History of the Czech lands

1760: 2355: 2064: 2273: 1016: 744: 3350: 3919: 3315: 1283: 1838: 941: 1745: 1917: 1356: 2134: 2199: 41: 1074: 3386: 1333: 3361: 3336: 730: 1905: 282: 1623: 1672: 1113: 869: 562: 2363: 1512: 3401: 2007: 1101: 3375: 2225: 670: 949: 1459: 1778:– a document granting religious freedoms, signed by Rudolf II. eight years earlier. Ferdinand II did not share the religious benevolence of his predecessors. A year after he was crowned, he prohibited the construction of Protestant ecclesial buildings on royal land. That led to protests among the Protestant nobility – who saw it as a violation of the Letter of Majesty – and the 2019: 2423:

became the first president of the democratic Czechoslovakia. Slovakia's demands for sovereignty were fulfilled at the end of 1992, when the representatives of Czechs and Slovaks agreed to split the Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The official start of the current Czech

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starting at the end of 1920's together with the rise of the National Socialist Party in neighbouring Germany during the 1930s caused increasing tensions between the different nationalist groups in Czechoslovakia. In foreign relations the newly established republic relied heavily on its western allies

1981:

expanding religious freedom and the dissolution of all monastic orders not involved in education, healthcare or science. As part of his centralization efforts, he also pressed for the expansion of German language to all territories under his rule. Both of his wives died relatively young of smallpox

1718:

in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. His son Rudolf II succeeded him in 1576 and in 1583 he moved the royal court to Prague. Thanks to Rudolf's patronage of art, Prague became a major cultural hub of Europe during his reign. He was a reclusive ruler who preferred his hobbies to the daily affairs of

2053:

reinstated the Austrian Empire as one of the Great Powers of Europe in 1815. Francis I was a proponent of conservatism and his policies suppressed all of the emerging liberal and nationalist movements in his Empire. He was the first of Austrian monarchs to widely utilize the secret police and he

1895:

ordering that all Romani people in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown had one of their ears cut off. If they returned after being expelled, all Romani men were to be hanged without a trial. Similar letters patents were published in other territories under his rule and led to mass killings of Romani

1932:

he ensured that all the titles held by him could be inherited by a woman. Charles VI sought the other European powers' approval, which he gained in exchange for various concessions. Regardless, after her father's death, Maria Theresa had to defend her inheritance from the coalition of Prussia,

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under the Hungarian government. The end of the 19th century also was a time of a demographic boom and a rapid urbanization. Population in centers of industry doubled or tripled within a few decades. At the start of the 20th century, Austria's unilateral annexation of Bosnia in 1908 caused the

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The republic of Czechoslovakia was declared in October 1918. It was a democratic presidential republic. In 1920, its defined territory was not inhabited only by Czechs and Slovaks, it contained significant populations of other nationalities: Germans (22.95%), Hungarians (5.47%) and

1258:

was raised in Paris, did not speak any Czech and was widely unpopular among the Czech nobility. John never stayed long in the Czech lands, he traveled all across Europe and took part in multiple military conflicts. While crusading in Lithuania in 1336, John lost his eyesight due to

963:

dynasty. In 880, he moved his residence to Prague Castle, which laid the foundation of the city of Prague that emerged centuries later. He was a vassal to the kings of Great Moravia and was baptised during the christanisation of Great Moravia by St. Cyril and St. Methodius. His son

921:

in 880 and six years after, he expelled the disciples of Methodius after their teacher's death. During his reign, Great Moravia's sphere of influence reached its peak. After his death, the realm was split among his sons and soon after fell to ruin due to infighting and constant

641:, found in what is today Ostrava. Remains of mammoth hunters from 22,000 BCE were also found in the aforementioned Kůlna Cave along with the remains of reindeer hunters and horse hunters, dated to about 10,000 years later. Approximately between 5500 and 4500 BCE, people of the 803:. The winter camp in Mušov was built to house approximately 20,000 soldiers. The Romans were repeatedly at war with the Marcomanni tribe during the first two centuries CE. Germanic towns are described on the Map of Ptolemaios from the 2nd century, e.g. Coridorgis for Jihlava. 2058:

became the Austrian Emperor after him. Because of his frequent seizures, he was not capable of ruling and the actual executive power was held by the Regent's Council. In 1836, one year after his succession, he was crowned the King of Bohemia under the name of Ferdinand V.

1053:, he could not withstand the second invasion of the imperial army and ultimately had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia and recognize Henry III as his sovereign. After Břetislav's death, the infighting among Přemyslids continued – a consequence of 1313:. Charles had been in charge of the administration of Czech Lands since 1333, due to his father's absence and health indisposition. Soon after his coronation as the King of Bohemia and the King of Romans, he settled in Prague and laid the foundations of the 1759: 1446:

continued to effectively rule Bohemia in his stead. Ladislaus died in Prague after fleeing a rebellion in Hungary, aged only seventeen. Many of his contemporaries suspected he was poisoned, but modern examinations of his skeleton proved he died of

1739:

and all effective power was given into the hands of Matthias. After Rudolf II's death in 1612 the royal court moved back to Vienna. Matthias did not have any children – same as his brother Rudolf – and he died six years later, aged 62.

1183:, the first in a line of Habsburg emperors. Rudolf of Habsburg demanded that Ottokar II returns all of the lands he had acquired south of Bohemia. Ottokar refused and waged two wars against the emperor which ended with his death at the 1650:

states in the Holy Roman Empire. Largely Protestant Czech nobility had a favorable view of the Schmalkaldic League's goals and so when in 1546 Ferdinand I ordered the Czech estates to raise their army and march against the Protestant

1554:

were ceded to Matthias Corvinus for the rest of his life and both monarchs were allowed to use the title of King of Bohemia. In 1485, Vladislaus II confirmed right of all Bohemian noblemen and commoners to freely adhere either to

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to the east and – few years later – won the battle of Wogastisburg against the Franks invading the Czech lands from the west. The next state appearing in the Czech lands after the dissolution of the Samo's state was probably the

1414:, but the religious tensions continued on. Although Sigismund became the titular King of Bohemia after Wenceslaus IV's death in 1419, it was not until 1436 that he was recognized by the Czech Estates and he died a year after. 846:

allegedly came to the Czech lands with his entourage and joined with the Slavs to defeat the Avars. Thus the Slavs adopted Samo as their ruler. Later Samo and the Slavs came into conflict with the Frankish empire whose ruler

704:

appeared. This culture got its name from a village near Prague, where the first discovery was made in the 1870s. Many of their burial mounds were uncovered, mostly in central Bohemia. It was followed by the Middle Bronze Age

1347:

In 1355, Charles IV travelled to Rome where he was crowned the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled as the Holy Roman Emperor for over 20 years and managed to secure the title of the King of Romans for his eldest son

815:

once again changed the ethnic composition of the Czech Lands. In the 6th century, Slavic tribes, displaced by Langobard and Thuringian tribes began to move into the Czech Lands from the east. They fought with neighboring

1986:. Although Leopold II only ruled for two years, he spent several weeks in Prague in 1791 and he let himself be crowned the King of Bohemia. The first Czech Industrial Exhibition was prepared in honor of his visit in 1590:

A year after that, in 1516, Vladislaus II died and his ten-year-old son Louis II became the king of both Hungary and Bohemia. In 1521 he refused to pay the agreed annual tribute to the new Ottoman sultan,

