1327:
1292:
1075:
commission's powers. By just 2000 the
Council curbed the commission's powers once more when they believed Prodi overstepped his remit. Meanwhile, Parliament gained the publicity it sought and by exercising its power the council was forced to take increased heed of its views in the appointment of the next Commission. It also showed a Parliament operating with a greater government-opposition dynamic of the two main parties than before. In the following
523:
51:
1267:
19:
1253:, which it did at the start of 2001. However, both Denmark and Sweden rejected the currency in referendums held on 28 September 2000 and 14 September 2003, respectively. On 1 January 2002, the physical euro currency came into circulation in the 12 eurozone states, and became the sole legal currency of 12 eurozone states (Greece included) on 28 February.
1140:: in which he introduced the "Convention method" of negotiation. The body was however criticised for being lacklustre, with poor communication and failing to make an impact despite major events such as enlargement and the euro. The commission was due to leave office on 31 October 2004, but due to opposition from the European Parliament to the proposed
1050:
difficult to find anyone who had the slightest sense of responsibility." In response to the report, PES withdrew their support from the
Commission leading to a collapse of support for the commission. Santer announced on evening of the reports publication that the entire Commission had resigned. Édith Cresson went before the
1074:
The
Commission itself suffered from a loss of trust and reputation, only compounded by the post-Delors mood. Prodi had to deal with increased euroscepticism which helped bring down the Santer Commission. Since the end of the Delors era, pro-integrationism had given way with greater concern about the
1066:
negotiations. The crisis had compounded the already reduced powers of the
Commission in favour of the Parliament's legislative power, the council's foreign policy role and the ECB's financial role. However the change with Parliament was the most profound, the previous permanent cooperation between
909:
Luxembourg. The
Commission and Council would be based in Brussels however some Council meetings and some departments of the commission would be in Luxembourg which would also host the judicial and financial bodies of the EU. However, the Central Bank would be in Frankfurt and Europol in The Hague.
908:
of the institutions; the
Parliament would thus be based in Strasbourg, where it must hold "twelve periods of monthly plenary sessions, including the budget session". However, additional sessions may be held in Brussels, which is where committees must also meet while the secretariat must remain in
1049:
The committee produced its report on 15 March 1999 and was presented to the
Commission and Parliament. It largely cleared most members, aside from Cresson, but concluded that there was growing reluctance of the Commissioners to acknowledge responsibility and that "It was becoming increasingly
982:. While there was greater EU involvement in the Kosovo conflict than in the Bosnian conflict, the failure of the EU to prevent the conflicts in former Yugoslavia, or to bring them to a quick close, heightened the desire for greater EU effectiveness in foreign affairs.
1441:
Since the 1990s, numerous states were moving towards membership. Following on from 1995, and aside from the aspirations of Turkey, there were 12 countries advanced on the path to membership. These were: the two
Mediterranean countries of
1054:
and, in July 2006, was found guilty but was not stripped of her pension. Cresson today is largely held accountable for the fall of Santer, who went on to serve time as an MEP and never fully recovered, and the rest of his
Commission.
3088:
1437:
Austria, Finland and Sweden became EU members on 1 January 1995. Sweden held their elections to the parliament later that year on 17 September. The following year, Austria held its elections on 13 October and
Finland on 20 October.
859:(signed in 1985) came into effect on 26 March 1995 between Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Austria signed up on 28 April followed by Denmark, Finland and Sweden, alongside non-EU members
761:
that came into force the previous year. On 18 January 1995 he managed to get his Commission approved by Parliament by 416 votes to 103 (a larger majority than expected), and they were appointed by the council on 23 January.
1097:
entered into force and on 5 May Parliament approved Romano Prodi as Commission President. Under the new powers of the Amsterdam Treaty, Prodi was described by some as the 'First Prime Minister of Europe'. On 4 June,
1646:"Decision taken by Common Agreement between the representatives of the governments of member states on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies and departments of the European Communities"
896:
The treaty sought to create an "area of freedom, justice and security" as well as strengthen the CFSP. There would also be institutional reforms to make the Union more democratic and adjust it to enlargement.
1241:
entered the ERM on 16 January 1998, too late for the 3 May 1998 council meeting where 11 members (the 15, minus Sweden, Denmark, Greece and the United Kingdom) would adopt the euro in 1999. On 1 June the
893:
met and adopted a declaration, to be added to the treaty, defining its role with the EU and NATO. The Treaty was signed by foreign ministers on 2 October. The treaty entered into force on 1 May 1999.
1046:. Eventually a PES proposal based on collective responsibility (not singling out the two socialist Commissioners) was approved and a committee of independent experts was established to investigate.
