History of radio - Knowledge

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with radio waves but did a great deal to develop devices such as portable transmitters and receiver systems that could work over long distances, turning what was essentially a laboratory experiment into a useful communication system. By August 1895, Marconi was field testing his system but even with improvements he was only able to transmit signals up to one-half mile, a distance Oliver Lodge had predicted in 1894 as the maximum transmission distance for radio waves. Marconi raised the height of his antenna and hit upon the idea of grounding his transmitter and receiver. With these improvements the system was capable of transmitting signals up to 2 miles (3.2 km) and over hills. This apparatus proved to be the first engineering-complete, commercially successful

627: 109: 1326:. From its start in St. Louis in 1946, AT&T then introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time. Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing US$ 15 per month, plus $ 0.30–0.40 per local call, equivalent to (in 2012 US dollars) about $ 176 per month and $ 3.50–4.75 per call. The 806: 1390:"We have been asked 'to consider and advise on the policy to be adopted as regards the Imperial Wireless Services so as to protect and facilitate public interest.' It was impressed upon us that the question was urgent. We did not feel called upon to explore the past or to comment on the delays which have occurred in the building of the Empire Wireless Chain. We concentrated our attention on essential matters, examining and considering the facts and circumstances which have a direct bearing on policy and the condition which safeguard public interests." 368: 1535: 176: 279: 74: 6228: 392:, Maryland, Fessenden researched using this setup for audio transmissions via radio. By fall of 1900, he successfully transmitted speech over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers (one mile), which appears to have been the first successful audio transmission using radio signals. Although successful, the sound transmitted was far too distorted to be commercially practical. According to some sources, notably Fessenden's wife Helen's biography, on 6238: 6217: 941: 6248: 790:), by which soundwaves can be transmitted over a continuous-wave radio signal of narrow bandwidth (as opposed to spark-gap radio, which sent rapid strings of damped-wave pulses that consumed much bandwidth and were only suitable for Morse-code telegraphy) was pioneered by Fessenden, Poulsen and Lee de Forest. 1438:

that "radio and TV licensing represents the single greatest source of revenue for ASCAP and its composers and n average member of ASCAP gets about $ 150–$ 200 per work per year, or about $ 5,000-$ 6,000 for all of a member's compositions." Not long after the Bamberger ruling, ASCAP had to once again

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experience with VHF, it was realized that FM radio was a much better alternative for VHF radio than AM. Because of this history, FM radio is still referred to as "UKW Radio" in Germany. Other European nations followed a bit later, when the superior sound quality of FM and the ability to run many more

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played an important role during war time, especially in World War II. Before the discovery of the crystal oscillator, radio navigation had many limits. However, as radio technology expanding, navigation is easier to use, and it provides a better position. Although there are many advantages, the radio

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R.44 (the most advanced pure-telex standard) incorporated character-level error detection and retransmission as well as automated encoding and routing. For many years, telex-on-radio (TOR) was the only reliable way to reach some third-world countries. TOR remains reliable, though less-expensive forms

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After their discovery many scientists and inventors experimented with transmitting and detecting "Hertzian waves" (it would take almost 20 years for the term "radio" to be universally adopted for this type of electromagnetic radiation). Maxwell's theory showing that light and Hertzian electromagnetic

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the power to grant and deny licenses, and to assign frequencies and power levels for each licensee. In 1928 it began requiring licenses of existing stations and setting controls on who could broadcast from where on what frequency and at what power. Some stations could not obtain a license and ceased

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marks the first time the U.S. government implies regulations on radio systems on ships. This act requires ships to have a radio system with a professional operator if they want to travel more than 200 miles offshore or have more than 50 people on board. However, this act had many flaws including the

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in 1922. The store was broadcasting music from its store on the radio station WOR. No advertisements were heard, except at the beginning of the broadcast which announced "L. Bamberger and Co., One of America's Great Stores, Newark, New Jersey." It was determined through this and previous cases (such

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industry. Radio was a free medium for the public to hear music for which they would normally pay. While some companies saw radio as a new avenue for promotion, others feared it would cut into profits from record sales and live performances. Many record companies would not license their records to be

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began working on the idea of building long-distance a wireless transmission systems based on the use of Hertzian waves (radio waves), a line of inquiry that he noted other inventors did not seem to be pursuing. Marconi read through the literature and used the ideas of others who were experimenting

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led to the establishment of the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC). The FCC's responsibility is to control the industry including "telephone, telegraph, and radio communications." Under this Act, all carriers have to keep records of authorized interference and unauthorized interference. This

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Indeed, the music recording industry had a severe drop in profits after the introduction of the radio. For a while, it appeared as though radio was a definite threat to the record industry. Radio ownership grew from two out of five homes in 1931 to four out of five homes in 1938. Meanwhile, record

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broadcasting began in some parts of Europe and North America. By the end of the decade there were roughly 25,000 all-electronic television receivers in existence worldwide, the majority of them in the UK. In the US, Armstrong's FM system was designated by the FCC to transmit and receive television

928:, which was introduced in the mid 20's, greatly improved the broadcasting of music. When playing music from a phonograph before the magnetic cardridge, a microphone had to be placed close to a horn loudspeaker. The invention allowed the electric signals to be amplified and then fed directly to the 1525:

was the first significant overhaul in over 60 years amending the work of the Communications Act of 1934. Coming only two dozen years after the breakup of AT&T, the act sets out to move telecommunications into a state of competition with their markets and the networks they are a part of. Up to

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The copyright owners were concerned that they would see no gain from the popularity of radio and the 'free' music it provided. What they needed to make this new medium work for them already existed in previous copyright law. The copyright holder for a song had control over all public performances

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As equipment progressed, precise frequency control became possible; early stations often did not have a precise frequency, as it was affected by the temperature of the equipment, among other factors. Identifying a radio signal by its frequency rather than its length proved much more practical and

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based on Hertzian waves in 1892. Among physicist, what were perceived as technical limitations to using these new waves, such as delicate equipment, the need for large amounts of power to transmit over limited ranges, and its similarity to already existent optical light transmitting devices, lead

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In many fields of communications equipment design, MOS LSI custom built circuits provide the only practical and economic solution. (...) A complete list of all applications is beyond the scope of this paper since new MOS developments are constantly being initiated in the various technical areas.

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In the early days one had to use headphones to listen to radio. Later loudspeakers in the form of a horn of the type used by phonographs, equipped with a telephone receiver, became available. But the sound quality was poor. In 1926 the first radios with electrodynamic loudspeakers went for sale,

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came to the conclusion that he could develop a far more efficient system than the spark-gap transmitter and coherer receiver combination. To this end he worked on developing a high-speed alternator (referred to as "an alternating-current dynamo") that generated "pure sine waves" and produced "a

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Marconi began to build high-powered stations on both sides of the Atlantic to communicate with ships at sea. In 1904, he established a commercial service to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers. A regular transatlantic

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pocket, powered by a small battery. It was durable, because it had no vacuum tubes to burn out. In 1957, Sony introduced the TR-63, the first mass-produced transistor radio, leading to the mass-market penetration of transistor radios. Over the next 20 years, transistors replaced tubes almost

1605:. It has carried a regular schedule of programming to the present and also broadcast the 1920 presidential election returns just as KDKA did. Inventor Lee de Forest claims to have been present during 8MK's earliest broadcasts, since the station was using a transmitter sold by his company. 747: 1655:, 1XE was an experimental station that started broadcasting in 1917. It had to go off the air during World War I, but started up again after the war, and began regular voice and music broadcasts in 1919. However, the station did not receive its commercial license, becoming 1634:, received its commercial license on November 7, the same day as KDKA did. What separates WJZ and WBZ from KDKA is the fact that neither of the former stations remain in their original city of license, whereas KDKA has remained in Pittsburgh for its entire existence. 1381:

The British government and the state-owned postal services found themselves under massive pressure from the wireless industry (including telegraphy) and early radio adopters to open up to the new medium. In an internal confidential report from February 25, 1924, the

1563:, which in October 1920 received its license and went on the air as the first US licensed commercial broadcasting station on November 2, 1920, with the presidential election results as its inaugural show, but was not broadcasting daily until 1921. (Their engineer 1068:. For thirty years, telex was the cheapest form of long-distance communication, because up to 25 telex channels could occupy the same bandwidth as one voice channel. For business and government, it was an advantage that telex directly produced written documents. 507:

on 6 November 1919. The company manufactured both transmitters and receivers. Its popular program was broadcast four nights per week using narrow-band FM transmissions on 670 metres (448 kHz), until 1924 when the company ran into financial trouble.

259:(December 1895) commenting on Bose's achievements, saying "we may in time see the whole system of coast lighting throughout the navigable world revolutionized by an Indian Bengali scientist working single handed in our Presidency College Laboratory." 663:

operated until 1983, owning all of its equipment and refusing to communicate with non-Marconi equipped ships. Many inventions improved the quality of radio, and amateurs experimented with uses of radio, thus planting the first seeds of broadcasting.

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solved this problem, and the first radios with a heterodyne radio receiver went for sale in 1924. But it was costly, and the technology was shelved while waiting for the technology to mature, and in 1929 the Radiola 66 and Radiola 67 went for sale.

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useful, and starting in the 1920s this became the usual method of identifying a signal, especially in the United States. Frequencies specified in number of cycles per second (kilocycles, megacycles) were replaced by the more specific designation of

3509:"The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and its impact1Presented at the Annual Telecommunications Policy Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 4 December 1997. I thank Hajime Hori, Bob Kargoll, Steve Levinson, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments.1" 1411:'for profit.' The problem now was proving that the radio industry, which was just figuring out for itself how to make money from advertising and currently offered free music to anyone with a receiver, was making a profit from the songs. 1958: 1434:(ASCAP) began collecting licensing fees from radio stations in 1923. The beginning sum was $ 250 for all music protected under ASCAP, but for larger stations the price soon ballooned to $ 5,000. Edward Samuels reports in his book 1546:

The question of the 'first' publicly targeted licensed radio station in the U.S. has more than one answer and depends on semantics. Settlement of this 'first' question may hang largely upon what constitutes 'regular' programming

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Other inventions related to sound was the automatic volume control (AVC), first commercially available in 1928. In 1930 a tone control knob was added to the radios. This allowed listeners to improve imperfect broadcasting.

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The invention of amplitude-modulated (AM) radio, which allows more closely spaced stations to simultaneously send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where each transmission occupies a wide bandwidth) is attributed to

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defend their right to charge fees, in 1924. The Dill Radio Bill would have allowed radio stations to play music without paying and licensing fees to ASCAP or any other music-licensing corporations. The bill did not pass.

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to help mitigate the repeat of such a tragedy. The act helps distinguish between normal radio traffic and (primarily maritime) emergency communication, and specifies the role of government during such an emergency.

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section of New York City, that station began daily broadcasts in 1916. Like most experimental radio stations, however, it had to go off the air when the U.S. entered World War I in 1917, and did not return to the

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this point the effects of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 have been seen, but some of the changes the Act set out to fix are still ongoing problems, such as being unable to create an open competitive market.

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Wireless at sea; the first fifty years. A history of the progress and development of marine wireless communications written to commemorate the jubilee of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company

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including the two majors company (British and American Marconi). They tended to delay communication for ships that used their competitor's system. This contributed to the tragic incident of the sinking of the

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The first car radio was introduced in 1922, but it was so large that it took up too much space in the car. The first commercial car radio that could easily be installed in most cars went for sale in 1930.

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navigation systems often comes with complex equipment such as the radio compass receiver, compass indicator, or the radar plan position indicator. All of these require users to obtain certain knowledge.

893:" was introduced to the market. This tube technology allowed radios to be powered through the grid instead. They still required batteries to heat up the vacuum-tube filaments, but after the invention of 1427:

as the lawsuit against Shanley's Restaurant) that Bamberger was using the songs for commercial gain, thus making it a public performance for profit, which meant the copyright owners were due payment.

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The art and science of crystal sets is still pursued as a hobby in the form of simple un-amplified radios that 'runs on nothing, forever'. They are used as a teaching tool by groups such as the

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had been broadcasting from on the two call sign signals of 8XK and 8YK since 1916.) Technically, KDKA was the first of several already-extant stations to receive a 'limited commercial' license.

1334:, was introduced in the Americas in 1978, gave much more capacity. It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. 559:

student at the school. Broadcasts included a series of Thursday night concerts initially heard within a 100-mile (160 km) radius and later for a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) radius.

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of e-mail are displacing it. Many national telecom companies historically ran nearly pure telex networks for their governments, and they ran many of these links over short wave radio.

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singing "I Love You Truly". In July 1907 he made ship-to-shore transmissions by radiotelephone—race reports for the Annual Inter-Lakes Yachting Association (I-LYA) Regatta held on

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Visvapriya Mukherji, Jagadis Chandra Bose, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India · 1983, chapter 5 – Researches into Hertzian Waves

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One of the first developments in the early 20th century was that aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation, AM stations are still marked on U.S. aviation charts.

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on June 1 of the same year. Lodge focused on the optical qualities of the waves and demonstrated how to transmit and detect them (using an improved variation of French physicist

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transmissions in 1916, and its first music broadcast in 1917. Regularly scheduled broadcasts of voice and music began in January 1921. That station is still on the air today as

255:. There was speculation that this fog and stormy weather penetrating "invisible light" could be used in maritime applications such as lighthouses, including the London journal 218:

for use in his experiments. He would latter write an essay, "Adrisya Alok" ("Invisible Light") on how in November 1895 he conducted a public demonstration at the Town Hall of

4372:". Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Held at the Engineering Society Building, New York City, Friday evening, May 18, 1917. 1685:, one of Pittsburgh's five original AM stations, signed on as amateur station "8ZAE" on November 19, 1919, but did not receive a commercial license until January 9, 1922. 1403:

sales fell from $ 75 million in 1929 to $ 26 million in 1938 (with a low point of $ 5 million in 1933), though the economics of the situation were also affected by the

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operations. In section 29, the Radio Act of 1927 mentioned that the content of the broadcast should be freely present, and the government cannot interfere with this.

1665:, the U.S. Government time service, which was believed to have started 6 months before KDKA in Washington, D.C. but in 1966 was transferred to Ft. Collins, Colorado. 1275: 1005: 2135: 1211:

frequencies, which were not very good for broadcasting. For this reason Germany began broadcasting on UKW ("Ultrakurzwelle", i.e. ultra short wave, nowadays called

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published the results of experiments wherein he was able to transmit electromagnetic waves (radio waves) through the air, proving Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.

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and ships at sea. A year after, in 1898, they successfully introduced their first radio station in Chelmsford. This company, along with its subsidiaries

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After Lodge's demonstrations researchers pushed their experiments further down the electromagnetic spectrum towards visible light to further explore the

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to introduce youngsters to electronics and radio. As the only energy available is that gathered by the antenna system, loudness is necessarily limited.

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On 12 December 1901, using a 500-foot (150 m) kite-supported antenna for reception—signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at

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began publicized daily news and entertainment "Detroit News Radiophone" broadcasts, originally as licensed amateur station 8MK, then later as WBL and

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was set up for Europe. Because of the recent war, Germany (which did not exist as a state and so was not invited) was only given a small number of

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which improved the quality a lot. At first the loudspeakers were separated from the radio, but soon radios would come with a built-in loudspeaker.

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Act also supports the President in time of war. If the government needs to use the communication facilities in time of war, they are allowed to.

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Signor Marconi's magic box : the most remarkable invention of the 19th century & the amateur inventor whose genius sparked a revolution

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proposed electromagnetic or Hertzian waves as a navigation aid or means of communication, with Crookes writing on the possibilities of wireless

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were met with a large amount of interfering radio traffic, severely hampering the rescue effort. Subsequently, the US government passed the

610:, for example. The relation between wavelength and frequency is reciprocal: the higher the frequency, the shorter the wave, and vice versa. 6200: 6172: 6167: 5192: 4424: 586:

In early radio, and to a limited extent much later, the transmission signal of the radio station was specified in meters, referring to the

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Listening in : radio and the American imagination : from Amos 'n' Andy and Edward R. Murrow to Wolfman Jack and Howard Stern

437:, which unlike the discontinuous pulses produced by spark transmitters, created steady "continuous wave" signal that could be used for 4065: 2803: 4324: 3786:

Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power

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experimented with 1.5 and 12 GHz microwaves respectively, generated by small metal ball spark resonators. Russian physicist

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to erect three 600-foot (180-m) radio towers there. Nikola Tesla assisted in the construction. A similar station was erected in

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In 1929 a new screen grid tube called UY-224 was introduced, an amplifier designed to operate directly on alternating current.

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and mathematical proofs demonstrating that light, radio and x-rays were all types of electromagnetic waves propagating through

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1994. Builders of Modern India series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.

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and his associates. At 9 pm on August 27, 1920, Sociedad Radio Argentina aired a live performance of Richard Wagner's opera

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Fessenden and Marconi: Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century

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using millimeter-range-wavelength microwaves to trigger detectors that ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance.

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that used a coherer based radio receiver. He presented it to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society on May 7, 1895.

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considered Hertzian waves relatively useless for long range transmission since "light" could not transmit further than

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Brodsky, Ira. "The History of Wireless: How Creative Minds Produced Technology for the Masses" (Telescope Books, 2008)

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Gleason L. Archer Personal Papers (MS108), Suffolk University Archives, Suffolk University; Boston, Massachusetts.

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played over the radio, and had their major stars sign agreements that they would not perform on radio broadcasts.

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radio. Portions of the radio spectrum reserved for specific purposes were often referred to by wavelength: the

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Report of the Imperial Wireless Telegraphy Committee, 1924. Presented to Parliament by Command of His Majesty.

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was being broadcast commercially (though not all broadcasts or programs were in color), and the first (radio)

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in 1895 conducted experiments in the 50 GHz 50 (6 millimeter) range. Bengali Indian physicist

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broadcast human speech to the public at large. 9XM was first experimentally licensed in 1914, began regular

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Principles of Transistor Circuits: Introduction to the Design of Amplifiers, Receivers and Digital Circuits

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music from his laboratory station in New York City. This was followed by tests that included, in the fall,

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Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928–1935

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as the first commercial station. 8MK was licensed to a teenager, Michael DeLisle Lyons, and financed by

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British Post Office engineers inspect Guglielmo Marconi's wireless telegraphy (radio) equipment in 1897.

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waves were the same phenomenon at different wavelengths led "Maxwellian" scientists such as John Perry,

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Electric waves; being research on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space

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by Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (English translation by Daniel Evan Jones), Macmillan and Co., 1893, pp. 1–5

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Dawn of the Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945

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showed that WBZ received its commercial license on 15 September 1921; another Westinghouse station,

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continuous train of radiant waves of substantially uniform strength", or, in modern terminology, a

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did not go away on radio. Instead, the degree of automation increased. On land-lines in the 1930s,

904: 652: 607: 235: 122: 2136:"Jagadish Chandra Bose: The first complete biography investigates his life as well as his science" 2014: 144:"). Lodge further expanded on Hertz' experiments showing how these new waves exhibited like light 6060: 6045: 5889: 5840: 5763: 5663: 5341: 5227: 5222: 5087: 4923: 4822: 4775: 4683: 3711: 1899: 1710: 1342: 1064:

automated encoding, and were adapted to pulse-code dialing to automate routing, a service called

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A problem with the early radios was fading stations and fluctuating volume. The invention of the

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T. K. Sarkar, Robert Mailloux, Arthur A. Oliner, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, Dipak L. Sengupta,

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Guglielmo Marconi – The father of long distance radio communication – An engineer's tribute"

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In 1895, adapting the techniques presented in Lodge's published lectures, Russian physicist

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Archer, Gleason L. History of Radio to 1926 (The American Historical Society, Inc., 1938).

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On August 20, 1920, 8MK, began broadcasting daily and was later claimed by famed inventor

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as joint undertakings for radio engineering in Berlin. It continued as a joint venture of

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Oliver Lodge's 1894 lectures on Hertz demonstrated how to transmit and detect radio waves.

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Marconi's apparatus is also credited with saving the 700 people who survived the tragic

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Archer, Gleason L. Big Business and Radio (The American Historical Society, Inc., 1939)

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Radio technology was first used for ships to communicate at sea. To ensure safety, the

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Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus there-for

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company was established in 1897 by Guglielmo Marconi and began communication between

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conducted experiments at wavelengths of 60 GHz (5 millimeter) and invented

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Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920–1983

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Current Sources and Voltage References: A Design Reference for Electronics Engineers

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them to a belief that applications were very limited. The Serbian American engineer

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Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1856–1894) proved the existence of electromagnetic radiation.

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in 1978, gave much more capacity. It was the primary analog mobile phone system in

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local stations because of the more limited range of VHF broadcasts were realized.

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Conflicting Communication Interests in America: The Case of National Public Radio

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Second Test of the Marconi Over-Ocean Wireless System Proved Entirely Successful

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became the premier radio navigation system. Soon, the US Navy experimented with

5906: 5778: 5753: 5713: 5683: 5558: 5393: 5346: 5321: 5279: 4518: 4397:

Western Historic Radio Museum: Radio Communication Equipment from 1909 to 1959.

3810: 3228: 1746: 1458: 1419: 1394:

When radio was introduced in the early 1920s, many predicted it would kill the

1061: 953: 883: 836: 470: 446: 3908:

Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940

1786: 886:

and transmitters. Westinghouse engineers developed a more modern vacuum tube.

659:, had a stranglehold on ship-to-shore communication. It operated much the way 112:

Early experiment demonstrating refraction of microwaves by a paraffin lens by

6266: 6055: 5828: 5818: 5733: 5623: 5618: 5608: 5593: 5415: 5274: 4893: 4618: 4498: 4437: 4287:" 1st Da Capo Press ed., Cambridge, Massachusetts : Da Capo Press, 2003. 3801: 3659: 3534: 1672: 1594: 1590: 1370: 852: 820: 767: 759: 735: 712:, creating the only wireless communication between North America and Europe. 676:

was founded on May 27, 1903, as "Telefunken society for wireless telefon" of

603: 527:. Only about twenty homes in the city had receivers to tune in this program. 496: 434: 430: 393: 308: 212: 196: 192: 161: 4219:

Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States

4168:

The Modern Stentors; Radio Broadcasting and the Federal Government 1920–1934

562:

In 1922 regular audio broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the

168:. During part of the demonstration the waves were sent from the neighboring 164:, confirming that Hertz' waves and light waves were both forms of Maxwell's 5933: 5773: 5718: 5648: 5613: 5548: 5447: 5437: 5289: 4986: 4965: 4440: 3993:". Chelmsford, Eng., Marconi International Marine Communication Co., 1950. 3763:

American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television

2519:

Icons of Invention – The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates

2006: 1766: 1618: 1564: 1560: 1539: 1283: 1025: 977: 945: 856: 630:

Donald Manson working as an employee of the Marconi Company (England, 1906)

532: 524: 442: 414: 248: 208: 188: 129: 56: 4299: 4138: 3640: 3305: 2172:

Icons of Invention: the Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates

1914: 125:

and Alexander Trotter to assume they would be analogous to optical light.

6133: 5783: 5693: 5678: 5638: 5598: 5457: 5056: 4888: 4713: 4504: 3978:. Obtainable in the US from Pendragon House Inc., Palo Alto, California.) 2116: 1168: 1065: 994: 976:. In 1954, the Regency company introduced a pocket transistor radio, the 894: 879: 840: 832: 816: 813: 595: 457:

to his assistant, Frank E. Butler, located in the Fox's Dock Pavilion on

184: 149: 4309:

Misreading the Supreme Court: A Puzzling Chapter in the History of Radio

4198:

The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900–1939

278: 73: 6138: 5845: 5543: 5452: 5408: 5378: 5356: 5154: 5051: 5017: 4770: 4756: 4458: 3848:". International Conference on 100 Years of Radio (5–7 September 1995). 3335:

Frontline: The Way the Music Died (Inside the Music Industry) (PBS.org)

3176: 3174: 1579: 1556: 1268: 1208: 1200: 1057: 965: 693: 673: 599: 587: 326:, Cornwall, Marconi transmitted a message across the Atlantic Ocean to 316: 243: 145: 90: 40: 3818:

holding the key Marconi patent invalid (9 pages). (21st Century Books)

2638: 756:

Construction and Operation of a Simple Homemade Radio Receiving Outfit

128:

Following Hertz' untimely death in 1894, British physicist and writer

6123: 5588: 5403: 5170: 4833: 4692: 4329: 4016:", Journal of the Franklin Institute, December 1897, pp. 463–64. 3255:

MOSFET Technologies for Double-Pole Four-Throw Radio-Frequency Switch

2916:

The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business: An Encyclopedia

1627: 1552: 1362: 1331: 1128: 1071:

Telex systems were adapted to short-wave radio by sending tones over

1013: 989: 897:, the first completely battery free radios became available in 1927. 591: 512: 504: 450: 441:(AM) audio transmissions. In February 1907 he transmitted electronic 347: 342:

radio-telegraph service was finally begun on 17 October 1907 between

4357:

A Comparison of the Tesla and Marconi Low-Frequency Wireless Systems

4278: 4085: 4058: 4051: 3998: 3971: 3950: 3894: 3171: 980:, powered by a "standard 22.5 V Battery." In 1955, the newly formed 499:, made its first regular entertainment radio broadcast over station 6118: 6108: 6025: 5850: 5673: 4583: 4536: 4494: 4175:

Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics

3104: 1761: 1609: 1598: 1583: 1366: 1196: 1183:

in Alpine, New Jersey, was granted a construction permit by the US

1156: 1084: 1009: 787: 537: 3983:

Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919–1976

3037: 2534:. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey – 1985, p. 61 2244:"Marconi e lo Stravolgimento della Verità Storica Sulla Sua Opera" 6113: 6098: 5316: 4623: 4578: 4532: 3779:

The Continuous Wave: Technology and the American Radio, 1900–1932

1602: 1542:, a popular singing group, gathered around the radio at the time. 1463: 1304: 1260: 1136: 571: 541: 412:. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing 355: 343: 219: 141: 3183:"AT&T Archives: Testing the First Public Cell Phone Network" 2390:"The Clifden Station of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph System". 590:, the length of the radio wave. This is the origin of the terms 6143: 6103: 5425: 5102: 5097: 4847: 4663: 4637: 4632: 4591: 4542: 4528: 4184:

A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922–1939

2985:

Typical examples of completed and present MOS developments are:

2483:"Experiments and Results in Wireless Telephony" by John Grant, 1140: 940: 866:

Early radios ran the entire power of the transmitter through a

860: 824: 810: 640: 419: 323: 47:, many people contributed theory and inventions in what became 2793:

The Race for Wireless: How Radio was Invented (or Discovered?)

746: 6128: 6065: 5373: 4668: 4563: 4455: 2532:

The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932

2059:

Jagadis Chandra Bose, Prantosh Bhattacharyya, Meher H., J.C.

1180: 1116: 1076: 985: 848: 766:

The most common type of receiver before vacuum tubes was the

709: 615: 423: 223: 48: 4396: 4336:

by Tom Lewis, 1st ed., New York : E. Burlingame Books,

4005:

Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924–1939

3915:

International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice

2222:

The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art

1538:

Around 1920, radio broadcasting started to get popular. The

1529: 1179:, the first experimental FM radio station after Armstrong's 889:

The first radios still required batteries, but in 1926 the "

295:

system and Marconi went on to receive British patent 12039,

172:

building, and received by apparatus in the lecture theater.

132:

presented a widely covered lecture on Hertzian waves at the

6070: 3959:". London : H.M.S.O., A Science Museum booklet, 1974. 2702:"Marconi Company Limited | Science Museum Group Collection" 1668: 1442: 1249: 1215:) which was not covered by the Copenhagen plan. After some 1132: 981: 552: 500: 312: 302: 3005:

Electronics World (November, 1966, Vol. 76, No. 51. p. 44)

1373:(and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. 1267:, relayed the first publicly available live transatlantic 311:, England and opened his "wireless" factory in the former 5077: 5072: 4432: 4392:

Cybertelecom :: Radio History (legal and regulatory)

4080:". Turin: Turinese typographical-publishing union, 1975. 4070: 3936:

The early history of radio : from Faraday to Marconi

3613:

Larry Wolters, "Radio Illusions Dispelled By DeForest."

2859:

JI f()IU 112~ A\ IL – California Historical Radio Society

2075: 1682: 1637: 1279: 567: 2421: 1199:

broadcasting was introduced in Germany. At a meeting in

55:". Later radio history increasingly involves matters of 4217:

Smith, F. Leslie, John W. Wright II, David H. Ostroff;

1175:

from electrical equipment and the atmosphere. In 1937,

984:

company introduced its first transistorized radio, the

4233:

Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting

4022:

Look Ma, No Wires": Marconi and the Invention of Radio

3384:

The Illustrated Story of Copyright (edwardsamuels.com)

3156:. AT&T Intellectual Property. 2011. Archived from 2265:

Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers

1608:

The first station to receive a commercial license was

4377:

Timeline of the First Thirty Years of Radio 1895–1925

4097:

Wireless telegraphy and telephony popularly explained

3750:

Gleason L. Archer Personal Papers (MS108) finding aid

3180: 2628: 2626: 2220:

Correspondence to the editor of the Saturday Review,

1516: 1432:

American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers

234:

Between 1890 and 1892 physicists such as John Perry,

3027:

Can AM Radio Be Saved? Should It Be? | The Well News

2326: 2228:

from Guglielmo Marconi (3 May 1902, pp. 556–58) and

2005: 307:

In 1897, Marconi established a radio station on the

3743:

Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest

3129:

Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction

2309: 2232:

from Silvanus P. Thompson (10 May 1902, pp. 598–99)

2033: 1839:

The Early History of Radio: From Faraday to Marconi

103: 4266:". London, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970. 3252:Srivastava, Viranjay M.; Singh, Ghanshyam (2013). 2623: 1757:Timeline of the introduction of radio in countries 1087:, or wireless photoradiogram, invented in 1924 by 1036:The first integrated circuit (IC) radio, P1740 by 1006:metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors 555:, an amateur station licensed to Wendell King, an 18:For the controversy about who invented radio, see 3860:The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom 3761:Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds. 3224: 3222: 2544:"The Early History of Radio in the United States" 2370:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2117:"Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN'T 'Invent Radio'" 1503: 1276:Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor 1083:Documents including maps and photographs went by 6264: 4370:Presentation of the Edison Medal to Nikola Tesla 4360:". Twenty First Century Books, Breckenridge, Co. 4250:Wireless: from Marconi's Black-box to the Audion 4131:The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting, 1920–1951 3206:Private Line: Daily Notes Archive (October 2003) 3038:Entrepreneur – Founder Of Motorola – Paul Galvin 2548:The Radio Industry: The Story of its Development 2214: 2168: 1946:Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion 1008:(MOSFETs) in their consumer products, including 319:, England, in 1898, employing around 60 people. 4386:; An important chapter in the Death of Distance 3657: 3331:"Chronology: Technology And The Music Industry" 3251: 2815:late 1920s Archives | The Saturday Evening Post 2632: 2365:"Radio's First Message – Fessenden and Marconi" 2114: 2101: 2099: 1888:Oliver Lodge and the Liverpool Physical Society 1803: 1671:, the Wireless Radio Union College, located on 273: 4252:", Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2001, 4156:(The Evening News Association, Detroit, 1922). 4044:Year book of wireless telegraphy and telephony 4037:Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry 3347: 3328: 3219: 3201: 3199: 2681:"Radio Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum" 2287:"125 Years Discovery of Electromagnetic Waves" 2226:"The Inventor of Wireless Telegraphy: A Reply" 1779: 956:, was the world's first commercially produced 408:to make the first radio audio broadcast, from 375:In the late 1890s, Canadian-American inventor 5186: 5002: 4418: 4161:FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation 4025:". History of Communications Infrastructures. 3549:"The Pennsylvania Center for the Book – KDKA" 2969: 2599:"Reporting Yacht Races by Wireless Telephony" 2241: 551:began broadcasting on October 14, 1920, over 5016: 4300:Pioneering U.S. Radio Activities (1897–1917) 4231:Sterling, Christopher, and Kittross John M. 4066:Tesla contribution to radio wave propagation 4013:Notes and comments; Telegraphy without wires 2605:, August 10, 1907, pp. 293–94. (archive.org) 2356: 2321:25th European Microwave Conference: Volume 2 2096: 1893: 1447: 878:'s patent. During the mid-1920s, Amplifying 715: 81:In an 1864 presentation, published in 1865, 6201:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4063:Marincic, Aleksandar and Djuradj Budimir, " 4032:(University of North Carolina Press, 1946). 3758:fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984). 3664:The Boston Radio Archives (bostonradio.org) 3196: 3074:"Edwin H. Armstrong | Lemelson-MIT Program" 2938: 2936: 2477: 2164: 2162: 1991:, Princeton University Press – 2014, p. 103 1797: 1736:A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications 1474:In 1912, distress calls to aid the sinking 1278:(MOSFET) first used for television, by the 720: 581: 6237: 5193: 5179: 5009: 4995: 4425: 4411: 4332:, PBS documentary based on the 1991 book, 4317: 4090:ed. Contains 32 tables outside of the text 3679:"NIST Time and Frequency Division History" 3579:The Concise Encyclopedia of American Radio 3506: 3380:"Music and Sound Recordings (chapter two)" 3245: 3016:The First Car With a Radio – Techhistorian 2001: 1999: 1997: 1376: 511:Regular entertainment broadcasts began in 4334:Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio 4325:Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio 3885:Coe, Douglas and Kreigh Collins (ills), " 3524: 3229:"Turning on the Future: October 13, 1983" 3096: 3050:""Flying the Beam" | Time and Navigation" 2837:Radiola: The Golden Age of RCA, 1919–1929 2758:. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. 2662:. Union College Magazine. 1 November 1995 1890:, Liverpool University Press, 1990, p. 24 1597:. In 1921 8MK changed to WBL and then to 1570:On February 17, 1919, station 9XM at the 1530:Licensed commercial public radio stations 1361:analog mobile phone system, developed by 1330:analog mobile phone system, developed by 1115:systems became widespread. In the 1970s, 4212:This ... is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Years 3880:– Wireless Communication of an Early Era 3788:", Sun Publishing Company, LC 92-60482, 3676: 3576: 2942: 2933: 2521:– Vol. 1, Greenwood Press – 2009, p. 400 2159: 2041:Oliver Lodge: Almost the Father of Radio 2019:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 474–86. 1989:Syntony and Spark – The Origins of Radio 1533: 1486: 1443:Regulations of radio stations in the U.S 939: 935: 804: 745: 741: 625: 384:(CW) transmitter. While working for the 366: 303:Nautical and transatlantic transmissions 277: 229: 174: 107: 72: 4042:Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, " 3142: 2963: 2912: 2906: 2826:A Radio for the Great Depression – WSHU 2753: 2561:Reginald Fessenden: Builder of Tomorrow 2363:Belrose, John S. (5–7 September 1995). 2362: 1994: 1852:"Magnetic Fields and Maxwell Revisited" 1131:was launched; it was followed by other 696:, until Siemens left in 1941. In 1911, 682:Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft ( 429:Around the same time American inventor 6265: 5200: 4388:. Nova Scotia, Canada, March 14, 2006. 4264:Theory of guided electromagnetic waves 4141:; 100th birthday exhibit this weekend 3121: 1807:Newton to Einstein: The Trail of Light 1384:Imperial Wireless Telegraphy Committee 453:—which were sent from the steam yacht 5174: 4990: 4803: 4406: 4303:", United States Early Radio History. 4200:(University of Illinois Press, 1990). 4193:(University of Illinois Press, 1960). 4182:Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David. 4152:The Radio Staff of the Detroit News, 4139:Invention of Radio Celebrated in S.F. 3889:". New York, J. Messner, Inc., 1943. 3809:Priority in the Invention of Radio – 3260:Springer Science & Business Media 2635:"Radio Broadcasting at Union College" 2495:: February 2, 1907, pp. 68–70, 79–80. 2133: 1933:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age 1353:led to the development of affordable 1031: 523:from the Coliseo Theater in downtown 362: 6247: 4294:(University of Chicago Press, 1947). 4163:(Iowa State University Press, 1990). 4133:(University of Toronto Press, 1969). 4010:Journal of the Franklin Institute. " 3770: 3457: 3432: 3181:AT&T Tech Channel (2011-06-13). 2706:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk 1469: 1322:In 1947 AT&T commercialized the 752:United States government publication 286:In 1894, the young Italian inventor 3927:Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. 3781:(Princeton University Press, 1985). 3756:Documents of American Broadcasting, 3701: 3641:"Highbridge Station Reports (1917)" 3507:Economides, Nicholas (1999-12-01). 3150:"1946: First Mobile Telephone Call" 2885: 2660:"From a Shed to the World Wide Web" 2279: 2267:, (vol. 28, March 2, 1899), p. 294. 2115:Thomas H. White (1 November 2012). 1965:. December 11, 2018. Archived from 1640:: Launched by Lee de Forest in the 1242: 1098: 13: 4804: 4119:The Early Days of Radio in America 3929:Broadcasting: Radio and Television 3903:(Syracuse University Press, 1984). 3899:Covert, Cathy and Stevens John L. 3734: 3407: 3288:, London, Reference: CAB 24/165/38 3131:, McGraw-Hill International, 2006 2474: patent: "Wireless Telegraphy" 2442:by Hugh G. J. Aitken, 1985, p. 50. 2315:Bondyopadhyay, Prebir K. (1995) " 2297:from the original on July 14, 2022 2230:"Wireless Telegraphy: A Rejoinder" 1517:The Telecommunications Act of 1996 1436:The Illustrated Story of Copyright 988:. It was small enough to fit in a 634: 621: 14: 6294: 4347: 4221:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998 4143:". San Francisco Chronicle, 1995. 3831:(Oxford University Press, 1968); 3348:Edward Samuels (April 19, 2002). 3238:by Kathi Ann Brown (extract from 3097:Amos, S. W.; James, Mike (2013). 2633:Rowan Wakefield (February 1959). 2344:from the original on June 8, 2022 2291:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 2061:Bose and Microwaves: A Collection 1787:"James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)" 1701:History of electromagnetic theory 1696:History of electrical engineering 1651:: Launched by Harold J. Power in 1185:Federal Communications Commission 993:completely except for high-power 831:During the mid-1920s, amplifying 479:Radio broadcasting § History 6246: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6215: 5836:Free-space optical communication 4959: 4243:Twenty First Century Books, 2005 4126:, April 1917, pp. 893, 911. 4099:". New York, Van Nostrand, 1908. 3862:(Oxford University Press, 1961). 3855:(Oxford University Press, 1984). 3695: 3604:by Eric Barnouw, 1966, pp. 62–64 3484:"The Communications Act of 1934" 3127:Gordon A. Gow, Richard K. Smith 2970:Zeidler, G.; Becker, D. (1974). 2913:Skrabec, Quentin R. Jr. (2012). 2637:. W2UC.union.edu. Archived from 2050:, pp. 5–6, from Antique Wireless 1311: 782:enabled audio radio. The use of 661:American Telephone and Telegraph 618:(cycles per second) about 1965. 371:Reginald Fessenden (around 1906) 104:Exploration of optical qualities 3853:The BBC – the First Fifty Years 3670: 3651: 3633: 3620: 3607: 3595: 3570: 3541: 3500: 3476: 3451: 3426: 3401: 3372: 3341: 3322: 3291: 3276: 3090: 3066: 3042: 3031: 3020: 3009: 2998: 2874: 2863: 2852: 2841: 2830: 2819: 2808: 2797: 2786: 2762: 2747: 2718: 2694: 2673: 2652: 2608: 2592: 2578: 2575:by Lee de Forest, 1950, p. 225. 2566: 2563:, New York: Coward-McCann, 1940 2553: 2537: 2524: 2511: 2498: 2491:: January 26, 1907, pp. 49–51; 2458: 2445: 2433: 2398: 2383: 2270: 2254: 2235: 2205: 2196: 2146: 2127: 2108: 2066: 2053: 1981: 1951: 1938: 1190: 911: 800: 464: 422:and reading a passage from the 4899:Error detection and correction 4205:The Secret History of Wireless 4039:(The Macmillan Company, 1949). 3931:(Harper & Brothers, 1952). 3924:, New York: Times Books, 1999. 3658:Donna L. Halper (2001-01-02). 3577:Sterling, Christopher (2009). 3329:Callie Taintor (27 May 2004). 3240:Bringing Information to People 2895:. ScienCentral (pbs.org). 1999 2485:The American Telephone Journal 2083:Jagadish Chandra Bose, 2nd ed. 1925: 1907: 1880: 1862: 1844: 1831: 1810:. Cambridge University Press. 1523:Telecommunications Act of 1996 1504:The Communications Act of 1934 1308:, was launched. In the 1970s, 1052: 972:led to the development of the 895:indirectly heated vacuum tubes 547:Union College in Schenectady, 487:FM broadcasting § History 483:AM broadcasting § History 51:. Radio development began as " 1: 4106:Oxford University Press, 1994 3729: 3526:10.1016/S0922-1425(98)00056-5 3350:"Creativity Wants to be Paid" 2919:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–97. 2430:, Winter 2003–2004 (FCC.gov) 2134:Ghosh, Kunal (July 4, 2022). 2063:, Bose Institute – 1995, p. 2 1870:"Electromagnetism (glossary)" 1551:It is commonly attributed to 1286:was later widely adopted for 1223: 700:sent Telefunken engineers to 667: 493:Nederlandsche Radio-Industrie 187:nature at these wavelengths. 140:'s detector Lodge named the " 6222:Telecommunication portal 6003:Telecommunications equipment 4149:, 2006, Touchstone Pictures. 3957:Guglielmo Marconi, 1874–1937 3630:, 30 September 1928, p. B27. 3617:, 13 September 1936, p. SW 7 3242:, 1993) (MilestonesPast.com) 2943:Harrison, Linden T. (2005). 2618:Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant 2263:by G. Marconi (discussion), 1772: 1726:History of telecommunication 1359:Advanced Mobile Phone System 1328:Advanced Mobile Phone System 1280:Radio Corporation of America 1167:of the radio wave to reduce 1093:Radio Corporation of America 1043: 1040:, became available in 1966. 1028:systems by the early 1970s. 1002:Radio Corporation of America 970:bipolar junction transistors 386:United States Weather Bureau 274:Marconi and radio telegraphy 62: 7: 5739:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 4972:Comparison of radio systems 4364:Sparks Telegraph Key Review 4124:The Electrical Experimenter 4095:Massie, Walter Wentworth, " 3985:(Praeger Publishers, 1977). 3901:Mass Media Between the Wars 3513:Japan and the World Economy 3410:"Wireless Ship Act of 1910" 2848:Audio Engineering Explained 2756:The Evolution of Technology 2156:, Routledge – 2003, p. 1820 1689: 1624:U.S. Department of Commerce 874:bought Lee de Forest's and 684:General Electricity Company 264:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 10: 6299: 5443:Telecommunications history 4945:International broadcasting 4914:FM extended band in Brazil 4262:Waldron, Richard Arthur, " 4207:". Kingston, Rhode Island. 3871:Before Valve Amplification 3660:"The Rise and Fall of WGI" 2589:by Ben Gross, 1954, p. 48. 2428:"A Short History of Radio" 1915:"Section 22: Word Origins" 1741:Digital audio broadcasting 1614:Springfield, Massachusetts 1510:Communications Act of 1934 1315: 1227: 468: 66: 17: 6210: 6152: 6089: 6051:Public Switched Telephone 6011: 5975: 5932: 5873: 5863:telecommunication circuit 5824:Fiber-optic communication 5807: 5569:Francis Blake (telephone) 5516: 5364:Optical telecommunication 5208: 5111: 5065: 5047:Modulated continuous wave 5024: 4953: 4932: 4871: 4831: 4810: 4799: 4755: 4712: 4682: 4646: 4611: 4604: 4556: 4485: 4454: 4447: 4224:Sterling, Christopher H. 4170:(Greenwood Press, 1980). 3887:Marconi, pioneer of radio 3802:excerpts available online 3581:. Sterling. p. 847. 3553:pabook2.libraries.psu.edu 2949:. Elsevier. p. 185. 2730:Telefunken Elektroakustik 2620:, 05 November 1919, p. 16 2451:Fessenden, Helen (1940), 2169:John W. Klooster (2009). 2152:Christopher H. Sterling, 1616:. Lists provided to the 1454:Wireless Ship Act of 1910 1448:Wireless Ship Act of 1910 1339:metal–oxide–semiconductor 1159:was patented by inventor 1125:Global Positioning System 1018:Metal–oxide–semiconductor 964:Following development of 855:placed a screen, added a 823:who invented the Audion ( 716:Technological development 410:Brant Rock, Massachusetts 5962:Orbital angular-momentum 5399:Satellite communications 5238:Communications satellite 5093:Morse code abbreviations 5018:International Morse code 4186:(Basil Blackwell, 1991). 4113:Praeger Publishers, 1999 4030:The People Look at Radio 4007:Praeger Publishers, 1995 3868:Butler, Lloyd (VK5BR), " 3234:October 6, 2011, at the 3054:timeandnavigation.si.edu 2980:Western Electric Company 2976:Electrical Communication 2870:Popular Science des 1930 2804:Popular Science Aug 1929 2754:Basalla, George (1988). 1804:Ralph Baierlein (1992). 1706:History of amateur radio 1508:The introduction of the 1497:Federal Radio Commission 1324:Mobile Telephone Service 1318:History of mobile phones 1265:communications satellite 905:superheterodyne receiver 847:developed a vacuum tube 809:The first commercial AM 721:Amplitude-modulated (AM) 582:Wavelength and frequency 495:and its owner-engineer, 236:Frederick Thomas Trouton 123:Frederick Thomas Trouton 5841:Molecular communication 5664:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5493:Undersea telegraph line 5228:Cable protection system 5088:Prosigns for Morse code 4924:Shortwave relay station 4823:Audio signal processing 4318:Media and documentaries 3988:Hancock, Harry Edgar, " 3765:(Hastings House, 1975). 3677:lombardi (2010-05-11). 3626:"Radio's Anniversary," 2615:"Radio Soireé-Musicale" 2586:I Looked and I Listened 2410:19 October 2013 at the 1948:, MIT Press, 2001, p. 2 1711:History of broadcasting 1679:; was launched as W2XQ 1572:University of Wisconsin 1377:Broadcast and copyright 1343:large-scale integration 1300:communication satellite 1127:(GPS) constellation of 1022:large-scale integration 517:Enrique Telémaco Susini 475:History of broadcasting 402:Alexanderson alternator 315:-works at Hall Street, 35:that produces and uses 5983:Communication protocol 5769:Charles Sumner Tainter 5584:Walter Houser Brattain 5529:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5337:Information revolution 5160:Chinese telegraph code 4818:Audio data compression 4214:(Prentice Hall, 1988). 4035:Maclaurin, W. Rupert. 3386:. 2002. Archived from 2726:"History & Origin" 2334:"1890s – 1930s: Radio" 2081:Mukherji, Visvapriya, 1653:Medford, Massachusetts 1543: 1365:and introduced in the 1234:In the 1930s, regular 1000:By the mid-1960s, the 961: 828: 763: 631: 530:On 31 August 1920 the 372: 283: 180: 117: 96:Between 1886 and 1888 78: 6283:History of technology 5957:Polarization-division 5689:Narinder Singh Kapany 5654:Erna Schneider Hoover 5574:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5554:Alexander Graham Bell 5285:online video platform 5113:Other writing systems 4919:Multipath propagation 4742:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 4612:Frequency allocations 4487:Frequency allocations 4102:McChesney, Robert W. 4003:Jackaway, Gwenyth L. 3185:. Techchannel.att.com 2508:, Wiley – 2006, p. 92 2261:"Wireless Telegraphy" 2211:Hong (2001) pp. 20–22 2154:Encyclopedia of Radio 1752:Spark-gap transmitter 1731:History of television 1716:History of podcasting 1677:Schenectady, New York 1537: 1487:The Radio Act of 1927 1430:With this ruling the 1355:mobile communications 1256:introduced in the US. 1230:History of television 1228:Further information: 1150: 943: 936:Transistor technology 930:broadcast transmitter 808: 795:Boy Scouts of America 749: 742:Crystal set receivers 629: 503:from its workshop in 433:experimented with an 406:spark-gap transmitter 370: 281: 230:Proposed applications 201:Jagadish Chandra Bose 178: 166:electromagnetic waves 111: 98:Heinrich Rudolf Hertz 85:proposed theories of 76: 33:history of technology 5799:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5759:Almon Brown Strowger 5729:Charles Grafton Page 5384:Prepaid mobile phone 5312:Electrical telegraph 5083:Morse code mnemonics 5032:Electrical telegraph 5025:Transmission methods 4872:Technical (emission) 4189:Schramm Wilbur, ed. 4154:WWJ-The Detroit News 4076:Masini, Giancarlo. " 4028:Lazarsfeld, Paul F. 3934:Garratt, G. R. M., " 3807:Anderson, Leland I. 3645:earlyradiohistory.us 3458:Morrison, Sharon L. 3433:Morrison, Sharon L. 2559:Helen M. Fessenden, 2121:earlyradiohistory.us 2105:Hong (2001) pp. 5–10 2009:; Mailloux, Robert; 1969:on December 13, 2022 1931:W. Bernard Carlson, 1919:earlyradiohistory.us 1422:Department Store in 1217:amplitude modulation 1195:After World War II, 1165:frequency modulation 1121:satellite navigation 872:Westinghouse company 870:. In the 1920s, the 845:John Ambrose Fleming 784:amplitude modulation 680:(S & H) and the 678:Siemens & Halske 649:coast radio stations 170:Clarendon Laboratory 114:John Ambrose Fleming 5749:Johann Philipp Reis 5508:Wireless revolution 5470:The Telephone Cases 5327:Hydraulic telegraph 5123:American Morse code 4283:Weightman, Gavin, " 4191:Mass Communications 3920:Douglas, Susan J., 3842:Belrose, John S., " 3784:Anderson, Leland. " 3777:Aitkin, Hugh G. J. 3754:Kahn Frank J., ed. 3708:libguides.union.edu 3460:"Radio Act of 1927" 3435:"Radio Act of 1912" 3360:on October 30, 2006 2893:"Transistor Radios" 2770:"Vacuum Tube Radio" 2546:by H. P. Davis, in 2530:Hugh G. J. Aitken, 2506:History of Wireless 2440:The Continuous Wave 2394:. 23 November 1907. 2392:Scientific American 2242:Lodovico Gualandi. 2016:History of Wireless 1935:, 2013, pp. 125–126 1841:, IET – 1994, p. 27 1351:cellular networking 1337:The development of 1288:television receiver 819:, built in 1914 by 576:Chelmsford, England 439:amplitude modulated 83:James Clerk Maxwell 53:wireless telegraphy 5947:Frequency-division 5924:Telephone exchange 5794:Charles Wheatstone 5724:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5699:Innocenzo Manzetti 5634:Reginald Fessenden 5369:Optical telegraphy 5202:Telecommunications 4382:2008-03-31 at the 4306:Wunsch, A. David " 4297:White, Thomas H. " 4292:The American Radio 4290:White, Llewellyn. 4235:(Wadsworth, 1978). 4203:Seifer, Marc J., " 4116:McNicol, Donald. " 3981:Gibson, George H. 3906:Craig, Douglas B. 3876:2020-08-08 at the 3408:Tullai, Margaret. 3212:2012-06-10 at the 2517:John W. Klooster, 2418:. 24 October 1907. 2046:2018-10-03 at the 1987:Hugh G.J. Aitken, 1837:G. R. M. Garratt, 1632:Newark, New Jersey 1544: 1424:Newark, New Jersey 1347:information theory 1345:(LSI) technology, 1161:Edwin H. Armstrong 1032:Integrated circuit 962: 926:magnetic cartridge 891:battery eliminator 829: 764: 750:In the 1920s, the 728:Reginald Fessenden 632: 491:The Dutch company 398:Reginald Fessenden 377:Reginald Fessenden 373: 363:Audio transmission 293:radio transmission 284: 268:lightning detector 181: 118: 79: 69:Invention of radio 20:Invention of radio 6278:Guglielmo Marconi 6260: 6259: 5998:Store and forward 5993:Data transmission 5907:Network switching 5858:Transmission line 5704:Guglielmo Marconi 5669:Internet pioneers 5534:Mohamed M. Atalla 5503:Whistled language 5168: 5167: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4904:FM broadcast band 4811:Technical (audio) 4708: 4707: 4600: 4599: 4312:" Mercurians.org. 4239:Stone, John Stone 4173:Rugh, William A. 4166:Rosen, Philip T. 4136:Pimsleur, J. L. " 4078:Guglielmo Marconi 4019:Katz, Randy H., " 3811:Tesla vs. Marconi 3771:Secondary sources 3354:edwardsamuels.com 3286:National Archives 2416:Sydney Daily Post 2276:Hong (2001) p. 13 2202:Hong (2001) p. 22 2011:Oliner, Arthur A. 1856:lumenlearning.com 1791:(sparkmuseum.com) 1493:Radio Act of 1927 1480:Radio Act of 1912 1470:Radio Act of 1912 1396:phonograph record 1236:analog television 1089:Richard H. Ranger 1012:, television and 1004:(RCA) were using 950:Texas Instruments 868:carbon microphone 817:radio transmitter 698:Kaiser Wilhelm II 542:Detroit, Michigan 459:South Bass Island 288:Guglielmo Marconi 216:crystal detectors 134:Royal Institution 45:timeline of radio 37:radio instruments 6290: 6273:History of radio 6250: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6091:Notable networks 6081:Wireless network 6021:Cellular network 6013:Types of network 5988:Computer network 5875:Network topology 5789:Thomas A. Watson 5644:Oliver Heaviside 5629:Philo Farnsworth 5604:Daniel Davis Jr. 5579:Charles Bourseul 5539:John Logie Baird 5248:Data compression 5243:Computer network 5195: 5188: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4966:Radio portal 4964: 4963: 4962: 4940:History of radio 4884:AM expanded band 4801: 4800: 4684:Commercial radio 4609: 4608: 4452: 4451: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4228:(Praeger, 1984). 4210:Slater, Robert. 4159:Ray, William B. 4129:Peers, Frank W. 3955:Geddes, Keith, " 3837:A Tower in Babel 3816:US Supreme Court 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3710:. Archived from 3702:Schmidt, Sarah. 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3602:A Tower in Babel 3599: 3593: 3592: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3555:. Archived from 3545: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3356:. Archived from 3345: 3339: 3338: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3304:. Archived from 3303: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3249: 3243: 3226: 3217: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3190: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3146: 3140: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3078:lemelson.mit.edu 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3046: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3024: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2889: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2732:. Archived from 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2606: 2603:Electrical World 2596: 2590: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2330: 2324: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2293:. May 16, 2022. 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2248:radiomarconi.com 2239: 2233: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2166: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2094: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2057: 2051: 2039:James P. Rybak, 2037: 2031: 2030: 2003: 1992: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1911: 1905: 1897: 1891: 1886:Peter Rowlands, 1884: 1878: 1877: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1848: 1842: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1783: 1721:History of radar 1405:Great Depression 1296:color television 1254:color television 1243:Color television 1105:Radio navigation 1099:Radio navigation 1038:General Electric 974:transistor radio 958:transistor radio 857:"grid" electrode 772:triode amplifier 732:Valdemar Poulsen 657:American Marconi 653:Canadian Marconi 566:Research Centre 557:African-American 87:electromagnetism 29:history of radio 6298: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6216: 6214: 6206: 6148: 6085: 6007: 5971: 5928: 5877: 5869: 5810: 5803: 5709:Robert Metcalfe 5564:Tim Berners-Lee 5512: 5332:Information Age 5204: 5199: 5169: 5164: 5133:Cyrillic script 5114: 5107: 5066:Notable signals 5061: 5042:Continuous wave 5020: 5015: 4985: 4976: 4960: 4958: 4949: 4928: 4909:FM broadcasting 4879:AM broadcasting 4867: 4827: 4806: 4795: 4751: 4704: 4678: 4647:Digital systems 4642: 4627: 4596: 4557:Digital systems 4552: 4481: 4443: 4431: 4401: 4384:Wayback Machine 4350: 4320: 4315: 4248:Sungook Hong, " 4196:Schwoch James. 3917:Routledge, 1998 3878:Wayback Machine 3827:Barnouw, Erik. 3773: 3768: 3741:De Lee Forest. 3737: 3735:Primary sources 3732: 3727: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3685: 3675: 3671: 3656: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3615:Chicago Tribune 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3575: 3571: 3562: 3560: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3466: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3441: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3346: 3342: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3299:"liebowitz.dvi" 3297: 3296: 3292: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3250: 3246: 3236:Wayback Machine 3227: 3220: 3214:Wayback Machine 3204: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3163: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3107:. p. 332. 3095: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2993:— mobile radios 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2752: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2641:on May 15, 2008 2631: 2624: 2613: 2609: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2579: 2573:Father of Radio 2571: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2550:, 1928, p. 190. 2542: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2499: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2412:Wayback Machine 2403: 2399: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2375: 2373: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2338:Elon University 2332: 2331: 2327: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2259: 2255: 2240: 2236: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2167: 2160: 2151: 2147: 2132: 2128: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2054: 2048:Wayback Machine 2038: 2034: 2027: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1802: 1798: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1692: 1532: 1519: 1506: 1489: 1472: 1459:radio operators 1457:competition of 1450: 1445: 1379: 1320: 1314: 1245: 1232: 1226: 1205:wavelength plan 1203:in 1948, a new 1193: 1153: 1123:. In 1987, the 1101: 1073:single sideband 1062:teletypewriters 1055: 1046: 1034: 954:NPN transistors 938: 914: 884:radio receivers 882:revolutionized 876:Edwin Armstrong 859:, creating the 837:radio receivers 835:revolutionized 803: 776:motor-generator 744: 723: 718: 670: 645:British Marconi 637: 635:British Marconi 624: 622:Radio companies 584: 515:, pioneered by 489: 467: 435:arc transmitter 382:continuous-wave 365: 346:, Ireland, and 305: 276: 257:The Electrician 240:William Crookes 232: 106: 71: 65: 23: 12: 11: 5: 6296: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6244: 6234: 6224: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5942:Space-division 5938: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5779:Camille Tissot 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5754:Claude Shannon 5751: 5746: 5744:Tivadar Puskás 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5714:Antonio Meucci 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5684:Charles K. Kao 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5659:Harold Hopkins 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5559:Emile Berliner 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5498:Videotelephony 5495: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5394:Radiotelephone 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5280:Internet video 5272: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5130: 5128:Greek alphabet 5125: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4858:Kahn-Hazeltine 4855: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805:Related topics 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4689: 4687: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4613: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4522: 4512: 4502: 4491: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4430: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4348:External links 4346: 4345: 4344: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4260: 4246: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4144: 4134: 4127: 4114: 4109:McCourt, Tom. 4107: 4100: 4093: 4074: 4061: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4008: 4001: 3986: 3979: 3953: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3883: 3866: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3840: 3829:The Golden Web 3825: 3822: 3819: 3805: 3782: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3694: 3669: 3650: 3632: 3619: 3606: 3594: 3588:978-0415995337 3587: 3569: 3540: 3499: 3475: 3450: 3425: 3400: 3371: 3340: 3321: 3290: 3275: 3269:978-3319011653 3268: 3244: 3218: 3208:by Tom Farley 3195: 3170: 3141: 3120: 3114:978-1483293905 3113: 3089: 3065: 3041: 3030: 3019: 3008: 2997: 2989:— multiplexers 2962: 2956:978-0080455556 2955: 2932: 2926:978-0313398636 2925: 2905: 2884: 2873: 2862: 2851: 2840: 2829: 2818: 2807: 2796: 2785: 2761: 2746: 2717: 2693: 2672: 2651: 2622: 2607: 2591: 2577: 2565: 2552: 2536: 2523: 2510: 2497: 2476: 2457: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2397: 2382: 2355: 2325: 2308: 2278: 2269: 2253: 2234: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2182:978-0313347436 2181: 2158: 2145: 2126: 2107: 2095: 2074: 2065: 2052: 2032: 2026:978-0471783015 2025: 1993: 1980: 1950: 1944:Sungook Hong, 1937: 1924: 1906: 1892: 1879: 1861: 1843: 1830: 1817:978-0521423236 1816: 1796: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1747:Internet radio 1744: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1666: 1660: 1646: 1635: 1606: 1587: 1568: 1531: 1528: 1518: 1515: 1505: 1502: 1488: 1485: 1471: 1468: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1392: 1391: 1378: 1375: 1316:Main article: 1313: 1310: 1292: 1291: 1272: 1257: 1244: 1241: 1225: 1222: 1192: 1189: 1152: 1149: 1100: 1097: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1033: 1030: 937: 934: 913: 910: 802: 799: 743: 740: 722: 719: 717: 714: 669: 666: 639:Using various 636: 633: 623: 620: 583: 580: 471:Old-time radio 466: 463: 447:Eugenia Farrar 364: 361: 304: 301: 275: 272: 231: 228: 162:standing waves 138:Édouard Branly 105: 102: 64: 61: 43:. Within the 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6295: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6253: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6233: 6225: 6223: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6202: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5967:Code-division 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5952:Time-division 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878:and switching 5876: 5872: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5829:optical fiber 5827: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5819:Coaxial cable 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5734:Radia Perlman 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5624:Lee de Forest 5622: 5620: 5619:Thomas Edison 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609:Donald Davies 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594:Claude Chappe 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5438:Smoke signals 5436: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5416:Semiconductor 5414: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5275:Digital media 5273: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5191: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5150:Arabic script 5148: 5146: 5145:Hebrew script 5143: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5115:in Morse code 5110: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:On–off keying 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894:Digital radio 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438:digital audio 4435: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4352: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4177:Praeger, 2004 4176: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858:Briggs, Asa. 3857: 3854: 3851:Briggs, Asa. 3850: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3714:on 2020-08-01 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3559:on 2020-08-01 3558: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3519:(4): 455–83. 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3390:on 2006-10-30 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3311:on 2006-12-29 3307: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3271: 3265: 3262:. p. 1. 3261: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3160:on 2012-12-12 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3023: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2987:— crosspoints 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2833: 2827: 2822: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2789: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2757: 2750: 2736:on 2020-04-23 2735: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2661: 2655: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2453:pp. 60–61, 76 2448: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2393: 2386: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2273: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2163: 2155: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2028: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2007:Sarkar, T. K. 2002: 2000: 1998: 1990: 1984: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1767:Wireless LANs 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673:Union College 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1659:, until 1922. 1658: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1595:E. W. Scripps 1592: 1591:Lee de Forest 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1514: 1511: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1374: 1372: 1371:North America 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1312:Mobile phones 1309: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135:systems like 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1111:In the 1960s 1109: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 959: 955: 951: 948:, which used 947: 942: 933: 931: 927: 922: 918: 909: 906: 901: 898: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 853:Lee de Forest 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 826: 822: 821:Lee De Forest 818: 815: 812: 807: 798: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 761: 760:crystal radio 757: 753: 748: 739: 737: 736:Lee de Forest 733: 729: 713: 711: 707: 703: 702:West Sayville 699: 695: 691: 687: 685: 679: 675: 665: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 628: 619: 617: 611: 609: 608:amateur radio 605: 604:40-meter band 601: 597: 593: 589: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 534: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 506: 502: 498: 497:Hanso Idzerda 494: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:Lee de Forest 427: 425: 421: 417: 416: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:Christmas Eve 391: 387: 383: 378: 369: 360: 358: 357: 351: 349: 345: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 309:Isle of Wight 300: 298: 294: 289: 280: 271: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 253:line of sight 250: 245: 241: 237: 227: 225: 221: 217: 214: 213:semiconductor 210: 209:horn antennas 206: 202: 198: 197:Pyotr Lebedev 194: 193:Augusto Righi 190: 186: 177: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 115: 110: 101: 99: 94: 92: 88: 84: 75: 70: 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 25: 21: 16: 5934:Multiplexing 5809:Transmission 5774:Nikola Tesla 5764:Henry Sutton 5719:Samuel Morse 5649:Robert Hooke 5614:Amos Dolbear 5549:John Bardeen 5468: 5448:Telautograph 5388: 5352:Mobile phone 5307:Edholm's law 5290:social media 5223:Broadcasting 4957: 4939: 4441:broadcasting 4375: 4355: 4333: 4323: 4307: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4263: 4249: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4147:The Prestige 4146: 4137: 4130: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4077: 4064: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4020: 4011: 4004: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3956: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3913:Crook, Tim. 3907: 3900: 3886: 3869: 3859: 3852: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3808: 3797: 3785: 3778: 3762: 3755: 3742: 3716:. 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