36:
5225:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
5718:": macro-economic policy not to secure a full-employment level of demand, but, through the restrictive control of monetary growth and public expenditure, to maintain price and financial market stability; micro economic policy, not to engineer income and price controls in support of fiscal expansion, but to encourage job creation by reducing barriers to lower labour costs. The commitment to monetary union and the convergence criteria denied member states the resort to currency deflation to ease balance-of-payments constraints on domestic spending, and left labour market "flexibility" as the main mean of coping with asymmetric economic shocks.
6333:
6220:
5701:". Whereas the Bundesbank, under article 12 of its constitution, is "bound to support the general economic policy of the Federal Government", the obligation of the ECB to "support the general economic policies in the Community" is to be "without prejudice" to price stability, the Bank's "primary objective". It is further conditioned by the express understanding that "neither the ECB, nor a national central bank, nor any member of their decision-making bodies, shall seek or take instructions from Community institutions or bodies from any Government of a Member State or from any other body."
5378:
5475:, the complainants claiming the amendments transferring sovereign competencies to the European Union violated democratic principles (Article 20 and 38(1)) of the Grundgesetz that were unamendable (Article 79(3)); hence the Maastricht Treaty should be inadmissible. The court delivered its judgment on October 12, 1993 ruling the Maastricht Treaty compatible with the Grundgesetz, but provided that the European Union could not endow itself with more powers without the Bundestag’s approval. The court also confirmed its Solange II decision accepting the supremacy of
5790:, is described as "an integral part of the development of the Union", and asked it to help "elaborate and implement decisions and actions of the Union which have defence implications. Yet it is clear that nothing is to be construed as systematically constraining the foreign or defence policies of the individual Member States. "Failing a Council decision", which would require unanimity, a Member State is free to take such action as it considers "necessary". This, in part, was a concession to United Kingdom which continued to insist on the sufficiency of the
650:
3028:
2140:
6339:
5143:
4972:
3098:
5014:
5007:
4306:
3715:
3188:
2501:
4258:
3667:
3139:
2216:
5024:
2669:
1793:
289:
2708:
1845:
341:
5150:
5129:
4993:
4965:
698:
4474:
3883:
3356:
2384:
4986:
4979:
6320:
5192:
5136:
2153:
5000:
5115:
2877:
2027:
523:
6270:
3473:
3002:
686:
4450:
3859:
3332:
2360:
4438:
3847:
3320:
2348:
4402:
3811:
3284:
2462:
2312:
5102:
2851:
2001:
497:
662:
4534:
4270:
3943:
3679:
3416:
3151:
2489:
2420:
4522:
4498:
3931:
3907:
3404:
3380:
2408:
2396:
2838:
1988:
484:
6722:
4342:
3751:
3224:
2264:
4390:
4282:
3799:
3691:
3272:
3163:
2525:
2228:
1146:
722:
674:
4510:
4330:
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3739:
3727:
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3212:
3200:
3127:
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2513:
2252:
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2092:
1806:
638:
588:
302:
5166:
2929:
2903:
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2053:
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549:
2747:
1884:
380:
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3308:
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3085:
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2336:
2240:
1949:
1936:
1819:
744:
710:
445:
432:
315:
8455:
5037:
4378:
3787:
3260:
2916:
2734:
2721:
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2300:
2066:
1871:
1858:
1780:
766:
562:
367:
354:
276:
143:
6855:
4783:
3072:
2825:
1975:
1832:
471:
328:
5063:
3486:
3015:
2786:
1923:
419:
4462:
4366:
3871:
3775:
3344:
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2372:
2288:
251:
2864:
2014:
510:
6439:
6034:
6012:
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3967:
3440:
2561:
2173:
5205:
4486:
3895:
3368:
2773:
2537:
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406:
4354:
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3236:
2276:
2632:
2968:
2118:
614:
4414:
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2890:
2324:
2040:
536:
5050:
2760:
1897:
393:
4546:
3955:
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2432:
6228:
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2812:
1962:
458:
5179:
2955:
2105:
601:
6265:
5489:
between the transferred worker as "a mobile unit of production" contributing to the success of the single market, and the reality of the
Community migrants as individuals, seeking to exercise "a personal right" to live and work in another state for their own, and their families', welfare, asserted itself. The Treaty built on the growing suggestion that there was a Community-wide basis for citizenship rights.
3521:
5811:
read as a federalising principle. For every endeavour it poses the question of whether national or
Community policy is the most effective means, and elevates simple utility above any deference to national or local feeling, albeit with a presumption that action will be taken at European level only where national efforts cannot achieve the objective in question.
5448:" only by tying ratification to the survival of the government in a vote of confidence. (Researchers and observers suggest that, in the United Kingdom, the Maastricht Treaty represented "a critical turning point" in terms of divisions within the Conservative Party over European integration and the ruling party' ultimate fragmentation in 2016 into
5745:" they had subsequently to impose as a condition of assistance from Germany and other of their trade-surplus EU partners, raised calls for new arrangements to better manage payment imbalances between member states, and ease the burden of adjustment upon wage-, and benefit-, dependent households. Greek finance minister
5493:
new EU country of residence Member-State nationals have the right to vote, and to stand, in both local and
European elections. Unresolved in the Treaty is the question of their access to social rights. Political debate continued as to who should have access to public services and welfare systems funded by taxation.
4869:(Euratom). It confirms among its objectives are "the introduction of a citizenship of the Union" common to the nationals of the Member States; "economic and monetary union, ultimately including a single currency"; and "a common foreign and security policy including the eventual framing of a common defence".
5761:
Set alongside the
European Community, the cooperation proposed in the Maastricht Treaty on foreign and security policy, and on justice and home affairs, were characterised in official commentary as the second and third "pillars" of the Union. The Treaty, however, proposed no significant departures in
5492:
The Treaty rules that "every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union". This common and parallel citizenship accords the Member State migrants not only the civil right to take up residence and employment, but also, and for the first time, political rights. In a
5752:
Taking issue in defence of the
Maastricht criteria, German finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble argued that "the old way to stimulate growth will not work." There is a real "moral hazard" in allowing Member States to accumulate higher debts within the Eurozone – higher debts which, ultimately, have no
5704:
Seeming to further preclude any possibility of the single-currency banking system being used to regulate
European financial markets in support of potentially inflationary policies, the Treaty expressly prohibits the ECB or any Member State central extending "overdraft facilities or any other type of
5810:
may have been considered a check upon the supranational development of the EEC. But in making it an explicit constitutional principle the
Maastricht Treaty opened up "debates about whether this strengthened the states, regions or local government vis-à-vis the EU or vice versa". Subsidiarity can be
5488:
From the establishment of the
European Economic Community in 1957, integrationists argued the free movement of workers was the logical corollary of the free movement of capital, goods and services and integral to the establishment of a common (and later single) European market. In time, the tension
5814:
Sceptics note that the Treaty offers no legally actionable definition of subsidiarity. Rather there are "a series of tentative indications for
Community action in a document full of imprecise concepts: 'sufficiently', 'better achieved', 'what is necessary', 'to achieve the objectives', subjective
5609:
Having "resolved to achieve the strengthening and the convergence and to establish an economic and monetary union including,... a single and stable currency", the Treaty ruled that "Member States shall regard their economic policies as a matter of common concern", and that the obligations assumed
4880:
to reflect the Union's broader ambition. Amendments incorporate (as detailed in attached protocols) a staged progression toward monetary union including the price-stability-first criteria for adoption of the single currency and for the operations of the prospective
European Central Bank (ECB).
5826:
and have since been developed and extended to nearly all areas where the Council decides on legislation by qualified majority voting. The "foundations of co-decision in the Maastricht Treaty" have led to ways to reconcile differences between the Parliament and the Council, formally through a
5625:
The four "convergence criteria", as detailed in attached protocols, impose control over inflation, public debt and the public deficit, exchange rate stability and domestic interest rates. With limited leeway granted in exceptional circumstances, the obligations are to maintain:
5549:, Kohl accepted the deal. Despite this win for France, it was widely perceived that the cost of German cooperation was German dictation of the rules for a single currency. The Bundesbank had signalled that Germany's economic success would come before being "a good european".
5713:
Critics felt that, in limiting the role of the future ECB and euro in national, or Union-coordinated, reflationary policies, Maastricht affirmed what by the late 1980s was the general economic-policy orthodoxy within the Community. This has been described as a "reversed
5479:
decisions while retaining the power to review secondary community law as to guarantee basic rights protection in close cooperation with the European Court of Justice. Germany was the last member state to ratify the treaty and it entered into force on November 1, 1993.
5815:
notions which leave the way wide open for interpretation or practical developments." Jacques Santer, Prime Minister of Luxembourg, conceded that consensus around the principle of subsidiarity had been possible only because "it conceals different interpretations".
1593:
5601:, caused significant stress across the whole of the ERM. By the time of their own ratifications debates, France and Denmark also found themselves under pressure in foreign exchange markets, their currencies trading close to the bottom of their ERM bands.
4917:
Title V and VI extend existing intergovernmental consultations on foreign-policy, security and defence matters, and on "cooperation in the fields of justice and home affairs". In both cases, Member States are to "inform and consult one another within the
5705:
credit facility" to "Community institutions or bodies, central governments, regional, local or other public authorities, other bodies governed by public law, or public undertakings of Member States", or the purchase from them debt instruments.
5835:
In establishing the European Union the Maastricht Treaty amended the treaties that had established the European Communities in the 1950s. Following the EU accessions of Austria, Finland, and Sweden, it was in turn amended by the treaties of
8624:
8087:
Jacques Santer, Prime Minister of Luxembourg. Introduction to the Jacques Delors Colloquium 1991: "Subsidiarity: the challenge of change" organised by the European Institute of Public Administration at Maastricht, 21 and 22 March 1991, p.
4845:, the treaty negotiated tensions between member states seeking deeper integration and those wishing to retain greater national control. The resulting compromise faced what was to be the first in a series of EU treaty ratification crises.