1192:(IGC) was held in Rome on 4 October 2003 to make changes the proposed text. It was signed in Rome on 28 October 2004 by all leaders of the new and old members, but was not ratified. (see also:
1023:
for 1996. There had been allegations of financial mismanagement in the commission. The Parliament decided to refuse to give its approval to the budget, throwing the Commission into crisis. The
3532:
3537:
1533:, admitting Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. Romania and Bulgaria were not among the 10 chosen to accede in 2004.
1158:
To deal with the impending enlargement in 2004 leaders met in Nice on 7 December 2000 to create a new treaty that would ensure the functioning of the Union with the extra members. The
3247:
2952:
1541:
1851:
1103:
990:
3542:
2351:
504:
1079:
turnout did not increase as hoped, but the People's Party did defeat the Socialists, for the first time since elections began, becoming the largest party in Parliament.
1246:
was established. Final meetings are held in December with irrevocable conversion rates being set on 31 December, becoming a live currency as planned the following day.
1177:
threatened that it would not ratify without the European Parliament's support. However, in the end this did not happen and the European Parliament approved the Treaty.
3220:
1188:, starting work on 28 February 2002, shortly after the Paris Treaty establishing the ECSC expired on 23 July. On the basis of the work of the European Convention, an
2947:
3425:
2460:
975:
551:
3259:
3107:
2257:
1169:(IGC) did not adopt many of their proposals for reform of the institutional structure or introduction of new Community powers, such as the appointment of a
2937:
180:
170:
1645:
1540:, the largest single expansion in its history. Its population jumped from 381 million to 456 million and its size grew from 3367 to 4104 thousand km (See
2788:
2612:
2323:
2016:
2011:
2006:
82:
77:
72:
1669:
1576:
3159:
3118:
3072:
1596:
1215:
1205:
488:
2455:
1961:
749:) was proposed as a less federalist option. However, due to this. he was seen as being the "second choice" which weakened his position, with the
1067:
the two bodies came to an end with the shift in power. Due to the crisis, the following Commission rapidly established the anti-fraud watchdog
2517:
2901:
2370:
2209:
2204:
2199:
1001:. It also led to the 1997 declaration by Western European Union leaders on that organisation's role with the EU and NATO. In response, the
1592:
703:, which held its inaugural session on 9 to 10 March 1994 with the election of Jacques Blanc as its president. Furthermore, on 25 May, the
3420:
3036:
2433:
952:
544:
3230:
2942:
2916:
2815:
2313:
1855:
3552:
2512:
2406:
1616:
3348:
3343:
3269:
3191:
2026:
593:
92:
1926:
1404:
On 30 March 1994, accession negotiations concluded with Austria, Finland, Sweden and Norway. Sweden and Finland had applied since
3441:
3296:
3210:
1681:
905:
824:(created the previous year) without joining the Union, in exchange for financial contributions and taking on of relevant EU law.
1795:
3602:
2820:
2733:
2577:
2542:
2411:
2343:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2168:
2001:
1537:
1399:
1395:
537:
509:
31:
1631:
3514:
3485:
3370:
3264:
3067:
2416:
2338:
2308:
2159:
1752:
159:
3410:
3365:
3279:
2827:
2507:
2421:
2401:
2318:
2078:
1173:. The European Parliament threatened to pass a resolution against the Treaty; although it had no formal power of veto, the
1058:
The immediate effect on the commission was that it became politically weakened and unable to react to the beginning of the
734:
673:
792:
as Commission President. His Commissioners were approved on 18 January 1995 and took office on the 23rd. On 19 July 1997,
3522:
3480:
3225:
2925:
2798:
2694:
1996:
1954:
1526:
67:
1907:
3390:
3130:
3125:
2862:
2379:
2333:
2303:
2244:
2136:
2043:
1988:
1181:
1125:
was set up on 18 June 1999 to fight fraud in the Union's institutions. The Parliament later elected its new president,
948:
928:
692:
597:
589:
190:
60:
3527:
3415:
3142:
3093:
2842:
2756:
2728:
2490:
2186:
2083:
1391:
1110:
1076:
777:
771:
573:
496:
123:
3135:
2891:
2832:
2751:
2638:
2582:
