2527:. In the early stages of the revolution, it was not evident that Castro's plans were to ally Cuba with the communist bloc. As Castro's plans became clear, Jewish Cubans who had emigrated from Eastern and Central Europe became increasingly concerned with the impending revolution, as a result of their prior experience with religious intolerance associated with Leninist policies and Bolshevik Russia. During the earliest days of the revolution, the most paramount concern for the Jewish Cuban population was the nationalization of industry and agriculture and the laws which supported it. These measures include the first and second Agrarian Reform Laws, Law 851, and the First Urban Reform Law. The Agrarian Reform Laws of 1959 and 1963 caused strife amongst Jewish landowners and farmers, as the government began eradicating all landed estates and foreign-owned land, in addition to nationalizing all properties and buildings exceeding 67 hectares. Law 851 sparked the nationalization of business and industry within Cuba, beginning with foreign-owned businesses. It entailed the expropriation of Cuban property, not owned by leaders of a previous government, for the first time in Cuba's history. This ranged from large to medium sized businesses, including distilleries, factories, and department stores. Finally, the First Urban Reform Law stripped Jews of their property rental business by turning ownership to tenants and creating longterm rent-free leases. This law also made it illegal to privately rent or sublet properties.
2531:
post-Revolutionary period: "People were not persecuted because they practiced religion, but if you wanted to be a member of the
Communist Party, or go to university, it was necessary not to be a believer. The same happened to Catholics and to those of other faiths." The language used to describe Jews included, “Judio” for children who were not baptized, “Turquista”, and "Polaco" or "Polaquito" which were synonymous with Jew, regardless of their country of origin. Lastly, during their emigration from Cuba to Israel, Jews were marked as "repatriado" (repatriated) on their passport rather than "gusanos" (worms) as an emigration distinction. This was meant to indicate that those Jews departing for Israel to be “repatriated to their home country”, though few Jews who immigrated to Cuba were actually Israeli.
2566:. Fabio Grobart, whose original name was Abraham Simchowitz, immigrated from Poland to Cuba at the age of 19 and brought along with him knowledge of the radical leftist movements from Eastern Europe. He joined the Cuban Communist Party in 1925 and was one of Castro's closest constituents as a member of the party's Central Committee. He represented the party in communist ideology, as he had the ability to translate the readings of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels from Russian and German to Spanish. Manuel (Stolik) Novigrod was born into a family of Jewish communists and fought directly alongside Castro against Bautista's forces in the Sierra Maestra Mountains. One year after his parents' immigration from Poland,
2547:. The Jewish Cuban identity was morphed by a variety of revolutionary influences, but particularly the bias against those who practiced faith. Those who remained in Cuba either shied away from participation in the revolution or chose to abandon their Jewish identity altogether in order to do the opposite. Up until 1992 when Cuba had adjusted its constitution to reflect that the country was no longer an atheist state but rather secular or "la apertura", Jews had largely discarded their uniquely Jewish practices and abandoned community gathering at places such as El Patrono community center and Chevet Ahim synagogue. For many Cuban Jews, eating
2434:
4449:
2453:. Some Jews fleeing Portuguese-ruled Brazil in the 17th century settled in Cuba and despite inquisitions and persecutions, Jewish merchants based in Cuba engaged in flourishing international trade in the 17th and 18th centuries. However, the contemporary Jewish community does not represent a line of continuity with Jews who settled in Cuba in the 17th and 18th centuries. It began to form after Cuba gained independence from Spain following the
4459:
2684:
3228:
2698:
3432:
4469:
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1920s it came to offer a range of activities and services from welfare assistance, a clinic, a library, a language school, a student center, and a drama club. The Cuban Jewish community split into three sectors: Americans, Sephardim, and
Ashkenazim, each with its own cemetery and communal activities. The Jews' economic situation gradually improved and by 1959 the Jewish working class had nearly disappeared.
2457:
of 1898. At the end of the 19th century, American Jewish businessmen and war veterans began to settle on the island. They engaged in import and export as well as sugar and tobacco farming. In 1904, they founded Union Hebrew
Congregation and in 1906 a Jewish cemetery was established. In the early 20th
2633:
have large Jewish and Cuban populations, a significant number of people in these areas claim descent from
American Jews and Cuban-Americans, usually Catholic non-Jews. Americans of Jewish and Cuban descent (whether or not their ancestors were Cuban Jews specifically) sometimes refer to themselves as
2491:
introduced the diamond polishing industry to Cuba during World War II, establishing 24 plants in one year. With the growth of the Jewish community, various Jewish communal organizations emerged. The main communal body of the
Eastern European Jewish immigrants was the Centro Israelita, and during the
2470:
In 1920, Jewish immigrants from
Eastern Europe began arriving. By 1924 there were 24,000 Jews in Cuba, with many working in its garment industry. For most Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, Cuba was merely a transit point on their way to the United States. Most of those who arrived between 1920
2530:
Measures such as the second Urban reform law permitted the Cuban government to seize the property and assets of those who immigrated to the island. In a 2011 survey of Jews living in Cuba, one respondent described the experience of religious Jews during the socio-political environment of the
2578:
enabled him to ascend to highest-ranking Jew in the revolutionary government. Following the revolution, Oltuski was relied on, acting as the vice minister of the fishing industry, as well as working with the
Ministry of Culture in order to maintain a historical account of the revolution.