1019: 1659:, they did so very reluctantly. The next year the Czech estates refused to gather an army again and rebelled, for which they were punished after the Schmalkaldic League decisively lost the 799:. Following Burebista's demise in 44 BC, his empire crumbled, liberating the lands of the Boii from Dacian rule. Traces of Roman army camps were found in south Moravia, most notably near 493:. Many of the Czech nobles supported the Protestant side and were stripped of their properties as a result. Germanization and recatholicisation of the Czech lands followed. The spread of 1599:, which ended with a decisive defeat of the Hungarian army and Louis II drowned during his attempted retreat. He left no heirs and so the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were inherited by 3304: 2170:

in 1914. Many of the Czech nationalists saw the war as an opportunity for gaining full independence from the Austria-Hungary. Desertion among the Czech conscripts was commonplace and

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invaded Czechoslovakia to prevent further attempts at the reformation of the Communist system. In November 1989, the Velvet Revolution replaced the Communist regime with a democratic

885:

The realm of Great Moravia probably was established in the area of today's Moravia and western Slovakia in the 830s. It saw the rise of the first ever Slavic literary culture in the

1802:

could not join the revolt happening in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and in Austria. After dealing with the Austrian rebels, Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the

1663:. As a result, Ferdinand I managed to strengthen his position in the Land of the Bohemian Crown, limit city privileges and begin the process of recatholicization by inviting the 501:. After 1848, the leading representatives of the Czech National Revival increased their political efforts to gain more autonomy for the Czech lands within the Habsburg Monarchy. 1883:

took place between 1678 and 1696 resulting in almost 100 dead. More protests against the increased corvée occurred, but all in vain. In 1705, Leopold I's rule ended and his son

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lasted for the next half-a-century. The policies suppressing the National Revival in the Czech lands under the Austrian government continued, as well as the suppression of the

1806:, near Prague. Widespread confiscation of property followed, which was then sold to loyal nobles, often of foreign origin. Ferdinand II also had the 27 leaders of the revolt 572:

A simple chopper – left by the ancestors of the present-day Homo Sapiens – dated to 800,000 BCE was uncovered in Red Hill in Brno. First evidence of human camps was found in

2179: 1567:. After Matthias Corvinus died in 1490, Vladislaus II was elected the King of Hungary and gained all the territories he ceded 30 years earlier. From then on he ruled from 1953:, she established compulsory secular primary schools, but also state censorship of books that were deemed to be against the Catholic religion. Because of her marriage to 1171:. This plan failed because of Vladislaus's premature death in the year after. Wenceslaus I then decided for the invasion of Austria and he was successful. His successor, 2128: 1937:, that broke out mere weeks after her coronation in 1740. She ultimately managed to defend her title, but paid for it with the loss of Silesia, which became a part of 1827: 1617: 1488: 1406:, rector of the University of Prague and a popular church reformist. After Jan Hus refused to retract his teachings, he was burnt alive at stake, which prompted the 1876: 1814:

were some of the territories that were hit the hardest by the devastating Thirty Years' War. The war continued even after Ferdinand II's death during the reign of

446:. The most notable of the Luxembourg rulers was Charles IV, who was elected the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He established the Archbishopric of Prague and 1538:, who was offered the throne of Bohemia by George of Poděbrady himself. After ten years of fighting, the Bohemian-Hungarian War finally ended by signing of the 1202:, the king of Poland, was murdered and Wenceslaus II gained the Polish crown for himself. At the end of the 13th century, huge deposits of silver were found in 3297: 1859:. Ferdinand III continued the recatholicization and centralization policies of his father. After his death in 1657, he was succeeded by his only surviving son 1475:

In 1458, the estates of Bohemia elected George of Poděbrady as the new King of Bohemia. He had a difficult role trying to maintain a fragile peace between the

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Wild, Eva M.; et al. (2006). "Chapter 7: C dating of early Upper Palaeolithic human and faunal remains from Mladeč". In Teschler-Nicola, Maria (ed.).

310: 2119:. The Czech representatives who hoped for a similar increase in autonomy were left out and the Czech lands remained firmly under the control of Austria. 1711: 1794:

as their new king and gathered an army in preparation of war. They were joined by Lutheran nobility in Austria. Ferdinand II asked his Spanish relative

1230:

challenged Wenceslaus III's rule in Poland and conquered Krakow in 1306. Before Wenceslaus III could start his retaliation campaign, he was murdered in

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succeeded him. Joseph I planned to enact many administrative reforms, most of which he did not get the chance to finish, due to his premature death of

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for the title of the King of Romans. He ultimately surrendered the title to Sigismund in exchange for keeping Bohemia. In 1414, Sigismund called the

721:, where a rare bronze statue of a bull was found. Many of these archeological sites were occupied by multiple cultures throughout the ancient times. 615: 1595:

and executed his ambassadors. War ensued, Belgrade fell to Ottoman hands the same year. In 1526, Louis II led his forces against Suleiman I in the

713:

is blanket term for various Late Bronze Age cultures dating from c. 1300-800 BC who cremated their dead and buried the urns with their ashes. The

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started to rule with her as a co-ruler and since 1780 as the sole ruler. He enforced many reforms, among the most notable are the abolition of

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was the last culture of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The key archeological site of the Hallstatt culture in the Czech Lands is the

3335: 2483: 1386:, who had become the King of Hungary. In 1400, Wenceslaus IV was deposed as the Holy Roman Emperor, mainly due to his failure to address the 1774:, Archduke of Austria. The Diets of Bohemia confirmed Ferdinand's position as Matthias' successor only after he had promised to respect the 1198:, who married Ottokar II's widow. In 1290, Wenceslaus II had Záviš beheaded for alleged treason and began ruling independently. Year later, 1167:

died in 1246 without male heirs, Wenceslaus I tried to secure the Austrian lands by marrying his eldest son Vladislaus to Frederick's niece

3481: 347:, which lasted approximately until 2000 BCE. The most widely known culture present in the Czech lands during the pre-historical era is the 220: 1390:. Two years later, Wenceslaus IV was briefly imprisoned again, this time by his brother Sigismund, who looted Moravia. After the death of 4357: 3896: 3891: 3886: 190: 180: 165: 2246:

of Great Britain and France. That proved to be a mistake as in 1938, both allied countries agreed to Hitler's demands and co-signed the

371:. Before the beginning of the Common Era the Celts were mostly pushed out by Germanic tribes. The most notable of those tribes were the 4103: 2100: 1504: 634: 486: 4923: 4310: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3474: 2473: 2349: 2341: 2219: 1191: 855:

in 631, in which the newly established Realm of Samo successfully defended its autonomy. The realm disintegrated after Samo's death.

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the state. In 1605 Rudolf II was forced by his other family members to cede the rule of Hungary to his younger brother Archduke

512:

of 1915, the Czech and Slovak representatives declared their goal of creating a common state, based on the right of a people to

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in Latin), meaning the core territories no longer belonged to a king or a dynasty but to the Bohemian monarchy (crown) itself.

