Xuanzang - Knowledge

3959: 3947: 3247: 3907: 2382:). The king did this in anger because when he asked the monasteries in his domain for a Buddhist teacher to teach him Buddhism, the Buddhists did not send to him any learned scholar. Mahirakula cruel deed against the Buddhists triggered the king of Magadha to go to war with him. Mahirakula is defeated, forgiven but returns to power by assassinating the king of Kashmira and Gandhara. Xuanzang recites the hearsay stories he heard about Mahirakula's continued cruelty and destruction of 1600 stupas and monasteries. Xuanzang then describes the surviving monasteries in Sagala with hundreds of Buddhist monks, along with its three colossal stupas, each over 200 feet tall, two built by Ashoka. 3931: 2429: 2156:

different subjects and use sharp words to argue. Each Buddhist sect has different set of rules and regulations for their monks. The monks who cannot expound a single text must do the routine monastic duties (cleaning monastery and such). Those who can expound one Buddhist text flawlessly is exempt from such duties. Those who can recite two texts, get better quality rooms. Monks who can expound three Buddhist texts get attendants to serve them, while the few monks who can expound all four are provided with lay servants. Expounders of five texts have elephants for travel, while six texts entitles them to security retinue.

3919: 2606: 1233: 2401:. Near this, states Xuanzang, are numerous small stupas and large Buddhist caves. Around this monastery in the Himalayan hills are "hundreds and thousands of stupas, built so closely together than their shadows touch one another" (Li Rongxi translation). From there, he visited Jalamdhara. It grows non-sticky rice and cereals, its forest are luxuriant, the region is lush with flowers and fruits. They have 50 monasteries with over 2000 monks studying Mahayana and Hinayana traditions of Buddhism. They also have 3889: 2272: 2633:. The city has a great temple with decorated buildings. At the east of this great city two rivers meet forming a dune that is over ten li wide, and it is this place that wealthy people and kings such as Shiladitya come on pilgrimage from ancient times and give alms. It is called the Grand Place of Almsgiving. Numerous people gather here and bathe at the confluence of two rivers, some drown themselves, believing that this washes away their sins and that it will give them a better rebirth. 2111:). To its east are the "City of Svetavat temple" and the Aruna Mountain known for its frequent avalanches. His travelogue then describes several popular legends about a Naga king. He also describes miraculous events from a Buddhist stupa, such as raging flames bursting out of them leaving behind stream of pearls. The citizens here, states Xuanzang, worship pieces of Buddha's remains that were brought here in more ancient times. He mentions four stupas built in this area by king 3305: 3265: 3142: 3055: 2100:, where the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism had come in vogue. It had over 100 monasteries with stupas. More than 6000 monks, mostly Mahayana, studied here. Along with these Buddhist monasteries, states his travelogue, there were over ten Deva temples (Hindu) with "heretical believers who go about naked and smear dust over their bodies", translates Li Rongxi. Furthermore, in the same capital region, there is a Hinayana monastery with 300 monks at the northern foothills. 2081: 8886: 2421:(saints) live. He then headed south, into the country of Shatadru. Here, writes Xuanzang, people wear "gorgeous, extravagant" clothes, the climate is hot and citizens are honest and friendly by custom. It has ten monasteries, but ruined and with few monks. He visits the country of Pariyatra, where they have plenty of cattle and sheep, as well as a type of rice that they harvest in sixty days after planting. This region has eight ruined monasteries and ten 2725: 8897: 3655: 6295: 6282: 3395: 2350:, this Rishi set out to "make inquiries into the way of learning" (Li Rongxi translation). He thoroughly studied all written and spoken language, words in ancient and his times, then created a treatise of one thousand stanzas. The heretics (Hindus) transmit this text orally from teacher to pupil, and it is this that makes the Brahmanas of this city "great scholars of high talent with knowledge of wide scope". They have an image of 3500:. Xuanzang, with a team of disciple translators, commenced translating the voluminous work in 660 CE, using all three versions to ensure the integrity of the source documentation. Xuanzang was being encouraged by a number of his disciple translators to render an abridged version. After a suite of dreams quickened his decision, Xuanzang determined to render an unabridged, complete volume, faithful to the original of 600 chapters. 2069:). There, state his travelogue is a colossal statue of standing Buddha, carved from a rock in the mountains, some one hundred and forty feet tall and decorated with gems. This valley has Buddhist monasteries, and also a colossal copper statue of the Buddha, that is over a hundred foot tall. He was told that it was cast in separate parts and then joined up together. To the east of a monastery in the Bamiyana valley was a 2124: 6272: 2288:), and then into Kashmira. He was received by the king, and numerous monks from the Jayendra monastery. Kashmira is land with a very cold climate and is often calm without any wind. The region has lakes, grows plenty of flowers and fruit, saffron and medicinal herbs. Kashmira has over 100 monasteries and more than 5000 monks. The residents revere four large stupas that were built in ancient times by Ashoka. 1866:

of the details in the surviving versions of Xuanzang biography were invented or a paleographic confusion introduced an error, or the Persian-Turkish records are unreliable. The Japanese version is based on 8th to 10th-century translations of texts that ultimately came from Xuanzang's monastery, which unfortunately has added to the confusion. Most sources state that Xuanzang started his pilgrimage in 629 CE.

4277:, Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies, Vol 3, Issue 1, pp. 228–258, Quote: "Xuanzang's Datang Xiyu ji has been and is notoriously used for the reconstruction of South Asian history and the history of Buddhism in India. Very often Xuanzang's information is either dismissed because it does not corroborate or even contradicts the facts in Indian sources, or is used to overwrite these sources." 62: 9050: 2140:", equal to forty li, but varying between thirty and sixteen depending on the source. They divide day and night into kala, and substances into various divisions, all the way to a fineness that they call indivisible and emptiness. The country has three seasons: hot, cold, rainy according to some Buddhists; while others say it is four: three months each of spring, summer, monsoon, and autumn. 1924:). Here he met the king, a Buddhist along with his uncle Jnanachandra and precept Mokshagupta, who tried to persuade him to quit his journey and teach them Buddhist knowledge. He declined and they equipped him further for his travels with letters of introduction and valuables to serve as funds. Xuanzang observed that the country of Agni had more than ten monasteries following the 2851:. The country and its capital is sparsely populated. A fertile land, it produces a fragrant form of rice with extraordinary lustre. It regularly floods during the monsoon season, and during these months one can use a boat to travel. People are honest and simple here, and they revere Buddhism. Magadha has fifty monasteries and over ten thousand monks. It also has tens of 3468:, etc. found their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools. Xuanzang's closest and most eminent student was Kuiji (窺基) who became recognized as the first patriarch of the Faxiang school. Xuanzang's logic, as described by Kuiji, was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lacked the necessary background in 2440:, calling it a part of central India. This region is fertile, people love mangoes, they produce cloth and gold. The climate is hot, the people are genial and good by custom, they advocate learning and virtue, states Xuanzang. This country has over twenty monasteries with over two thousand monks studying Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism. Many 2820:, where says Xuanzang, people are honest and simple by custom. They study both orthodox Buddhist and heterodox non-Buddhist doctrines. The country of Vaishali has hundreds of monasteries, but only a few have monks and are in good condition. He describes the Svetapura monastery with lofty buildings and magnificent pavilions. 2268:

manifestations". Crossing another 1000 li, he reached Darada valley – the old capital of Udayana, with a 100 feet golden wood statue of Maitreya Boddhisattva. This statue, states his travelogue, was built by an artist who went three times into heaven to see how he looks and then carve the realistic image of him on earth.

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to south and long from east to west, he calls the Great Pure Lake. He describes supernatural monsters, fishes and dragons living in this lake. The Xuanzang travelogues then rush through the names of many countries, stating that more details are provided in the return part of his journey, as he crosses into country of

5567:- In: 東アジアの宗教と文化 : 西脇常記教授退休記念論集 = Essays on East Asian religion and culture: Festschrift in honor of Nishiwaki Tsuneki on the occasion of his 65th birthday / クリスティアン・ウィッテルン, 石立善編集 = ed. by Christian Wittern und Shi Lishan. - 京都 : 西脇常記教授退休記念論集編集委員會; 京都大��人文科學研究所; Christian Wittern, 2007, pp. 35 - 73. See p. 35 2303:

he slip away. They hurry towards a village. Near it, they meet a Brahmana who is tilling his land. They tell him that robbers attacked them and their companions. The Brahmin goes to the village and beats a drum and blows a conch. About 80 men gather, and together they proceed to rescue the companions of Xuanzang.

2232:, one with nearly 2000 feet in diameter and a 25 layer wheel on the top. There is a large monastery near it. Gandhara has numerous holy Buddhist sites, and Xuanzang visited and worshipped all of them. He calls the stupas and the Buddha images in this region as "magnificent" and made with "perfect craftmanship". 2557:

lineage. Three of his ancestors were also monarchs, and they were all known to the Chinese monarchs as virtuous. Xuanzang then recites, at length, the story of prince Shiladitya and how he constructed both major monasteries and temples, feeding hundreds of Buddhist monks and hundreds of Hindu priests

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temples where heretics smear their bodies with ashes. The country of Vilashana and Kapitha are south and southeast of Ahicchattra. Most people in Vilashana are non-Buddhists, and there are two monasteries here with three hundred Buddhist monks. In Kapitha, there are four monasteries teaching Hinayana

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Xuanzang also describes implausible events such as glowing rock footprints of Buddha, dragons, tales of Naga, a stupa in which is preserved the Buddha's eyeball as "large as a crabapple" and that is "brilliant and transparent" throughout, a white stone Buddha idol that worked miracles and "frequently

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The monasteries in these kingdoms are splendid, with four corner towers and halls with three tiers. They have strange looking figures at the joints, rafters, eaves and roof beams. The Indians paint the walls, doors and windows with colors and pictures. People prefer to have home that look simple from

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Xuanzang states that India is a vast country over ninety thousand li in circuit, with seventy kingdoms, sea on three sides and snow mountains to its north. It is a land that is rich and moist, cultivation productive, vegetation luxuriant. He adds that it has its own ancient customs, such as measuring

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From Jalambhara, Xuanzang travelled northeast through jagged peaks, deep valleys and dangerous trails into the Himalayan country of Kuluta. It is surrounded by mountains, and has abundant fruits, flowers and trees. It has twenty monasteries and over a thousand Buddhist monks studying mostly Mahayana

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Xuanzang includes a section on the differences between the Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhist communities. There are eighteen sects in Buddhism, according to Xuanzang. They stand against each other, debate "various viewpoints, as vehemently as crashing waves". Though they share the same goal, they study

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of "Xuanzang" include Hyun Tsan, Hhuen Kwan, Hiuan Tsang, Hiouen Thsang, Hiuen Tsang, Hiuen Tsiang, Hsien-tsang, Hsyan-tsang, Hsuan Chwang, Huan Chwang, Hsuan Tsiang, Hwen Thsang, Hsüan Chwang, Hhüen Kwān, Xuan Cang, Xuan Zang, Shuen Shang, Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang. Hsüan, Hüan, Huan

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After crossing Ganges, he entered into the country of Matipura. Here, according to Xuanzang, half of the population is Buddhist and the other believe in heterodox religions. The climate is cooler and more temperate, its people are honest and esteem learning. The king of this country worships at the

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temples are also found in this country. He describes the ritual carrying and worship of the Buddha and Buddhist deities in this country with incense and flowers scattered in streets. He visits and praises the Govinda monastery in the Mathura country. Next he visits the country of Sthanesvara, which

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Xuanzang describes many events where he is helped by both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. For example, he describes leaving the city of Sakala and Narasimha, then passing with his companions through the Great Palasha forest. They get robbed and are walked towards some dry pond to be killed. A monk and

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After further similar introduction covering the diverse aspects of the Indian culture he observed, including fashion, hair styles, preference for being barefoot, ritual washing their hands after releasing bodily waste, cleaning teeth by chewing special tree twigs, taking baths before going to their

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The residents of India clean their floor and then smear it with a preparation of cow dung, followed by decorating it with flowers, unlike Chinese homes. Their children go to school at age seven, where they begin learning a number of treatises of the five knowledges – first grammar, second technical

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The kingdoms of India have numerous villages and cities. Their towns and cities have square walls, streets are winding and narrow, with shops lined along these roads. Wine is sold in shops on the side streets. Those whose profession is butchering, fishing, executioners, scavengers (people that kill

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mountain ranges). Here, observed Xuanzang, the wind is cold and "blows with a piercing vehemence" (Li Rongxi translation). Ferocious dragons live here and trouble the travellers particularly those who wear "reddish brown" color clothes. Thereafter, he crossed past a salty sea, one narrow from north