2534:
In 1959, the government declared that the revolution would be a socialist movement and that Cuba would become an atheist state. This shunning of religion helped shaped the religious identity of Jews who remained in Cuba, as well as the exiles who immigrated to the
2487:). The Jewish immigrants from Europe came during an economic downturn and found it difficult to integrate into a country lacking industry and inundated with cheap labor from Haiti and many turned to peddling to make ends meet. Jewish refugees from
2616:
Adath Israel is the only nominally
Orthodox synagogue remaining in Cuba. There are two other synagogues in Havana, in addition to a few other Cuban cities. In December 2006, the Cuban Jewish community celebrated its 100th anniversary.
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4626:
2608:
traveled to Cuba to help the small Jewish community, but he was detained in Cuba from 2009 to 2014. Some Jewish
Americans originally from Cuba are also fierce critics of the Cuban government, such as former Representative
2475:, which severely curtailed Jewish immigration to the United States, left thousands of Jewish immigrants now unable to proceed to the United States, and as a result they settled permanently in Cuba, a good deal residing in
4746:
4676:
4726:
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began to arrive and in 1914, they established their own community organization, Union Hebrea Shevet Achim. Most of the
Sephardi immigrants arrived poor and turned to peddling or managed to build small businesses.
4616:
4526:
4681:
4621:
2508:. By September 1960, as many as 3,000 Jews had already departed Cuba and approximately 1,500 remained by 1997. Additionally, between the years 1948 and 1997, 661 Cuban Jews immigrated to
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
2660:
Although primarily used in a positive sense, the term "Jewban" has sometimes been misinterpreted as an antisemitic political statement (i.e., advocating a "ban" on Jews). In 2003 the
4561:
4666:
4576:
3846:
4541:
1024:
3184:
4721:
3141:
2661:
1602:
3128:
1257:
952:
1144:
3629:
2888:
Weinreb, Amelia Rosenberg. 2017. “Jewish Cuba's Contact Zone: Transnational Encounters in Havana's Adath Israel Synagogue: Jewish Cuba's Contact Zone.”
3160:
2352:
3049:
Henderson, Kaitlyn D. "Black Activism in the Red Party: Black Politics and the Cuban Communist Party, 1925-1962." PhD diss., Tulane University, 2018.
116:
1139:
4400:
1387:
4566:
4505:
3913:
2724:
1641:
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2479:. Throughout the rest of the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Jewish immigrants continued to enter Cuba from Europe, largely as a result of
626:
589:
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4716:
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1565:
4636:
3966:
3216:
1588:
938:
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2523:, seeing the change in leadership as an opportunity to rid Cuba of the corruption that was associated with the dictatorship of
2345:
1515:
1450:
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today. The majority of Cuban Jews are descended from European Jews who immigrated in the early 20th century. More than 24,000
4736:
4001:
3469:
2909:
Juan Valdéz Paz, “The Cuban Agrarian Revolution: Achievements and Challenges,” Estudos Avançados, Vol. 25, No. 72 (2011), 75.
636:
4731:
3749:
1074:
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4741:
3940:
3880:
1342:
1159:
1149:
389:
4711:
4571:
4531:
3589:
3510:
3194:
1738:
1688:
1653:
1347:
1212:
1079:
4551:
4498:
3836:
2918:
Teddy Kapur and Alastair Smith. Housing Policy in Castro’s Cuba. (Boston: Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2002), 4.
2338:
1430:
1392:
1367:
1287:
1272:
1119:
1059:
1014:
4686:
3356:
4606:
4581:
3898:
3553:
1723:
1705:
1611:
1505:
1357:
1352:
1277:
1242:
1109:
3125:
4656:
4591:
4536:
4412:
4354:
2241:
2140:
1695:
1678:
1631:
1530:
1440:
1377:
1327:
1307:
1302:
1222:
1196:
1171:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1009:
1004:
4671:
4596:
4472:
4038:
3863:
3482:
1714:
1700:
1668:
1648:
1616:
1560:
1535:
1510:
1490:
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1465:
1460:
1455:
1435:
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1420:
1397:
1312:
1297:
1217:
1176:
1129:
1124:
1044:
989:
3346:
2668:
which had previously been issued to Tabares Gomer, a Jewish Cuban, arguing that the plate could be considered
4772:
4611:
4601:
4546:
2135:
1673:
1658:
1621:
1583:
1555:
1545:
1540:
1525:
1520:
1500:
1485:
1470:
1445:
1411:
1382:
1282:
1267:
1191:
1181:
1099:
1069:
994:
980:
4661:
4586:
4491:
4241:
4226:
4128:
3686:
3609:
3209:
2425:, there is also a significant population which claims descent from non-Cuban Jews and from Cuban gentiles.