5781:
The new provisions called on governments to "inform and consult one another within the Council of Ministers", but otherwise continued cooperation on the basis of intergovernmental liaison outside of the EC and its institutions. The
5224:
4935:
respect certain minimum social and employment protections, these allow the Council of Ministers to approve relevant proposals from the European Commission on the basis of a qualified majority rather than unanimous consent.
206:", key areas remained inter-governmental with national governments collectively taking key decisions. This constitutional debate continued through the negotiation of subsequent treaties (see below), culminating in the 2007
5592:
Britain had signed up to the ERM in 1990 as a token of the government's commitment to control inflation (then running at three times the rate of Germany). From the beginning of 1990, high German interest rates, set by the
5369:. The twelve members of the European Communities signing the Treaty on 7 February 1992 were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
5385:
The Treaty noted that it should be "ratified by the High Contracting Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional requirement". In the cases of Denmark, France and Ireland this required referendums.
4853:
Having "resolved to continue the process of creating an ever closer union among the people of Europe", the Treaty proposes "further steps to be taken in order to advance European integration" under seven titles.
5610:
should be a matter for "mutual surveillance." Commonly known as the Maastricht criteria, these obligations represented the performance thresholds for member states to progress toward the third stage of European
4906:
rights not only of consultation but also of co-decision on some categories of European legislation. It also grants the Parliament the power to confirm (and therefore to veto) the Council's nominations for the
5471:(German Basic Law) to “legalize Germany’s membership in the European Union (Article 23) as well as to install a European Monetary Union (Article 88).” The ratification was delayed by challenges at the German
7154:
5827:"conciliation procedure" and informally through "trialogues" involving negotiations between the European Parliament, Council and Commission, which have become standard in most legislative procedures.
4205:
5753:
relationship to higher growth. The Maastricht criteria, he insisted, were correct in placing the onus for growth on "competitiveness, structural reforms, investment, and sustainable financing".
8698:
1010:
778:
5697:
The Treaty dedicates the EU central banking system to price stability, and gives it "a degree of independence from elected officials" greater even "than that of its putative model, the German
5581:'s exit from the ERM was the defining failure of John Major's government; a huge boost to Euro-scepticism; and made currency traders like George Soros rich. The ERM was the centrepiece of the
7415:[Darkest Hours – The Chancellor opens the files on German unity. The documents show: France forced the quick end of the Mark] (in German). Vol. 18/1998, 'Abschied von der Mark'.
6564:
6416:
4892:
assistance to the poorer EU regions; and broaden Community competencies in education, culture, public health, consumer protection, trans-European networks, industry and the environment.
7898:
5429:
to comment that "Europe began as an elitist project in which it was believed that all that was required was to convince the decision-makers. That phase of benign despotism is over."
1255:
5585:(EMS), set up on voluntary basis in 1978 to reduce the "barrier" that exchange-rate volatility presented for intra-Community commerce (and for the management of payments under the
1201:
1158:
1150:
8488:
4925:
Title VII, Final Provisions, covers a number of anomalous issues. Provided that all Member States ratify, it rules that the Treaty should come into force on 1 January 1993.
35:
4670:
8459:
146:
7308:"Germany's International Integration: The Rulings of the German Federal Constitutional Court on the Maastricht Treaty and the Out-of-Area Deployment of German Troops"
4872:
Title II, Provisions Amending the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, reformulates the EEC as the central "pillar" of the Union. It amends the EEC's
1286:
654:
8506:
6409:
6195:
4820:
1241:
7225:
5320:
8528:
5228:
Stone memorial in front of the entry to the Limburg Province government building in Maastricht, Netherlands, commemorating the signing of the Maastricht Treaty
1246:
8772:
6797:, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit.
3509:
968:
4899:" action is to be taken only if, "by reason of the scale or effects", the objectives cannot be more "efficiently" achieved by the Member States themselves.
9003:
8480:
6739:
6245:
4939:
The United Kingdom was not a party of the Agreement on Social Policy and secured an "opt out" from the protocol. It was to do the same with respect to the
44:. The book is opened at a page containing the signatures and seals of the ministers representing the heads of state of Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Greece
8973:
8914:
7674:
6402:
5818:
The 1992 Treaty may have introduced a more consequential constitutional principle in its promotion "co-decision". It introduced procedures that made the
4033:
1357:
8404:"The Maastricht Treaty and the accession of the Western Balkans. Reflections at its 30th anniversary over the coherence in the EU integration processes"
8801:
7413:"Dunkelste Stunden – Der Kanzler öffnet die Akten über die deutsche Einheit. Die Dokumente zeigen: Frankreich hat das schnelle Ende der Mark erzwungen"
6743:
6519:
1455:
702:
7485:
8491:
8483:
6706:
5611:
5409:
2187:
1503:
7082:"EC Leaders at Sea Over Danish Rejection: Europe: Vote against Maastricht Treaty blocks the march to unity. Expansion plans may also be in jeopardy"
5848:– Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia – plus Cyprus and Malta, and an aborted
4857:
Title I, Common Provisions, establishes the European Union (EU) on the foundation of the three, already partially merged, European Communities: the
8344:
Weiler, J.H.H. (November 2012). "In the face of crisis: input legitimacy, output legitimacy and the political Messianism of European integration".
7023:
1395:
1317:
1211:
8920:
8569:
6878:
6781:
5857:
5358:
4664:
1632:
1137:
5419:
narrowly supported the ratification of the treaty, with 50.8% in favour. This narrow vote for ratification in France, known at the time as the '
8642:
8636:
4914:
Titles III and IV amend the treaties establishing the ECSC and Euratom to complete their absorption into the structure of European Community.
8813:
6900:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
5849:
5468:
1004:
690:
194:, and a number of changes to the European institutions and their decision taking procedures, not least a strengthening of the powers of the
9099:
4813:
1450:
1098:
6713:
superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955
4902:
In several of these areas, the Treaty seeks to enhance the "democratic functioning" of the institutions by conceding the directly elected
4660:
3557:
1302:
1236:
1226:
756:
734:
628:
6814:, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by a
8985:
8521:
8133:
Corbett, Richard. 'The Treaty of Maastricht: from conception to ratification' Longman - Cartermill Publishing (1993) ISBN 0-582-20906-4
7370:
Lombard, Marc (April 1995). "A re-examination of the reasons for the failure of Keynesian expansionary policies in France, 1981–1983".
4682:
1365:
726:
678:
642:
6274:
5852:, the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community (TEC) were more comprehensively revisited. The 2007
5412:, allowing the state to ratify the Treaty, was approved in a referendum held on 18 June 1992 with the support of 69.1% of votes cast.
3577:
1731:
1405:
1345:
1083:
908:
770:
748:
714:
8536:
7358:
5633:
at a rate no more than 1.5 percentage points higher than the average of the three best performing (lowest inflation) Member States;
1718:
5416:
5402:
5390:
4889:
4645:
4154:
3572:
8008:
9159:
5381:
Ratification of the treaty was completed by the twelve members of the EC by mid-1993 and came into legal force on 1 November 1993
4806:
4615:
4310:
4198:
232:
8373:
Wessels, Wolfgang (November 2012). "The Maastricht Treaty and the European Council: the history of an institutional evolution".
7184:"From Maastricht to Brexit : Mapping the European Divide within the Parliamentary Conservative Party from Major to Johnson"
6622:
8253:
Monar, Jörg (November 2012). "Justice and Home Affairs: the treaty of Maastricht as a decisive intergovernmental gate opener".
4580:
4570:
1701:
1637:
1490:
1470:
1460:
1383:
1265:
1184:
5432:
In the United Kingdom parliament ratification did not command a clear majority. In protest against the social-policy opt out,
4793:
8514:
8048:
7881:
7856:
7068:
5397:
including, critically, the same exemption secured by Britain from the single currency (Denmark would not have to give up the
4705:
4098:
4073:
1689:
6998:
5762:
these areas. Coordination in foreign and security policy had taken place since the beginning of the 1970s under the name of
9144:
8926:
4895:
In these and other areas which do not fall within Community's "exclusive competence", in accordance with "the principle of
4710:
4655:
4630:
4610:
4605:
4575:
4478:
4061:
3815:
3542:
3535:
1293:
1122:
1115:
1073:
866:
666:
203:
5527:
9094:
8807:
8499:– Current consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (
8282:
Monar, Jörg (November 2012). "Twenty years of co-decision since Maastricht: inter- and intrainstitutional implications".
6811:
6794:
6307:
6252:
6203:
6047:
4931:
Annexed to the Treaty is a Protocol, and an Agreement, on Social Policy. With a view to ensuring that the dynamic of the
4650:
4640:
4635:
4625:
4590:
4585:
4088:
2166:
1741:
1676:
8681:
8137:
Christiansen, Thomas; Duke, Simon; Kirchner, Emil (November 2012). "Understanding and assessing the Maastricht Treaty".
7155:"The Maastricht Debate: Major 'driven to confidence factor': Commons Exchanges: Treaty issue 'cannot fester any longer'"
5326:
9027:
6929:
6823:
6819:
6338:
6332:
6299:
4769:
4700:
4620:
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4230:
4225:
3514:
913:
803:
264:
191:
171:
129:
7134:
6718:
9064:
7546:
6939:
6102:
4862:
4747:
4600:
4105:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
1711:
1696:
1400:
1340:
1327:
1196:
1051:
1036:
793:
8500:
6497:
5683:
5660:
5570:
5562:
5393:, on 2 June 1992, the treaty was rejected by a margin of 50.7% to 49.3%. Concessions secured by the end of year in
4220:
3567:
3097:
3056:
2573:
2479:
1764:
1736:
1706:
1613:
1498:
1307:
1221:
1206:
8103:
Caporaso, James A.; Kim, Min-hyung (November 2012). "The Maastricht Treaty at twenty: a Greco-European tragedy?".