2426:
2114:
1230:
147:
1509:
has remained outside the control of the internationally recognised government of the Republic of Cyprus since the
1132:
As well as the enlargement and Amsterdam Treaty, the Prodi Commission also saw the signing and enforcement of the
3475:
3380:
3360:
3098:
2298:
2286:
2194:
1711:
1121:
on 15 September and it subsequently took office. In response to the recent scandal around the Santer Commission,
809:
636:
2262:
3490:
3405:
3338:
3284:
3274:
3252:
3152:
2966:
2857:
2852:
2793:
2710:
2552:
1947:
1409:
849:
841:
688:
665:
585:
229:
1888:
3567:
3500:
3470:
3333:
3306:
3147:
2874:
2808:
2761:
2661:
2450:
2443:
1979:
684:
40:
3328:
3215:
3174:
2886:
2666:
2151:
1189:
1166:
1039:
1020:
781:
753:
approving him only by a narrow majority. He did however flex his powers over the nominations for the other
746:
632:
3051:
3495:
3400:
3179:
2837:
2141:
2096:
1744:
1423:
Finland – 56.9% in favour (16 October); application submitted in March 1992 (separate referendum held in
1219:
569:
135:
1014:
3205:
3041:
2803:
2607:
1510:
1170:
1024:
793:
1741:
Democratizing the European Union: Issues for the twenty-first Century (Perspectives on Democratization
3460:
3082:
2896:
2599:
2547:
2356:
2267:
1051:
833:
3113:
2651:
2646:
2438:
2051:
1707:
708:
704:
700:
696:
455:
211:
3576:
3355:
3242:
868:
385:
607:
However the Union would face criticism with its inability to deal with the crisis in the former
3465:
3311:
3200:
3169:
3103:
3046:
2477:
2056:
964:
944:
890:
885:
The intergovernmental conference leading to the Treaty of Amsterdam opened on 29 March 1996 in
821:
805:
601:
238:
201:
1408:; allowing them, as Cold War-neutral countries, to now align themselves with the Union. Their
3581:
3186:
3006:
2572:
2128:
1243:
1185:
1137:
1133:
1028:
922:
754:
527:
1222:. On 16 December 1995, the date for the introduction of the euro was set as 1 January 1999.
3385:
2991:
2981:
2847:
2783:
2671:
2214:
2066:
1803:
1564:
1326:
1291:
335:
112:
848:, ruling that restriction on number of (EU) foreign players in football teams is illegal (
8:
3547:
3375:
3316:
3235:
3026:
3011:
2522:
2502:
2396:
1892:
1649:
1544:). The 10 countries also brought with them 162 MEPs and 10 Commissioners, who joined the
1405:
986:
940:
750:
620:
612:
483:
365:
355:
326:
288:
268:
1162:
was signed two months later on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003.
3395:
2996:
2775:
2689:
2101:
1923:
1491:
1174:
1141:
1043:
856:
445:
435:
1876:
2328:
1748:
1144:
which would succeed it, it was extended and finally left office on 21 November 2004.
758:
724:
680:
669:
658:
652:
628:
616:
478:
415:
405:
375:
278:
3323:
3001:
2485:
1545:
1118:
1094:
1088:
998:
956:
901:
880:
730:
640:
425:
395:
308:
2252:
1830:"The resignation of the Santer-Commission: the impact of 'trust' and 'reputation'"
1416:
on entry resulting on entry for all except Norway (its second failed referendum);
1031:
3031:
1930:
1911:
1506:
1114:
936:
1768:
1035:
985:
The early foreign policy experience of the EU led to it being emphasised in the
785:
643:, the commission, foreign policy and anti-fraud measures would be strengthened.
3016:
1970:
1799:
1522:
1518:
1475:
1349:
1238:
789:
742:
738:
676:
624:
577:
345:
298:
248:
1433:
Norway – 47.8% in favour (28 November); application submitted in December 1992
3596:
3077:
1904:
1193:
1099:
997:
being appointed to fill the post who was also seen by some as Europe's first
994:
932:
918:
845:
829:
679:
had his Commission's mandate extended to 23 January 1995, at which point the
258:
1829:
955:, forcing the combatants to the negotiation table. On 14 December 1995, the
2564:
1234:
1226:
1165:
The Commission and the European Parliament were disappointed that the Nice
1939:
1430:
Sweden – 52.8% in favour (13 November); application submitted in July 1991
2495:
2388:
1159:
1153:
1063:
1002:
825:
715:
was created on 26 July 1995 with the signing of the Europol convention.
2986:
2587:
1514:
1451:
1420:
Austria – 66.6% in favour (12 June); application submitted in July 1989
1413:
1059:
608:
1700:
3454:
2534:
2465:
1467:
1365:
1005:
strengthened the High Representative and foreign policy cooperation.