1743:
1663:
1626:
1550:
1495:
1362:
1337:
1262:
1237:
1227:
1166:
1089:
1084:
1064:
1054:
1034:
1019:
912:
616:
380:
375:
4424:
4364:
4359:
4157:
3789:
3734:
3351:
3284:
1733:
1728:
1683:
1322:
1292:
1252:
1247:
1104:
410:
2600:, but by 2007, one was based in a Havana synagogue. He often encourages visiting Jewish peoples to give
4319:
4179:
4043:
3918:
3336:
2207:
2052:
1760:
1154:
350:
340:
76:
2588:
estimated that there were about 1,500 known Jews living in Cuba, most of them (about 1,100) living in
4145:
3819:
3804:
3530:
3505:
3462:
2711:
2321:
2014:
1865:
1806:
697:
3674:
2406:. In 2007 an estimated 1,500 known Jewish Cubans remained in the country, overwhelmingly located in
4385:
3908:
3903:
3568:
3543:
2454:
2024:
2004:
1114:
594:
135:
3416:
4294:
4206:
3794:
3739:
3729:
3558:
3202:
2730:
2472:
2165:
2155:
2120:
1999:
1989:
1772:
943:
885:
719:
398:
355:
70:
3666:
4407:
4395:
4031:
3875:
3870:
3744:
3719:
3714:
3670:
2476:
2284:
2019:
1933:
999:
551:
170:
140:
3678:
3174:
2418:
is the epicenter for current Jewish life in Cuba and still conducts weekly Shabbat services.
4419:
4390:
4369:
4196:
3027:. Edited by Haim Avni. Translated by Susan Astrin. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press.
2754:
2575:
2175:
2170:
2115:
1903:
818:
546:
533:
428:
145:
4058:
2775:
2398:
lived in Cuba in 1924, and still more immigrated to the country in the 1930s. Following the
4272:
4098:
4018:
4013:
3809:
3779:
3682:
3604:
3599:
3535:
3455:
2442:
2246:
2198:
1938:
1796:
609:
474:
463:
421:
3150:
2500:
In the aftermath of the revolution, nearly 95% of the Jewish population left Cuba for the
2441:
Cuban Jewish history possibly begins in 1492 with the arrival of the second expedition of
8:
4201:
3996:
3923:
3824:
3594:
3563:
2872:
Kaplan, Dana. E. “Fleeing the Revolution: The Exodus of Cuban Jewry in the Early 1960s.”
2610:
2299:
1994:
672:
539:
442:
435:
365:
253:
128:
3224:
4483:
4299:
4184:
4174:
4140:
3853:
3814:
3784:
3655:
3289:
3248:
3006:
2962:
2835:
2584:
2415:
2150:
2100:
2047:
2042:
1956:
1826:
1094:
923:
682:
602:
456:
22:
2390:(forced converts to Christianity) who came as colonists, though few of these practice
4216:
4211:
4123:
4053:
4006:
3858:
3799:
3724:
3702:
3650:
3525:
3520:
3274:
2998:
2966:
2954:
2839:
2827:
2558:
Three of the ten original members of the Cuban Communist Party were Jewish including
2524:
2294:
2236:
2216:
2033:
1593:
1232:
692:
563:
493:
370:
283:
150:
3036:
Goldenziel, Jill I. “Sanctioning Faith: Religion, State, and U.s.-Cuban Relations.”
4246:
4221:
4169:
4152:
3763:
3573:
2946:
2935:"Jewish Identity in Modern Day Cuba: An Interplay of Continuity and Transformation"
2893:
2819:
2516:
2399:
2264:
2145:
2105:
2069:
1767:
1317:
828:
584:
488:
403:
293:
85:
4462:
4349:
4339:
4314:
4118:
4074:
4048:
3984:
3614:
3548:
3515:
3490:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3132:
2567:
2563:
2544:
2226:
2185:
2180:
2160:
2082:
2076:
2009:
1961:
1801:
1782:
933:
662:
574:
557:
101:
4334:
4304:
4251:
4135:
4103:
3619:
3341:
3305:
2689:
2672:. The department later relented and permitted Gomer to keep the license plate.
2463:
2446:
2326:
2125:
1980:
1860:
1839:
1816:
1811:
1789:
1777:
1372:
853:
787:
752:
730:
667:
505:
483:
345:
324:
300:
66:
48:
4766:
4452:
4324:
4258:
4236:
4191:
4164:
4113:
3279:
3258:
3002:
2958:
2831:
2630:
2626:
2559:
2536:
2501:
2459:
2422:
2403:
2274:
2269:
1475:
1402:
928:
777:
772:
767:
757:
735:
687:
449:
288:
193:
155:
106:
3411:
2934:
2807:
2669:
2665:
2520:
2484:
2304:
2130:
1971:
1966:
1924:
1877:
971:
838:
823:
782:
747:
360:
202:
2950:
2823:
2433:
4289:
4108:
3831:
3436:
3379:
2703:
2571:
2289:
2231:
1896:
802:
797:
792:
762:
3010:
2986:
2445:
to the Americas. Columbus was accompanied on that voyage by interpreter
4231:
4023:
3634:
3624:
3240:
2897:
2605:
1947:
961:
890:
848:
677:
657:
216:
123:
43:
3161:
Sally Craigin, "Mambo mensch: Frank Speiser’s cross-cultural memoir" (
4093:
2649:
In 1999, actor and playwright Frank Speiser debuted his one-man play
2110:
2095:
1185:
1133:
895:
843:
833:
514:
510:
500:
415:
175:
4329:
3361:
2414:. Considered one of the most important Latin American Jewish sites,
863:
3115:
2792:
2654:
2601:
2552:
2450:
2279:
1889:
1821:
652:
160:
111:
3389:
3253:
3185:
Paul Haven (AP), "Raul Castro celebrates Hanukkah with Cuban Jews"
4309:
3406:
3401:
3394:
2488:
2391:
2386:
2255:
2221:
2090:
1884:
873:
868:
740:
631:
526:
522:
518:
267:
262:
239:
221:
96:
91:
81:
59:
34:
3447:
2512:
and in 1999 another 400 Cuban Jews departed for Israel as well.
