2022.
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3502:
3487:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3424:
3413:
3406:
3369:Order in Council
3272:Wednesbury tests
3067:ex parte Everett
2952:Harold Macmillan
2814:and her husband
2751:Sir Thomas Smith
2597:attached to the
2571:
2564:
2557:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2505:Northern Ireland
2498:
2497:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2420:The Commonwealth
2049:
2038:Tristan da Cunha
2036:
2030:Ascension Island
2028:
2020:
2018:
2009:Pitcairn Islands
1993:Falkland Islands
1955:
1892:
1744:Northern Ireland
1546:Welsh devolution
1421:Michelle O'Neill
1396:Northern Ireland
1386:Cornwall Council
1202:Senedd elections
646:Deputy governors
611:Northern Ireland
573:Deputy President
553:
455:
445:House of Commons
425:
393:
286:Starmer ministry
267:
237:
166:
141:
95:
68:
45:
44:
34:chivalric orders
21:
20:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4671:
4670:
4666:Wayback Machine
4649:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4552:
4533:
4509:Chrimes, S. B.
4505:
4470:10.2307/1111147
4440:
4421:
4402:
4386:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4204:Wayback Machine
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4156:Wayback Machine
4142:
4138:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4095:Wayback Machine
4080:
4076:
4070:Wayback Machine
4054:
4052:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3937:Wayback Machine
3927:
3923:
3902:
3898:
3893:Wayback Machine
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3788:
3780:. p. 160.
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3583:Holdsworth 1921
3581:
3577:
3571:Holdsworth 1921
3569:
3565:
3559:Holdsworth 1921
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3514:Holdsworth 1921
3512:
3505:
3500:Wayback Machine
3488:
3484:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3337:
3319:
3267:
3265:Judicial review
3241:Court of Appeal
3193:
3163:
3098:
3063:Court of Appeal
3031:
3029:Foreign affairs
3015:is done by the
2981:
2979:Judicial system
2940:Stanley Baldwin
2923:hung parliament
2837:
2832:
2707:
2697:
2630:
2599:British monarch
2575:
2546:
2542:Other countries
2537:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2510:
2509:
2492:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2453:
2431:
2416:
2386:
2351:
2181:
2146:
2134:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2076:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1963:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1921:British Islands
1917:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1871:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1834:Principal areas
1820:
1813:
1776:
1769:
1747:
1740:
1639:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1564:
1553:
1551:1997 referendum
1542:
1535:
1484:
1477:1997 referendum
1468:
1461:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1366:London Assembly
1361:Mayoral cabinet
1348:Mayor of London
1336:
1329:1998 referendum
1310:
1303:
1284:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1037:
738:
737:
729:
689:
675:
674:
656:
626:
624:Bank of England
616:
615:
592:
538:
530:
525:
515:
514:
493:59th Parliament
489:
486:
477:
464:
440:
434:
410:
395:
388:
371:
361:
360:
342:
340:
328:
319:
307:
293:
281:
252:
247:King-in-Council
243:
221:
211:
210:
182:
135:
125:
124:
93:Treaty of Union
78:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4714:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4669:
4668:
4656:
4648:
4647:External links
4645:
4642:
4641:
4620:
4600:10.2307/139057
4583:
4556:
4550:
4537:
4531:
4514:
4504:978-0415272926
4503:
4490:
4453:
4444:
4438:
4425:
4419:
4406:
4400:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4267:
4237:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4136:
4130:Sir John Simon
4107:
4098:
4074:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3969:
3960:
3949:
3940:
3921:
3896:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3794:nolle prosequi
3786:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3682:
3664:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3585:, p. 561.
3575:
3573:, p. 556.
3563:
3561:, p. 555.
3551:
3542:
3530:
3528:, p. 281.
3518:
3516:, p. 554.