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Xuanzang writes of a dragon race and a region where water dragons metamorphose into horses to mate and create dragon-horses, also into men and mating with women nearby, creating dragon-men who could run as fast as the dragon-horses. These were men who will have massacred an entire city, leaving the

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Yet, one version by Huili, states that Xuanzang met Yabghu Qaghan, someone who died in 628 CE according to Persian and Turkish records. If this detail in Xuanzang's biography and Persian-Turkish records are true, then Xuanzang must have left before Qaghan's death, or in 627 CE. In other words, some

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The date when Xuanzang's pilgrimage started is not resolved in any of the texts that Xuanzang himself wrote. Further, he did not write his own biography or travelogue, rather he recited it to his fellow monks after his return from India. Three of his immediate collaborators wrote his biography, and

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After Kapilavastu, he went eastward to the country of Ramagrama (Rama). The region is sparsely populated, the towns and villages in a dilapidated condition. He mentions a stupa where a snake-dragon comes out of the pond to circumambulate it, as well as elephants pick flowers and come to scatter on

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River to its west, with flowery forests of brilliant colors, transparent waters and prosperous people. They are simple and honest by custom, states Xuanzang, with handsome and graceful features. They cherish arts and literature, speak lucidly. Half of the population is Buddhist, half heretics. The

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temples with numerous heretics. East of this region is the Ganges river with dark blue waters and strange creatures living in it, but these creatures do not harm people. The water of Ganges is sweet in taste, and the heretics believe it to contain the "water of blessedness", and that bathing in it

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There is some dispute over the Chinese character for Xuanzang's given name at birth. Historical records provide two different Chinese characters, 褘 and 禕; both are similar in writing except that the former has one more stroke than the latter. Their pronunciations in pinyin are also different: the

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river in the middle of it. These people are like those in Sthanesvara country. They believe in heretical ideas (Hindu) and are honest by nature, states Xuanzang. They cherish learning, arts and crafts, and cultivate wisdom, blessedness. In this country are five Buddhist monasteries, over thousand

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deity as its guardian. The monastery and the capital attracts repeated raids from the Turk chieftains who seek to loot these precious jewels. This monastery has a large bathing pot that looks dazzlingly brilliant and has a Buddha's tooth relic and Buddha's broom made of "kasa grass". Outside is a

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is the longest and most detailed account of the countries of Central and South Asia that has been bestowed upon posterity by a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim. While his main purpose was to obtain Buddhist books and to receive instruction on Buddhism while in India, he ended up doing much more. He has

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with many buildings and courtyards. Inside these buildings are "most wonderful, and exquisitely done decorative paintings", states Xuanzang. It is painted in gold, silver, pinkish blue, lustrous white and semitransparent pigments, with the Buddha's ornaments in the panel embedded with gems and

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Buddhism was in vogue. He crossed the countries of Samarkand, Mimohe, Kaputana, Kusanika, Bukhara, Betik, Horismika and Tukhara. These had cities near rivers or lakes, then vast regions with no inhabitants, little water or grass. He describes warring factions of Turk chieftains in control, with

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is the basis for all Chinese commentaries on the sutra, and recitations throughout China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. His style was, by Chinese standards, cumbersome and overly literal, and marked by scholarly innovations in terminology; usually, where another version by the earlier translator

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temple near the Ganges river. The heretics call it the "Gate of the Ganges". People from all five parts of India – east, north, west, south, central – come here crossing long distances on pilgrimage and to bathe at these gates. This place has numerous rest and almshouses, where the "isolated,

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While other rescued companions of his wail about the loss of all their property, Xuanzang reminds them that they should all be happy to be alive and not worry about the loss of property. The villagers help his companions and him by hosting them before the resume their journey. Yet, elsewhere,

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To Xuanzang, he entered India as he crossed the Black range and entered the country of Lampa. His travelogue presents India in fascicles separate from those for Central Asia. He, however, does not call it India, but the phonetic equivalent of what previously has been variously interpreted as

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In all these places, he mentions how the Buddha lived here in one of his previous lives (Jataka legends) and illustrated compassion-strength through his actions. There is a Buddhist temple northeast of Manglaur with the Avalokitesvara Bodhusattva image, one is noted for "its miraculous

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on festive days. He describes numerous monasteries in the southeast of its capital, along with large Buddhist temple made of stone and brocks, with a thirty feet tall Buddha statue. To the south of this is temple, states Xuanzang, is a Surya temple built from bluestone. Next to the

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Xuanzang obtained and translated 657 Sanskrit Buddhist works. He received the best education on Buddhism he could find throughout India. Much of this activity is detailed in the companion volume to Xiyu Ji, the Biography of Xuanzang written by Huili, entitled the Life of Xuanzang.

2168:, near the source of Kabul river) as the territory of north India, one whose circuit is more than 1000 li and where all monasteries studied Mahayana Buddhism. They have tens of Deva temples (Hindu) which heretics (non-Buddhists) frequent. To its southeast is the country of (modern 2761:, where towns and villages are deserted and in a dilapidated condition. He describes a large brick temple with reclining Buddha. He describes many monuments and sites he was able to see where numerous legends of the Buddha played out, including the site where he was cremated. 2495:

solitary and needy people get free food and medical service". North of this place is the country of Brahmapura, densely populated with prosperous and rich people. Colder in climate, here people are rude and violent by custom. This region has five Buddhist monasteries and ten

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Taking the monastic name Xuanzang, he was fully ordained as a monk in 622, at the age of twenty. The myriad contradictions and discrepancies in the Chinese translations at that time prompted Xuanzang to decide to go to India and study in the cradle of Buddhism. He knew about

1989:. Xuanzang describes more monasteries, such as the Eastern Cakuri monastery and Ascarya monastery, with Buddha's footprints and Buddha idols. According to Xuanzang's accounts, mystical light emanated from Buddha's footprints on "fast days". In the country of Baluka, the 3344:. Instead, he retired to a monastery and devoted his energy to translating Buddhist texts until his death in 664 CE. According to his biography, he returned with "over six hundred Mahayana and Hinayana texts, seven statues of the Buddha and more than a hundred 2144:

living beings and deal with products derived from them) are not allowed to live inside the cities. The cities are built from bricks, while homes are either made mostly from bricks or from "wattled bamboo or wood". Cottages are thatched with straw and grass.