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and were repelled. Maria Theresa was not able to regain Silesia and the war ended in a draw. She tried to follow the ideas of

4273: 4037: 3954: 3431: 3143: 2850: 2675: 767:), which later turned into Bohemia. Before the start of the 1st century CE, they were pushed out by various Germanic tribes ( 4916: 3964: 3959: 3579: 3349: 3258: 2693:"On landscapes, maps and Upper Paleolithic lifestyles in the central European corridor: the images of Pavlov and Předmostí" 2468: 1251: 537: 245: 1844: 5323: 4872: 3813: 3776: 3612: 2317: 2305: 2301: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2186:. When the World War I ended in 1918, the Kingdom of Bohemia officially ceased to exist and a new democratic republic of 2182:, the Czech and Slovak representatives declared their goal of creating a common state, based on the right of a people to 2116: 1175:, continued the expansion of the realm. He gained more territory south of Austria and led two crusades against the pagan 1163:

at the start of 1240s. He managed to defend Bohemia, but Moravian lands were heavily plundered. When the Duke of Austria

296: 132: 23: 2154: 5058: 4726: 4216: 4179: 4149: 4012: 3739: 2108: 1394:– who had replaced Wenceslaus as the King of Romans – Wenceslaus IV competed with his brother Sigismund and his cousin 4988: 4174: 4154: 3718: 3246: 3236: 3226: 3055: 2828: 2579: 2554: 2456: 2374: 1815: 1691: 1439: 525: 2304:

was proclaimed. During the World War II – given the high level of industrialization of pre-war Czechoslovakia – the

1642:– who was the Holy Roman Emperor at the same time – had to deal with not only the Ottoman threat, but also with the 4857: 4452: 4283: 4169: 4164: 4052: 4027: 3704: 3424: 1864: 1771: 1580: 1140: 992:. Boleslaus I expanded the Duchy of Bohemia eastwards conquering the lands of Moravia and Silesia and areas around 439: 1564: 544:

and the formation of separate states. In 1999, the Czech Republic joined Nato and in 2004, became a member of the

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became the first communist president. He nationalized the country's industry and collectivized its farms to form

2345: 2293: 1868: 1779: 1676: 1635: 1600: 1572: 230: 2096: 965: 407:, two scholars from Greece, brought Christianity to the Great Moravia and established the first Slavic script – 4669: 4502: 4440: 4184: 3978: 3806: 3658: 2451: 2063: 1999: 1983: 1897: 1287: 1276: 1062: 658: 2308:

served as a major hub of military production for Germany. The oppression of ethnic Czechs increased after the

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in 1866, the Hungarian representatives forced Francis Joseph I to end his absolutist rule over Hungary in the

897:

that is today used in Russia and many countries in eastern Europe and central Asia. Glagolitic was created by

359:– who came during the 5th century BCE – are the first people known by name. One of the Celtic tribes were the 5302: 5195: 5008: 4877: 4786: 4303: 4198: 4113: 4071: 4005: 3908: 3637: 3509: 1970: 1880: 1860: 1791: 1639: 1383: 1243: 1227: 1164: 1046: 1005: 996:. He stopped paying tribute to the Saxon king igniting a war which he lost and was forced to recognize Saxon 952: 630: 565: 541: 263: 733: 584:

in central Moravia, with the estimated age of 120,000 years. More stone tools and the skeletal remains of a

5261: 5033: 4083: 3597: 3557: 3191: 2289: 1884: 1720: 1298: 1168: 989: 886: 646: 2041:, Francis I lost many of his territories and soon after, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, replaced by the 842:– the Slavic tribes revolted against the oppression of the Avars. During this time, the Frankish merchant 621:

The archeological site in Předmostí at Přerov represents the largest accumulation of human remains of the

611: 450:, the first university north of the Alps and east of Paris. The start of the 15th century saw the rise of 4836: 4831: 4447: 4278: 4248: 4144: 3876: 3550: 3538: 2229: 1954: 1576: 1322: 898: 215: 122: 2272: 1038: 5276: 5228: 5120: 5115: 4892: 4887: 4343: 4238: 4047: 2042: 1958: 1934: 1929: 1391: 2512: 2075:

Throughout the 19th century, the nationalist tendencies and movements in the Czech lands known as the

743: 4862: 4616: 4577: 4042: 3903: 3767: 3749: 3467: 3400: 2215: 2138: 2104: 2068: 2038: 1807: 1748: 1264: 1226:. Wenceslaus III abandoned his claim to the Hungarian throne, seeing that his rule was only nominal. 1195: 1160: 1125: 1030: 1015: 913:

who invited them to introduce literacy and a legal system to Great Moravia. His nephew and successor

718: 331:– starts approximately 800 years BCE. A simple chopper from that age was discovered at the Red Hill ( 208: 1430:, who died shortly after. The claim to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown was passed to his unborn son 1370:

Wenceslaus IV did not share the governance abilities of his father. In 1393, the torture and murder

1218:. Wenceslaus II married his son Wenceslaus III to Andrew III's only daughter and had him crowned in 422:, who founded the Duchy of Bohemia. The duchy existed largely within the sphere of influence of the 5233: 5080: 3763: 2624: 1803: 1584: 1531: 1431: 1349: 1121: 1058: 520:

became a reality. The so-called First Republic lasted for 20 years, cut short by the advent of the

1896:

people. After Joseph I's premature death in 1711, the Austrian throne went to his younger brother

1810:

and strengthened the royal power over the estates. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown and especially

737: 5238: 5200: 4867: 4525: 4319: 3312: 2823:; Literature : Dušan Třeštík: "Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530-935)" , 1997, 1571:. Although Vladislaus II was married three times, he only had two children late in his life: son 1487:. Despite his efforts, he ultimately did not succeed and in 1465, the catholic nobles formed the 1242:

Wenceslaus III was the last male member of the main branch of Přemyslids. The Holy Roman Emperor

1184: 1156: 917:'s diplomacy was oriented more towards Rome. Great Moravia was taken under the protection of the 2692: 1871:. Leopold continued waging wars with Ottomans and France throughout his long rule. He increased 5180: 4691: 4520: 3669: 3050:

David Crowe (2004): A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia (Palgrave Macmillan)

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as the King of Hungary. Four years later, Wenceslaus II died – only 33 years old – probably of

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in south Moravia along with many other artifacts from that time. Another Venus figurine is the

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opened the possibility of gaining full independence and formation of a sovereign state. In the

498: 403:. The center of its power lay in the area of Moravia and present-day western Slovakia. In 863, 3374: 2092: 2023: 1463: 1443: 1219: 893:, the first alphabet dedicated to a Slavic language. Glagolitic was later simplified into the 638: 577: 390:

tribes. The year of 623 marks the formation of the first known state in the Czech lands, when

5150: 5110: 5090: 5070: 4973: 4771: 4636: 4324: 4108: 3241:

Skilling Gordon. 'Czechoslovakia's Interrupted Revolution', Princeton University Press 1976,

3138:(in Czech) (1st ed.). Karviná. pp. 17–25, 33–45, 70–96, 100–140, 159–184, 187–199. 1837: 1268: 1211: 1172: 1155:, which over time significantly altered the language composition of the Czech Lands. His son 1117: 1078: 839: 517: 482: 286: 2292:

lasted only half-a-year before its full dismemberment before the start of World War II. The

1660: 351:, leaving traces for about five centuries from the end of the Stone Age to the start of the 5333: 5266: 5085: 4826: 4821: 4761: 4696: 4601: 3846: 3023: 2650:

A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia

2309: 2034: 1978: 1950: 1916: 1783: 1744: 1732: 1652: 1423: 1399: 1136: 1065:) who were awarded lifetime titles of kings by the Holy Roman Emperors for their services. 910: 701: 654: 490: 435: 348: 170: 137: 55: 3871: 1945:, the Prussians invaded Bohemia again and laid siege to Prague, but subsequently lost the 1129: 980:(later proclaimed a saint by the Catholic Church) ruled from 921 and had to submit to the 442:. The Přemyslid dynasty died out at the start of the 14th century and was replaced by the 8: 5286: 5271: 5218: 5165: 5160: 5135: 4993: 4791: 4721: 4664: 4581: 4407: 3625: 2441: 2171: 2112: 1991: 1942: 1856: 1795: 1643: 1336: 1247: 1001: 973: 972:

used the collapse of Great Moravia and in 895 swore allegiance to the East Frankish king