4284:
3232:
2593:
2589:
2548:
2540:
2509:
2411:
2407:
2381:
1915:
1910:
1870:
1855:
966:
858:
278:
244:
230:
165:
3120:
3062:. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 129-132
3175:
John Lantigua, "West Palm Jews Visit to Aid Brethren in Cuba"
2597:
2505:
878:
307:
211:
180:
3478:
3227:
3151:
DANIEL SHOER-ROTH, "'JEWBAN' to state: Hands off my plate!"
2480:
2421:
In addition to the descendants of Cuban Jews living in the
2402:, 94% of the country's Jews emigrated, most of them to the
2395:
2377:
30:
2933:
Sweifach, Jay; Strug, David; LaPorte, Heidi Heft (2011).
2613:. Israel also continues to have an embargo against Cuba.
4513:
3071:"One-man Show Celebrates Creator's Cuban-Jewish Roots",
2890:
The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology
2596:
butcher shop on the entire island. For a time it had no
2662:
Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles
2471:
and 1923 had left by 1925. However, the passage of the
2437:
Grave of a Jewish girl at the Jewish Cemetery of Havana
2939:
Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies
2551:, an unleavened bread eaten during the celebration of
3103:
Jewish Community of Cuba: The Golden Years, 1905–1958
3084:"State Lets Cuban Jew Keep 'Jewban' License Plate",
2932:
2795:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
2679:
1894:
1875:
298:
3105:, Nashville, TN: Westview Publishing Company, 2005.
2854:
Jewish Community of Cuba: The Golden Age, 1906-1958
2574:while representing Las Villas as its leader of the
2646:), a portmanteau of the words "Jew" and "Cuban".
2620:
2570:was born in Cuba in 1930. His collaboration with
2604:(charity) for the Jewish Cubans and for Israel.
4764:
3025:The Jewish Community of Cuba: Memory and History
3060:An Island Called Home: Returning to Jewish Cuba
2776:"In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life"
2543:, and other areas throughout North, South, and
2987:"The Jews of Cuba since the Castro Revolution"
2428:
4499:
3498:
3463:
3210:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2725:Abraham and Eugenia: Stories from Jewish Cuba
2555:, was the only practice they had maintained.
2495:
2346:
3957:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
2856:. (Nashville, Tenn: Westview Publishing Co.)
2515:Many Jews were initially sympathetic to the
2787:
2785:
2410:. Several hundred have since immigrated to
590:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4506:
4492:
3470:
3456:
3217:
3203:
2805:
2774:Gerszberg, Caren Osten (4 February 2007).
2760:
2353:
2339:
2773:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2718:The Believers: Stories from Jewish Havana
3967:Military Counterintelligence Directorate
2782:
2432:
4765:
4086:
3121:CHAI Missions, Jewish Missions to Cuba
2984:
2743:
4514:History of the Jews in North America
4487:
3451:
3198:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2653:about growing up Jewish and Cuban in
2884:
2882:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
3941:National Revolutionary Police Force
3899:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)
3842:National Assembly of People's Power
13:
3590:United States embargo against Cuba
3095:
2973:
2921:
2483:and fascist persecution (see also
14:
4784:
3962:DirecciĂłn General de Inteligencia
3477:
3109:
3038:The Journal of Law & Politics
2879:
2859:
2664:attempted to withdraw a "JEWBAN"
381:Historical population comparisons
4627:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4467:
4457:
4448:
4447:
3430:
3226:
2696:
2682:
2562:, Manuel (Stolik) Novigrod, and
1025:Democratic Republic of the Congo
939:Historical population by country
4458:
3078:
3065:
3052:
3043:
3030:
3017:
2808:"Yiddish in Cuba: A Love Story"
2621:Cuban Jews in the United States
2912:
2903:
2846:
2799:
2376:, have lived in the nation of
1:
2991:The American Jewish Year Book
2736:
2449:, who may have been a Jewish
596:Christianity and Judaism
4752:United States Virgin Islands
3610:Cuban intervention in Angola
7:
3075:(November 22, 2002), p. 40.
2675:
2429:Before the Cuban Revolution
1895:
1876:
1603:Latin America and Caribbean
299:
10:
4789:
3919:Territorial Troops Militia
3189:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
3116:"The Jews of Cuba" website
3023:Bejarano, Margalit. 2014.
2985:Kaplan, Dana Evan (2001).