2644:. It produces abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and sugarcane. The citizens are bold, furious and dedicated to good deeds by custom. It has ten deserted and dilapidated Buddhist monasteries, attended by about three hundred monks. The country has fifty 2260:, Kasyapiya, Mahisasaka and Dharmagupta. These schools became unpopular, as the later form of Mahayana prospered. According to Xuanzang, these monasteries of early Buddhist schools are desolate and attract few monks. He then reached the city of Hi-lo and 1948:

Moving further westward, Xuanzang met about two thousand Turkic robbers on horses. The robbers began fighting with each other on how to fairly divide the loot. After the loot had thus been lost, they dispersed. Xuanzang thereafter reached the country of

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school of Buddhism were composed. A few hundred li east of Ayodhya is the country of Ayamukha. Here too, states Xuanzang, people are honest and simple. They have five monasteries with over one thousand monks, mostly studying Hinayana. Near them are ten

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Xuanzang was known for his extensive but careful translations of Indian Buddhist texts to Chinese, which have enabled subsequent recoveries of lost Indian Buddhist texts from the translated Chinese copies. He is credited with writing or compiling the

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Xuanzang arrived in Taxila, after crossing a river with "poisonous dragons and evil animals". There, he visited a major Buddhist monastery of the Sautrantika school. From there, after covering some 2200 li, he passed through the country of Simhapura

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in 629–645 CE, his efforts to bring over 657 Indian texts to China, and his translations of some of these texts. He was only able to translate 75 distinct sections of a total of 1335 chapters, but his translations included some of the most important

2685:), describing it to be a country of over six thousand li in circuit. The capital city is desolate, states Xuanzang, though some residents still live here. There are over hundred monasteries in its capital city, many dilapidated, where monks study 2152:

temples, worshipping in their temples, their alphabet that contains forty seven letters, the diversity of languages spoken, how harmonious and elegant they sound when they speak their languages, Xuanzang presents the various kingdoms of India.

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The stupa are deserted and in a dilapidated condition. The local Buddhists believe that the Buddha taught here while flying in the air, because were he to walk here, it caused many earthquakes. Nagarahara has a 300 feet high stupa built by

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this stupa, according to Xuanzang. There is a monastery near this special stupa, where monks study Hinayana. Some hundred li to the east is another colossal stupa in good condition, one built by Ashoka. Past this forest is the country of

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has wealthy but unkind citizens who show off their wealth. It has three Buddhist monasteries with over seven hundred monks, a lustrous and clean colossal stupa which witnesses "many divine manifestations". It also has well over hundred

2796:, he visits the country of Garjanapati, where he finds the Aviddhakarna monastery that is "very exquisitely" carved with decorative sculptures. It is lush with flowers, with reflections in the pond nearby. From there he heads north of 751:, is a notable source about Xuanzang, and also for scholarship on 7th-century India and Central Asia. His travelogue is a mix of the implausible, the hearsay and a firsthand account. Selections from it are used, and disputed, as a 678:

province of China. As a boy, he took to reading religious books, and studying the ideas therein with his father. Like his elder brother, he became a student of Buddhist studies at Jingtu monastery. Xuanzang was ordained as a

2958:. He describes Nalanda as a place with "azure pool winds around the monasteries, adorned with the full-blown cups of the blue lotus; the dazzling red flowers of the lovely kanaka hang here and there, and outside groves of 8969: 2660:

He headed northeast, crossed Ganges river again, and this came to the country of Vishaka. He calls its people sincere and honest by custom, fond of learning. It has twenty monasteries and three thousand monks studying

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too built many Buddhist monasteries here. He also had treatises with 960,000 words written on copper plates and had them stored in a newly built great stupa. The Kashmira region has numerous monks well versed with the

2835:, near the Snow Mountains. It has many flowers and fruits, yaks and two-headed birds. The people here, says Xuanzang, are rude and disparaging by nature, but skilled in craftsmanship. Their Buddhist monasteries and 2648:

temples and numerous non-Buddhists. In the capital, within the palace is a Buddhist temple with a Buddha statue made from sandalwood. This Buddha image "emits divine light" sometimes, states Xuanzang. He adds that

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In the capital of the country of Bactra, states Xuanzang, is a monastery with a Buddha's idol decorated with jewels and its halls studded with rare precious substances. The Buddhist monastery also has an image of

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that had reached China. He was also concerned about the competing Buddhist theories in variant Chinese translations. He sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues.

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was released in 2016 as an official Chinese and Indian production. It was offered as candidate for Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards due to its camera work, but ultimately was not nominated.

2581:. It grows abundant amounts of cereals, is blessed with fruits and flowers. People are benign and dedicate themselves to arts and crafts. Ayodhya has over a hundred monasteries and three thousand monks studying 2748:

temples. He also describes a Buddhist temple with painting of a prince riding on a white horse, as well many Buddhist monuments and legends about the Buddha's early life in this region, as well as those of the

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temples. Kapitha, states Xuanzang, has a "beautifully constructed monastery with many lofty and spacious buildings adoerned with exquisite carvings" (Li Rongxi translation). It has Buddha statue at the top,

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skills which he states includes arts, mechanics, yin-yang and the calendar, third medicine, fourth being logic, and fifth field of knowledge taught is inner knowledge along with theory of cause and effect.

1953:. This country of 1000 li by 600 li, had over one hundred monasteries with five thousand monks following the Sarvastivada school of Hinayana Buddhism, and studying its texts in "original Indian language". 2772:

river to its west. The city is densely populated, with tightly packed homes in its lanes. The people are "enormously wealthy", mild and courteous by nature. Few here believe in Buddhism, most are heretics

3958: 2566:) temple also made from bluestone. Both are profusely carved with sculptures. About 100 li to the southeast of Shiladitya's capital, states Xuanzang, is the Navadevakula city on the eastern bank of 2127:

Reconstructed route of Xuanzang over 629–645 CE through India. Along with Nalanda in Bihar, he visited locations that are now in Kashmir, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Bangladesh.

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on his way back to China. He arrived in the capital, Chang'an, on the seventh day of the first month of 645, 16 years after he left Chinese territory, and a great procession celebrated his return.

2740:. This country has no ruler, he states, and every city has its own lord. Well over a thousand monasteries were in this region, but most are dilapidated. Some three thousand monks continue to study 5342: 2705:

garden with two 70 feet high pillars standing, but the monastery there is in ruins. One pillar has a wheel carved at its top, the other a bull. Xuanzang saw all the monuments associated with the

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South of Bactra is the country of Kacik, then the Great Snow Mountains with valleys "infested with gangs of brigands" (Li Rongxi translation). Crossing this pass, thereafter is the country of

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temples. This country has ten Buddhist monasteries left. There were many more before, states Xuanzang. These were destroyed few hundred years ago, during the rule of a king named Mahirakula (

2180:, with marvellous sculptures. Xuanzang paid homage by circling it. Both Lampaka and Nagarahara countries were independent with their own kings, but they have become a vassal of the Buddhist 1858:

from Daoxun and is also in Japanese and Korean texts. The 629 CE is found in Chinese and western versions. This confusion, though merely of two years, is of significance to western history.