3503:
3482:
3469:
3460:
3446:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:Letters patent
3356:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3318:
3315:
3304:House of Lords
3291:saying in the
3266:
3263:
3197:House of Lords
3192:
3189:
3181:prime minister
3162:
3159:
3114:Order of Merit
3097:
3094:
3089:ne exeat regno
3030:
3027:
3012:nolle prosequi
2990:nolle prosequi
2980:
2977:
2853:prime minister
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2696:
2693:
2629:
2626:
2614:prime minister
2603:United Kingdom
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2507:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2390:European Union
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2125:Foreign policy
2122:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:Cayman Islands
1984:
1978:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1804:Civil parishes
1801:
1796:
1791:
1782:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1726:Civil parishes
1723:
1722:
1721:
1719:London Borough
1716:
1711:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1682:Greater London
1679:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1629:Administration
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1582:First Minister
1578:
1575:Wales Act 2017
1571:Wales Act 2014
1559:
1548:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1498:First Minister
1494:
1479:
1474:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1415:First Minister
1411:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1331:
1321:
1316:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1250:UK referendums
1248:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:1910 (Jan–Feb)
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
743:1801 co-option
739:
731:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
690:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
662:
650:
649:
636:
635:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
596:United Kingdom
591:
590:
580:The Lord Hodge
577:
576:
563:
562:
547:
546:
526:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
511:
510:
500:
495:
488:
487:
469:
468:
449:
448:
439:
438:
419:
418:
415:House of Lords
404:
403:
381:
380:
372:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
348:
330:
329:
309:
308:
299:Prime Minister
283:
282:
261:
260:
231:
230:
222:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
176:
175:
155:
154:
136:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
90:
88:Bill of Rights
85:
79:
74:
73:
70:
69:
61:
60:
54:
53:
39:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4713:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4308:
4302:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4223:1995 2 AC 513
4220:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4111:
4102:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3817:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3787:9781843144755
3783:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3609:, p. 91.
3608:
3607:Loveland 2009
3603:
3597:, p. 87.
3596:
3595:Loveland 2009
3591:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3546:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Royal charter
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Reserve power
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3214:Privy Council
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3149:Queen's peace
3146:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:Boris Johnson
2962:
2957:
2953:
2950:in May 1940,
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:Ferrer's Case
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2661:in the 1760s:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:member states
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:United States
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:Visa policies
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Council areas
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:Eluned Morgan
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
735:
730:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
699:
695:
692:
691:
688:
684:
679:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
655:
654:
648:
647:
643:
642:
641:
640:
639:Andrew Bailey
634:
633:
629:
628:
625:
620:
619:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
588:
584:
583:
582:
581:
575:
574:
570:
569:
568:
567:
566:The Lord Reed
561:
560:
556:
555:
554:
552:
545:
544:
543:Supreme Court
540:
539:
537:
535:
529:
524:
519:
518:
509:
506:
505:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
484:
480:
476:
475:
471:
470:
467:
463:
462:
458:
457:
456:
454:
447:
446:
442:
441:
437:
433:
432:
428:
427:
426:
424:
417:
416:
412:
411:
409:
408:
402:
401:
397:
396:
394:
392:
386:
379:
378:
377:UK Parliament
374:
373:
370:
365:
364:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
341:
338:
334:
333:Angela Rayner
327:
326:
322:
321:
320:
317:
313:
305:
301:
300:
296:
295:
294:
291:
287:
279:
275:
274:
270:
269:
268:
266:
259:
258:
257:HM Government
254:
253:
251:
250:
248:
242:
238:
236:
229:
228:
227:Privy Council
224:
223:
220:
215:
214:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
181:
180:
174:
173:
172:Heir apparent
169:
168:
167:
165:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
140:
134:
129:
128:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
99:
98:Acts of Union
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
77:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
27:
22:
19:
4643:
4628:
4624:
4591:
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4568:the original
4541:
4520:
4510:
4494:
4461:
4457:
4448:
4429:
4410:
4391:
4370:. Retrieved
4362:The Guardian
4361:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4291:13 September
4289:. Retrieved
4280:
4270:
4260:13 September
4258:. Retrieved
4249:
4240:
4219:
4210:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4144:
4139:
4126:Leslie Scott
4118:
4114:
4110:
4101:
4086:
4077:
4053:. Retrieved
4049:the original
4035:
4026:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3956:
3952:
3943:
3924:
3915:
3909:
3899:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3825:
3816:
3807:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3772:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3685:
3676:
3667:
3657:11 September
3655:. Retrieved
3641:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3545:
3538:Chrimes 1956
3533:
3521:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3463:
3437:. Retrieved
3422:
3404:
3379:Royal assent
3341:
3320:
3308:
3297:
3293:Laker Airway
3292:
3289:Lord Denning
3286:
3281:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3239:, where the
3234:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3130:
3099:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3039:
3032:
3020:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2988:
2982:
2942:rather than
2935:Anthony Eden
2919:
2913:
2869:royal assent
2866:
2849:
2801:
2794:
2783:divine right
2776:
2771:
2767:
2746:
2720:
2708:
2677:Lord Parmoor
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2642:
2622:
2611:
2580:
2317:South Africa
2302:Saudi Arabia
2023:Saint Helena
1815:
1785:Subdivisions
1771:
1756:Subdivisions
1742:
1648:Subdivisions
1634:
1580:
1537:
1504:John Swinney
1496:
1463:
1427:
1413:
1394:
1381:Metro mayors
1346:
1305:
1249:
1245:
1201:
1197:
1148:
1144:
1100:
1096:
1042:
1038:
732:
728:
651:
644:
637:
630:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
548:
541:
531:
472:
459:
450:
443:
431:Lord Speaker
429:
420:
413:
405:
398:
382:
375:
331:
323:
312:Keir Starmer
310:
297:
284:
271:
262:
255:
244:
239:
232:
225:
195:
186:Royal family
177:
170:
161:
156:
144:
76:Constitution
42:
18:
3701:7 September
3480:, 1765–1769
3389:Royal Order
3218:Prize Court
3191:Limitations
3009:. Granting
2973:Rishi Sunak
2961:Theresa May
2944:Lord Curzon
2933:in 1937 or
2835:Legislature
2816:William III
2791:Edward Coke
2762:Edward Coke
2646:A. V. Dicey
2287:New Zealand
2282:Netherlands
2172:Visa policy
2150:UK passport
1912:Isle of Man
1839:Communities
1789:Sheriffdoms
1607:(1999–2011)
1371:London Plan
687:referendums
528:Charles III
508:List of MPs
479:Rishi Sunak
407:Charles III
369:Legislature
346:Departments
241:Charles III
196:Prerogative
158:Charles III
146:The Monarch
110:Rule of law
83:Magna Carta
4675:Categories
4364:. London.
3210:The Zamora
3151:", and in
3071:High Court
3046:Heligoland
2975:in 2022).
2881:George III
2873:Queen Anne
2844:William IV
2802:After the
2787:common law
2743:Parliament
2723:Henry VIII
2716:Richard II
2628:Definition
2004:Montserrat
1595:Government
1511:Government
1354:Sadiq Khan
1282:Devolution
973:1974 (Oct)
968:1974 (Feb)
888:1910 (Dec)
660:Currencies
498:Opposition
191:Succession
4637:0008-1973
4608:0315-4890
4478:0010-1958
4301:cite news
4250:InfoCuria
3526:Keen 1973
3328:Tony Benn
3065:in 1988 (
2969:Liz Truss
2967:in 2019,
2963:in 2016,
2914:Miller II
2885:George IV
2685:Lord Reid
2591:privilege
2587:authority
2322:Palestine
2307:Singapore
2220:Hong Kong
2185:Australia
2085:UK-OT JMC
1998:Gibraltar
1765:Districts
1699:Districts
1616:Welsh law
1531:Scots law
1442:Executive
683:Elections
665:Banknotes
559:President
523:Judiciary
351:Ministers
219:Executive
133:The Crown
4662:Archived
4366:Archived
4285:Archived
4281:Politico
4254:Archived
4200:Archived
4152:Archived
4091:Archived
4066:Archived
4043:(2003).
3933:Archived
3889:Archived
3835:Archived
3833:. 1905.