2496:After the Cuban Revolution
2208:Jewish political movements
1905:Conversion to Judaism
4727:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4645:
4519:
4443:
4378:
4280:
4271:
4082:
4073:
3992:
3983:
3949:
3933:
3891:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3710:
3701:
3643:
3630:Fidel's transfer of power
3582:
3531:Cuban War of Independence
3489:
3425:
3372:
3329:
3298:
3267:
3239:
2806:Perelmuter, Rosa (2009).
2400:1959 communist revolution
2384:trace Jewish ancestry to
2374:Cubans of Jewish heritage
611:Hinduism and Judaism
4747:Turks and Caicos Islands
3088:(March 15, 2003), p. B5.
2778:– via NYTimes.com.
2757:, Jewish Virtual Library
437:Temple in Jerusalem
130:Bar and bat mitzvah
2473:Immigration Act of 1924
399:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4677:British Virgin Islands
4039:International rankings
3876:Prime Minister of Cuba
3871:Vice President of Cuba
3040:25, no. 2 (2009): 184.
2477:Parque Central, Havana
2438:
4617:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3142:"Two-Hyphen Identity"
3137:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2951:10.1353/sho.2011.0092
2852:Levinson, Jay. 2006.
2824:10.1353/hsf.2009.0051
2712:Cuba–Israel relations
2576:26th of July Movement
2572:Ernesto "Che" Guevara
2436:
1145:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1140:Republic of the Congo
534:Second Temple Judaism
405:Kingdom of Judah
376:Modern historiography
4773:Jewish Cuban history
4242:Association Football
4227:Scouting and Guiding
4019:Dual economy of Cuba
3790:Council of Ministers
3750:World Heritage Sites
3605:Cuban Missile Crisis
3600:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3544:Spanish–American War
3086:The Orlando Sentinel
2462:immigrants from the
2455:Spanish–American War
2443:Christopher Columbus
2380:for centuries. Some
2247:World Agudath Israel
1388:United Arab Emirates
475:Second Temple period
465:Babylonian captivity
4632:Trinidad and Tobago
4527:Antigua and Barbuda
3595:Escambray rebellion
3073:The Palm Beach Post
2611:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
2504:, many settling in
540:Hellenistic Judaism
118:Land of Israel
77:Principles of faith
4567:Dominican Republic
4044:Telecommunications
3909:Revolutionary Navy
3904:Revolutionary Army
3785:Corruption in Cuba
3511:Colonial governors
3417:Indigenous peoples
3131:2007-02-13 at the
3013:– via JSTOR.
2898:10.1111/jlca.12258
2876:36 (2005): 129–56.
2793:"The Jews of Cuba"
2585:The New York Times
2439:
2416:Beth Shalom Temple
2101:Jewish Koine Greek
1643:Dominican Republic
924:Judaism by country
603:Jews and Christmas
458:Assyrian captivity
4760:
4759:
4649:other territories
4481:
4480:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4267:
4266:
4069:
4068:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3859:President of Cuba
3837:Political parties
3820:Human trafficking
3805:Foreign relations
3758:
3757:
3697:
3696:
3651:History of Havana
3445:
3444:
3191:, 5 December 2010
3146:Hadassah Magazine
2731:B'nai B'rith Cuba
2582:In February 2007
2525:Fulgencio Batista
2363:
2362:
2312:
2311:
2060:
2059:
1807:Reconstructionist
1751:
1750:
903:
902:
710:
709:
547:Jewish–Roman wars
495:Hasmonean dynasty
411:Kingdom of Israel
315:
314:
4780:
4717:Saint Barthélemy
4647:Dependencies and
4520:Sovereign states
4508:
4501:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4471:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4401:Baseball players
4278:
4277:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4032:Convertible peso
4027:
3990:
3989:
3795:Council of State
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3708:
3707:
3687:Santiago de Cuba
3496:
3495:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3231:
3230:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3179:The Miami Herald
3171:July 11–17, 2003
3089:
3082:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3047:
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3021:
3015:
3014:
2982:
2971:
2970:
2930:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2892:22 (2): 254–75.