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Xuanzang also recites the implausible tale of meeting a Brahmana who was 700 years old and had two associates, each over 100 years old, who had mastered all of the Vedas and the Buddhist

2311:. He calls them heretics (non-Buddhists). These heretics help him and his companions get new garments and food. He stayed with this implausibly old Brahmana for a month, and studied the 3409:

During Xuanzang's travels, he studied with many famous Buddhist masters, especially at the famous center of Buddhist learning at Nalanda. When he returned, he brought with him some 657

742:. He departed from India with numerous Sanskrit texts on a caravan of twenty packhorses. His return was welcomed by Emperor Taizong in China, who encouraged him to write a travelogue. 2374:

river to its east. They produce abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and wheat, also gold, brass, iron and other metals. They do not believe in Buddhism, and pray in several hundred

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of this doctrine, "the fruit of seven centuries of Indian Buddhist thought." In this scripture, Xuanzang appears to a certain extent as the continuator of both Asanga and Vasubandhu.

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temples. Southeast of here, states Xuanzang, is the country of Ahicchattra with ten monasteries and a thousand monks belonging to the Sammitiya sect of Hinayana Buddhism. It has five

2785:). Some of these heretic followers go naked and smear their bodies with ash. On the west bank of Varana river near Baranasi, is a great stupa that is 100 feet tall and was built by 3906: 3433:, and he founded a school taking after that tradition in China. His 7th-century scholarship on Yogacara has a major influence on Chinese Buddhism, and then on East Asian Buddhism. 2839:

temples touch each other, and people simultaneously believe in Buddhist and non-Buddhist doctrines. The country has two thousand monks who study Hinayana and Mahayana teachings.

3702:— have been very helpful in the recording of the archaeological history of Bengal. His account has also shed welcome light on the history of 7th century Bengal, especially the 4052: 2697:'s palace, then to its east the Great Dhamma Hall stupa, another stupa and a temple for the maternal aunt of the Buddha. Next to these, states Xuanzang, is the great stupa of 3195:

there which was also attended by both the monarchs as well as several others from neighboring kingdoms, Buddhist monks, Hindus, and Jains. Emperor Harsha invited Xuanzang to

5946: 5642: 2789:. Before it is a standing green-stone pillar polished as smooth as a mirror, states Xuanzang. He describes many more stupas, pillars and monasteries in Baranasi country. 2248:, with many holy Buddhist sites. Xuanzang worshipped at these "great stupas and big monasteries". Thereafter he reached the country of Udayana, through which flowed the 2621:

river. It has luxuriant fruit trees and cereal crops, its people are kind and helpful. Most of them believe in heretical religions, and Prayaga has several hundreds of

1761:. According to traditional biographies, Xuanzang displayed a superb intelligence and earnestness, studied with his father, and amazed him by his careful observance of 9238: 726:

At age 27, he began his seventeen-year overland journey to India. He defied his nation's ban on travel abroad, making his way through central Asian cities such as

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temple about the same size as the Buddha temple, both in good condition. Over sixty li to the northwest of Shravasti capital, he saw a series of stupas built by

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where ceremonies are performed by naked heretics who smear ash on their body. About 30 li (about 12 kilometers in 7th-century) southeast from these temples is

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He then describes several legends associated with Ashoka, along with several stupas and monasteries he found in good condition. For example, he describes the

5565:"Has Xuanzang really been in Mathurā?: Interpretatio Sinica or Interpretatio Occidentalia — How to Critically Read the Records of the Chinese Pilgrim." 2132:"Tianzhu" or "Shengdu" or "Xiandou". More recent scholarship suggests the closest pronunciation of the 7th-century term in his travelogues would be "Indu". 1130:

Another form of his official style was "Yuanzang", written 元奘. It is this form that accounts for such variants as Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang.

9575: 2554: 7036: 3425:. He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese. His strongest personal interest in Buddhism was in the field of 2709:

legends with the Buddha, though many of these were in dilapidated condition. He also saw a Buddhist temple 60 feet high with a seated Buddha image, and a

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On his return to China in 645 CE, Xuanzang was greeted with much honor but he refused all high civil appointments offered by the still-reigning emperor,

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food only that would be consistent with Mahayana Buddhist teachings. Therefore, the Buddhists in this country had stagnated in their Buddhist teachings.

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about 300 li southeast of the Magadha capital. It has four courts, lofty terraces, multi-storied pavilions where thousands of monks continue to study

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Xuanzang describes Ganges river with blue waters, who heretics believe carries "waters of blessedness", and in which a dip leads to expiation of sins.

5692:. Translated from the Chinese of Shaman (monk) Hwui Li. London. 1911. Reprint Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973. (a dated, abridged translation) 2197: 9550: 9545: 2865:. One can see the very ancient foundations of Kusumapura. Later, when human life span reduced to "several thousand years", its name was changed to 2831:

temples and doctrines, states Xuanzang. It has over ten monasteries with less than a thousand Buddhist monks. He then travelled to the country of

2393:'s reign, peaches and pears plantations were imported into Chinabhukti, northern India. Further northeast, he visited a Buddhist monastery of the 7955: 2877:

temples and stupas here, but several hundred such Buddhist and non-Buddhist monuments are in dilapidated and ruined condition, states Xuanzang.

8179: 5958: 5909: 5564: 3873:, Japan. In November 1965, the relics of Xuanzang were returned by the Japanese government to Taiwanese government and eventually enshrined in 2490:

composed and under study at the major Buddhist monasteries of Matipura. This region has the city of Mayura, densely populated and with a great

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Xuanzang visited the country of Chinabhukti next, which he states got its name because a region west of the Yellow river was a vassal state of

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will come to an end in a distant future, therefore anyone who comes to this place feels sad and "sheds tears" (Li Rongxi translation).