784:
victory. During its first session, 19 to 26 July, Parliament elected
947:, the largest mass murder in Europe since the second world war. The
3164:
3021:
2906:
1772:
1495:
1479:
1455:
1381:
1377:
1250:
1102:
was appointed secretary general of the council and the new post of
935:. The EU failed to react during the beginning of the conflict, and
837:
581:
1424:
900:
Amsterdam also incorporated the conclusions of the 1992 Edinburgh
2930:
1877:
Prodi to Have Wide, New Powers as Head of the European Commission
1487:
1483:
1459:
1357:
1353:
1314:
1310:
1126:
989:, which entered into force on 1 May 1999. The treaty created the
960:
864:
817:
712:
662:
50:
1218:
began under the Maastricht Treaty with the establishment of the
668:, the treaty came into force on 1 November 1993 under the third
2272:
1530:
1502:
1471:
1463:
1443:
1373:
1361:
1345:
1318:
979:
971:
860:
813:
619:. Although the commission's fall was seen as a victory for the
1104:
High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy
1447:
1369:
886:
832:
joined the following year on 1 May. On 23 February 1995 the
2911:
1209:
1122:
1068:
3089:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
1627:
1625:
1529:. The accession treaties were signed on 16 April 2003 in
1266:
18:
1412:
were signed on 25 June of that month. Each country held
1249:
2000 saw the Commission recommending Greece joining the
1180:
During the ratification period of the Nice Treaty, the
974:
led to an EU CFSP declaration on Kosovo and prompted a
2079:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
1622:
1042:
still supported the Commission though and attempted a
1019:
Towards the end of 1998 a crisis developed around the
604:
extended the reach of the EU's markets to three more.
1738:
1682:
Javier Solana/Spain: Europe's First Foreign Minister?
2137:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
1889:
Discover the former Presidents: The Prodi Commission
181:
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
2169:
European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
2084:
European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
1113:were held in all 15 members. On 20 July it elected
683:took office. The new European Union introduced the
568:was the period between its creation (replacing the
566:
history of the European Union between 1993 and 2004
2160:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
600:joined the previous twelve in this period and the
1206:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
3594:
1643:
836:gave the "Bordessa ruling": citizens may export
657:Following the delays in the ratification of the
635:losing their status as largest party held since
3533:Largest cities by population within city limits
1577:Characteristics of the Treaty on European Union
844:). Later that year on 15 December, it gave the
1905:BM: The new Commission – some initial thoughts
1199:
737:, with the United Kingdom not wishing another
2142:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
2097:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
1955:
1670:Chris Patten: Towards a Common Foreign Policy
1136:as well as the conclusion and signing of the
545:
2115:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
1796:"Unfolding drama of the Commission's demise"
959:was signed in Paris, ending the conflict in
757:. The President gained this power under the
1969:
1739:Hoskyns, Catherine; Michael Newman (2000).
1637:
1214:On 1 January 1994, the second stage of the
1038:(both members of the Socialists) while the
1015:Santer Commission § Budget controversy
939:from the Netherlands failed to prevent the
906:current arrangements in regards to the seat
2816:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
1962:
1948:
1734:
1732:
1701:"The Santer Commission Resignation Crisis"
1027:attempted to force the resignation of the
552:
538:
1505:would join as a unified island. However,
1458:; and 9 former eastern bloc countries of
1071:. and seen as having failed in its duty.
931:(CFSP) was given a strong impetus by the
796:was elected President of the Parliament.
3270:European Structural and Investment Funds
3192:European System of Financial Supervision
2057:Western European Union (1954–2011)
1823:
1821:
17:
1793:
1761:
1729:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1237:re-entered the ERM on 25 November. The
3595:
2734:European Economic and Social Committee
2543:Court of Justice of the European Union
2067:European Communities (1967–2009)
1698:
1400:2004 enlargement of the European Union
1396:1995 enlargement of the European Union
871:entered into force on 1 January 1996.
3371:Stabilisation and Association Process
3068:Area of freedom, security and justice
1943:
1828:Topan, Angelina (30 September 2002).
1827:
1818:
1644:European Council (12 December 1992).
1593:"The crisis of the Santer Commission"
1587:
1585:
1117:as its president and it approved the
927:During the 90s, the development EU's
729:Due to concerns over the proposal of
3366:European Union Association Agreement
2102:European Community (1993–2009)
1844:
1832:. European Integration online Papers
1687:
1538:Union expanded from 15 to 25 members
735:President of the European Commission
646:
580:was created at the dawn of the post–
2695:European Data Protection Supervisor
1997:Ideas of European unity before 1948
1717:from the original on 30 August 2006
970:On 24 March 1999, the situation on
874:
808:(EEA) entered into force, allowing
718:
584:era and saw a series of successive
13:
3391:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
3131:Common Security and Defence Policy
3126:Common Foreign and Security Policy
1924:Europa, History of EU 2000–Present
1787:
1769:"Court rules against ex-French PM"
1582:
1082:
949:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
929:Common Foreign and Security Policy
889:. On 22 July 1997, leaders of the
699:. Maastricht also established the
693:Common Foreign and Security Policy
191:Common Foreign and Security Policy
14:
3614:
3160:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
2757:European Union Military Committee
2729:European Committee of the Regions
1794:Harding, Gareth (18 March 1999).