2886:
2877:
2870:
2857:
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2796:
2789:
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2771:
2758:
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2706:
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2700:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2517:Cuban Revolution
2355:
2348:
2341:
2204:
2203:
2085:
1906:
1900:
1881:
1845:
1844:
1792:
1739:New Zealand
1691:
1654:El Salvador
1644:
1576:Northern America
1568:
1162:
918:
917:
829:Crimean Karaites
725:
724:
703:
701:
622:
620:
612:
606:
597:
585:Rabbinic Judaism
566:
560:
554:
542:
530:
496:
489:Maccabean Revolt
466:
459:
453:
445:
438:
432:
424:
406:
330:
329:
304:
199:
198:
131:
119:
18:
17:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4650:
4648:
4641:
4515:
4512:
4482:
4477:
4468:
4431:
4374:
4263:
4207:Public holidays
4197:Musical theater
4065:
4025:
4002:Agrarian reform
3971:
3945:
3934:Law enforcement
3929:
3887:
3754:
3693:
3639:
3615:Mariel boatlift
3583:Post-Revolution
3578:
3549:Platt Amendment
3536:Sinking of USS
3485:
3476:
3446:
3441:
3437:Cuba portal
3431:
3429:
3421:
3368:
3325:
3294:
3263:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3169:Boston Phoenix,
3157:, 14 March 2003
3133:Wayback Machine
3112:
3098:
3096:Further reading
3093:
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3079:
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2887:
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2800:
2791:
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2783:
2772:
2761:
2753:
2744:
2739:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2623:
2592:. Cuba has one
2568:Enrique Oltuski
2564:Enrique Oltuski
2545:Central America
2498:
2460:Sephardi Jewish
2431:
2359:
2314:
2313:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2181:Judeo-Malayalam
2161:Judaeo-Georgian
2081:
2072:
2062:
2061:
1962:Yiddish theatre
1904:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1790:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1689:
1642:
1566:
1160:
944:Genetic studies
915:
905:
904:
722:
712:
711:
699:
698:
618:
617:
610:
600:
595:
577:and Middle Ages
575:Rabbinic period
562:
556:
549:
537:
508:
494:
464:
457:
448:
440:
436:
427:
422:in Judaism
419:
404:
327:
317:
316:
196:
186:
185:
129:
117:
62:
12:
11:
5:
4786:
4776:
4775:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Sint Eustatius
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:Cayman Islands
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
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4643:
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4640:
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3797:
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3720:Municipalities
3717:
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3622:
3620:Special Period
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
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3584:
3580:
3579:
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3576:
3571:
3566:
3564:1932 hurricane
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3551:
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3541:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:Ten Years' War
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3499:Pre-Revolution
3493:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3443:
3442:
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3193:
3192:
3182:
3181:, 15 July 2009
3172:
3158:
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3118:
3111:
3110:External links
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:Jay Levinson,
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2818:(1): 133–140.
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2693:
2690:Judaism portal
2677:
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2519:of 1959 under
2497:
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2464:Ottoman Empire
2447:Luis de Torres
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2121:Judaeo-Iranian
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668:Jewish atheism
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619:Islamic–Jewish
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484:Yehud Medinata
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4282:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3924:National Army
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3662:Other cities
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3259:Ganga-Longoba
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3058:Behar, Ruth.
3055:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2915:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2874:Cuban Studies
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2694:
2691:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2631:New York City
2628:
2627:South Florida
2618:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:Fabio Grobart
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:United States
2532:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:United States
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2423:United States
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:United States
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:Jewish Cubans
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Judeo-Aramaic
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Judeo-Italian
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:Denominations
1757:
1756:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:United States
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:Guinea-Bissau
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
985:
982:
979:
978:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
957:
954:
951:
950:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:Lists of Jews
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
919:
914:
909:
908:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
810:
809:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
728:
727:
726:
721:
716:
715:
704:
696:
694:
691:
689:
688:The Holocaust
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
644:
643:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
615:
613:
608:
604:
598:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
580:
576:
573:
572:
565:
559:
553:
548:
545:
541:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
479:
476:
473:
472:
467:
462:
460:
455:
451:
447:
444:
439:
434:
430:
426:
423:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
391:
388:
387:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
336:
332:
331:
326:
321:
320:
309:
306:
303:
302:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:Mishneh Torah
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
255:
252:
251:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
236:
235:
232:
229:
228:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
189:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
127:
125:
122:
120:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
64:
61:
56:
55:
50:
49:Who is a Jew?
47:
45:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
32:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
4742:Sint Maarten
4722:Saint Martin
4556:
4344:
4300:Cape Verdean
4273:Demographics
4129:Universities
4099:Architecture
4014:Central bank
4007:Cooperatives
3950:Intelligence
3810:Human rights
3780:Constitution
3569:World War II
3537:
3412:Guanahatabey
3384:
3249:Cape Verdean
3188:
3178:
3168:
3162:
3155:Miami Herald
3154:
3145:
3136:
3102:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3019:
2994:
2990:
2942:
2938:
2914:
2905:
2889:
2873:
2853:
2848:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2723:
2716:
2666:vanity plate
2659:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2624:
2615:
2583:
2581:
2557:
2533:
2529:
2521:Fidel Castro
2514:
2499:
2485:MS St. Louis
2469:
2440:
2420:
2385:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2305:Post-Zionism
2176:Judeo-Berber
2171:Judeo-Arabic
2131:Judeo-Gascon
1878:Pidyon haben
1797:Conservative
1636:
1343:Saudi Arabia
1161:South Africa
1150:Sierra Leone
972:Israeli Jews
886:Mosaic Arabs
839:Kaifeng Jews
700:Arab–Israeli
673:Emancipation
552:Great Revolt
361:Anti-Judaism
356:Antisemitism
351:Name "Judea"
146:Baal teshuva
15:
4712:Puerto Rico
4622:Saint Lucia
4572:El Salvador
3997:Agriculture
3735:Earthquakes
3665:Timelines:
3559:World War I
2945:(1): 1–16.