890: 817: 693: 689: 681: 509: 467: 451: 404: 5256: 4908: 2198: 2133: 1596: 1379: 1321:, the first university north of Alps and east of Paris. He also legally established the 1050: 1049:

hoping to gain a full autonomy for the Duchy of Bohemia. Despite the initial success in

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near Brno which dates to about 200,000 years after that. Stone tools were found in the

471: 5190: 5140: 5100: 5053: 5048: 5038: 5023: 5018: 5013: 4998: 4983: 4978: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4897: 4801: 4585: 4537: 4532: 4435: 4425: 4382: 4374: 4211: 3735: 3684: 3675: 3631: 3231:

Lukes, Igor. 'Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler', Oxford University Press 1996,

3153: 2202: 2183: 2050: 2011: 1763: 1680: 1535: 1318: 1255: 1215: 1180: 1144: 1086: 985: 513: 447: 443: 2080: 1946: 1941:. That was the ended the unity of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. In 1757 during the 1684: 1375: 1355: 1272: 1263:, which earned him the nickname John the Blind. A year later he took the side of King 940: 592: 5281: 5223: 5185: 5175: 5155: 5145: 5130: 5125: 5105: 5075: 5043: 5028: 5003: 4939: 4776: 4751: 4731: 4711: 4701: 4591: 4573: 4542: 4475: 4392: 4366: 4253: 3416: 3242: 3232: 3222: 3139: 3051: 2846: 2824: 2671: 2649: 2575: 2550: 2398: 2313: 1775: 1703: 1694:

succeeded Ferdinand I in 1562 and – like his father – ruled from Vienna. He approved

1500: 1427: 1073: 1054: 1034: 894: 714: 697: 475: 463: 427: 408: 240: 160: 126: 40: 2033:'s army attacked Austria and defeated the Austrian and Russian army in the decisive 1710:

Protestants into account. He also showed his religious tolerance by reaffirming the

1332: 596: 5170: 5095: 5065: 4766: 4681: 4626: 4596: 4547: 4507: 4490: 4480: 4415: 4387: 4268: 4243: 2746: 2710: 2700: 2378: 2242: 1799: 1728: 1724: 1656: 1539: 1452: 1411: 1395: 1314: 977: 935: 906: 812: 710: 674: 438:

was granted the hereditary title of king for his service to the Holy Roman Emperor

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in 1942. After Germany's defeat in 1945, the vast majority of ethnic Germans were

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tribes at the start of the Iron Age. The most prominent tribe in Bohemia were the

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After Sigismunds's death the title of the King of Bohemia went to his son-in-law

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in order to maintain his ducal authority. He was murdered by his younger brother

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ascended the Czech throne in 1471. They ruled for half a century before the king

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was granted a hereditary title of the King of Bohemia by the Holy Roman Emperor

618:, making south Moravia one of the most important archeological areas in Europe. 604: 4756: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4716: 4706: 4621: 4564: 4457: 4420: 4233: 3918: 3829: 3589: 3448: 3314: 2429: 2410: 2187: 2175: 2159: 2084: 1892: 1702:

in Latin) – a new document confirming religious freedoms – replacing the older

1603:

from the House of Habsburg, as was agreed during the First Congress of Vienna.

1448: 1306: 1045:

led many ambitious conquests and later revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor

792: 545: 423: 332: 328: 268: 3748:ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the 2397:. The Czechoslovakia remained under the rule of the Communist Party until the 1848: 1579:. Vladislaus II's two children married two children of the Holy Roman Emperor 1199: 1042: 783:

established an empire that extended its reach into the lands of the Boii. The

5317: 4852: 4651: 4221: 3866: 3759: 3393: 3270: 3264: 2446: 2390: 2247: 1921: 1736: 1735:

between the two brothers ultimately resulted in Rudolf's imprisonment at the

1622: 1519: 1402:, which finally resolved the Papal Schism. It also condemned the teaching of 1340: 1179:. He was hoping to gain the Imperial crown, but lost in the 1273 election to 1176: 923: 880: 688:

in the south were the predominant cultures in the Czech Lands throughout the

685: 412: 400: 112: 2738: 2664:

Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: The Mladeč Caves and their Remains

2250:, stripping the Czechoslovakia of its borderlands, leaving it indefensible. 2103:. Ferdinand I was forced to abdicate and his successor was his young nephew 1592: 1203: 1105: 581: 573: 4811: 4641: 4512: 4430: 4095: 3724: 3532: 2386: 2297: 1671: 1664: 1496: 1407: 1387: 1223: 902: 610:

tusks with complex engravings (again around 30,000 BCE) were found both in

529: 521: 459: 376: 225: 142: 3798: 2424:

Republic was set on 1 January 1993. The Czech Republic became a member of

1305:. Charles IV was the pope's preferred candidate and he was crowned as the 1112: 960: 868: 4796: 4674: 4659: 4631: 4467: 3944: 3544: 3319: 3028: 2705: 2394: 2285: 2167: 1987: 1909: 1560: 1206:, which allowed him to start issuing vast amounts of silver coins called 1152: 914: 873: 585: 561: 533: 505: 494: 387: 195: 2773: 497:

during the late 18th century went hand in hand with the movement of the

4559: 4226: 3856: 2715: 2385:

inspired by the Soviet model. Czechoslovakia thus became a part of the

2362: 2238: 2146: 2018: 1638:, postponing the Ottoman expansion attempts. Ferdinand and his brother 1260: 997: 848: 768: 622: 419: 372: 352: 88: 74: 4258: 2751: 1511: 661:, which coexisted in the Czech Lands during the end of the Stone Age. 4606: 4206: 2006: 1867:

in 1663 the Turkish army invaded Moravia before being stopped in the

1707: 1556: 1382:

and was only released after an intervention from his younger brother

1100: 824:

and frequently raided the Slavic lands and even the Frankish Empire.

780: 344: 343:. Many different primitive cultures left their traces throughout the 4335: 2099:. The efforts of the Czech National Revival first peaked during the 1982:

and because he had no sons, he was succeeded by his younger brother

1872: 1630:

After the Battle of Mohács, the Ottomans were unsuccessful in their

993: 540:. Three years later, Czech and Slovak representatives agreed to the 4816: 4611: 3647: 2296:

declared its independence from Czechoslovakia and became Germany's

2224: 2030: 1957:, all of her children were considered to be members of a new joint 1888: 1647: 1587:, tying the House of Jagiellon and the House of Habsburg together. 1476: 1410:. The religious military conflicts stopped in 1434 with the battle 1023: 948: 918: 821: 796: 788: 776: 516:. After the capitulation of Austria-Hungary three years later, the 1442:. Although he was crowned the King of Bohemia in 1453, his regent 800: 4686: 4497: 3782: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3367: 3342: 2416: 2382: 1974: 1938: 1841: 1811: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1480: 1403: 1360: 1231: 1148: 969: 669: 607: 455: 1458: 1378:– sparked a noble rebellion. He was imprisoned for two years at 1151:

until the end of World War I. His reign marked the start of the

3772: 2389:. Attempts at a reformation of the political system during the 2277: 1995: 1364: 1798:

for help. Spanish army in the Netherlands made sure forces of

528:

took power in 1948, and Czechoslovakia became a member of the

485:, the religious and political tensions grew, resulting in the 394:

united the local Slavic tribes, defended their lands from the

1438:. He was raised at the court of his distant relative Emperor 981: 784: 772: 752: 356: 68: 64: 3277:

History and archaeology of Czech Republic and central Europe

3221:

Heimann, Mary. 'Czechoslovakia: The State That Failed' 2009

2205:, philosopher, Czechoslovak president in the years 1918-1935 1969:

After the death of Maria Theresa's husband in 1765, her son

588:

man were found at the same site in a 50,000-year-old layer.