3820:2 KB 391
3742:Q.B. 349
3695:Archived
3651:Archived
3496:Archived
3433:Archived
3335:See also
3120:and the
2909:prorogue
2893:George V
2733:nor the
2595:immunity
2518:Scotland
2347:Zimbabwe
2337:Portugal
2327:Pakistan
2272:Malaysia
2190:Barbados
1959:Anguilla
1884:Alderney
1879:Guernsey
1773:Scotland
1760:Counties
1567:2006 Act
1491:2016 Act
1487:2012 Act
1465:Scotland
1447:Assembly
1408:2006 Act
1339:2007 Act
632:Governor
606:Scotland
356:Agencies
50:a series
4486:1111147
4384:Sources
3864:UKHL 61
3841:16 June
3185:cabinet
3102:honours
3036:Rockall
2927:in 2017
2812:Mary II
2711:English
2695:History
2687:in the
2679:in the
2618:cabinet
2616:or the
2500:England
2394:history
2355:Ireland
2242:Germany
2232:Denmark
2195:Belgium
2129:history
1965:Bermuda
1824:History
1780:History
1751:History
1652:Regions
1643:History
1636:England
1307:England
793:1832–33
461:Speaker
273:Cabinet
4635:
4616:139057
4614:
4606:
4577:8 June
4548:
4529:
4501:
4484:
4476:
4436:
4417:
4398:
4175:UKHL 1
3784:
3733:AC 374
3317:Reform
3116:, the
3112:, the
3108:, the
2739:courts
2731:clergy
2593:, and
2400:Brexit
2332:Poland
2297:Russia
2292:Norway
2252:Israel
2237:France
2227:Cyprus
2210:Canada
2205:Brunei
2200:Belize
1600:Senedd
4612:JSTOR
4571:(PDF)
4564:(PDF)
4482:JSTOR
4372:5 May
4146:Rules
4055:5 May
3439:7 May
2887:made
2531:Wales
2312:Spain
2277:Malta
2267:Kenya
2262:Japan
2257:Italy
2247:India
2215:China
1817:Wales
1539:Wales
670:Coins
4633:ISSN
4604:ISSN
4579:2014
4546:ISBN
4527:ISBN
4499:ISBN
4474:ISSN
4434:ISBN
4415:ISBN
4396:ISBN
4374:2010
4307:link
4293:2020
4262:2020
4063:here
4057:2010
3843:2015
3782:ISBN
3703:2019
3659:2019
3441:2010
2971:and
2883:and
2760:Sir
2735:Pope
2703:and
2581:The
2457:NATO
1890:Sark
1843:list
1730:list
1703:list
1693:list
1661:list
1268:2016
1263:2011
1258:1975
1240:Next
1235:2021
1230:2016
1225:2011
1220:2007
1215:2003
1210:1999
1192:Next
1187:2022
1182:2017
1177:2016
1172:2011
1167:2007
1162:2003
1157:1998
1139:Next
1134:2021
1129:2016
1124:2011
1119:2007
1114:2003
1109:1999
1091:2019
1086:2014
1081:2009
1076:2004
1071:1999
1066:1994
1061:1989
1056:1984
1051:1979
1033:2024
1028:2019
1023:2017
1018:2015
1013:2010
1008:2005
1003:2001
998:1997
993:1992
988:1987
983:1983
978:1979
963:1970
958:1966
953:1964
948:1959
943:1955
938:1951
933:1950
928:1945
923:1935
918:1931
913:1929
908:1924
903:1923
898:1922
893:1918
878:1906
873:1900
868:1895
863:1892
858:1886
853:1885
848:1880
843:1874
838:1868
833:1865
828:1859
823:1857
818:1852
813:1847
808:1841
803:1837
798:1835
788:1831
783:1830
778:1826
773:1820
768:1818
763:1812
758:1807
753:1806
748:1802
685:and
400:King
304:list
278:list
151:list
4596:doi
4466:doi
3161:Use
2462:G20
503:MPs
4677::
4629:29
4627:.
4610:.
4602:.
4592:25
4590:.
4480:.
4472:.
4462:21
4460:.
4360:.
4303:}}
4299:{{
4283:.
4279:.
4248:.
4228:^
4124:,
4084:,
3908:.
3790:.
3693:.
3675:.
3649:.
3506:^
3449:^
3324:MP
3313:.
3203:("
2718:.
2589:,
2467:G7
2445:P5
2396:)
2140:/
1787::
1758::
1705:)
1650::
1573:,
1569:,
1489:,
52:on
4639:.
4618:.
4598::
4581:.
4554:.
4535:.
4507:.
4488:.
4468::
4442:.
4423:.
4404:.
4376:.
4309:)
4295:.
4264:.
4148:.
4059:.
3845:.
3800:.
3705:.
3661:.
3443:.
2570:e
2563:t
2556:v
2392:(
2131:)
2127:(
2040:)
2021:(
1893:)
1877:(
1845:)
1841:(
1732:)
1728:(
1701:(
1695:)
1691:(
1663:)
1659:(
1577:)
1565:(
1558:)
1554:(
1493:)
1485:(
1410:)
1406:(
1341:)
1337:(
700:)
696:(
536:)
532:(
485:)
483:C
481:(
387:)
383:(
339:)
337:L
335:(
318:)
316:L
314:(
306:)
302:(
292:)
290:L
288:(
280:)
276:(
249:)
245:(
153:)
149:(
100:)
96:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(Tudor_Crown).svg)
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}