2812:HispanĂłfila
2704:Cuba portal
2670:antisemitic
2300:Revisionist
2290:Neo-Zionism
1897:Zeved habat
1690:Puerto Rico
1516:Netherlands
1348:South Korea
1333:Philippines
1213:Afghanistan
1080:Ivory Coast
854:Crypto-Jews
819:Bnei Anusim
798:Bene Israel
763:Beta Israel
720:Communities
627:Middle Ages
366:Persecution
141:Bereavement
4707:Montserrat
4702:Martinique
4697:Guadeloupe
4552:Costa Rica
4386:Architects
4290:Afro-Cuban
4232:Sociolismo
4180:Newspapers
4170:Literature
4158:Censorship
4141:Healthcare
4026:(currency)
3854:Propaganda
3815:Censorship
3740:Hurricanes
3675:Guantánamo
3671:Cienfuegos
3635:Cuban thaw
3625:Maleconazo
3574:Revolution
3526:Little War
2737:References
2606:Alan Gross
2370:Cuban Jews
2285:Maximalism
2237:Secularism
2217:Autonomism
2034:Literature
1827:Humanistic
1431:Azerbaijan
1393:Uzbekistan
1368:Tajikistan
1288:Kyrgyzstan
1273:Kazakhstan
1120:Mozambique
1095:Madagascar
1015:Cape Verde
967:New Yishuv
962:Old Yishuv
913:Population
891:Subbotniks
849:Samaritans
788:Romanyotim
731:Ashkenazim
678:Old Yishuv
658:Sabbateans
645:Modern era
637:Golden Age
564:Bar Kokhba
284:Beit Yosef
151:Philosophy
4692:Greenland
4607:Nicaragua
4582:Guatemala
4217:Rationing
4202:Festivals
4146:Hospitals
4124:Education
4054:Transport
3926:(defunct)
3914:Air Force
3847:President
3800:Elections
3725:Provinces
3703:Geography
3357:Galicians
3290:Uruguayan
3003:0065-8987
2997:: 21–87.
2967:170359493
2959:1534-5165
2840:145769205
2832:2165-6185
2458:century,
2295:Religious
2151:Zarphatic
2141:Bukharian
2111:Judeo-Tat
2096:Yeshivish
2070:Languages
2025:Sephardic
2015:Israelite
2005:Ethiopian
1995:Ashkenazi
1934:Religious
1724:Australia
1706:Venezuela
1612:Argentina
1594:Greenland
1506:Lithuania
1358:Sri Lanka
1353:Singapore
1278:Kurdistan
1243:Indonesia
1233:Hong Kong
1186:Abayudaya
1110:Mauritius
844:Igbo Jews
834:Krymchaks
753:Sephardim
621:relations
515:Sadducees
511:Pharisees
501:Sanhedrin
416:Jerusalem
176:Synagogue
44:Etymology
4767:Category
4657:Anguilla
4592:Honduras
4562:Dominica
4537:Barbados
4453:Category
4413:abstract
4408:Painters
4396:Athletes
4355:Lebanese
4340:Japanese
4315:Filipino
4295:American
4247:Baseball
4222:Religion
4165:Language
4153:Internet
3892:Military
3764:Politics
3683:Matanzas
3667:CamagĂĽey
3656:Timeline
3554:Republic
3506:Timeline
3483:articles
3316:Japanese
3311:Filipino
3275:American
3268:Americas
3129:Archived
3126:"Havana"
3011:23604505
2676:See also
2655:Brooklyn
2644:Jewbanos
2625:Because
2602:tzedakah
2553:Passover
2451:converso
2387:Marranos
2322:Category
2280:Kahanism
2227:Feminism
2199:Politics
2083:Biblical
2053:American
2000:Bukharan
1990:American
1890:Shidduch
1866:Clothing
1822:Haymanot
1768:Orthodox
1696:Suriname
1679:Paraguay
1632:Colombia
1531:Portugal
1441:Bulgaria
1378:Thailand
1328:Pakistan
1308:Mongolia
1303:Malaysia
1223:Cambodia
1197:Zimbabwe
1172:Tanzania
1050:Eswatini
1040:Ethiopia
1030:Djibouti
1010:Cameroon
1005:Botswana
934:Diaspora
896:Noahides
869:Marranos
793:Cochinim
778:Bukharim
768:Gruzinim
758:Teimanim
748:Mizrahim
736:Galician
702:conflict
663:Hasidism
653:Haskalah
558:Diaspora
429:timeline
341:Timeline
254:Rabbinic
161:Kabbalah
136:Marriage
112:Tzedakah
102:Holidays
60:Religion
23:a series
21:Part of
4687:Curaçao
4672:Bonaire
4667:Bermuda
4597:Jamaica
4577:Grenada
4532:Bahamas
4463:Outline
4420:Writers
4391:Artists
4365:Spanish
4360:Mexican
4335:Italian
4330:Isleños
4325:Haitian
4310:Ciboney
4305:Chinese
4114:Cuisine
4087:Society
4075:Culture
4059:airline
4049:Tourism
3985:Economy