1699:Ringer, Nils F. (February 2003).
1392:Enlargement of the European Union
912:
772:1994 European Parliament election
765:
124:European Coal and Steel Community
3136:Permanent Structured Cooperation
2752:Political and Security Committee
2639:European Atomic Energy Community
1854:. politics.co.uk. Archived from
1325:
1290:
1265:
1008:
799:
623:, it would further entrench the
611:and allegations of fraud in the
588:laying the ground for the euro,
521:
148:European Atomic Energy Community
49:
3538:National parties by affiliation
3381:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
3361:Economic Partnership Agreements
2052:Western Union (1948–1954)
1917:
1898:
1882:
1870:
810:European Free Trade Association
3543:Presidents of the institutions
3339:European Higher Education Area
2917:International status and usage
2711:Agencies of the European Union
2444:European political foundations
1675:
1663:
1610:
1570:
1558:
1494:was signed with this aim) and
1256:
1147:
788:as its president and approved
689:European Political Cooperation
489:History of defence integration
1:
3603:History of the European Union
3334:European Common Aviation Area
2789:Charter of Fundamental Rights
2762:European Union Military Staff
2662:European University Institute
2451:Council of the European Union
1551:
840:without prior authorisation (
3329:European Political Community
3175:European Banking Supervision
2667:European Stability Mechanism
1536:Finally, on 1 May 2004, the
1406:the fall of the Iron Curtain
1190:Intergovernmental Conference
1167:Intergovernmental Conference
1077:1999 parliamentary elections
828:had rejected membership and
747:Prime Minister of Luxembourg
617:its mass resignation in 1999
22:The EU between 1995 and 2004
7:
3401:Union for the Mediterranean
3180:Single Resolution Mechanism
3119:Vehicle registration plates
3073:Migration and asylum policy
3052:Potential superpower status
1745:Manchester University Press
1220:European Monetary Institute
1200:Economic and Monetary Union
867:, on 19 December 1996. The
695:and adding the new area of
570:European Economic Community
136:European Economic Community
10:
3619:
3344:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
3042:Differentiated integration
2608:European Court of Auditors
2439:European political parties
1517:for the resolution of the
1389:
1203:
1171:European Public Prosecutor
1151:
1086:
1012:
916:
878:
776:On 9 to 12 June 1994, the
769:
722:
650:
3561:
3513:
3461:House of European History
3449:
3440:
3295:
3083:European Judicial Network
3060:
2974:
2965:
2953:Health expense per person
2882:
2873:
2774:
2742:
2719:
2703:
2680:
2627:
2600:Supreme audit institution
2598:
2563:
2533:
2476:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2294:
2285:
2243:
2185:
2150:
2127:
2110:
2092:
2074:
2065:
2042:
2035:
1987:
1978:
1910:23 September 2006 at the
1895:, Accessed 23 August 2007
1342: new members in 2004
1307: new members in 1995
1283:1995–2004 EU enlargements
1052:European Court of Justice
780:were held resulting in a
778:fourth European elections
528:European Union portal
2652:European Investment Fund
2647:European Investment Bank
1708:University of Pittsburgh
1511:Turkish invasion of 1974
1111:Fifth European elections
933:conflicts in the Balkans
842:free movement of capital
705:European Investment Fund
701:Committee of the Regions
697:Justice and Home Affairs
639:began. In the following
456:Von der Leyen Commission
171:Justice and Home Affairs
3356:European Peace Facility
2583:System of Central Banks
1929:11 October 2007 at the
1632:The Treaty of Amsterdam
1225:On 14 October 1996 the
1109:On 10–13 June 1999 the
869:EU-Turkey customs union
850:free movement of people
707:was established by the
3466:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
3312:European Economic Area
3170:European banking union
3047:Privileged partnership
2902:Government procurement
1617:European Economic Area
1542:Enlargement Statistics
1336: existing members
1301: existing members
1129:, on 16 January 2002.