1854:

Xuanzang started his pilgrimage to India in either 627 or 629 CE, according to two East Asian versions. The 627 CE version is found in

1688: 6239: 2989:, who made available to Xuanzang and through him to the Sino-Japanese world the entire heritage of Buddhist Mahayana thought, and the 2331:. It is a great site of pilgrimage, where Indians from very far come with prayers. At the foot of this mountain is another temple for 9540: 6261: 3987: 9560: 5520:. Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada dharma series. Sutra Translation Committee of the U.S. & Canada. 5490: 3113:

and has visited the Vaikunta Perumal Temple and also said that Kanchi was a strong center of Buddhism. He continued travelling to

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Xuanzang describes Prayaga as a great city where Ganges and Yamuna meet, one where people ritually fast, bathe and give away alms.

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His elder brother was already a monk in a Buddhist monastery. Inspired, at a young age, Xuanzang expressed interest in becoming a

8927: 8771: 8223: 5639: 9774: 8426: 6406: 5974: 1579: 1841:'s visit to India and, like him, sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues. 9749: 5927: 5884: 5798: 5467: 5410: 5232: 4167: 3600: 3246: 5521: 2777:). The country has over thirty Buddhist monasteries with three thousand monks studying Hinayana. There are over one hundred 1725:). His family was noted for its erudition for generations, and Xuanzang was the youngest of four children. His ancestor was 9839: 9784: 6589: 6431: 4128: 3132: 3436:

The force of his own study, translation, and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the

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Xuanzang describes thousands of monasteries and stupas in northwest India. Above: the ruins of Dharmarajika stupa, Taxila.

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that was over one thousand foot long. The people and the king of this valley serve the Buddhist monks, records Xuanzang.

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There was also a biography of Xuanzang written by the monk Huili (慧立). Both books were first translated into English by

3026:. One of them was the Vāśibhã Monastery, where he found over 700 Mahayana monks from all over Eastern India. He visited 9799: 9789: 8920: 8663: 8213: 6308: 5697:

Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk (Xuanzang) who crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment

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Bhat, R. B. & Wu, C. (2014). Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2014.

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In Fascicle 6 of the travelogue manuscript, Xuanzang focuses on some of the holiest sites in Buddhism. He begins with

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temples. The Matipura country has ten monasteries and over eight hundred monks, mostly studying Hinayana. Over fifty

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emitted light". The travelogue states that Xuanzang went into a dark cave here where dangerous beings lived, recited

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river. It is surrounded by flowery wood, has three monasteries with five hundred monks, and a multi-tiered terraced

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texts. He observed that there were many viharas at Amaravati and some of them were deserted. He later proceeded to

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thus leaving three versions and with variant details. All three of these versions begin his pilgrimage in 629 CE.

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When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"

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outside, but is much decorated inside. They construct their homes such a way that they open towards the east.

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Xuanzang visited Sravasti site (above), the place where the Buddha spent most of his time after enlightenment.

1827:. Here the two brothers spent two or three years in further study in the monastery of Kong Hui, including the 9819: 9754: 8748: 8446: 8129: 6421: 6254: 5919:

The Uygur-Turkic Biography of the Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Pilgrim Xuanzang: Ninth and Tenth Chapters

4206: 3610:. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. 2224:, and they include Narayanadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dharmatrata, Monaratha and Parshva. To the southeast of 1645: 1137: 506: 425: 367: 5426: 2323:

To the northeast of Varsha country, states Xuanzang, there is a lofty mountain with a bluish stone image of

9849: 9809: 9769: 8331: 8203: 8174: 7876: 4436: 3565:, in 1884 and 1911 respectively. An English translation with copious notes by Thomas Watters was edited by 2808:

statues are "carved from stone with the most exquisite craftsmanship". About thirty li to the east of this

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of 645 CE for events, names and texts he mentions. His text in turn provided the inspiration for the novel

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Jain, Sandhya & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books.

3039: 2252:(now called Swat river). It had 1400 monasteries of five early Buddhist schools (of 18 sub-traditions) – 1245: 17: 7566: 3133:

Kingdoms of Konkanapura, Maharashtra, Malawa, Valabhi, Gurjara, Ujjayani, Sindhu, Langala, Avanda, Varnu

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by Tripitaka Master Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty, translation, and explanation by Ronald Epstein (1986)

5402: 4008: 3827: 3566: 2737: 2202:, and they became Buddhists. Thereafter they all burnt incense and worshipped the Buddha with flowers. 1216: 685:(novice monk) at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the 273: 8964: 7761: 2504:

Buddhism, and they have over a thousand monks. Along with these Buddhist institution, Kapitha has ten

2172:), with many Buddhist monasteries and five Deva temples. The number of monks here, however, are few. 9693: 8761: 8574: 8564: 8436: 7419: 6999: 6760: 6735: 6179: 2428: 2169: 1933: 1674: 1533: 1290: 1121: 718:'s visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the 294: 9485: 6785: 5962: 5323:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 259–268 5259:

Rene Grousset. In the Footsteps of the Buddha. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971 p161

5210:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 229–249 5197:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 227–228 5184:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 207–208 5159:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 195–201 5143:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 190–192 5115:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 178–189 5087:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 171–177 5059:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 158–167 5043:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 151–157 5015:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 145–151 4999:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 139–142 4983:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 136–139 4970:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 132–136 4954:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 123–133 4936:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 121–124 4911:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 109–115 4885:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 103–108 4859:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 101–103 9268: 8866: 8218: 8032: 8010: 8003: 7906: 7439: 7059: 6875: 6820: 6441: 6247: 4846:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 97–100 4038: 4003: 3874: 3658: 3496: 3348:

relics." In celebration of Xuanzang's extraordinary achievement in translating the Buddhist texts,

2827:, he headed north and reached the country of Vriji. This country mostly venerates the non-Buddhist 1523: 1252: 143: 5271:"Xuanzang and the Three Types of Wisdom: Learning, Reasoning, and Cultivating in Yogācāra Thought" 4833:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 68–69 4791:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 83–87 4721:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 58–62 4703:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 55–57 4633:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 43–48 4611:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 41–44 4581:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 32–39 4553:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 25–32 4520:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 18–27 4504:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 17–18 4488:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 16–17 1528: 30:

This article is about the historical Buddhist monk. For the fictional character based on him, see

8803: 8783: 8114: 8094: 7851: 7581: 6825: 4124: 3993: 3937: 3843: 3777: 3570: 3383: 3349: 3341: 2824: 2817: 1833:. The abbot Zheng Shanguo allowed Xuanzang to study these advanced subjects though he was young. 1772:

like his brother. After the death of his father in 611, he lived with his older brother Chen Su (

711: 706:

He later travelled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to

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built stupa, with a twenty feet high pillar and lion image on its top. From there he walked to

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school with 300 monks. He describes another colossal stupa that is over 200 feet tall built by

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How to Create a Great Monastery: Xuanzang's Foundation Legend of Nālandā in Its Indian Context

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Though Xuanzang is mainly known for his translation work, he also wrote a few original works.