3730:Islands
3679:HolguĂn
3516:Slavery
3491:History
3407:Mulatto
3402:Mestizo
3395:Ciboney
3352:Spanish
3347:Russian
3342:Italian
3306:Chinese
3285:Mexican
3280:Haitian
3163:Jewbano
2651:Jewbano
2640:Jewbans
2489:Antwerp
2392:Judaism
2265:General
2256:Zionism
2232:Leftism
2222:Bundism
2146:Knaanic
2106:Yevanic
2091:Yiddish
2048:Yiddish
2043:Israeli
2020:Mizrahi
2010:Israeli
1981:Cuisine
1957:Ancient
1939:Secular
1885:Kashrut
1861:Wedding
1848:Customs
1840:Culture
1817:Science
1812:Renewal
1802:Karaite
1783:Hasidic
1715:Oceania
1701:Uruguay
1669:Jamaica
1649:Ecuador
1617:Bolivia
1561:Ukraine
1536:Romania
1511:Moldova
1491:Hungary
1481:Germany
1476:Georgia
1466:Finland
1461:Estonia
1456:Denmark
1451:Czechia
1436:Belarus
1426:Austria
1421:Armenia
1398:Vietnam
1313:Myanmar
1298:Lebanon
1218:Bahrain
1177:Tunisia
1155:Somalia
1130:Nigeria
1125:Namibia
1115:Morocco
1045:Eritrea
990:Algeria
874:Neofiti
783:Italkim
773:Juhurim
683:Zionism
632:Khazars
527:Sicarii
523:Zealots
519:Essenes
506:Schisms
371:Leaders
333:General
325:History
268:Tosefta
263:Midrash
240:Mishnah
222:Ketuvim
217:Nevi'im
166:Customs
97:Shabbat
92:Halakha
84: (
82:Mitzvot
69: (
35:Judaism
4612:Panama
4602:Mexico
4547:Canada
4542:Belize
4350:Korean
4345:Jewish
4320:French
4285:Cubans
4252:Boxing
4136:Health
4109:Cigars
4104:Cinema
3745:Rivers
3715:Cities
3644:Cities
3481:
3385:Jewish
3373:Others
3362:Isleño
3337:French
3330:Europe
3321:Korean
3241:Africa
3233:Cubans
3009:
3001:
2965:
2957:
2838:
2830:
2755:"Cuba"
2636:Jubans
2594:kosher
2590:Havana
2541:Israel
2510:Israel
2412:Israel
2408:Havana
2382:Cubans
2327:Portal
2186:Domari
2116:Shassi
2077:Hebrew
1972:Humour
1916:Hiloni
1911:Aliyah
1871:Niddah
1856:Minyan
1791:Reform
1778:Haredi
1773:Modern
1674:Mexico
1659:Guyana
1622:Brazil
1584:Canada
1556:Sweden
1546:Serbia
1541:Russia
1526:Poland
1521:Norway
1501:Latvia
1486:Greece
1471:France
1446:Cyprus
1412:Europe
1383:Turkey
1373:Taiwan
1283:Kuwait
1268:Jordan
1258:Israel
1192:Zambia
1182:Uganda
1100:Malawi
1070:Guinea
1060:Gambia
995:Angola
981:Africa
864:Dönmeh
859:Anusim
803:Berber
741:Litvak
693:Israel
599:
536:
450:Second
418:
279:Targum
245:Gemara
231:Talmud
203:Tanakh
156:Ethics
107:Prayer
4662:Aruba
4587:Haiti
4473:Index
4425:women
4370:White
4259:Women
4237:Sport
4212:Radio
4192:Music
4175:Media
4119:Dance
4024:Peso
3538:Maine
3390:TaĂno
3254:Arará
3007:JSTOR
2963:S2CID
2836:S2CID
2598:rabbi
2549:Matzo
2506:Miami
2372:, or
2275:Labor
2270:Green
1967:Dance
1925:Music
1744:Palau
1664:Haiti
1627:Chile
1551:Spain
1496:Italy
1403:Yemen
1363:Syria
1338:Qatar
1318:Nepal
1263:Japan
1238:India
1228:China
1167:Sudan
1090:Libya
1085:Kenya
1065:Ghana
1055:Gabon
1035:Egypt
1020:Benin
879:Xueta
824:Lemba
443:First
308:Zohar
212:Torah
194:Texts
181:Rabbi
171:Rites
71:names
4732:Saba
4557:Cuba
3881:list
3864:list
3825:LGBT
3479:Cuba
3380:Arab
3299:Asia
3187:,
2999:ISSN
2955:ISSN
2828:ISSN
2638:(or
2629:and
2481:Nazi
2396:Jews
2378:Cuba
1734:Guam
1729:Fiji
1684:Peru
1637:Cuba
1323:Oman
1293:Laos
1253:Iraq
1248:Iran
1205:Asia
1134:Igbo
1105:Mali
124:Brit
33:and
31:Jews
4094:Art
3832:Law
2995:101
2947:doi
2894:doi
2820:doi
2816:157
2642:or
1948:Art
294:Tur
86:613
4769::
4185:TV
3685:,
3681:,
3677:,
3673:,
3669:,
3177:,
3167:,
3153:,
3144:,
3135:,
3005:.
2993:.
2989:.
2975:^
2961:.
2953:.
2943:30
2941:.
2937:.
2923:^
2881:^
2861:^
2834:.
2826:.
2814:.
2810:.
2784:^
2762:^
2745:^
2657:.
2539:,
2368:,
561:,
555:,
525:,
521:,
517:,
513:,
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