965:Bosnia and Herzegovina
951:(NATO) finally had to
945:Bosnia and Herzegovina
891:Western European Union
822:Single European Market
806:European Economic Area
804:On 1 January 1994 the
713:European Police Office
602:European Economic Area
497:History of enlargement
202:Western European Union
23:
3411:Free trade agreements
3253:Health Insurance Card
3187:Capital Markets Union
3037:Democratic legitimacy
3007:Optimum currency area
2828:Legislative procedure
2573:European Central Bank
1879:iht.com 16 April 1999
1390:Further information:
1272:Membership until 1995
1244:European Central Bank
1204:Further information:
1186:European Constitution
1152:Further information:
1138:European Constitution
1087:Further information:
1062:and the close of the
923:Breakup of Yugoslavia
917:Further information:
794:José María Gil Robles
723:Further information:
21:
3523:Books on the subject
3386:EU Gateway Programme
3349:EU/ESA Space Council
3307:Neighbourhood Policy
3265:Regional development
3231:Environmental policy
3221:Educational policies
3148:Neighbourhood Policy
2992:Intergovernmentalism
2982:European integration
2897:Community preference
2848:Enhanced cooperation
2833:Citizens' Initiative
2672:Unified Patent Court
2523:Directorates-General
2314:Environmental issues
953:intervene in the war
336:Hallstein Commission
113:European Communities
3548:Terrorist incidents
3376:Eastern Partnership
3317:EEA Joint Committee
3236:European Green Deal
3206:Agricultural policy
3012:Supranational union
2503:European Commission
2461:General Secretariat
2397:European Parliament
2352:Special territories
2152:Financial stability
1893:Europa (web portal)
1806:on 26 February 2009
1650:European Parliament
1182:European Convention
991:High Representative
987:Treaty of Amsterdam
941:Srebrenica massacre
751:European Parliament
661:, which led to the
621:European Parliament
613:European Commission
484:History of the euro
366:Mansholt Commission
356:Malfatti Commission
289:Treaty of Amsterdam
269:Single European Act
3396:Northern Dimension
3143:Enlargement Policy
3085:(criminal matters)
2997:Multi-speed Europe
2690:European Ombudsman
2346:(first-level NUTS)
2329:Larger urban zones
1914:bmbrussels.be 2004
1747:. pp. 106–7.
1501:It was hoped that
1492:Snagov Declaration
1410:accession treaties
1184:began work on the
1175:Italian Parliament
1142:Barroso Commission
1044:vote of confidence
1021:community's budget
904:which set out the
857:Schengen Agreement
594:future enlargement
505:List of presidents
446:Juncker Commission
436:Barroso Commission
386:Jenkins Commission
160:European Community
24:
3590:
3589:
3509:
3508:
3496:Telephone numbers
3436:
3435:
3211:Cultural policies
2961:
2960:
2948:Unemployment rate
2770:
2769:
2630:international-law
2623:
2622:
2613:Secretary-General
2365:
2364:
2324:Geographic centre
2281:
2280:
2181:
2180:
2123:
2122:
1852:"EU Budget Fraud"
1754:978-0-7190-5666-6
976:NATO intervention
759:Maastricht Treaty
725:Santer Commission
681:Santer Commission
670:Delors Commission
659:Maastricht Treaty
653:Maastricht Treaty
647:Maastricht Treaty
562:
561:
479:History of Europe
464:
463:
416:Santer Commission
406:Delors Commission
376:Ortoli Commission
317:
316:
279:Maastricht Treaty
220:
219:
3610:
3570:
3447:
3446:
3324:Energy Community
3243:Fisheries policy
3002:Neofunctionalism
2972:
2971:
2880:
2879:
2822:Official Journal
2809:Citizens' Rights
2548:Court of Justice
2486:European Council
2434:Political groups
2385:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2347:
2292:
2291:
2072:
2071:
2040:
2039:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1921:
1915:
1902:
1896:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1802:. Archived from
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1705:
1696:
1685:
1684:businessweek.com
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1546:Prodi Commission
1521:was rejected by
1341:
1335:
1329:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1269:
1119:Prodi Commission
1095:Amsterdam Treaty
1089:Prodi Commission
999:Foreign Minister
957:Dayton Agreement
902:European Council
881:Amsterdam Treaty
875:Amsterdam Treaty
731:Jean-Luc Dehaene
719:President Santer
641:Prodi Commission
631:and lead to the
554:
547:
540:
526:
525:
524:
510:List of founders
426:Prodi Commission
396:Thorn Commission
332:
331:
309:Treaty of Lisbon
235:
234:
109:
108:
53:
26:
25:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3505:
3486:Public holidays
3432:
3406:Global Strategy
3298:
3291:
3260:Labour mobility
3153:Global Strategy
3114:Driving licence
3056:
3032:Pro-Europeanism
2957:
2869:
2794:Competition law
2766:
2744:
2738:
2721:
2715:
2699:
2682:
2676:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2594:
2559:
2529:
2513:Vice-Presidents
2472:
2407:Vice-Presidents
2361:
2345:
2339:Protected areas
2309:External border
2277:
2239:
2177:
2146:
2119:
2106:
2088:
2061:
2031:
2022:1993–2004
2017:1973–1993
2012:1958–1972
2007:1948–1957
1974:
1968:
1938:
1937:
1931:Wayback Machine
1922:
1918:
1912:Wayback Machine
1903:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1858:on 19 June 2006
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1737:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1527:2004 referendum
1507:northern Cyprus
1402:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1259:
1212:
1202:
1156:
1150:
1115:Nicole Fontaine
1093:On 1 May 1999,
1091:
1085:
1083:President Prodi
1040:Socialist group
1017:
1011:
943:(July 1995) in
937:UN peacekeepers
925:
915:
883:
877:
812:(EFTA) members
802:
774:
768:
727:
721:
655:
649:
572:) and the 2004
558:
522:
520:
515:
514:
501:
474:
466:
465:
329:
319:
318:
239:Treaty of Paris
232:
222:
221:
106:
98:
97:
63:
42:
35:
12:
11:
5:
3616:
3606:
3605:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Laissez-passer