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trees offer the inhabitants their dense and protective shade" (translation of Rene Grousset).

8818: 8788: 8369: 8301: 8134: 8049: 8044: 7968: 7963: 7881: 6411: 5663: 4288: 4248: 3554: 3006:, Xuanzang travelled through several kingdoms, including Iranaparvata, Champa, from there to 2978: 2257: 9153: 7434: 5250:. In the Footsteps of the Buddha. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971. p159-161 2861:

in Magadha. It is very ancient. When human life was "innumerable years" long, it was called

1375: 9203: 8841: 8808: 8793: 8311: 8208: 8154: 8039: 7978: 7946: 7941: 7926: 7911: 7901: 7866: 7779: 7471: 7394: 6697: 6637: 6386: 6353: 6303: 3118: 2919:'s hill, Vipula hill, Pippala Cave, Bamboo temple and other monuments, Xuanzang arrived in 2299:, states Xuanzang. He stays in Kashmira for two years and studies the treatises with them. 1267: 9288: 9143: 8681: 7296: 7165: 7091: 6967: 6705: 5759:

A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty

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A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty

4362:

A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty

1733:. His great-grandfather Chen Qin (陳欽) served as the prefect of Shangdang (上黨; present-day 8: 9734: 9729: 9655: 9650: 9283: 8648: 8527: 8361: 8336: 8326: 8286: 8263: 8146: 8119: 8079: 7998: 7988: 7916: 7843: 7274: 7131: 6912: 6890: 6842: 6662: 6462: 6318: 6298: 4385:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, 4364:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, 4162:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, 4013: 3896: 3744: 2361: 1538: 1200: 759: 663: 9500: 9293: 9118: 6622: 6549: 5687: 3628: 3625: 3592: 2205:

Some five hundred li (~200 kilometer in 7th-century) to the southeast is the country of

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Xuanzang was born Chen Hui (or Chen Yi) on 6 April 602 in Chenhe Village, Goushi Town (

1627: 1518: 1335: 753: 681: 658:, scholar, traveler, and translator. He is known for the epoch-making contributions to 351: 343: 8959: 8510: 2088:

carved into the rocks of Bamiyan region (above: 19th-century sketch, destroyed by the

9708: 9703: 9410: 9338: 9298: 8889: 8851: 8547: 8532: 8495: 8480: 8253: 8169: 8084: 7921: 7886: 7871: 7598: 7588: 7269: 7116: 7101: 6972: 6895: 6815: 6750: 6682: 6569: 6326: 5923: 5880: 5865: 5850: 5811: 5794: 5762: 5730: 5715: 5700: 5463: 5406: 5228: 4650: 4440: 4386: 4365: 4296: 4254: 4212: 4208:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

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for a long time but was moved to a newly built memorial hall in Nalanda in 2007. The

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Central Asia and India. This book was first translated into French by the Sinologist

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flowers with a 100 foot ancient stupa with collapsed foundation, originally built by

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preserved the records of the political and social aspects of the lands he visited.

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temples frequented by heretics (Hindus). This region has many caves where Buddhist

2165: 2070: 2014: 1754: 1650: 1622: 1410: 1370: 1224: 659: 605: 529: 448: 214: 191: 7616: 5247: 4087: 2034:). He adds that the Hinayana Buddhist schools were followed in all these regions. 9490: 9420: 9333: 9213: 9198: 9128: 9098: 8901: 8846: 8798: 8726: 8596: 8394: 8374: 8316: 8228: 7891: 7789: 7636: 7372: 7355: 7340: 7318: 6870: 6740: 6574: 6554: 5917: 5828: 5784: 5670: 5659: 5646: 5515: 5457: 5396: 5370: 5220: 3813: 3783: 3723: 3094: 2986: 2982: 2889: 2842: 1829: 1655: 1295: 739: 674:

Xuanzang was born on 6 April 602 in Chenliu, what is now Kaifeng municipality in

67: 35: 7646: 6800: 6790: 4289:"Fact versus Fiction: From Record of the Western Regions to Journey to the West" 4120: 610: 9495: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9039: 8856: 8559: 8409: 8191: 7771: 7751: 7671: 7360: 7350: 7284: 7121: 6607: 6470: 5482: 5392: 4324: 3805: 3760:, and is protected on his journey by four powerful disciples. One of them, the 3757: 3585: 3215: 3181: 3177: 3098: 3086: 3007: 2870: 2718: 2550: 2085: 2031: 1966: 1430: 1425: 1114: 764: 719: 550: 469: 388: 381: 235: 9313: 9133: 3018:. There Xuanzang found 20 monasteries with over 3,000 monks studying both the 2938:

At Nalanda, he was in the company of several thousand monks. Xuanzang studied

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where he witnessed the Emperor's generous distribution of gifts to the poor.

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The citizens of this country, adds Xuanzang, fondly recall "King Kanishka of

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Heading east and crossing the Black range, Xuanzang describes the country of

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became and remains an important milestone in all East Asian Buddhist sects.

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texts. With the emperor's support, he set up a large translation bureau in

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See Eli Franco, "Xuanzang's proof of idealism." Horin 11 (2004): 199-212.

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in early Mandarin, which accounts for the archaic transliterations with

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Xuanzang Memorial, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara on Google Cultural Institute

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Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage

3965: 3870: 3866: 3835: 3761: 3695: 3453: 3448:(613–696), become influential authors in their own right. Although the 3223: 3207: 3200: 3035: 3015: 2970: 2955: 2916: 2904: 2698: 2694: 2405:

temples where heretics smear their bodies with ashes (Shiva-Hinduism).

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In 630 CE, he arrived in the kingdom of Agni (Yanqi, in a place called

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In 618, the Sui Dynasty collapsed and Xuanzang and his brother fled to

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Kingdoms of Takka, Jalamdhara, Sthanesvara, Mathura, Matipura, Kapitha

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school itself did not thrive for a long time, its theories regarding

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In Fascicle 8 of the travelogue, Xuanzang begins with the country of

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temples are frequented by the heretics here. Xuanzang describes the

714:, where Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about 9668: 9570: 9505: 9455: 9375: 9193: 9113: 8896: 8736: 8691: 8636: 8601: 8505: 8164: 7731: 7726: 7611: 7529: 7494: 7489: 7150: 7021: 7009: 6920: 6579: 6276: 6227: 6221: 6185: 6098: 6052: 6046: 5903:

The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing

4023: 3699: 3691: 3445: 3418: 3410: 3394: 3235: 3189: 3185: 3110: 3042:

and other regions, which Xuanzang calls as "domain of east India".