430:. The duchy sided with the Roman Catholic Church during the 4000: 3861: 3851: 2623:. Cave Administration of the Czech Republic. Archived from 2425: 1715: 1568: 1310: 959:

Bořivoj from Levý Hradec was the first known member of the

843: 833: 756: 645:

resided in Czech lands. Their settlement was discovered in

391: 360: 340: 60: 3024:"Hon na čarodějnice (Toulky Českou minulostí - Příspěvek)" 1782:

in 1618, which sparked the conflict that would become the

1190:

The crown was passed to his 6-year-old son Wenceslaus II.

4938: 3192:"EU, NATO, Schengen and Eurozone member states in Europe" 1530:

After the king George's death, the war was continued by

2369:, playwright, dissident and president from 1989 to 2003 968:

together with the head of another major Bohemian tribe

851:

wanted to extend his rule to the east. That led to the

3446: 3276: 2129:

History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)

1855:

In 1648, the Thirty Years' War finally ended with the

1828:

History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)

1618:

History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)

1343:, John of Luxembourg laid the foundation stone in 1344 696:

represented the transition from the Copper Age to the

1033:, the Duchy of Bohemia formally became a part of the 2393:

of 1968 were ended by the invasion of armies of the

1626:

The extent of the Protestant Reformation (1545–1620)

1499:, which gave a justification for the Hungarian king 649:

near Kutná hora. Their culture was succeeded by the

603:. Human remains from 30,000 years BCE were found in 363:(plural), who gave the Czech lands their first name 327:– an area roughly corresponding to the present-day 3259:Czech description read Radio Prague online history 1821: 1766:(1592-1670), Czech philosopher and school reformer 1194:ruled as a regent in his stead, later replaced by 1091:History of the Czech lands in the High Middle Ages 591:Human remains from 45,000 years ago were found in 1933:Bavaria, France, Spain, Saxony and Poland in the 1646:which formed in 1531 to advance the interests of 1518:at the Prague Castle, built from 1490 to 1502 by 386:, the Czech lands were ultimately settled by the 5315: 2079:slowly grew, led by activists such as linguists 1714:– a document providing legal protection for the 1250:married his son John to Wenceslaus III's sister 811:The following centuries of what is known as the 462:and the religious split that followed them. The 454:sentiments in the Czech lands. The execution of 3279:– Czech published academic journal (in English) 1210:. In 1301, another neighbouring monarch died – 1004:was founded in 973 during the reign of his son 791:but also held sway over regions of present-day 3717:ČSR; boundaries and government established by 2327: 1998:for the occasion. Leopold II was succeeded by 1491:and challenged his rule. A year after, he was 1317:expanding the capitol. In 1348 he founded the 4924: 4351: 3814: 3432: 3298: 2484:List of prime ministers of the Czech Republic 1964: 1466:, one of the first promoters of united Europe 304: 2513:"The oldest Palaeolithic industry in Europe" 1606: 926:raids during the start of the 10th century. 664: 3828: 2162:and prompted the eventual assassination of 1755:in Prague, 1621 (contemporary illustration) 901:, who arrived in Great Moravia in 863 from 415:invasion at the start of the 10th century. 4931: 4917: 4358: 4344: 3821: 3807: 3680:1944 / 1946 – 1991 3439: 3425: 3305: 3291: 3158:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2845:. Prague: Charles University. p. 69. 1928:Charles VI had no male heirs and with the 1363:, a religious reformer and philosopher in 1022:from the beginning of the 12th century on 311: 297: 2799:"Opravte dějepis, Řím sahal až na Moravu" 2750: 2714: 2704: 2474:List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia 1254:and secured for him the Bohemian throne. 1037:. After a period of dynastic infighting, 787:occupation primarily affected modern-day 568:, the oldest ceramic article in the world 524:. Following the end of World War II, the 3273:– from Catholic and German point of view 3267:– from Catholic and German point of view 3216:Historical dictionary of the Czech State 2936: 2934: 2743:PALEO. Revue d'archéologie préhistorique 2655: 2506: 2504: 2489:List of rebellions in the Czech Republic 2479:List of presidents of the Czech Republic 2361: 2353: 2338:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 2271: 2223: 2197: 2132: 2062: 2017: 2005: 1915: 1912:, a former Jesuit College, built in 1722 1903: 1836: 1758: 1743: 1670: 1621: 1510: 1503:to invade the Czech Lands and start the 1457: 1354: 1331: 1281: 1111: 1099: 1072: 1057:. Among the more notable rulers belong ( 1014: 1008:. The bishopric was subordinated to the 947: 939: 867: 759:(plural), who gave the area the name of 742: 728: 668: 560: 3733:of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia. 3133: 3075: 3073: 2736: 2690: 2611: 2609: 2569: 1483:side, for which he earned the nickname 820:– Turko-Tartar nomads – who seized the 806: 779:). Around 60 to 50 BC, the Dacian king 625:culture, known for creating so-called 418:A new state formed around the tribe of 5316: 3021: 2796: 2544: 2510: 2253: 1990:and the Czech Estates commissioned an 1891:. One year before his death he issued 1875:to three days a week which caused the 1279:succeeded him on the Bohemian throne. 1237: 1029:In 1002, during the reign of the duke 629:. One of such figurines is the famous 474:and the empty throne was given to the 4940:History of current European countries 4912: 4365: 4339: 3802: 3420: 3286: 3044: 2931: 2840: 2797:Tejral, Jaroslav (2 September 2000). 2739:"The Gravettian on the Middle Danube" 2737:Svoboda, Jiří A. (30 December 2007). 2501: 2350:History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992) 2342:History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948) 2220:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938) 2174:were formed to fight for the side of 1525: 1470: 1068: 3580:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 3070: 2661: 2606: 2469:List of presidents of Czechoslovakia 1634:and Ferdinand I managed to sign the 1417: 700:. With the start of the Bronze Age, 538:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 411:. The Great Moravia fell during the 246:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 4873:History of the Mediterranean region 3613:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 2572:Czech history: chronological survey 2306:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 2302:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 2268:Czech resistance to Nazi occupation 2264:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 2260:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 2164:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 2117:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 1583:as a result of negotiations at the 1104:Territory under the control of the 929: 133:Czech lands in the High Middle Ages 13: 3202: 2300:, while two days later the German 2122: 1374:– vicar-general of the archbishop 1095: 872:Great Moravia during the reign of 375:and traces of their wars with the 14: 5345: 3252: 2691:Svoboda, Jiří (10 October 2017). 2457:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 2375:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 2209: 2002:, the first-born of his 12 sons. 1832: 858: 526:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 382:After the turbulent times of the 4858:Bibliography of European history 4453:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 3917: 3399: 3384: 3373: 3359: 3348: 3334: 3313: 2404: 1611: 1455:of the House of Habsburg ended. 909:. They were invited by the king 863: 551: 532:. In August 1968, armies of the 280: 39: 4883:History of Western civilization 4486:Christianity in the Middle Ages 3569:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 3209:List of Slavic studies journals 3184: 3175: 3166: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3061: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2834: 2817: 2790: 2766: 2730: 2377:seized power in a coup d'état. 2346:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 2193: 1822:Absolutism and National Revival 1780:Second Defenestration of Prague 1770:He was succeeded by his cousin 1749:Beheading of 27 Bohemian nobles 1677:Second Defenestration of Prague 1192:Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg 1000:over the Duchy of Bohemia. The 827: 734:Stone sculpture of a Celtic man 487:Second Defenestration of Prague 481:After the death of the Emperor 231:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 4727:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 4670:Christianity in the modern era 4441:Christianity in late antiquity 2684: 2639: 2597: 2588: 2563: 2538: 2452:Politics of the Czech Republic 2054:increased censorship. His son 1214:, the last male member of the 659:Stroke-ornamented ware culture 1: 5329:Prehistory of the Czech lands 4878:History of the European Union 3271:History of Moravia until 1914 3265:History of Bohemia until 1914 2617:"Archeology - The Kůlna Cave" 2574:. Dubicko: INFOA. p. 7. 2547:Fundamentals of Czech history 2494: 2107:. When he – after losing the 1851:, built between 1704 and 1755 1301:a heretic and demanded a new 944:Duchy of Bohemia, around 1029 747:Dacian Influence over Bohemia 633:(29,000–25,000 BCE) found in 542:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 264:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 2843:A history of the Czech lands 2290:Second Czechoslovak Republic 1153:German eastward colonization 887:Old Church Slavonic language 751:The area was settled by the 556: 379:were left in south Moravia. 7: 4837:Russian invasion of Ukraine 4448:Crisis of the Third Century 3877:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 3758:ČSSR; from 1969, after the 3134:Preclík, Vratislav (2019). 3022:Veselý (14 November 2004). 2549:. Prague: Práh. p. 4. 2435: 2328:Rule of the Communist Party 2276:Monument to the village of 2230:First Czechoslovak Republic 2180:Cleveland Agreement of 1915 2087:, historian and politician 1955:Francis Stephen of Lorraine 1323:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 899:St. Cyril and St. Methodius 724: 216:First Czechoslovak Republic 10: 5350: 5324:History of the Czech lands 4893:Military history of Europe 4888:Maritime history of Europe 3206: 2570:Krejčíř, Jaroslav (1996). 2428:in 12 March 1999, and the 2415:One of the leaders of the 2408: 2358:Russian occupation in 1968 2331: 2257: 2213: 2126: 2043:Confederation of the Rhine 1965:House of Habsburg–Lorraine 1959:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 1935:War of Austrian Succession 1930:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 1881:Losiny Estate Witch Trials 1825: 1788:revolting Bohemian estates 1615: 1434:, who gained the nickname 1084: 1055:seniority inheritance laws 933: 878: 838:In 623 – according to the 831: 325:history of the Czech lands 33:History of the Czech lands 5295: 5247: 5209: 4946: 4863:Genetic history of Europe 4845: 4650: 4466: 4406: 4373: 4297: 4197: 4140: 4131: 4079: 4070: 3986: 3977: 3935: 3926: 3915: 3837: 3768:Slovak Socialist Republic 3750:Ninth-of-May Constitution 3746: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3683: 3674: 3653: 3646: 3630: 3623: 3610: 3595: 3588: 3577: 3566: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3516: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3326: 2216:History of Czechoslovakia 2037:in south Moravia. In the 1865:fourth Austro-Turkish War 1792:Frederick V of Palatinate 1636:Treaty of Constantinopole 1607:Part of Habsburg Monarchy 1161:Mongol invasion of Europe 709:from around 1600 BC. The 665:Copper Age and Bronze Age 287:Czech Republic portal 3991:Administrative divisions 3764:Czech Socialist Republic 2841:Pánek, Jaroslav (2009). 2111:in 1859 – also lost the 1869:Battle of Saint Gotthard 1804:Battle of White Mountain 1706:, that did not take non- 1675:Copper engraving of the 1585:First Congress of Vienna 1271:and died in 1346 in the 1228:Władysław the Elbow-high 1185:battlefield of Marchfeld 889:and the creation of the 631:Venus of Dolní Věstonice 566:Venus of Dolní Věstonice 339:) archeological site in 4868:History of Christianity 3172:Pánek 2009, pp. 552-554 3124:Pánek 2009, pp. 420-421 3097:Pánek 2009, pp. 336-337 3088:Pánek 2009, pp. 284-285 3012:Pánek 2009, pp. 244-245 2949:Pánek 2009, pp. 164-165 2910:Pánek 2009, pp. 132-133 2778:Encyclopedia Britannica 2155:Slovak National Revival 2097:Karel Havlíček Borovský 2045:. Following the end of 1733:differences of opinions 1632:Siege of Vienna in 1529 1489:Unity of Green Mountain 4989:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4692:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 3670:Subcarpathian Ruthenia 3655:Southern Slovakia and 2883:Pánek 2009, pp. 98-101 2520:Archeologické rozhledy 2511:Valoch, Karel (2011). 2373:In February 1948, the 2370: 2359: 2281: 2233: 2206: 2203:Tomas Garrigue Masaryk 2142: 2077:Czech National Revival 2072: 2026: 2015: 1925: 1913: 1877:Peasant Revolt of 1680 1852: 1767: 1756: 1688: 1627: 1522: 1505:Bohemian–Hungarian War 1467: 1367: 1344: 1290: 1288:Charles IV. Luxembourg 1234:by unknown assassins. 1132: 1109: 1082: 1026: 1010:Archbishopric of Mainz 956: 945: 876: 853:Battle of Wogastisburg 748: 740: 678: 643:Linear Pottery culture 569: 499:Czech National Revival 434:and in 1212, the duke 336: 4772:Industrial Revolution 4263:(architectural style) 3719:the 1920 constitution 2545:Čornej, Petr (1992). 2409:Further information: 2365: 2357: 2332:Further information: 2324:from Czechoslovakia. 2280:murdered by the Nazis 2275: 2258:Further information: 2227: 2214:Further information: 2201: 2136: 2127:Further information: 2071:. (reigned 1848–1916) 2066: 2021: 2009: 1919: 1907: 1840: 1826:Further information: 1762: 1747: 1674: 1625: 1616:Further information: 1514: 1461: 1451:. With his death the 1358: 1335: 1327:Corona regni Bohemiae 1297:declared the Emperor 1293:Earlier in 1346, the 1285: 1212:Andrew III of Hungary 1159:had to deal with the 1115: 1103: 1085:Further information: 1079:Ottokar II of Bohemia 1077:Territories ruled by 1076: 1020:Rotunda of St. George 1018: 976:. Spytihněv's nephew 951: 943: 934:Further information: 879:Further information: 871: 840:Chronicle of Fredegar 832:Further information: 746: 732: 672: 564: 518:Czechoslovak Republic 483:Rudolf II of Habsburg 191:Czech lands 1867–1918 181:Czech lands 1648–1867 166:Czech lands 1526–1648 4827:European debt crisis 4822:European integration 4762:Age of Enlightenment 4602:Republic of Florence 4289:World Heritage Sites 4104:Oil and gas deposits 3181:Krejčíř 1996, p. 123 2874:Pánek 2009, p. 83-84 2706:10.1387/veleia.18074 2603:Čornej 1992, pp. 6-7 2594:Čornej 1992, pp. 4-5 2172:Czechoslovak Legions 2035:Battle of Austerlitz 1979:Patent of Toleration 1653:Electorate of Saxony 1400:Council of Constance 1319:University of Prague 1309:in November 1346 in 1196:Záviš of Falkenstein 1041:took power. His son 807:Arrival of the Slavs 655:Funnelbeaker culture 489:, which sparked the 138:Bohemian Reformation 5210:States with limited 4792:Revolutions of 1848 4722:Early modern France 4503:Anglo-Saxon England 4408:Classical antiquity 3762:, consisted of the 3707:government-in-exile 3194:. October 13, 2018. 3079:Krejčíř 1996, p. 73 3003:Krejčíř 1996, p. 59 2940:Krejčíř 1996, p. 45 2928:Krejčíř 1996, p. 43 2442:Lech, Czech and Rus 2322:forcefully deported 2254:German protectorate 2101:revolutions of 1848 1924:(reignet 1740–1780) 1857:Peace of Westphalia 1845:St. Nicholas Church 1667:to Prague in 1556. 1644:Schmalkaldic League 1565:Peace of Kutná Hora 1485:King of two peoples 1464:George of Podebrady 1444:George of Poděbrady 1337:St. Vitus Cathedral 1265:Philip VI of France 1248:House of Luxembourg 1238:House of Luxembourg 1002:Bishopric of Prague 974:Arnulf of Carinthia 891:Glagolitic alphabet 694:Bell Beaker culture 682:Corded Ware culture 639:Venus of Petřkovice 616:Předmostí at Přerov 576:near Prague and in 510:Cleveland Agreement 405:Cyril and Methodius 155:Early modern period 4898:Crusading movement 4802:Russian Revolution 4637:Hundred Years' War 4533:Maritime republics 4436:Early Christianity 4426:Hellenistic period 4383:Paleolithic Europe 3742:(1939–1945). 3731:autonomous regions 3729:ČSR; included the 3689:1991–present 3685:Zakarpattia Oblast 3676:Zakarpattia Oblast 3659:Carpathian Ukraine 3632:Kingdom of Hungary 3115:Pánek 2009, p. 380 3106:Pánek 2009, p. 351 3067:Pánek 2009, p. 271 2994:Pánek 2009, p. 233 2985:Pánek 2009, p. 234 2976:Pánek 2009, p. 224 2967:Pánek 2009, p. 200 2958:Pánek 2009, p. 176 2919:Pánek 2009, p. 143 2901:Pánek 2009, p. 112 2892:Pánek 2009, p. 107 2627:on 5 February 2021 2371: 2360: 2316:by members of the 2282: 2234: 2207: 2184:self-determination 2143: 2073: 2051:Congress of Vienna 2039:Peace of Pressburg 2027: 2016: 2012:Congress of Vienna 1926: 1914: 1853: 1768: 1764:John Amos Comenius 1757: 1700:Confessio Bohemica 1689: 1681:Theatrum Europaeum 1661:Battle of Mühlberg 1628: 1542:in 1479, in which 1536:House of Jagiellon 1526:House of Jagiellon 1523: 1471:House of Poděbrady 1468: 1368: 1345: 1291: 1275:. His eldest son, 1269:Hundred Years' War 1256:John of Luxembourg 1181:Rudolf of Habsburg 1145:Kingdom of Bohemia 1133: 1110: 1087:Kingdom of Bohemia 1083: 1069:Kingdom of Bohemia 1027: 957: 946: 877: 749: 741: 679: 570: 514:self-determination 452:Proto-Protestantic 448:Charles University 444:Luxembourg dynasty 5311: 5310: 4906: 4905: 4832:COVID-19 pandemic 4777:French Revolution 4752:Habsburg monarchy 4732:Cossack Hetmanate 4712:Portuguese Empire 4702:Absolute monarchy 4697:Thirty Years' War 4592:Holy Roman Empire 4517:Bulgarian Empire 4476:Early Middle Ages 4393:Bronze Age Europe 4367:History of Europe 4333: 4332: 4193: 4192: 4127: 4126: 4066: 4065: 4058:Political parties 4023:Foreign relations 3973: 3972: 3872:Přemyslid dynasty 3796: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3690: 3681: 3644: 3619: 3608: 3586: 3575: 3564: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3145:978-80-87173-47-3 2865:Pánek 2009, p. 85 2852:978-80-246-1645-2 2752:10.4000/paleo.607 2677:978-3-211-23588-1 2399:Velvet Revolution 2314:Reinhard Heydrich 2145:The newly formed 2089:František Palacký 2010:Europe after the 1808:publicly beheaded 1784:Thirty Years' War 1776:Letter of Majesty 1712:Statuta Judaeorum 1704:Compacts of Basel 1501:Matthias Corvinus 1428:House of Habsburg 1418:House of Habsburg 1303:Imperial election 1286:Emperor and King 1143:. Thus began the 1130:Přemyslid dynasty 1035:Holy Roman Empire 895:Cyrillic alphabet 715:Hallstatt culture 684:in the north and 491:Thirty Years' War 476:House of Habsburg 464:Jagiellon dynasty 428:Holy Roman Empire 321: 320: 241:Velvet Revolution 236:Soviet Occupation 221:German Occupation 171:Thirty Years' War 161:Habsburg monarchy 127:Holy Roman Empire 5341: 5248:Dependencies and 4947:Sovereign states 4933: 4926: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4767:Great Divergence 4682:Age of Discovery 4627:Late Middle Ages 4597:High Middle Ages 4508:Byzantine Empire 4491:Christianization 4481:Migration Period 4416:Classical Greece 4388:Neolithic Europe 4360: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4313: 4306: 4264: 4138: 4137: 4099: 4077: 4076: 3984: 3983: 3940:Cities and towns 3933: 3932: 3921: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3708: 3688: 3679: 3662: 3661: 3642: 3617: 3606: 3602: 3584: 3573: 3562: 3461: 3460: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3403: 3388: 3377: 3363: 3352: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3317: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3157: 3149: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2838: 2832: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2708: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2659: 2653: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2613: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2517: 2508: 2379:Klement Gottwald 2318:Czech resistance 2284:After giving up 2243:Great Depression 2190:took its place. 2139:National Theater 2113:war with Prussia 2105:Francis Joseph I 2069:Francis Joseph I 1943:Seven Years' War 1800:Protestant Union 1729:Long Turkish War 1725:Bocskai Uprising 1696:Czech Confession 1657:Schmalkaldic War 1597:Battle of Mohács 1540:Peace of Olomouc 1453:Albertinian Line 1412:Battle of Lipany 1396:Jobst of Moravia 1051:Battle at Brůdek 936:Duchy of Bohemia 930:Duchy of Bohemia 907:Byzantine Empire 765:the land of Boii 738:Mšecké Žehrovice 711:Urnfield culture 675:Urnfield culture 472:Battle of Mohács 432:East-West Schism 384:Migration Period 369:the Land of Boii 313: 306: 299: 285: 284: 283: 118:Duchy of Bohemia 85:Migration Period 79:Germanic peoples 43: 18: 17: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5291: 5249: 5243: 5229:Northern Cyprus 5211: 5205: 5121:North Macedonia 4942: 4937: 4907: 4902: 4841: 4807:Interwar period 4782:Napoleonic Wars 4646: 4617:Mongol invasion 4570:Crown of Aragon 4462: 4402: 4398:Iron Age Europe 4369: 4364: 4334: 4329: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4293: 4274:Public holidays 4262: 4189: 4123: 4097: 4062: 4038:Law enforcement 3969: 3955:Protected areas 3922: 3913: 3897:1867–1918 3892:1648–1867 3887:1526–1648 3847:Únětice culture 3833: 3827: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3771: 3757: 3743: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3706: 3698:Austria-Hungary 3687: 3678: 3657: 3656: 3643:1939–1945 3641: 3638:Slovak Republic 3618:1939–1945 3616: 3607:1938–1939 3605: 3600: 3599: 3585:1990–1992 3583: 3574:1960–1990 3572: 3563:1948–1960 3561: 3558:Fourth Republic 3533:Austrian Empire 3525: 3521: 3503:1989–1992 3496:1948–1989 3489:1945–1948 3482:1938–1945 3475:1918–1938 3454: 3445: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3397: 3389: 3379: 3371: 3354: 3346: 3322: 3311: 3255: 3214:Hochman, Jiří. 3211: 3205: 3203:Further reading 3200: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3136:Masaryk a legie 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2839: 2835: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2774:"Boii | people" 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2745:(19): 203–220. 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2668:Springer-Verlag 2660: 2656: 2652:, 07 April 2021 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2497: 2438: 2432:in 1 May 2004. 2413: 2407: 2352: 2330: 2294:Slovak Republic 2270: 2256: 2222: 2212: 2196: 2166:, sparking the 2151:Austria-Hungary 2131: 2125: 2123:Austria-Hungary 2095:and journalist 2081:Josef Dobrovský 2060: 2047:Napoleonic Wars 2003: 1967: 1947:Battle of Kolín 1901: 1879:. The infamous 1835: 1830: 1824: 1753:Old Town Square 1741: 1685:Matthäus Merian 1668: 1655:as part of the 1620: 1614: 1609: 1528: 1516:Vladislaus Hall 1508: 1473: 1420: 1376:Jan of Jenštejn 1372:John of Nepomuk 1295:Pope Clement VI 1273:Battle of Crécy 1240: 1208:Prague groschen 1147:, which lasted 1098: 1096:Late Přemyslids 1093: 1071: 953:Saint Wenceslas 938: 932: 883: 866: 861: 836: 830: 813:Great Migration 809: 727: 719:Býčí skála Cave 707:Tumulus culture 702:Únětice culture 667: 651:Lengyel culture 635:Dolní Věstonice 627:Venus figurines 601:Beroun District 593:Koněprusy Caves 559: 554: 468:Louis Jagiellon 349:Únětice Culture 317: 281: 279: 274: 273: 259: 251: 250: 211: 201: 200: 186:Austria-Hungary 176:Austrian Empire 156: 148: 147: 108: 100: 99: 56:Únětice culture 51: 27: 12: 11: 5: 5347: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5303:European Union 5299: 5297: 5296:Other entities 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5250:other entities 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5196:United Kingdom 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5009:Czech Republic 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Russian Empire 4754: 4749: 4747:British Empire 4744: 4742:Dutch Republic 4739: 4737:Swedish Empire 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4717:Spanish Empire 4714: 4709: 4707:Ottoman Empire 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4622:Serbian Empire 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4458:Late antiquity 4455: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4421:Roman Republic 4418: 4412: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4109:Stock Exchange 4106: 4101: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4003: 4001:Municipalities 3998: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3965:Urban planning 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3909:Czech Republic 3906: 3904:Czechoslovakia 3901: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: articles 3830:Czech Republic 3826: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3752:following the 3745: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3634: 3629: 3621: 3620: 3609: 3601: Republic 3593: 3592: 3590:Czech Republic 3587: 3576: 3565: 3554: 3551:Third Republic 3547: 3542: 3539:First Republic 3535: 3530: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3365: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3310: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3253:External links 3251: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3229: 3219: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3144: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 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808: 805: 793:Czech Republic 726: 723: 673:Bronze sword, 666: 663: 578:Stránská skála 558: 555: 553: 550: 546:European Union 426:and later the 424:East Franconia 329:Czech Republic 319: 318: 316: 315: 308: 301: 293: 290: 289: 276: 275: 272: 271: 269:European Union 266: 260: 258:Czech Republic 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 212: 209:Czechoslovakia 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 123:Bohemian Crown 120: 115: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 98: 97: 92: 82: 72: 58: 52: 49: 48: 45: 44: 36: 35: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5346: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5262:Faroe Islands 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234:South Ossetia 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 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The 1731:. The 1424:Albert 1392:Rupert 1365:Prague 994:Kraków 924:Magyar 785:Dacian 753:Celtic 692:. The 647:Bylany 612:Pavlov 413:Magyar 388:Slavic 26:on the 5257:Åland 5171:Spain 5096:Malta 5066:Italy 4543:Genoa 4521:First 4311:Index 4279:Sport 4249:Music 4145:Crime 2524:LXIII 2516:(PDF) 1994:from 1992:opera 1679:from 1573:Louis 1462:King 984:king 982:Saxon 818:Avars 801:Mušov 773:Quadi 396:Avars 357:Celts 333:Czech 69:Celts 65:Gauls 4548:Pisa 4239:Flag 4227:Wine 4048:Army 3862:Samo 3852:Boii 3243:ISBN 3233:ISBN 3223:ISBN 3160:link 3140:ISBN 3052:ISBN 3038:2010 2847:ISBN 2825:ISBN 2811:2021 2760:2021 2724:2021 2672:ISBN 2633:2021 2576:ISBN 2551:ISBN 2532:2021 2526:: 22 2426:NATO 2228:The 2218:and 2137:The 2083:and 1716:Jews 1577:Anne 1569:Buda 1550:and 1311:Bonn 1124:and 1089:and 1061:and 844:Samo 834:Samo 795:and 757:Boii 657:and 614:and 392:Samo 361:Boii 341:Brno 323:The 61:Boii 4207:Art 4043:Law 3738:by 2747:doi 2711:hdl 2701:doi 2312:of 2149:of 1847:in 1683:by 1559:or 1339:in 905:in 599:at 595:in 5320:: 4584:, 4580:, 4576:, 3156:}} 3152:{{ 3072:^ 3026:. 2933:^ 2801:. 2776:. 2741:. 2709:. 2695:. 2670:. 2666:. 2619:. 2608:^ 2522:. 2518:. 2503:^ 2419:, 2344:, 2340:, 2336:, 2262:, 1977:, 1961:. 1900:. 1818:. 1546:, 1507:. 1352:. 1120:, 1012:. 775:, 771:, 653:, 548:. 478:. 355:. 335:: 67:, 4932:e 4925:t 4918:v 4588:) 4572:( 4359:e 4352:t 4345:v 3822:e 3815:t 3808:v 3785:. 3779:. 3756:. 3727:. 3721:. 3440:e 3433:t 3426:v 3306:e 3299:t 3292:v 3162:) 3148:. 3040:. 2855:. 2831:. 2813:. 2786:. 2762:. 2749:: 2726:. 2713:: 2703:: 2680:. 2635:. 2584:. 2559:. 2534:. 1698:( 1687:. 1325:( 312:e 305:t 298:v 129:) 125:( 91:) 87:( 81:) 77:( 71:) 63:(

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