3468:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3421:Current agenda
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3280:Sport policies
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Federalisation
3024:
3019:
3017:Euroscepticism
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2427:Constituencies
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Extreme points
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2044:Defence policy
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973: articles
1971:European Union
1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1916:
1897:
1881:
1869:
1843:
1817:
1800:European Voice
1786:
1775:. 11 July 2006
1760:
1753:
1728:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1636:
1621:
1609:
1581:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1523:Greek Cypriots
1519:Cyprus dispute
1476:Czech Republic
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1350:Czech Republic
1338:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1201:
1198:
1149:
1146:
1084:
1081:
1025:People's Party
1013:Main article:
1010:
1007:
978:in Kosovo and
914:
913:Foreign policy
911:
879:Main article:
876:
873:
801:
798:
790:Jacques Santer
770:Main article:
767:
766:1994 elections
764:
743:Jacques Santer
739:Jacques Delors
720:
717:
687:, formalising
677:Jacques Delors
651:Main article:
648:
645:
625:euroscepticism
590:foreign policy
578:European Union
560:
559:
557:
556:
549:
542:
534:
531:
530:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
500:
499:
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:
448:
442:
441:
438:
432:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
412:
411:
408:
402:
401:
398:
392:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
346:Rey Commission
342:
341:
338:
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
314:
311:
305:
304:
301:
299:Treaty of Nice
295:
294:
291:
285:
284:
281:
275:
274:
271:
265:
264:
261:
255:
254:
251:
249:Treaty of Rome
245:
244:
241:
233:
228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
217:
214:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
194:
187:
186:
183:
177:
176:
173:
167:
166:
163:
155:
154:
153:(1958–present)
151:
143:
142:
139:
131:
130:
127:
119:
118:
115:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
68:Pre-1948 ideas
64:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
43:European Union
41:History of the
37:
36:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3615:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Media freedom
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Energy policy
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Customs Union
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:Single market
3199:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3104:identity card
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Schengen Area
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Copyright law
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
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2679:
2673:
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2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:EIB Institute
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2614:
2611:
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2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
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2568:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2553:General Court
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
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2536:
2532:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Commissioners
2516:
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2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
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2494:
2492:
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2467:
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2334:Member states
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2188:
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2167:
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2163:
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2155:
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2138:
2135:
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2041:
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2034:
2028:
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2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
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1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
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1972:
1965:
1960:
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1951:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1932:
1928:
1925:
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1885:
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1070:
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1029:Commissioners
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1000:
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903:
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870:
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858:
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846:Bosman ruling
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Liechtenstein
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823:
820:to enter the
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:Free movement
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791:
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755:Commissioners
752:
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744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
716:
714:
710:
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694:
690:
686:
685:pillar system
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
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660:
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644:
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638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:which led to
614:
610:
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598:member states
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591:
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259:Merger Treaty
257:
256:
252:
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247:
246:
242:
240:
237:
236:
231:
226:
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215:
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212:Western Union
210:
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27:
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3275:Space policy
2943:Average wage
2938:Minimum wage
2821:
2565:Central bank
2380:Institutions
2304:Demographics
2187:Enlargements
2170:
2161:
2129:Central bank
2036:Predecessors
2021:
1919:
1900:
1884:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1846:
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1808:. Retrieved
1804:the original
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1763:
1740:
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1677:
1672:ec.europa.eu
1665:
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1639:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1572:
1560:
1535:
1500:
1454:republic of
1440:
1436:
1403:
1282:
1248:
1235:Italian lira
1229:entered the
1227:Finnish mark
1224:
1213:
1179:
1164:
1157:
1131:
1108:
1092:
1073:
1057:
1048:
1036:Manuel Marín
1018:
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895:
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854:
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775:
728:
656:
627:of the post-
606:
596:. Three new
565:
563:
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146:
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122:
105:Organisation
93:2004–present
87:
15:
3553:Urban areas
3416:Enlargement
3094:Citizenship
2843:LGBT rights
2681:Independent
2496:Euro summit
2412:Secretariat
2389:Legislature
2245:Withdrawals
1490:(where the
1414:referendums
1257:Enlargement
1160:Nice Treaty
1154:Nice Treaty
1148:Nice Treaty
1134:Nice Treaty
1064:Agenda 2000
1003:Nice Treaty
826:Switzerland
574:enlargement
327:Commissions
216:(1948–1954)
206:(1954–2011)
196:(1993–2009)
185:(2003–2009)
175:(1993–2003)
165:(1993–2009)
141:(1958–1993)
129:(1952–2002)
117:(1958–2009)
3528:Directives
3426:Statistics
3248:Healthcare
2987:Eurosphere
2892:Currencies
2863:Withdrawal
2838:Regulation
2643:EIB Group
2588:Eurosystem
2456:Presidency
2417:Committees
2357:Statistics
2027:Since 2004
1552:References
1548:on 1 May.
1515:Annan Plan
1060:Kosovo War
633:Socialists
629:Delors era
609:Yugoslavia
3476:Languages
3455:Douzelage
3299:relations
3099:passports
3022:Euromyths
2926:Transport
2804:Directive
2632:EU bodies
2578:President
2535:Judiciary
2508:President
2491:President
2478:Executive
2466:Eurogroup
2422:Elections
2402:President
2299:Geography
2287:Geography
1933:europa.eu
1862:7 October
1836:7 October
1810:7 October
1779:7 October
1721:7 October
1567:europa.eu
1468:Lithuania
1366:Lithuania
838:banknotes
782:Socialist
674:President
637:elections
88:1993–2004
83:1973–1993
78:1958–1972
73:1948–1957
3597:Category
3577:Category
3491:Religion
3297:Foreign
3285:VAT Area
3165:Eurozone
3061:Policies
2975:Concepts
2967:Politics
2907:Eurozone
2858:opt-outs
2853:Treaties
2743:Military
2720:Advisory
2704:Agencies
2344:Regions
2002:Founders
1989:Timeline
1927:Archived
1908:Archived
1773:BBC News
1712:Archived
1655:19 April
1602:19 April
1496:Bulgaria
1480:Slovakia
1456:Slovenia
1452:Yugoslav
1382:Slovenia
1378:Slovakia
1251:eurozone
1233:and the
711:and the
666:opt-outs
586:treaties
582:Cold War
230:Treaties
61:Timeline
32:a series
30:Part of
3568:Outline
3501:Symbols
3442:Culture
2931:TRACECA
2875:Economy
2683:offices
1980:History
1634:CVCE.eu
1619:CVCE.eu
1579:CVCE.eu
1488:Romania
1484:Hungary
1460:Estonia
1358:Hungary
1354:Estonia
1315:Finland
1311:Austria
1127:Pat Cox
961:Croatia
865:Iceland
818:Iceland
691:as the
3582:Portal
2887:Budget
2784:Acquis
2745:bodies
2722:bodies
2371:Bodies
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1503:Cyprus
1474:, the
1472:Poland
1464:Latvia
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1374:Poland
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1319:Sweden
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972:Kosovo
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473:Topics
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3515:Lists
2628:Other
1715:(PDF)
1704:(PDF)
1525:in a
1448:Malta
1425:Åland
1370:Malta
993:with
887:Turin
3108:list
2912:Euro
2273:2020
2268:2012
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2258:1984
2253:1962
2235:2013
2230:2007
2225:2004
2220:1995
2215:1990
2210:1986
2205:1981
2200:1973
2195:1954
2171:2012
2162:2012
1864:2007
1838:2007
1812:2007
1781:2007
1749:ISBN
1723:2007
1657:2013
1604:2013
1597:CVCE
1565:1993
1446:and
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1123:OLAF
1069:OLAF
1034:and
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460:2019
450:2014
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390:1977
380:1973
370:1972
360:1970
350:1967
340:1958
313:2007
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293:1997
283:1992
273:1986
263:1965
253:1957
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2776:Law
1231:ERM
1216:EMU
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834:ECJ
733:as
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