6709:
of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was
5903:(EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the
9139:
8105:
6285:
4454:
4110:
4028:
3719:
217:
unfolding from 2009, the most enduring reference to the Maastricht Treaty has been to the rules of compliance –
9164:
8554:
8537:
7982:
6868:
6773:
5763:
4442:
1751:
1647:
1412:
1350:
922:
817:
241:
9149:
9074:
5823:
5807:
4919:
4896:
4538:
4526:
4502:
4274:
4006:
3996:
3552:
1572:
1130:
783:
9129:
9119:
9109:
9104:
9084:
9079:
8884:
8612:
8474:
7899:"Wolfgang Schäuble: "Europe will only work if the rules are the same for smaller and bigger member states""
7792:
5472:
4514:
4406:
4394:
4370:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4286:
4262:
4250:
4137:
4056:
4051:
3887:
1559:
788:
7226:"Hard-won ratification - Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2009) - CVCE Website"
5694:
on 1 June 1998, and began exercising its full powers with the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999.
9124:
9114:
9021:
8777:
8038:
6179:
6136:
5691:
4877:
4858:
4752:
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4013:
3046:
2598:
2578:
972:
20:
7731:
7081:
9154:
9134:
8465:
7108:
6927:
6269:
5721:
These constraints were to become the focus of political scrutiny and public protest in the new-century
5586:
5453:
5394:
5276:
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4466:
4418:
4083:
4018:
1746:
1465:
1437:
1430:
183:
97:
7601:
6826:. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and
5537:
asked for re-unification in 1990, Mitterrand would only accept in the event Germany would abandon the
5522:. Since then, Mitterrand had been committed to drawing Germany into a currency partnership. After the
8997:
7614:
6319:
5643:
5637:
5476:
5464:
4023:
1390:
1334:
1046:
896:
218:
8840:
8496:
8166:
Dinan, Desmond (November 2012). "The arc of institutional reform in post-Maastricht Treaty change".
7477:
7437:
7289:
6533:
6219:
19:"Treaty of Maastricht" redirects here. For the 1843 treaty between Belgium and the Netherlands, see
9089:
8834:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8575:
8403:
8195:
Dyson, Kenneth (November 2012). "'Maastricht plus': managing the logic of inherent imperfections".
6873:
6777:
6323:
5674:
no more than 2 percentage points higher than in the three Member States with the lowest inflation.
5664:
5582:
5511:
4943:
to enter the final, single-currency, stage of monetary union (the UK would not have to give up the
4834:
3547:
1543:
1538:
1068:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
5316:
9009:
8224:
Kohler-Koch, Beate (November 2012). "Post-Maastricht civil society and participatory democracy".
6815:
6725:
that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus
6118:
5523:
5437:
5270:
4093:
3863:
3051:
1179:
1174:
6988:, Philip Giddings and Alan Drewry eds., Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 121–144. ISBN 978-0-230-52315-9
6827:
9033:
8956:
8950:
8850:
8844:
7464:
7424:
6515:
6342:
5346:
4932:
4764:
4132:
4068:
3851:
3112:
2172:
1093:
990:
830:
649:
7397:
7307:
7058:
5507:
9045:
7849:
Tsoukalis, L (19The New European Economy Revisited: the Politics and Economics of Integration
7274:
6860:
6501:
5687:
5531:
5260:
5250:
4787:
4149:
4115:
3947:
3935:
3911:
3683:
2593:
1483:
1270:
1250:
1088:
9015:
8541:
8070:
6835:
6756:
6037:
5904:
5884:
5722:
5598:
5246:
4838:
4741:
4181:
4161:
3991:
3923:
3803:
3779:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3695:
3671:
3659:
2623:
2608:
2603:
1585:
1077:
214:
199:
179:
175:
7925:
8:
8968:
8871:
8660:
8648:
7255:"Germany in the European Union - The Maastricht Decision of the Bundesverfassungsgericht"
6831:
6645:
6605:
5908:
5879:
countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or
5837:
5819:
5783:
5767:
5715:
5300:
5081:
4908:
4903:
4694:
4401:
4171:
4166:
3971:
3899:
3839:
3810:
3791:
3767:
3707:
3504:
3288:
3283:
3090:
2618:
2613:
2461:
2316:
2311:
1954:
1280:
1216:
1061:
884:
872:
824:
450:
195:
103:
7766:
5749:
credited the Maastricht criteria with framing of a union of deflation and unemployment.
5377:
8938:
8890:
8877:
8830:
8434:
8390:
8361:
8332:
8299:
8270:
8241:
8212:
8183:
8154:
8122:
7520:
7383:
7254:
7207:
6934:. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 2.
6714:
6618:
6482:
5775:
5686:
comprising the national central banks, but to include the prospective currency-issuing
5306:
5286:
4885:
4759:
4690:
4176:
3984:
3959:
3875:
3827:
2631:
1681:
984:
836:
8991:
7266:
5774:, asylum, and immigration and other judicial matters was being pursued under the 1990
3041:
8438:
8426:
8394:
8365:
8303:
8274:
8245:
8216:
8187:
8158:
8126:
8044:
7877:
7852:
7808:
7452:
7412:
7211:
7199:
7086:
7064:
6935:
6467:
6442:
5445:
5433:
5240:
5142:
3520:
1493:
661:
8336:
7699:
7649:
6793:
Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of
5542:
5526:
in late 1989, Germany sought re-unification. France, the UK, and the rest of Europe
4971:
8932:
8672:
8418:
8382:
8353:
8324:
8291:
8262:
8233:
8204:
8175:
8146:
8114:
7804:
7379:
7191:
7136:
Democracy in Europe – An essay on the real democratic problem in the European Union
6667:
6456:
5853:
5771:
5746:
5013:
2529:
1029:
902:
207:
115:
8422:
8313:"Still rooted in Maastricht: EU external relations as a 'third-generation hybrid'"
7580:
7455:[Way of no return] (in German). Vol. 10/1998, 'Der göttliche Funke'.
5798:, at the 1997 Amsterdam summit, the UK prevented a merger of the WEU and the EU),
5006:
1321:
8962:
8908:
8386:
8357:
8328:
8295:
8266:
8237:
8208:
8179:
8150:
8118:
7926:"The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties. Fact Sheets on the European Union – 2020"
7159:
6587:
5892:
5873:
5738:
5647:
5558:
5330:
5266:
4120:
3562:
2466:
1297:
697:
7484:
Böll, Sven; Reiermann, Christian; Sauga, Michael; Wiegrefe, Klaus (8 May 2012).
7357:, 'The European Union belongs to its citizens: Three immodest proposals' (1997)
6928:
Council of European Communities, Commission of the European Communities (1992).
5844:(2001). Following the accession of a further twelve states, ten from the former
2541:
8979:
8666:
8618:
8581:
8545:
7793:"European Labour in a Single Market: '1992' and the Implications of Maastricht"
7615:
Conflicting Authorities: States, Currency Markets and the ERM Crisis of 1992–93
6656:
6552:
6548:
6438:
6264:
6033:
6015:
6011:
5900:
5841:
5741:
or to bail out over-indebted banks without assistance from third parties. The "
5578:
5566:
5449:
5426:
5197:
5149:
5128:
4992:
4964:
4944:
4873:
4718:
4305:
4125:
3714:
3192:
3187:
2713:
2500:
2158:
1850:
1508:
1102:
1040:
890:
854:
848:
346:
222:
167:
109:
7983:"The European Security and Defence Identity: NATO and the WEU (19 April 1999)"
5573:(ERM), after a failed and costly attempt to keep the pound above its mandated
4985:
4978:
9069:
9058:
8944:
8630:
8430:
7874:
The Weak Suffer What They Must: Europe's Crisis and America's Economic Future
7203:
6830:
is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly
6576:
6172:
5655:
5574:
5538:
5340:
5135:
4999:
4842:
4212:
3478:
3007:
2646:
2565:
2493:
1311:
860:
7183:
5361:
during the previous six months of negotiation, the Treaty was signed in the
8902:
8896:
7602:
1990–1992: Britain and the politics of the European exchange rate mechanism
6807:
6760:
6227:
5869:
5845:
5519:
5398:
5336:
5296:
5280:
5256:
5236:
4000:
2553:
2517:
2505:
1652:
Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
842:
6679:
7493:
7456:
7416:
7405:
5642:
defined in ratios to gross domestic product (GDP) of greater than 3% for
5534:
5405:. On 18 May 1993, the Maastricht Treaty was endorsed by a vote of 56.7%.
5362:
5350:
5290:
5120:
4928:
Articles within the Treaty were referred to by using the letters A to S.
4473:
3882:
3360:
3355:
3033:
2882:
2388:
2383:
2145:
2032:
528:
8312:
7524:
7508:
7486:"Operation Self-Deceit: New Documents Shine Light on Euro Birth Defects"
6806:
The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities'
5756:
7576:
7354:
5698:
5659:
of the national currency within "the normal fluctuation margins by the
5594:
5546:
5441:
5366:
5107:
4449:
3858:
3336:
3331:
2856:
2364:
2359:
2006:
1513:
685:
502:
150:
76:
41:
7621:, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Apr. 2002), pp. 359–380. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
7195:
6999:"United Kingdom: EMU opt-out clause. EUR-Lex – l25060 – EN – EUR-Lex"
5742:
5515:
5460:
4437:
3846:
3324:
3319:
2843:
2447:
2352:
2347:
1993:
1189:
489:
8071:
Steering Committee on Local and Regional Authorities (CDLR) (1998).
7650:"The IMF & the European Economic and Monetary Union – Factsheet"
4922:", but otherwise cooperate independently of Community institutions.
7112:
5948:
5730:
5171:
4533:
4521:
4497:
4269:
3942:
3930:
3906:
3678:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3384:
3379:
3155:
3150:
2947:
2934:
2908:
2687:
2488:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2194:
2097:
2084:
2058:
1811:
798:
593:
580:
554:
307:
8454:
6984:
Lourie, Julia (2004), "Employment Law and the Social Chapter", in
5766:(EPC), which had been first written into the treaties by the 1987
8475:
Treaty on European Union, signed at Maastricht on 7 February 1992
8469:
7329:
6060:
5795:
5310:
5210:
5042:
5029:
4866:
4509:
4389:
4365:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4281:
4257:
4245:
3918:
3798:
3774:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3690:
3666:
3654:
3465:
3396:
3391:
3276:
3271:
3252:
3247:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3167:
3162:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
2994:
2921:
2804:
2778:
2752:
2739:
2726:
2700:
2674:
2661:
2548:
2524:
2512:
2292:
2287:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2071:
1941:
1915:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1824:
1798:
1785:
1594:
Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings
1145:
721:
673:
637:
567:
437:
411:
385:
372:
359:
320:
294:
281:
250:
8072:
5614:(EMU), the adoption the common currency (designated at the 1995
5463:
on December 2, 1992, with a majority of 543 out of 562, and the
7140:
5876:
5734:
5726:
5615:
5068:
5055:
4675:
4557:
4485:
4425:
4377:
4353:
4293:
3966:
3894:
3834:
3786:
3762:
3702:
3491:
3444:
3439:
3372:
3367:
3312:
3307:
3264:
3259:
3240:
3235:
3180:
3175:
3077:
3020:
2973:
2895:
2830:
2791:
2765:
2560:
2536:
2340:
2335:
2304:
2299:
2280:
2275:
2244:
2239:
2123:
2045:
1980:
1928:
1902:
1837:
765:
743:
709:
619:
541:
476:
424:
398:
333:
6742:(EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the
5899:). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the
5667:
without severe tensions for at least the last two years"; and
5557:
In the UK, the Maastricht rebellion drew on the experience of
6784:(TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties.
6596:
6188:
5184:
5094:
4545:
4461:
4413:
3954:
3870:
3822:
3432:
3427:
3348:
3343:
3300:
3295:
2960:
2869:
2817:
2436:
2431:
2376:
2371:
2328:
2323:
2110:
2019:
1967:
606:
515:
463:
7398:"Mitterrand forderte Euro als Gegenleistung für die Einheit"
7024:"Europe 'à la carte': The whats and whys behind UK opt-outs"
4671:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
6231:
5907:(EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the
5791:
5787:
5619:
1461:
Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
187:
7483:
7400:[Mitterrand demanded Euro in exchange for unity].
5690:. As envisaged by the Treaty, the ECB replaced its shadow
8009:"What happens to our neutrality when the chips are down?"
5794:(supported by the non-aligned Member States, Ireland and
5737:) declared themselves unable to repay or refinance their
4723:
40:
The Treaty of Maastricht, here shown at an exhibition in
8582:
Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community
8136:
8032:
8030:
7604:. Libcom (13 January 2006). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
6763:(i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right).
6746:(EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC.
5597:
to counteract inflationary impact of the expenditure on
5467:
with unanimity. The Bundestag was required to amend the
7980:
5708:
8074:
Definition and Limits of the Principle of Subsidiarity
5436:
opposed, while "anti-federalists" split the governing
8040:
The Maastricht Treaty: Second Thoughts after 20 Years
8027:
5757:
Foreign and security policy, justice and home affairs
5359:
Presidency of the Council of the European Communities
8808:
Treaty establishing the European Political Community
8489:
Proposed 1962 treaty establishing a "European Union"
8466:
Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union
8460:
Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union
6850:
6247:
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
5677:
5483:
147:
Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union
7538:
7267:
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035870
5682:These criteria in turn dictated the mandate of the
8802:Treaty establishing the European Defence Community
6772:The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's
6744:Treaty establishing the European Defence Community
5636:2. a "budgetary position" that avoids "excessive"
7547:"A Practitioner's Guide to the Maastricht Treaty"
6721:in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the
202:. Although these were seen by many to presage a "
9056:
8036:
7152:
5541:and adopt a common currency. Without consulting
1456:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
170:(EU). Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve
8570:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
7851:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 15.
6879:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
6782:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
6062:European Atomic Energy Community
5858:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5801:
1633:European Institute of Innovation and Technology
735:Countries with suspended accession negotiations
7700:"Madrid European Council (12/95): Conclusions"
7544:
5496:
178:, it announced "a new stage in the process of
8814:Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
8522:
7450:
6410:
5856:amends both again and renames the TEC as the
5510:was forced to abandon the centrepiece of his
5459:In Germany, the Maastricht Treaty passed the
4814:
8548:(since 1993) and related political documents
7545:Abbey, Michael; Bromfield, Nicholas (1994).
7312:American University International Law Review
6953:
6951:
5420:
8625:Netherlands Antilles Association Convention
8411:Academicus International Scientific Journal
8223:
8102:
7786:
7784:
7738:. Publications Office of the European Union
5883:) in an increasing number of areas, in the
5232:The signatory nations were represented by:
3558:Political groups of the European Parliament
1629:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
8529:
8515:
8037:Christiansen, Thomas; Duke, Simon (2016).
7871:
6759:obtained common institutions and a shared
6417:
6403:
5604:
5501:
5126:
4962:
4821:
4807:
16:1992 founding treaty of the European Union
8853:(European Coal and Steel Community, 1951)
7846:
6948:
5786:, an until recently moribund club within
1732:Publications Office of the European Union
7896:
7790:
7781:
7759:
7305:
7079:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6689:
5733:countries (Portugal, Ireland, Spain and
5376:
5223:
4155:European System of Financial Supervision
1451:Internal Audit Service of the Commission
8401:
8372:
7369:
7252:
7181:
4661:United Kingdom–European Union relations
2586:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro
9057:
8343:
7581:"Lessons learned on 'Black Wednesday'"
7506:
7188:Observatoire de la société britannique
5410:Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution
4884:Other amendments create the office of
4683:United States–European Union relations
1702:European Economic and Social Committee
8510:
8310:
8281:
8252:
8194:
8165:
7876:. New York: Avalon Publishing Group.
7675:"The Maastricht convergence criteria"
7575:
7551:Michigan Journal of International Law
7301:
7299:
7259:European Journal of International Law
7248:
7246:
6923:
6921:
6800:
6787:
6766:
6749:
6732:
6686:
6398:
6330:
6317:
6298:
6262:
6217:
6187:
6072:
5985:
5916:
4950:
4841:, and in anticipation of accelerated
4706:European Union and the United Nations
4238:Foreign relations of EU member states
7923:
7306:Wiegandt, Manfred (1 January 1995).
5830:
5709:The Maastricht economic-policy model
4711:European Union Association Agreement
4646:Switzerland–European Union relations
3543:Elections to the European Parliament
192:common foreign and security policies
9100:Treaties entered into force in 1992
9016:Agreement on a Unified Patent Court
8481:Maastricht Treaty (7 February 1992)
8043:. London: Routledge. pp. 6–8.
7897:Schäuble, Wolfgang (7 March 2016).
7729:
7182:Heppell, Timothy (1 October 2021).
7101:
7063:. Cornell University Press. p.202.
4616:Kazakhstan–European Union relations
2167:Nuclear power in the European Union
1742:European Personnel Selection Office
1677:European Data Protection Supervisor
1638:European Public Prosecutor's Office
186:, for the eventual introduction of
13:
8095:
7905:. London School of Economics (LSE)
7767:"ECB: Economic and Monetary Union"
7509:"France and the Maastricht Design"
7384:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035318
7296:
7243:
6918:
6776:, and are also referred to as the
6301:Common Foreign and Security Policy
6233:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
5770:. Cooperation on law enforcement,
5514:programme in 1983, a job creating
4770:Convention on the Future of Europe
4701:Microstates and the European Union
4581:Australia–European Union relations
4571:Argentina–European Union relations
3519:
3515:Microstates and the European Union
3096:
3064:Non-Schengen area EU member states
2630:
2171:
804:Withdrawal from the European Union
166:, is the foundation treaty of the
14:
9176:
8447:
7153:Goodwin, Stephen (23 July 1993).
6104:European Coal and Steel Community
5850:Treaty on a European Constitution
5678:The European Central Bank mandate
5552:
5518:, due to speculation against the
5484:Citizenship of the European Union
4863:European Coal and Steel Community
4748:European Coal and Steel Community
1712:European Union Military Committee
1697:European Committee of the Regions
1600:Decentralised agencies of the EU
1328:Member of the European Parliament
999:Abandoned treaties and agreements
9022:Single Resolution Fund Agreement
8453:
8311:Smith, Michael (November 2012).
7507:Sutton, Michael (January 1993).
6853:
6437:
6337:
6331:
6318:
6268:
6263:
6226:
6218:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6032:
6010:
5913:
5684:European System of Central Banks
5571:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
5565:had been forced to withdraw the
5203:
5190:
5177:
5164:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5113:
5100:
5087:
5074:
5061:
5048:
5035:
5022:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4867:European Atomic Energy Community
4781:
4656:Ukraine–European Union relations
4631:Moldova–European Union relations
4611:Iceland–European Union relations
4606:Georgia–European Union relations
4576:Armenia–European Union relations
4556:
4544:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4376:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4304:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4256:
4244:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3083:
3070:
3057:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2732:
2719:
2706:
2693:
2680:
2667:
2654:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2460:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2151:
2138:
2116:
2103:
2090:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2025:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1737:European External Action Service
1707:Political and Security Committee
1614:European Supervisory Authorities
1144:
991:European Economic Area Agreement
764:
742:
720:
708:
696:
684:
672:
660:
648:
636:
612:
599:
586:
573:
560:
547:
534:
521:
508:
495:
482:
469:
456:
443:
430:
417:
404:
391:
378:
365:
352:
339:
326:
313:
300:
287:
274:
249:
198:and more majority voting on the
190:, and (with less precision) for
141:
34:
8375:Journal of European Integration
8346:Journal of European Integration
8317:Journal of European Integration
8284:Journal of European Integration
8255:Journal of European Integration
8226:Journal of European Integration
8197:Journal of European Integration
8168:Journal of European Integration
8139:Journal of European Integration
8106:Journal of European Integration
8081:
8077:. Council of Europe. p. 8.
8064:
8001:
7974:
7965:
7956:
7947:
7917:
7890:
7865:
7840:
7831:
7822:
7750:
7723:
7714:
7692:
7667:
7642:
7633:
7624:
7619:Review of International Studies
7607:
7595:
7569:
7500:
7444:
7390:
7363:
7348:
7339:
7322:
7218:
7175:
7146:
7127:
7073:
7051:
6717:(MBT). The Brussels Treaty was
6287:European Political Co-operation
5372:
4651:Turkey–European Union relations
4641:Russia–European Union relations
4636:Norway–European Union relations
4626:Mexico–European Union relations
4591:Canada–European Union relations
4586:Brazil–European Union relations
4111:Passports of the European Union
3101:Schengen Area from January 2023
9160:Treaties of the United Kingdom
8778:United Kingdom (“Brexit” 2020)
8699:Renegotiation of UK membership
8402:Musaraj, Arta (January 2023).
7451:Klaus Wirtgen (2 March 1998).
7372:Cambridge Journal of Economics
7080:Havemann, Joel (4 June 1992).
7042:
7016:
6991:
6986:Britain and the European Union
6978:
6969:
6960:
6893:
6869:Treaties of the European Union
6705:, these treaties affected the
6536:Completing the Brussels Treaty
5764:European Political Cooperation
4955:
4876:constitution, renaming it the
4833:Against the background of the
4621:Japan–European Union relations
4596:China–European Union relations
1752:European Administrative School
1648:European Data Protection Board
1533:European Investment Bank Group
242:Politics of the European Union
182:" chiefly in provisions for a
1:
8974:Charter of Fundamental Rights
8423:10.7336/academicus.2023.27.06
7981:Select Committee on Defence.
7109:"In Depth: Maastricht Treaty"
5729:, the governments of several
4959:
4911:, the Community's executive.
4601:European Union–NATO relations
3647:Elections in EU member states
3578:Referendums related to the EU
1573:European University Institute
1567:European University Institute
794:Germany–Netherlands relations
9004:European Stability Mechanism
8885:London and Paris Conferences
8497:The Treaty on European Union
8387:10.1080/07036337.2012.726013
8358:10.1080/07036337.2012.726017
8329:10.1080/07036337.2012.726010
8296:10.1080/07036337.2012.726012
8267:10.1080/07036337.2012.726011
8238:10.1080/07036337.2012.726016
8209:10.1080/07036337.2012.726015
8180:10.1080/07036337.2012.726018
8151:10.1080/07036337.2012.726009
8119:10.1080/07036337.2012.726014
7809:10.1016/0191-6599(94)90247-X
6816:distribution of competencies
6740:European Political Community
6627:S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990
6597:European Council conclusions
6523:S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952
6181:European Community (EC)
5885:European integration project
5802:Subsidiarity and co-decision
5473:Federal Constitutional Court
5357:In consequence of the Dutch
5158:
5156:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4138:European Banking Supervision
2176:Euratom since 1 January 2021
1623:Executive agencies of the EU
1560:European Stability Mechanism
1554:European Stability Mechanism
7:
9145:Treaties of the Netherlands
8865:Related political documents
7989:. United Kingdom Parliament
7419:. 27 April 1998. Article 3.
6846:
6812:pillar system was abolished
6138:European Economic Community
5863:
5806:As an implicit presumption
5692:European Monetary Institute
5612:Economic and Monetary Union
5561:. On 16 September 1992 the
5497:Economic and monetary union
5444:was able to face down his "
5327:Francisco Fernández Ordóñez
4859:European Economic Community
4848:
4753:European Economic Community
4143:Single Resolution Mechanism
3510:EEA National Identity cards
3047:Schengen Information System
2579:Enlargement of the eurozone
2188:Economic and Monetary Union
1644:Corporate bodies of the EU
1262:Council preparatory bodies
1011:UK membership renegotiation
184:shared European citizenship
21:Treaty of Maastricht (1843)
10:
9181:
9095:Treaties concluded in 1992
7872:Varoufakis, Yanis (2017).
7847:Tsoukalis, Loukas (1997).
7791:McDowell, Manfred (1994).
7359:22 European Law Review 150
6509:F: 3 August/24 August 1949
6024:
5897:la construction européenne
5587:Common Agricultural Policy
5530:over re-unification. When
1726:Inter-institutional bodies
1471:Public Prosecutor's Office
1438:European Court of Auditors
1431:European Court of Auditors
1384:Court of Justice of the EU
18:
9043:
8963:Schengen acquis of the EU
8864:
8823:
8794:
8765:
8719:
8712:
8691:
8605:
8598:
8591:
8562:
8553:
7803:(1–3): 453–459, 455–456.
7797:History of European Ideas
7265:(2): 259–266 – via
7253:Wieland, Joachim (1994).
6828:qualified majority voting
6701:Although not EU treaties
6665:
6436:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6358:
6355:
6349:
6284:
6280:
6244:
6240:
6209:
6194:
6178:
6171:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6148:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6116:
6111:
6078:
6076:
6067:
6059:
6057:
6046:
6039:European Communities
6031:
6009:
5991:
5988:
5982:
5725:. Beginning in 2009 with
5477:European Court of Justice
5421:
4839:re-unification of Germany
4788:European Union portal
1391:European Court of Justice
818:Treaties and Declarations
784:Belgium–Germany relations
219:the "Maastricht criteria"
140:
135:
125:
90:
82:
72:
61:7 February 1992
57:
49:
33:
9065:Treaty on European Union
8576:Treaty on European Union
7060:A Certain Idea of Europe
6931:Treaty on European Union
6886:
6874:Treaty on European Union
6778:Treaty on European Union
6715:Modified Brussels Treaty
6577:Brussels (Merger) Treaty
6197:Justice and Home Affairs
5957:Rel. w/ EC/EU framework:
5822:"co-legislator with the
5665:European Monetary System
5583:European Monetary System
5528:expressed their concerns
1671:Other independent bodies
1116:Legislative institutions
1089:College of Commissioners
1069:Von der Leyen Commission
789:France–Germany relations
231:This article is part of
162:, commonly known as the
160:Treaty on European Union
29:Treaty on European Union
9010:European Fiscal Compact
8643:Second Budgetary Treaty
7472:Cite magazine requires
7432:Cite magazine requires
7057:Parsons, Craig (2006).
6120:(Distr. of competences)
5792:North Atlantic alliance
5661:exchange-rate mechanism
5605:The Maastricht criteria
5524:fall of the Berlin Wall
5502:Franco-German agreement
5391:first Danish referendum
5271:Efthymios Christodoulou
3052:Visa Information System
2480:Other currencies in use
1271:Council Working Parties
9140:Treaties of Luxembourg
9034:Versailles declaration
8957:Saint-Malo declaration
8951:Petersberg Declaration
8845:Western European Union
8637:First Budgetary Treaty
6610:S: 17/28 February 1986
6534:Protocol Modifying and
6344:Western European Union
5896:
5889:construction of Europe
5382:
5347:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
5229:
4933:European single market
4765:Western European Union
4133:European banking union
4069:European Single Market
3638:2024 (latest election)
3525:
3524:European Economic Area
3113:European Economic Area
3102:
2636:
2177:
1603:Single market agencies
1024:Executive institutions
964:Treaties of succession
655:Bosnia and Herzegovina
9165:History of Maastricht
9046:European Union Portal
8824:Expired or terminated
8713:Changes in membership
8563:Consolidated versions
7935:. European Parliament
7702:. European Parliament
7579:(15 September 2002).
7453:"Weg ohne Wiederkehr"
6901:"Founding agreements"
6861:European Union portal
6738:Plans to establish a
6723:mutual defence clause
6507:S: 5 May/4 April 1949
6276:Anglo-French alliance
5824:Council of Ministers"
5688:European Central Bank
5670:4. nominal long-term
5415:In September 1992, a
5380:
5321:Jorge Braga de Macedo
5317:João de Deus Pinheiro
5251:Anders Fogh Rasmussen
5227:
4150:Capital Markets Union
4062:Free Trade Agreements
3523:
3100:
2634:
2175:
1484:European Central Bank
1445:Other auditory bodies
1425:Auditory institutions
1378:Judicial institutions
1123:Legislative procedure
1005:European Constitution
929:Treaties of accession
9150:Treaties of Portugal
9075:European integration
8986:Seville Declarations
8883:Declarations at the
7732:"Document 12008E121"
7133:Anell, Lars (2014).
6757:European Communities
5905:European Communities
5723:European debt crisis
5599:German reunification
5417:referendum in France
5247:Uffe Ellemann-Jensen
4742:European Communities
4182:Enhanced cooperation
3553:European foundations
3170:(provisional member)
1719:EU/ESA Space Council
1586:Unified Patent Court
1580:Unified Patent Court
1366:National parliaments
1256:Directorates-general
215:Eurozone debt crisis
200:Council of Ministers
180:European integration
176:European Communities
9130:Treaties of Ireland
9120:Treaties of Germany
9110:Treaties of Denmark
9105:Treaties of Belgium
9085:European Parliament
9080:European Commission
8969:Bologna declaration
8945:Schengen Convention
8872:Schuman Declaration
8649:Single European Act
8015:. 29 September 1998
7769:. ECB. 10 July 2020
7141:Forum för EU-Debatt
6729:superseded the WEU.
6671:S: 13 December 2007
6660:S: 26 February 2001
6606:Single European Act
6476:E: 8 September 1997
6474:F: 8 September 1947
5929:F: entry into force
5909:Schuman Declaration
5820:European Parliament
5784:West European Union
5768:Single European Act
5639:government deficits
5545:, President of the
5508:François Mitterrand
5301:Jean-Claude Juncker
4909:European Commission
4904:European Parliament
4835:end of the Cold War
4221:Ext. Action Service
4206:High Representative
4172:European Federation
4046:Policies and issues
3505:EEA Joint Committee
2635:Eurozone since 2015
1657:Joint undertakings
1281:European Parliament
1062:European Commission
885:Treaty of Amsterdam
873:Single European Act
825:Schuman Declaration
779:Special territories
757:Applicant countries
629:Candidate countries
213:In the wake of the
196:European Parliament
104:Treaty of Amsterdam
98:Edinburgh Agreement
30:
9125:Treaties of Greece
9115:Treaties of France
8998:Berlin Declaration
8939:Schengen Agreement
8927:Solemn Declaration
8891:Benelux memorandum
8878:Europe Declaration
8678:Protocol 36 (2011)
8477:– Original version
7334:European Union Law
6673:F: 1 December 2009
6662:F: 1 February 2003
6640:F: 1 November 1993
6638:S: 7 February 1992
6600:S: 2 December 1975
6591:S: 27 October 1970
6569:S: 21 October 1959
6540:S: 23 October 1954
6065:(EAEC or Euratom)
5881:pooled sovereignty
5776:Schengen Agreement
5646:and 60% for gross
5563:British government
5383:
5307:Hans van den Broek
5287:Gianni De Michelis
5230:
4951:Procedural history
4886:European Ombudsman
4878:European Community
4760:European Community
4691:Common Travel Area
4177:Multi-speed Europe
4034:Fundamental Rights
3585:European elections
3526:
3103:
2637:
2178:
1682:European Ombudsman
1159:July–December 2024
985:Schengen Agreement
897:Berlin Declaration
867:Solemn Declaration
837:Europe Declaration
28:
9155:Treaties of Spain
9135:Treaties of Italy
9052:
9051:
9028:Malta Declaration
8915:Copenhagen report
8860:
8859:
8841:Modified Brussels
8790:
8789:
8786:
8785:
8708:
8707:
8555:Founding treaties
8538:Founding treaties
8458:Works related to
8050:978-1-134-90701-4
7883:978-1-56858-599-4
7858:978-0-19-877477-8
7736:eur-lex.europa.eu
7408:. 25 August 2010.
7282:External link in
7087:Los Angeles Times
7069:978-0-8014-4086-1
7003:eur-lex.europa.eu
6836:intergovernmental
6808:legal personality
6761:legal personality
6678:
6677:
6649:S: 2 October 1997
6635:Maastricht Treaty
6571:F: 1 January 1960
6565:WEU-CoE agreement
6558:F: 1 January 1958
6527:E: 23 July 2002/—
6525:F: 23 July 1952/—
6489:F: 25 August 1948
6444:Council of Europe
5868:Since the end of
5831:Amending Treaties
5532:German Chancellor
5506:French President
5446:Maastricht Rebels
5440:. Prime Minister
5403:second referendum
5401:), allowed for a
5365:, in the city of
5241:Philippe Maystadt
5222:
5221:
4831:
4830:
4199:Foreign relations
2132:Associated states
1747:Anti-Fraud Office
1466:Anti-Fraud Office
1401:Advocates General
1247:Secretary-General
1131:Council of the EU
1099:Secretary-General
879:Maastricht Treaty
188:a single currency
164:Maastricht Treaty
156:
155:
9172:
8933:Rome Declaration
8773:Greenland (1984)
8717:
8716:
8603:
8602:
8596:
8595:
8560:
8559:
8544:(1951–1993) and
8540:of the European
8531:
8524:
8517:
8508:
8507:
8457:
8442:
8408:
8398:
8369:
8340:
8307:
8278:
8249:
8220:
8191:
8162:
8130:
8089:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8034:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7978:
7972:
7969:
7963:
7960:
7954:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7930:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7844:
7838:
7835:
7829:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7788:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7763:
7757:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7727:
7721:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7622:
7611:
7605:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7481:
7475:
7470:
7468:
7460:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7435:
7430:
7428:
7420:
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7394:
7388:
7387:
7367:
7361:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7337:
7332:and G de Burca,
7326:
7320:
7319:
7303:
7294:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7280:
7278:
7270:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7196:10.4000/osb.5418
7179:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7150:
7144:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7077:
7071:
7055:
7049:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7028:www.euractiv.com
7020:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7009:
6995:
6989:
6982:
6976:
6975:TEU pp. 124, 134
6973:
6967:
6964:
6958:
6955:
6946:
6945:
6925:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6897:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6839:
6804:
6798:
6791:
6785:
6770:
6764:
6753:
6747:
6736:
6730:
6699:
6646:Amsterdam Treaty
6629:F: 26 March 1995
6556:S: 25 March 1957
6514:Paris treaties:
6487:S: 17 March 1948
6457:Entente Cordiale
6449:
6445:
6441:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6326:
6322:
6313:
6310:
6302:
6293:
6288:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6258:
6255:
6248:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6222:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6182:
6175:
6143:
6139:
6121:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6063:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6022:
6018:
6014:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5946:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5914:
5854:Treaty of Lisbon
5778:and Convention.
5772:criminal justice
5747:Yanis Varoufakis
5618:European as the
5424:
5423:
5408:In Ireland, the
5343:(United Kingdom)
5261:Pierre Bérégovoy
5209:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5167:
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5119:
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5028:
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5016:
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5002:
4995:
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4404:
4393:
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4380:
4369:
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4320:
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4308:
4297:
4296:
4285:
4284:
4273:
4272:
4261:
4260:
4249:
4248:
4167:Supranationalism
4074:Area of FS&J
3970:
3969:
3958:
3957:
3946:
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3934:
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3717:
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3548:European parties
3489:
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2789:
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2763:
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2750:
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2672:
2671:
2670:
2659:
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2657:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2539:
2530:Hungarian forint
2528:
2527:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2465:
2464:
2435:
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2291:
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2279:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2195:Eurozone members
2156:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1626:Euratom agencies
1251:Thérèse Blanchet
1149:
1148:
1052:List of meetings
1030:European Council
903:Treaty of Lisbon
769:
768:
747:
746:
725:
724:
713:
712:
701:
700:
689:
688:
677:
676:
665:
664:
653:
652:
641:
640:
617:
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448:
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383:
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370:
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357:
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355:
344:
343:
342:
331:
330:
329:
318:
317:
316:
305:
304:
303:
292:
291:
290:
279:
278:
277:
253:
228:
227:
208:Treaty of Lisbon
145:
144:
130:EU member states
116:Treaty of Lisbon
68:
66:
38:
31:
27:
9180:
9179:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9169:
9090:Monetary policy
9055:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9039:
8992:Prüm Convention
8909:Davignon report
8856:
8819:
8782:
8761:
8704:
8687:
8587:
8549:
8535:
8450:
8445:
8406:
8098:
8096:Further reading
8093:
8092:
8086:
8082:
8069:
8065:
8055:
8053:
8051:
8035:
8028:
8018:
8016:
8007:
8006:
8002:
7992:
7990:
7979:
7975:
7970:
7966:
7961:
7957:
7952:
7948:
7938:
7936:
7933:europarl.europa
7928:
7924:Sokolska, Ina.
7922:
7918:
7908:
7906:
7903:blogs.lse.ac.uk
7895:
7891:
7884:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7845:
7841:
7836:
7832:
7828:TEU, pp. 29, 31
7827:
7823:
7813:
7811:
7789:
7782:
7772:
7770:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7755:
7751:
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7715:
7705:
7703:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7683:
7681:
7673:
7672:
7668:
7658:
7656:
7648:
7647:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7629:
7625:
7613:Aykens, Peter.
7612:
7608:
7600:
7596:
7586:
7584:
7574:
7570:
7560:
7558:
7543:
7539:
7529:
7527:
7513:The World Today
7505:
7501:
7474:|magazine=
7473:
7471:
7462:
7461:
7449:
7445:
7434:|magazine=
7433:
7431:
7422:
7421:
7411:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7368:
7364:
7353:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7327:
7323:
7304:
7297:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7272:
7271:
7251:
7244:
7234:
7232:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7190:(27): 171–194.
7180:
7176:
7166:
7164:
7160:The Independent
7151:
7147:
7132:
7128:
7118:
7116:
7115:. 30 April 2001
7107:
7106:
7102:
7092:
7090:
7078:
7074:
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7052:
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7033:
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7007:
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6909:
6907:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6889:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6820:EU institutions
6805:
6801:
6792:
6788:
6771:
6767:
6754:
6750:
6737:
6733:
6700:
6687:
6681:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6619:Schengen Treaty
6613:
6611:
6609:
6601:
6599:
6592:
6590:
6588:Davignon report
6583:
6581:
6580:S: 8 April 1965
6579:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6547:Rome treaties:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6492:
6491:T: 30 June 2011
6490:
6488:
6486:
6483:Brussels Treaty
6477:
6475:
6473:
6472:S: 4 March 1947
6471:
6462:
6461:S: 8 April 1904
6460:
6447:
6443:
6423:
6343:
6324:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6291:
6286:
6275:
6273:
6253:
6250:
6246:
6236:
6232:
6223:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6180:
6173:
6141:
6137:
6123:
6119:
6107:
6103:
6061:
6048:
6042:
6038:
6020:
6016:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5866:
5833:
5804:
5759:
5739:government debt
5711:
5680:
5648:government debt
5644:annual deficits
5607:
5559:Black Wednesday
5555:
5504:
5499:
5486:
5375:
5331:Carlos Solchaga
5267:Antonis Samaras
5204:
5202:
5191:
5189:
5178:
5176:
5165:
5163:
5114:
5112:
5101:
5099:
5088:
5086:
5075:
5073:
5062:
5060:
5049:
5047:
5036:
5034:
5023:
5021:
4958:
4953:
4890:Structural Fund
4865:(ECSC) and the
4851:
4827:
4798:
4794:Other countries
4782:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4737:
4729:
4728:
4715:
4687:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4191:
4190:
4121:Pro-Europeanism
4047:
4039:
4038:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3587:
3582:
3563:Spitzenkandidat
3538:
3528:
3527:
3501:
3496:
3485:
3483:
3472:
3470:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3084:
3082:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3042:Prüm Convention
3038:
3027:
3025:
3014:
3012:
3001:
2999:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2967:
2965:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2900:
2889:
2887:
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2874:
2863:
2861:
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2822:
2811:
2809:
2798:
2796:
2785:
2783:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2757:
2746:
2744:
2733:
2731:
2720:
2718:
2707:
2705:
2694:
2692:
2681:
2679:
2668:
2666:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2588:
2583:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2467:Paschal Donohoe
2459:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2198:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2163:
2152:
2150:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2076:
2065:
2063:
2052:
2050:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2011:
2000:
1998:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1948:
1946:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1920:
1909:
1907:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1842:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1790:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1771:Euratom members
1767:
1757:
1756:
1728:
1723:
1693:
1690:Advisory bodies
1686:
1673:
1668:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1544:Investment Fund
1539:Investment Bank
1535:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1346:Vice Presidents
1290:
1284:
1277:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1084:Vice Presidents
1065:
1058:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1001:
996:
981:
976:
975:
966:
961:
960:
931:
926:
925:
920:
831:Treaty of Paris
820:
810:
809:
808:
775:
763:
760:
753:
741:
738:
731:
719:
707:
703:North Macedonia
695:
683:
671:
659:
647:
635:
632:
625:
624:
613:
611:
600:
598:
587:
585:
574:
572:
561:
559:
548:
546:
535:
533:
522:
520:
509:
507:
496:
494:
483:
481:
470:
468:
457:
455:
444:
442:
431:
429:
418:
416:
405:
403:
392:
390:
379:
377:
366:
364:
353:
351:
340:
338:
327:
325:
314:
312:
301:
299:
288:
286:
275:
273:
268:
244:
142:
121:
86:1 November 1993
64:
62:
53:Founding treaty
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9178:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
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9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9050:
9049:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9031:
9025:
9019:
9013:
9007:
9001:
8995:
8989:
8983:
8980:PFI Convention
8977:
8971:
8966:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8918:
8912:
8906:
8900:
8894:
8888:
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8805:
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8781:
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8775:
8769:
8767:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8723:
8721:
8714:
8710:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8702:
8695:
8693:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8685:
8679:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8658:
8652:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8609:
8607:
8600:
8593:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8579:
8573:
8566:
8564:
8557:
8551:
8550:
8534:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8494:
8486:
8478:
8472:
8463:
8449:
8448:External links
8446:
8444:
8443:
8417:(27): 92-102.
8399:
8381:(7): 753–767.
8370:
8352:(7): 825–841.
8341:
8323:(7): 699–715.
8308:
8290:(7): 735–751.
8279:
8261:(7): 717–734.
8250:
8232:(7): 809–824.
8221:
8203:(7): 791–808.
8192:
8174:(7): 843–858.
8163:
8145:(7): 685–698.
8134:
8131:
8113:(7): 769–789.
8099:
8097:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8080:
8063:
8049:
8026:
8000:
7973:
7964:
7955:
7946:
7916:
7889:
7882:
7864:
7857:
7839:
7830:
7821:
7780:
7758:
7749:
7722:
7713:
7691:
7666:
7641:
7632:
7623:
7606:
7594:
7568:
7537:
7499:
7443:
7389:
7378:(2): 359–372.
7362:
7347:
7338:
7321:
7295:
7242:
7217:
7174:
7145:
7126:
7100:
7072:
7050:
7041:
7015:
6990:
6977:
6968:
6959:
6947:
6940:
6917:
6905:European Union
6891:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6865:
6864:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6799:
6786:
6780:(TEU) and the
6765:
6748:
6731:
6684:
6683:
6676:
6675:
6666:
6664:
6655:
6653:
6644:
6642:
6633:
6631:
6616:
6614:
6612:F: 1 July 1987
6604:
6602:
6595:
6593:
6586:
6584:
6582:F: 1 July 1967
6575:
6573:
6562:
6560:
6546:
6544:
6531:
6529:
6513:
6511:
6495:
6493:
6480:
6478:
6468:Dunkirk Treaty
6465:
6463:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6329:
6315:
6314:
6297:
6294:
6283:
6279:
6260:
6259:
6243:
6239:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6193:
6185:
6184:
6177:
6174:Schengen Rules
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6066:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6045:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6017:European Union
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5934:T: termination
5901:European Union
5865:
5862:
5832:
5829:
5803:
5800:
5758:
5755:
5710:
5707:
5679:
5676:
5672:interest rates
5606:
5603:
5567:pound sterling
5554:
5553:The ERM crises
5551:
5543:Karl Otto Pöhl
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5485:
5482:
5427:Jacques Delors
5374:
5371:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5314:
5304:
5294:
5284:
5274:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5200:
5198:United Kingdom
5187:
5174:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5124:
5123:
5110:
5097:
5084:
5071:
5058:
5045:
5032:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:Pound sterling
4874:Treaty of Rome
4850:
4847:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4790:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4738:
4736:Defunct bodies
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4311:Czech Republic
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4231:Defence Policy
4228:
4226:Foreign Policy
4223:
4216:
4215:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:Euroscepticism
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4029:Recommendation
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3720:Czech Republic
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Constituencies
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3481:
3468:
3452:Non-EU members
3450:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3193:Czech Republic
3183:
3171:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3094:
3080:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3023:
3010:
2997:
2981:Non-EU members
2979:
2977:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2794:
2781:
2768:
2755:
2742:
2729:
2716:
2714:Czech Republic
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2159:United Kingdom
2148:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2035:
2022:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1851:Czech Republic
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:of the Euratom
1661:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1509:Euro banknotes
1506:
1501:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1303:Largest groups
1300:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:Configurations
1165:
1156:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1008:
997:
995:
994:
988:
979:Other treaties
977:
967:
962:
932:
927:
921:
919:
918:
917:
916:
911:
900:
894:
891:Treaty of Nice
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
855:Euratom Treaty
852:
849:Treaty of Rome
846:
840:
834:
828:
821:
816:
815:
812:
811:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
774:
773:
754:
752:
751:
732:
730:
729:
717:
705:
693:
681:
669:
657:
645:
626:
623:
622:
609:
596:
583:
570:
557:
544:
531:
518:
505:
492:
479:
466:
453:
440:
427:
414:
401:
388:
375:
362:
349:
347:Czech Republic
336:
323:
310:
297:
284:
270:
269:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
246:
245:
240:
237:
236:
223:currency union
204:federal Europe
168:European Union
154:
153:
138:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
113:
110:Treaty of Nice
107:
101:
94:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9177:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9047:
9042:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8921:London report
8919:
8916:
8913:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8898:
8895:
8892:
8889:
8886:
8882:
8879:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8863:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8836:
8835:Western Union
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8822:
8815:
8812:
8809:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8718:
8715:
8711:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8690:
8683:
8680:
8677:
8674:
8671:
8668:
8665:
8662:
8659:
8656:
8653:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8641:
8638:
8635:
8632:
8629:
8626:
8623:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8604:
8601:
8597:
8594:
8590:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8552:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8532:
8527:
8525:
8520:
8518:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8479:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8462:at Wikisource
8461:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8405:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8135:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8084:
8076:
8075:
8067:
8052:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8033:
8031:
8014:
8010:
8004:
7988:
7987:parliament.uk
7984:
7977:
7968:
7959:
7950:
7934:
7927:
7920:
7904:
7900:
7893:
7885:
7879:
7875:
7868:
7860:
7854:
7850:
7843:
7834:
7825:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7787:
7785:
7768:
7762:
7753:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7717:
7701:
7695:
7680:
7676:
7670:
7655:
7651:
7645:
7636:
7627:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7603:
7598:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7541:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7503:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7479:
7466:
7465:cite magazine
7459:. Article 20.
7458:
7454:
7447:
7439:
7426:
7425:cite magazine
7418:
7414:
7407:
7404:(in German).
7403:
7399:
7393:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7366:
7360:
7356:
7351:
7342:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7300:
7291:
7276:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7247:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7178:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7138:
7137:
7130:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7076:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7054:
7045:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6987:
6981:
6972:
6966:TEU pp. 13–14
6963:
6954:
6952:
6943:
6941:92-824-0959-7
6937:
6933:
6932:
6924:
6922:
6906:
6902:
6896:
6892:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6851:
6837:
6833:
6832:supranational
6829:
6825:
6824:member states
6821:
6817:
6813:
6810:and that the
6809:
6803:
6796:
6795:three pillars
6790:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6685:
6682:
6669:
6668:Lisbon Treaty
6658:
6654:
6651:F: 1 May 1999
6647:
6643:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6574:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6542:F: 6 May 1955
6538:
6537:
6530:
6521:
6517:
6512:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6408:
6406:
6401:
6400:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6327:
6325:Western Union
6321:
6316:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6289:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6229:
6221:
6214:
6213:
6207:
6199:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6176:
6168:
6165:
6152:
6145:
6140:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6064:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6041:
6035:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6019:
6013:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5968:
5951:
5950:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5706:
5702:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5656:exchange rate
5651:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5575:exchange rate
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5539:Deutsche Mark
5536:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5494:
5490:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5438:Conservatives
5435:
5430:
5428:
5418:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5379:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5341:Francis Maude
5338:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5313:(Netherlands)
5312:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5277:Gerry Collins
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5201:
5199:
5188:
5186:
5175:
5173:
5162:
5161:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5122:
5111:
5109:
5098:
5096:
5085:
5083:
5072:
5070:
5059:
5057:
5046:
5044:
5033:
5031:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4891:
4888:, expand the
4887:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4846:
4844:
4843:globalisation
4840:
4836:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4213:Josep Borrell
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:Customs Union
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4001:ECJ Case 6/64
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Apportionment
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3493:
3482:
3480:
3479:Liechtenstein
3469:
3467:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3024:
3022:
3011:
3009:
3008:Liechtenstein
2998:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2964:
2962:
2951:
2949:
2938:
2936:
2925:
2923:
2912:
2910:
2899:
2897:
2886:
2884:
2873:
2871:
2860:
2858:
2847:
2845:
2834:
2832:
2821:
2819:
2808:
2806:
2795:
2793:
2782:
2780:
2769:
2767:
2756:
2754:
2743:
2741:
2730:
2728:
2717:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2691:
2689:
2678:
2676:
2665:
2663:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:Schengen Area
2643:
2642:
2633:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:Swedish krona
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2494:Bulgarian lev
2490:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2149:
2147:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2086:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2060:
2049:
2047:
2036:
2034:
2023:
2021:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1984:
1982:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1956:
1945:
1943:
1932:
1930:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1878:
1867:
1865:
1854:
1852:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1826:
1815:
1813:
1802:
1800:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1609:AFSC agencies
1608:
1606:CFSP agencies
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1548:EIB Institute
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1413:General Court
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:Iratxe García
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:Manfred Weber
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Civil Service
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:Von der Leyen
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
992:
989:
986:
983:
982:
980:
974:
970:
965:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
924:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
861:Merger Treaty
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
819:
814:
813:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
767:
762:
761:
759:
758:
750:
745:
740:
739:
737:
736:
728:
723:
718:
716:
711:
706:
704:
699:
694:
692:
687:
682:
680:
675:
670:
668:
663:
658:
656:
651:
646:
644:
639:
634:
633:
631:
630:
621:
610:
608:
597:
595:
584:
582:
571:
569:
558:
556:
545:
543:
532:
530:
519:
517:
506:
504:
493:
491:
480:
478:
467:
465:
454:
452:
441:
439:
428:
426:
415:
413:
402:
400:
389:
387:
376:
374:
363:
361:
350:
348:
337:
335:
324:
322:
311:
309:
298:
296:
285:
283:
272:
271:
266:
265:Member states
261:
260:
257:
256:
252:
248:
247:
243:
239:
238:
234:
230:
229:
226:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:member states
169:
165:
161:
152:
148:
139:
134:
131:
128:
124:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
32:
26:
22:
8903:Fouchet Plan
8897:Spaak Report
8654:
8414:
8410:
8378:
8374:
8349:
8345:
8320:
8316:
8287:
8283:
8258:
8254:
8229:
8225:
8200:
8196:
8171:
8167:
8142:
8138:
8110:
8104:
8083:
8073:
8066:
8056:29 September
8054:. Retrieved
8039:
8019:29 September
8017:. Retrieved
8012:
8003:
7993:29 September
7991:. Retrieved
7986:
7976:
7967:
7958:
7949:
7939:28 September
7937:. Retrieved
7932:
7919:
7909:29 September
7907:. Retrieved
7902:
7892:
7873:
7867:
7848:
7842:
7833:
7824:
7814:13 September
7812:. Retrieved
7800:
7796:
7773:28 September
7771:. Retrieved
7761:
7752:
7742:21 September
7740:. Retrieved
7735:
7725:
7716:
7706:28 September
7704:. Retrieved
7694:
7682:. Retrieved
7678:
7669:
7657:. Retrieved
7653:
7644:
7635:
7626:
7618:
7609:
7597:
7585:. Retrieved
7571:
7561:21 September
7559:. Retrieved
7554:
7550:
7540:
7530:29 September
7528:. Retrieved
7516:
7512:
7502:
7489:
7446:
7401:
7392:
7375:
7371:
7365:
7350:
7341:
7333:
7324:
7315:
7311:
7275:cite journal
7262:
7258:
7233:. Retrieved
7229:
7220:
7187:
7177:
7165:. Retrieved
7158:
7148:
7135:
7129:
7117:. Retrieved
7103:
7091:. Retrieved
7085:
7075:
7059:
7053:
7044:
7032:. Retrieved
7030:. 7 May 2015
7027:
7018:
7006:. Retrieved
7002:
6993:
6985:
6980:
6971:
6962:
6930:
6908:. Retrieved
6904:
6895:
6802:
6789:
6768:
6751:
6734:
6726:
6710:
6702:
6680:
6634:
6617:
6563:
6532:
6496:
6481:
6466:
6455:
6371:
6367:
6350:
6281:
6241:
6070:
6025:
5973:
5966:
5960:
5955:
5952:supersession
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5888:
5880:
5870:World War II
5867:
5846:Eastern Bloc
5840:(1997), and
5834:
5817:
5813:
5808:subsidiarity
5805:
5780:
5760:
5751:
5720:
5716:Keynesianism
5712:
5703:
5696:
5681:
5671:
5669:
5654:
5652:
5638:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5608:
5591:
5556:
5505:
5491:
5487:
5458:
5431:
5414:
5407:
5388:
5384:
5373:Ratification
5356:
5337:Douglas Hurd
5303:(Luxembourg)
5297:Jacques Poos
5281:Bertie Ahern
5257:Roland Dumas
5237:Mark Eyskens
5231:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4916:
4913:
4901:
4897:subsidiarity
4894:
4883:
4871:
4856:
4852:
4832:
4744:(1958–1993)
4237:
4204:
4084:Agricultural
4007:Subsidiarity
3646:
3584:
3498:
3451:
3118:
3063:
2980:
2585:
2554:Romanian leu
2542:Polish złoty
2518:Danish krone
2506:Czech koruna
2478:
2473:
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8542:Communities
8013:Irish Times
7720:TEU 183–186
7654:www.imf.org
7577:Davis, Evan
7494:Der Spiegel
7457:Der Spiegel
7417:Der Spiegel
7406:Der Spiegel
7336:(2003) 701,
7230:www.cvce.eu
6834:and partly
6774:legal basis
6707:development
6657:Nice Treaty
5535:Helmut Kohl
5469:Grundgesetz
5456:factions).
5363:Netherlands
5351:Theo Waigel
5291:Guido Carli
5121:Netherlands
4956:Signatories
4861:(EEC), the
4479:Netherlands
4162:Integration
4106:Citizenship
3888:Netherlands
3361:Netherlands
3119:EEA members
3034:Switzerland
2883:Netherlands
2389:Netherlands
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2033:Netherlands
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1335:9th session
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8592:Amendments
7971:TEU p. 125
7962:TEU p. 126
7837:TEU, p. 26
7756:TEU p. 190
7679:www.nbb.be
7583:. BBC News
7519:(1): 4–8.
7490:spiegel.de
7402:spiegel.de
7355:JHH Weiler
7285:|via=
7093:7 December
7048:TEU p. 139
6957:TEU pp.3–4
6910:5 February
6719:terminated
6623:Convention
6502:Washington
6309:pillar III
6205:pillar II)
6049:(Pillar I)
5924:S: signing
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5595:Bundesbank
5547:Bundesbank
5442:John Major
5367:Maastricht
5323:(Portugal)
5108:Luxembourg
4941:obligation
4455:Luxembourg
4014:Regulation
3864:Luxembourg
3337:Luxembourg
2857:Luxembourg
2365:Luxembourg
2007:Luxembourg
1618:SRM bodies
1514:Euro coins
1358:Conference
1138:Presidency
914:Article 50
691:Montenegro
503:Luxembourg
221:– for the
151:Wikisource
77:Maastricht
65:1992-02-07
42:Regensburg
8766:Secession
8720:Accession
8661:Amsterdam
8439:255657570
8431:2079-3715
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8366:154236452
8304:153801821
8275:153323835
8246:143773693
8217:153835623
8188:153536178
8159:154286579
8127:153828926
7953:TEU p.124
7730:EUR-Lex.
7639:TUE p. 25
7557:(4): 1335
7345:TEU p. 15
7212:247417281
7204:1775-4135
6254:pillar II
5939:E: expiry
5874:sovereign
5838:Amsterdam
5743:austerity
5731:Euro-zone
5631:Inflation
5569:from the
5516:reflation
5512:Socialist
5465:Bundesrat
5461:Bundestag
5422:petit oui
5395:Edinburgh
5353:(Germany)
5283:(Ireland)
5253:(Denmark)
5243:(Belgium)
4443:Lithuania
4094:Fisheries
4080:Policies
4019:Directive
3852:Lithuania
3536:Elections
3325:Lithuania
3093:(Opt-out)
2844:Lithuania
2455:President
2448:Eurogroup
2353:Lithuania
1994:Lithuania
1660:of the EU
1491:President
1294:President
1190:Eurogroup
1103:Juhansone
1074:President
1037:President
909:Article 7
490:Lithuania
136:Full text
91:Amendment
83:Effective
8831:Brussels
8606:In force
8337:62837487
7630:TUE p. 3
7525:40396436
7163:. London
7139:. p.23.
7113:BBC News
6847:See also
6818:between
6727:de facto
6711:de facto
6504:treaties
5967:de facto
5949:de facto
5877:European
5864:Timeline
5860:(TFEU).
5579:Sterling
5273:(Greece)
5263:(France)
5172:Portugal
4920:Council
4849:Overview
4837:and the
4539:Slovenia
4527:Slovakia
4503:Portugal
4275:Bulgaria
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3409:Slovakia
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2594:Bulgaria
2425:Slovenia
2413:Slovakia
2401:Portugal
2098:Slovenia
2085:Slovakia
2059:Portugal
1812:Bulgaria
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1197:AGRIFISH
923:Opt-outs
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581:Slovakia
555:Portugal
308:Bulgaria
233:a series
73:Location
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8599:General
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6838:nature.
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5577:limit.
5425:', led
5389:In the
5333:(Spain)
5311:Wim Kok
5293:(Italy)
5211:Germany
5082:Ireland
5043:Denmark
5030:Belgium
4695:Ireland
4665:History
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3997:Primacy
3924:Romania
3816:Ireland
3804:Hungary
3780:Germany
3756:Finland
3744:Estonia
3732:Denmark
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3672:Belgium
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3397:Romania
3289:Ireland
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3217:Estonia
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2995:Iceland
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2805:Hungary
2779:Germany
2753:Finland
2740:Estonia
2727:Denmark
2701:Croatia
2675:Belgium
2662:Austria
2624:Romania
2609:Hungary
2604:Denmark
2599:Czechia
2317:Ireland
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2257:Estonia
2233:Croatia
2221:Belgium
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1955:Ireland
1942:Hungary
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1877:Estonia
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1825:Croatia
1799:Belgium
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1765:Euratom
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727:Ukraine
679:Moldova
667:Georgia
643:Albania
568:Romania
451:Ireland
438:Hungary
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386:Finland
373:Estonia
360:Denmark
321:Croatia
295:Belgium
282:Austria
174:of the
63: (
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9030:(2017)
9024:(2014)
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8976:(2000)
8965:(1999)
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8701:(2016)
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8663:(1997)
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8651:(1986)
8645:(1975)
8639:(1970)
8633:(1965)
8631:Merger
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993:(1992)
987:(1985)
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881:(1992)
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8851:Paris
8613:Paris
8546:Union
8435:S2CID
8407:(PDF)
8391:S2CID
8362:S2CID
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8271:S2CID
8242:S2CID
8213:S2CID
8184:S2CID
8155:S2CID
8123:S2CID
7929:(PDF)
7521:JSTOR
7235:7 May
7208:S2CID
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7119:4 May
6887:Notes
6608:(SEA)
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9070:Euro
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8742:1994
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8727:1972
8667:Nice
8619:Rome
8492:CVCE
8484:CVCE
8427:ISSN
8058:2020
8045:ISBN
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