3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 2951: 2947: 2869:. Towards the north of his royal city is a huge standing pillar of 2793: 2765: 2702: 2650: 2641: 2626: 2593:

temples. This is the country where some of the key shastras of the

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Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)

7721: 7711: 7696: 7519: 7389: 6657: 5922:. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. 5640:

Relic of famous Chinese monk moved to new memorial hall in N India

3517:

In 646, under the Emperor's request, Xuanzang completed his book,

2995:, Xuanzang's great philosophical treatise, is none other than the 2915:

After crossing the Maha river, visiting many stupas, monasteries,

2625:

temples. At the south of this great city here is a forest full of

2574:

temple that is "exquisitely constructed" (Li Rongxi translation).

1717:) and died on 5 February 664 in Yuhua Palace (玉華宮, in present-day 9683: 9645: 9635: 9450: 9415: 9405: 9380: 9083: 8641: 8584: 8569: 7716: 7706: 7681: 7556: 7551: 7509: 7479: 7411: 7377: 7264: 7205: 7200: 7054: 6957: 6795: 6745: 6532: 6358: 6215: 6197: 6191: 6110: 5791:

Chasing the Monk's Shadow: A Journey in the Footsteps of Xuanzang

5658:

Arai, Kiyomi. "Yakushiji offers peace of mind." (originally from

3858: 3851: 3847: 3831: 3449: 3437: 3403: 3227: 3211: 3173: 3090: 3003: 2943: 2932: 2928: 2848: 2764:

In Fascicle 7, Xuanzang describes five countries. He starts with

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Journey to the West: Dusty Roads, Stormy Seas, and Transcendence

3608:

Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang

3440:

school (法相宗) in East Asia. Some of Xuanzang's students, such as

3046:

Kingdoms of Kalinga, Multan, Andhra, Chola, Dravida and Malakuta

2209:– which some historic Chinese texts phonetically transcribed as 9698: 9688: 9640: 9625: 9590: 9460: 9440: 9435: 9328: 8721: 8706: 8542: 8404: 8384: 8159: 7821: 7701: 7691: 7626: 7254: 7210: 7195: 7185: 7155: 7079: 6962: 6730: 6602: 6346: 6341: 6209: 6133: 6069: 4046: 4033: 4018: 3964:

Statue of Xuanzang at Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery in

3826:

A skull relic purported to be that of Xuanzang was held in the

3679: 3662: 3523:, which has become one of the primary sources for the study of 3345: 3231: 3192: 3126: 3106: 3011: 2966: 2924: 2858: 2832: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2786: 2774: 2769: 2750: 2714: 2630: 2618: 2567: 2530: 2514: 2461: 2457: 2398: 2177: 2137: 2112: 2062: 1974: 1921: 1838: 1746: 1738: 1365: 1305: 1177: 1153: 1106: 715: 4053:

A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea

2843:

Kingdoms of Magadha, Iranaparvata, Champa, Kajangala, Kamarupa

2721:, one who lived for "twenty thousand" years, states Xuanzang. 9580: 9525: 9475: 9430: 9253: 9208: 9049: 8861: 8696: 8554: 8520: 8500: 8470: 8399: 7816: 7661: 7539: 7534: 7504: 7459: 7306: 7301: 7180: 6885: 6710: 6677: 6667: 6203: 6023: 5772:

Nattier, Jan. "The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?".

5335:"Xuan Zang stayed in Vijayawada to study Buddhist scriptures" 3952:

Statue of Xuanzang in front of Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an

3772: 3769: 3461: 3441: 3369: 3122: 3114: 2959: 2939: 2782: 2563: 2559: 2510: 2418: 2414: 2347: 2332: 2328: 2159: 2049: 2044: 1950: 1714: 1455: 1450: 1355: 1320: 1120:

in today's Mandarin, was previously pronounced as the h-like

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Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

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temple. It has storied pavilions and terraces, the numerous

8731: 7524: 7190: 6687: 3808:

by Wu Changling (吳昌齡) about Xuanzang obtaining scriptures.

1981:. After a feast, Xuanzang continued west then southwest to 1886:

the Buddhist doctrine was imperfect and the scriptures were

1660: 1181: 1133:

Tang Monk (Tang Seng) is also transliterated /Thang Seng/.

4439:(2010), "Note sur la chronologie du voyage de Xuanzang." 4246: 2965:

According to Grousset, the founders of Mahayana idealism,

2521:

Kingdoms of Kanyakubja, Ayodhya, Prayaga, Kausambi, Visaka

1800:, supported by the Sui state. During this time he studied 8389: 6925: 5162: 5118: 5090: 5062: 5018: 4914: 4806: 4794: 4584: 4556: 4523: 4458: 3912:

Golden statue of Xuanzang. Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an

3834:

until 1956 when it was taken to Nalanda—allegedly by the

3756:

is the reincarnation of the Golden Cicada, a disciple of

1969:

before turning northwest to cross the Tian Shan and then

1896:

the Mahayana sutras would have not only been sprinkled at

1888:

incomplete. Having many doubts, I wish to go and find out

1194:"Sanzang" is the Chinese term for the Buddhist canon, or 1136:

Another of Xuanzang's standard aliases is Sanzang Fashi (

348: 334: 320: 1890:

the truth, and so I decided to travel to the West at the

1745:; his grandfather Chen Kang (陳康) was a professor in the 278: 5879:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 3854:

province also claims to have part of Xuanzang's skull.

3738:, and the legends that grew up around it, inspired the 3482:

as a commentary on these texts. His translation of the

2220:

This is the land of ancient sages and authors of Indic

1898:

Kapilavastu, but the sublime truth may also be known in

1753:. His father Chen Hui (陳惠) served as the magistrate of 4446: 2653:

is the place that Buddhists text predict is where the

2118: 4642: 3587:

On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D. Vol.1

1892:

risk of my life in order to seek for the teachings of

614:; 6 April 602 – 5 February 664), born 555: 541: 474: 460: 254: 240: 226: 6010: 5321: