History of Yemen - Knowledge

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he assumed the name Yusef Ash'ar, but gained notoriety in history by his cognomen Dhu Nuwas ("Lord of the Curls," possibly because he wore his peot long). For some years Dhu Nuwas was successful in staving off Ethiopian incursions and preserving Jewish Himyar's independence. Informed by some Jewish advisors in Tiberias of atrocities perpetrated against Jews in Roman lands, the overzealous proselyte decided on a course of revenge: He executed some Byzantine Christian merchants who were traveling through Himyar on their way to Ethio-pia. This outrage led to a rebellion among his Christian subjects in the city of Nejiran, which Dhu Nuwas suppressed with great cruelty. He is said to have cast twenty thousand Christians into pits filled with flaming oil. " The massacre and forced conversions of thousands of Christians at Nejiran infuriated Constantine, the Byzantine emperor. As he was occupied in a war with Persia, Constantine sent ambassadors to his Ethiopian Christian ally, King Caleb, entreating him to intervene on behalf of their Arabian coreligionists. With a formidable force of sixty thousand men (some say one hundred twenty thousand), Caleb crossed the Red Sea and attacked the Jewish king. In a fierce battle in 525 c.E. the invaders won a decisive victory. His queen captured and his capital laid waste, Dhu Nuwas chose to escape what was sure to be a cruel death by riding horseback off a cliff into the sea.

1846: 11180: 58: 752: 1799:. They were worsted by a Sulayhid expedition but queen Arwa agreed to reduce the tribute by half, to 50,000 dinars per year. The Zurayids again failed to pay and were once again forced to yield to the might of the Sulayhids, but this time the annual tribute from the incomes of Aden was reduced to 25,000. Later on they ceased to pay even that since Sulayhid power was on the wane. After 1110 the Zurayids thus led a more than 60 years long independent rule in the city, bolstered by the international trade. The chronicles mention luxury goods such as textiles, perfume and porcelain, coming from places like 3622:. The Hamidaddin royalists were supported by Saudi Arabia, Britain, and Jordan (mostly with weapons and financial aid, but also with small military forces), whilst the republicans were backed by Egypt. Egypt provided the republicans with weapons and financial assistance but also sent a large military force to participate in the fighting. Israel covertly supplied weapons to the royalists in order to keep the Egyptian military busy in Yemen and make Nasser less likely to initiate a conflict in Sinai. After six years of civil war, the republicans were victorious (February 1968) and formed the 2052: 3056: 3044: 2401: 1734: 1958: 675: 355: 3395:. The Zaydi imam did not recognize the Anglo-Ottoman border agreement of 1905 on the grounds that it was made between two foreign powers occupying Yemen. The border treaty effectively divided Yemen into "north" and "south". In 1915 the British signed a treaty with the Idrisids guaranteeing their security and independence if they would fight against the Turks. In 1919, Imam Yahya moved southward to liberate the nine British protectorates. The British responded by moving quickly towards 1126: 501: 11100: 2177: 11696: 11280: 2641: 10676: 69: 663: 11706: 4102: 744: 49: 2878: 2348: 985: 313: 3597: 1595: 11295: 1779: 4014: 78: 3189: 3068: 1950: 3351: 2158:. The dynasty became increasingly threatened by disgruntled family members over the problem of succession, combined by periodic tribal revolts, as they were locked in a war of attrition with the Zaydi imams in the northern highlands. During the last twelve years of Rasulid rule, the country was torn between several contenders for the kingdom. The weakening of the Rasulids provided an opportunity for the 2886: 2004:. However, the Rasulid capitals were Zabid and Ta'izz. He was assassinated by his nephew in 1249. Omar's son Yousef defeated the faction led by his father assassins and crushed several counter-attacks by the Zaydi imams who still held on in the northern highland. It was mainly because of the victories which he scored over his rivals that he assumed the honorific title 3032: 3902:

groups who say they kill innocent civilians and that the U.S. military and CIA drone strikes lack sufficient congressional oversight, including the choice of human targets suspected of being threats to America. Controversy over U.S. policy for drone attacks mushroomed after a September 2011 drone strike in Yemen killed Anwar al-Awlaki and

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The Yemeni army launched a fresh offensive against the Shia insurgents in 2009, assisted by Saudi forces. Tens of thousands of people were displaced by the fighting. A new ceasefire was agreed upon in February 2010. However, by the end of the year, Yemen claimed that 3,000 soldiers had been killed in

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fell under the control of the Imam's forces, forcing the Idrisids to request an agreement that would enable them to administer the region in the name of the Imam. Imam Yahya refused the offer on the grounds that the Idrisis were of a Moroccan descent. According to Imam Yahya, the Idrisids, along with

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had hoped, due to the rise of powerful feudalists in the country. In the first half of the 18th century, the Europeans broke Yemen's monopoly on coffee by smuggling out coffee trees and cultivating them in their own colonies in the East Indies, East Africa, the West Indies and Latin America. The

1894:. The Ayyubid rule was stable in southern and central Yemen where they succeeded in eliminating the mini-states of that region, while Ismaili and Zaidi tribesmen continued to hold out in a number of fortresses. The Ayyubids failed to capture the Zaydis stronghold in northern Yemen. In 1191, Zaydis of 4056:

Hadi took office for a two-year term upon winning the uncontested presidential elections in February 2012, in which he was the only candidate standing. A unity government – including a prime minister from the opposition – was formed. Al-Hadi would oversee the drafting of a new constitution, followed

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Imam Ahmad reversed the isolationist policies of his father and opened Yemen's economy and society to the outside world. It went as the theocratic and largely medieval Imamate which became the first Arab state to accept Soviet aid. Beginning in 1955 Yemen entered into various treaties of friendship

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Although the imamate lost Asir, it was able to put down rebel tribes in the north using Iraq-trained Yemeni troops. With the country, now established within clearly defined territory, finally pacified, the urban nationalists began to assert themselves. These nationalists had long practiced non-Zaidi

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Even more dramatic was the conversion of Abu-Kariba's grandson, Zar'a, who reigned from C.E. 518 to 525. Legend ascribes his conversion to his having witnessed a rabbi extinguish a fire worshipped by some Arab magi, merely by reading a passage from the Torah over it. 12 After changing his religion,

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Ry 508, le plus ancien des deux textes, termine ici, en mars~avril, le récit de la campagne par le bilan provisoire des opérations effectuées jusque là: 13.000 tués, 9.500 prisonniers, 280.000 têtes de bétail (Ry 508, 4 - 6). Le texte termine là, à la date du mois de ḏū-Maḏraʾān (entre juillet et

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He turned the church in his capital (Ẓafār) into a synagogue, and killed all the priests and other leading Christians, especially the Abyssinians who had been in control of the church. Then he moved on to Nejran, with the intention of subduing that city, where Christianity was stronger than in any

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and forced Hadi to negotiate a "unity government" with other political factions. The rebels continued to apply pressure on the weakened government until, after his presidential palace and private residence came under attack from the militant group, Hadi resigned along with his ministers in January

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came to perceive themselves in Yemeni nationalist terms. The Ottomans appeased the tribes by forgiving their rebellious chiefs and appointing them to administrative posts. They introduced a series of reforms to enhance the country's economic welfare. On the other hand, corruption was widespread in

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descent they claimed an ancient Yemenite origin to justify their rule. The Rasulids were not the first dynasty to create a fictitious genealogy for political purposes, nor were they doing anything out of the ordinary in the tribal context of Arabia. By claiming descent from a solid Yemenite tribe,

4211:. Despite Saudi airstrikes, the Houthis managed to take advance into the Tawahi, Khormaksar, and Crater districts. The tide turned on 14 July, when an anti-Houthi counteroffensive managed to trap the Houthis on the peninsula. By 6 August 2015, the Hadi government had captured 75% of Taiz, and the 3901:

The U.S. launched a series of drone attacks in Yemen to curb a perceived growing terror threat due to political chaos in Yemen. Since December 2009, U.S. strikes in Yemen have been carried out by the U.S. military with intelligence support from CIA. The drone strikes are protested by human-rights

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and Algerian nationalists. Muslim Brotherhood operatives in Yemen aligned themselves with the urban opposition and supported Zaidi prince Abdullah bin Ahmad al-Wazir, who joined those actively seeking to overthrow Imam Yahya. On February 17, 1948, the opposition revolted in Sana'a and killed Imam

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seeking his protection from Yahya. In 1932, however, the Idrisids broke their accord with Ibn Saud and went back to Imam Yahya seeking help against Ibn Saud himself, who had begun liquidating their authority and expressed his desire to annex those territories into his own Saudi domain. Imam Yahya

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movement on the Arabian Peninsula cost the Zaidi state its coastal possessions after 1803. The imam was able to regain them temporarily in 1818, but new intervention by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt in 1833 again wrested the coast from the ruler in Sana'a. After 1835 the imamate changed hands with

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AQAP claimed responsibility for the February 2012 suicide attack on the presidential palace which killed 26 Republican Guards on the day that President Hadi was sworn in. AQAP was also behind the suicide bombing which killed 96 soldiers in Sana'a three months later. In September 2012, a car bomb

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and forced him to accept their "protection". In November 1839, 5000 tribesmen tried to retake the town but were repulsed and 200 were killed. The British realized that Aden's prosperity depended on their relations with the neighboring tribes, which required that they rest on a firm and

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In March 2011, police snipers opened fire on the pro-democracy camp in Sana'a, killing more than 50 people. In May, dozens were killed in clashes between troops and tribal fighters in Sana'a. By this point, Saleh began to lose international support. In October 2011, Yemeni human rights activist

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Al-Abbas & al-Mas'ūd sons of Karam Al-Yami from the Hamdan tribe started ruling Aden for the Sulayhids, when Al-Abbas died in 1083. His son Zuray, who gave the dynasty its name, proceeded to rule together with his uncle al-Mas'ūd. They took part in the Sulayhid leader al-Mufaddal's campaign

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erupted in Yemen and Aden, claiming hundreds of lives over 1956–60. The defensive pact move was conceived as a defensive measure against republican agitation, which urban nationalists still engaged in from British-occupied Aden. So long as Yemen was federated with the UAR, republicans would be

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By 2012, there has been a "small contingent of U.S. special-operations troops" – in addition to CIA and "unofficially acknowledged" U.S. military presence – in response to increasing terror attacks by AQAP on Yemeni citizens. Many analysts have pointed out the former Yemeni government role in

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in July 2007. There was a series of bomb attacks on police, official, diplomatic, foreign business and tourism targets in 2008. Car bombings outside the U.S. embassy in Sana'a killed 18 people, including six of the assailants in September 2008. In 2008, an opposition rally in Sana'a demanding

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Christian sources portray Dhu Nuwas as a Jewish zealot, while Islamic traditions say that he marched around 20,000 Christians into trenches filled with flaming oil, burning them alive. Himyarite inscriptions attributed to Dhu Nuwas himself show great pride in killing 27,000, enslaving 20,500

3162:, East Africa and Southeast Asia, Aden grew into a "world city". In 1850, only 980 Arabs were registered as original inhabitants of the city. The English presence in Aden put them at odds with the Ottomans. The Turks asserted to the British that they held sovereignty over the whole of 3505:. Negotiations between the Imam Yahya and Ibn Saud proved fruitless. After a military confrontation, Ibn Saud announced a ceasefire in May 1934. Imam Yahya agreed to release Saudi hostages and the surrender of the Idrisis to Saudi custody. Imam Yahya ceded the three provinces of 2125:

became major international centers of Islamic learning. The Kings themselves were learned men in their own right who not only had important libraries but who also wrote treatises on a wide array of subjects, ranging from astrology and medicine to agriculture and genealogy.

2101:. The economy also boomed due to the agricultural development programs instituted by the kings who promoted massive cultivation of palms. It was during this period that coffee became a lucrative cash crop in Yemen. The Rasulid kings enjoyed the support of the population of 3149:

The British government concluded "protection and friendship" treaties with nine tribes surrounding Aden, whereas they would remain independent from British interference in their affairs as long as they do not conclude treaties with foreigners (non-Arab colonial powers).

4219:. Hadi fortunes dissipated on 16 August, when Houthi forces successfully counterattacked and forced the Hadi forces to retreat from Al-Salih Gardens and the Al-Dabab Mountain region. Hadi forces attributed this reverse to a lack of military equipment. In Hadramaut, 3278:

the Ottoman administration in Yemen. This stemmed from the fact that only the worst of the officials were appointed because those who could avoid serving in Yemen did so. The Ottomans had reasserted control over the highlands for temporary duration. The so-called

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on 17 December 2009. Instead of hitting Al-Qaeda operatives, it hit a village killing 55 civilians. Officials in Yemen said that the attacks claimed the lives of more than 60 civilians, 28 of them children. Another airstrike was carried out on 24 December.

3866:(AQAP). Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is based in Yemen, and many of its members were Saudi nationals who had been released from Guantanamo Bay. Saleh released 176 al-Qaeda suspects on condition of good behaviour, but terrorist activities continued. 1748:, that is "the junior queen of Sheba". Although the Sulayhids were Ismaili, they never tried to impose their beliefs on the public. Shortly after queen Arwa's death, the country was split between five competing petty dynasties along religious lines. The 9061: 566:. Lack of water in the Arabian Peninsula prevented the Sabaeans from unifying the entire peninsula. Instead, they established various colonies to control trade routes. Evidence of Sabaean influence is found in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, where the 1922:

carried on the struggle against the Ayyubid until his death in 1217. After his demise, the Zaidi community was split between two rival imams. The Zaydis were dispersed and a truce was signed with the Ayyubid in 1219. The Ayyubid army was defeated in

2916:. Ottoman troops attacked the Yemenis by hiding at the wells that supplied them with water. This plan proceeded successfully, causing the Yemenis over 200 casualties, most from thirst. The tribesmen eventually surrendered and returned to Yemen. 888:

was discovered from his lengthy reign. Abu Karib As'ad died in 445, having reigned for almost 50 years. By 515, Himyar became increasingly divided along religious lines and a bitter conflict between different factions paved the way for an

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to Judaism. Blady speculates that he was likely motivated by stories about Byzantine violence against Byzantine Jewish communities in his decision to begin his campaign of state violence against Christians existing within his territory.

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In 2010 the Obama administration policy allowed targeting of people whose names are not known. The U.S. government increased military aid to $ 140 million in 2010. U.S. drone strikes continued after the ousting of President Saleh.

1980:. Umar ibn Rasul was appointed deputy governor by the Ayyubids in 1223. When the last Ayyubid ruler left Yemen in 1229, Umar stayed in the country as caretaker. He subsequently declared himself an independent king by assuming the title 11224: 5488:

septembre) le récit des opérations effectuées, en mettant à jour le bilan global de la campagne (Ry 507, 8 ~ 9): on y relève 1.000 tués, 1.500 prisonniers et 10.000 têtes de bétail de plus que dans le bilan clôturé à la date de Ry 508.

981:, pressuring him to "...attack the abominable Hebrew." A military alliance of Byzantine, Aksumite, and Arab Christians successfully defeated Dhu Nuwas around 525–527 AD and a client Christian king was installed on the Himyarite throne. 2586:

community in the northern highlands. Disregarding the delicate balance of power in Yemen by acting tactlessly, he alienated different groups within Yemeni society, causing them to forget their rivalries and unite against the Turks.

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imammate did not follow a cohesive mechanism for succession, and family quarrels and tribal insubordination led to the political decline of the Qasimi dynasty in the 18th century. In 1728 or 1731 the chief representative of

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The Inscription CIH 543: A New Reading Based on the Newly-Found Original in C. Robin & M. Bafaqih (Eds.) Sayhadica: Recherches Sur Les Inscriptions De l'Arabie Préislamiques Offertes Par Ses Collègues Au Professeur A.F.L.

1172:, and dispatched letters to various tribal leaders. The reason behind this was the division among the tribes and the absence of a strong central authority in Yemen during the days of the prophet. Major tribes, including 3403:. Then they handed it over to their Idrisi allies. Imam Yahya attacked the southern protectorates again in 1922. The British bombed Yahya's tribal forces using aircraft to which the tribes had no effective counter. 3319:

led a rebellion against the Turks in 1904, the rebels disrupted the Ottoman ability to govern. The revolts between 1904 and 1911 were especially damaging to the Ottomans, costing them as much as 10,000 soldiers and

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Relations between the two Yemeni states fluctuated between peaceful and hostile. The South was supported by the Eastern bloc. The North, however, wasn't able to get the same connections. In 1972, the two states

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Between the 12th century BC and the 6th century AD, it was dominated by six successive civilizations which rivaled each other, or were allied with each other and controlled the lucrative

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on 20 February 1994, but this could not stop the civil war. During these tensions, both the northern and southern armies (which had never integrated) gathered on their respective frontiers. The May – July

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Following food riots in major towns in 1992, a new coalition government made up of the ruling parties from both the former Yemeni states was formed in 1993. However, vice-president al-Beidh withdrew to

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to pacify the country. Yemeni merchants knew that the return of the Ottomans would improve their trade, for the Ottomans would become their customers. An Ottoman expedition force tried to capture

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plan for political transition, which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the office and powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President

3999:, where he declared he remains Yemen's legitimate president, proclaimed the country's temporary capital, and called on loyal government officials and members of the military to rally to him. 3497:

seven years earlier. Ibn Saud appealed to Britain for aid. The British government sent arms and airplanes. The British were anxious that Ibn Saud's financial difficulties may encourage the

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In 1990, the two governments reached a full agreement on the joint governing of Yemen, and the countries were merged on 22 May 1990 with Saleh as president. The President of South Yemen,

11254: 11209: 2192:. While they were not as impressive as their predecessors, they were still keen builders. They built schools, mosques and irrigation channels as well as water cisterns and bridges in 651:'s close relationship with Aelius Gallus led him to attempt to justify his friend's failure in his writings. It took the Romans six months to reach Marib and sixty days to return to 540:

generally thought to mean "unifier", or a "priest-king". The role of the Mukarrib was to bring the various tribes under the kingdom and preside over them all. The Sabaeans built the

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for 40 years. Yahya submitted to the Saudi and British demands out of fear for Al Hudaydah. According to Bernard Reich, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at

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and the trade route with India in spices and textiles, both of which were threatened and the latter virtually eclipsed by the arrival of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the

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The Ottomans learned from their previous experience and worked on the disempowerment of local lords in the highland regions. They even attempted to secularize the Yemeni society;

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dispatched a warship under the command of Captain Stafford Bettesworth Haines to demand compensation. Haines bombarded Aden from his warship in January 1839. The ruler of

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mass protests in early 2011. The uprising was initially against unemployment, economic conditions, and corruption, as well as against the government's proposals to modify the

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religion and pantheon, and the South Arabian style of art and architecture were introduced. The Sabaeans created a sense of identity through their religion. They worshipped

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Saleh returned in February 2012. In the face of objections from thousands of street protesters, parliament granted him full immunity from prosecution. Saleh's son, General

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was named as president of the Yemen Arab Republic. After the war, the North complained about the South's help from foreign countries, which included Saudi Arabia. In 1979,

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was described by other Ottoman officials as corrupt and unscrupulous governor, he used his authority to take over a number of castles some of which belonged to the former

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for 1990 and 1991, Yemen abstained on a number of UNSC resolutions concerning Iraq and Kuwait and voted against the "use of force resolution". The vote outraged the U.S.

3129:, who was in Aden at the time, ordered his guards to defend the port, but they failed in the face of overwhelming military and naval power. The British managed to occupy 2552:

effectively put Yemen under Ottoman rule between 1552 and 1560. He garrisoned the main cities, built new fortresses and rendered secure the main routes. Özdemir died in

2382:, was ordered to command a fleet of 90 ships to conquer Yemen. The country was in a state of incessant anarchy and discord as Hadım Suleiman Pasha described it by saying: 3371:

was ruling the northern highlands independently since 1911. After the Ottoman departure in 1918 he sought to recapture the lands of his Qasimid ancestors. He dreamed of

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After losing the support of the Saudi-led coalition, Yemen's President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi resigned and Presidential Leadership Council took power in April 2022.

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and from 1957 began receiving large amounts of Soviet arms as well as Soviet and Chinese military advisers. When the imam went abroad owing to illness, crown prince

3458:, both of low profitability. There was expectation that increased ties with Yemen would fuel increased trade with the colonies and bring the region into the Italian 1088:. This era marked the collapse of ancient South Arabian civilization, since the greater part of the country was under several independent clans until the arrival of 9806: 3411:

the British, were nothing but recent intruders and ought to be driven out of Yemen permanently. In 1927, when Imam Yahya's forces were 50 km away from Aden,

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Yemen is a land with no lord, an empty province. It would be not only possible but easy to capture, and should it be captured, it would be master of the lands of

382:. Its relatively fertile land and adequate rainfall in a moister climate helped sustain a stable population, a feature recognized by the ancient Greek geographer 9749: 9938: 10013: 629:

was ordered to lead a military campaign to establish Roman dominance over the Sabaeans. The Romans had a vague and contradictory geographical knowledge about

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In December 2017, former president and strongman Ali Abdullah Saleh was killed. He had been an ally of the Houthis since 2014 until just before his death.

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in 976–77 AD the then ruler of Yemen received slaves, as well as amber and leopard skins from the chief of the Dahlak islands (off the coast from Massawa).

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and defied all attempts to impose a central government upon them. The northern tribes united under the leadership of the House of Hamidaddin in 1890. Imam

9501: 3733:, as well as the economic marginalization of the south. Negotiations to end the political deadlock dragged on into 1994. The government of Prime Minister 2479:

We have seen no foundry like Yemen for our soldiers. Each time we have sent an expeditionary force there, it has melted away like salt dissolved in water.

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to arbitrate tribal disputes. Imam Yahya persuaded local tribesmen to follow his teachings. The sect slowly spread across the highlands, as the tribes of

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is still remembered as a great and much loved sovereign, as attested in Yemeni historiography, literature, and popular lore, where she is referred to as

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tribes of the northern highlands as his ancestors did against the Turks and British intruders and turn the lands they captured into another graveyard.

1977: 9646: 10581: 9615: 2826:(the victorious) regained control over the highlands and signed a 10-year truce with the Ottomans. When Imam al-Mansur al-Qasim died in 1620 his son 1928: 9523: 2454:. The Ottoman governors did not exercise much control over the highlands; they held sway mainly in the southern coastal region, particularly around 5204:

Najd before the Salafi reform movement: social, political and religious conditions during the three centuries preceding the rise of the Saudi state

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rose to power. He began a campaign of violence against Christians under his control. Dhu Nawas executed Byzantine traders, converted the church in

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condemned the violence and called for a transfer of power. On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to Riyadh, in neighbouring Saudi Arabia, to sign the

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in August 1993 and said he would not return to the government until his grievances were addressed. These included northern violence against his

3633:, which hastened the end of British rule in the south. On 30 November 1967, the state of South Yemen was formed, comprising Aden and the former 3558:

led a pro-Soviet party and communist activity increased. When the Imam returned in 1959, brutal repression ensued and communists were expelled.

2621:, highland tribesmen ambushed his unit and slaughtered all of them. Over 80 battles were fought, the last decisive encounter took place in 9961: 9317: 2205: 11096: 9983: 9553: 9377: 5713:

The History of al-Tabari Vol. 12: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine A.D. 635-637 / A.H. 14–15

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Postage stamp of the Kathiri state of Sai'yun with portrait of Sultan Jafar bin Mansur. Kathiri is Kingdom of Hadhramaut Protected/Controlled

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changed his ruling title to that of a king, and conquered the entire realm of Awsan, expanding Sabaean rule and territory to include much of

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was ruling the highlands independently. Imam al-Mutawakkil Yahya chose his son Ali to succeed him, a decision that infuriated his other son

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to prevent aid flowing from Aksum. At the same time, Yousef sent an army under the command of another Jewish warlord, Sharahil Yaqbul, to

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where a significant Ismaili community was formed that exists to this day. Queen Arwa continued to rule securely until her death in 1138.

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This created a great deal of anxiety for the British, who interpreted it as clear recognition of Imam Yahya's claim to sovereignty over

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was displaced by Ridvan Pasha in 1564. By 1565, Yemen was split into two provinces: the highlands under the command of Ridvan Pasha and

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the Rasulid brought Yemen to a vital sense of unity in an otherwise chaotic regional milieu. They had a difficult relationship with the

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source of wealth, the agricultural central highlands. It was also within easy reach of the southern portion of the country, especially

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in central and north Arabia. From early on, Roman and Byzantine policy was to develop close links with the powers of the coast of the

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to build a church on its ruins. Three new churches were built in Najran alone. Many tribes did not recognize Esimiphaios's authority.

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and southern Yemen while they had to buy the loyalty of Yemen's restive northern highland tribes. The Rasulid sultans built numerous

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by the 12th to 8th centuries BC, which explains why most historians date all of the ancient Yemeni kingdoms to that era.

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sent an expeditionary force under the command of Uthman Pasha, the expeditionary force was defeated with great casualties. Sultan

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to fight the Yemenites. Seeing that the Turkish army was too numerous to overcome, the Yemeni army retreated to a valley outside

9295: 9265: 11671: 10364: 3810: 2751:'s demise in 1572, the Zaydi community was not united under an imam; the Turks took advantage of their disparity and conquered 11239: 11234: 1690:, who had been afflicted with facial paralysis resulting from war injuries, retired in 1087 and handed over power to his wife 11088: 9163: 9036: 8975: 8874: 8840: 6775: 5525: 5465: 5424: 5393: 3835:

In 2005, at least 36 people were killed in clashes across the country between police and protesters over rising fuel prices.

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for 20 years and signed another treaty with the British government in 1934. The Imam recognized the British sovereignty over

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tribes. The hit-and-run tactics of the northern highlands tribesmen wore out the Ottoman military. They resented the Turkish

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and killing 570,000 beasts of burden belonging to them as a matter of imperial policy. It is reported that Byzantium Emperor

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of northern Yemen as early as 5000 BC. Little is known about ancient Yemen and how exactly it transitioned from nascent

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The tribal chiefs were difficult to appease and an endless cycle of violence curbed the Ottoman efforts to pacify the land.

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great frequency and some imams were assassinated. After 1849 the Zaidi polity descended into chaos that lasted for decades.

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guide and executed him for treachery. No direct mention in Sabaean inscriptions of the Roman expedition has yet been found.

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During that period, Yemen was the sole Coffee producer in the world. The country established diplomatic relations with the

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kept a representation in Aden, adding further prestige to the Zurayids. The Zurayids were sacked by the Ayyubids in 1174.

10043: 9802: 9576: 9122: 3976: 3824:, head of the Zaidi Shia sect, launched an uprising against the Yemeni government. The Yemeni government alleged that the 2806:

suggested that he claim the immamate and fight the Turks. He declined at first but was infuriated by the promotion of the

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influenced some circles that pushed for the modernization of the Mutawakkilite monarchy. This became apparent when Imam

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was founded in the northern highlands around 1040. At the time, Yemen was ruled by different local dynasties. In 1060,

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to give an apology and say that he did not promote any act of aggression against the Ottoman army, and claim that the

1845: 11630: 10287: 10267: 10206: 9934: 8786: 8761: 8646: 5316: 5145: 4295: 4220: 4149: 3959: 3863: 3550:

was able to rally northern tribes and retake the capital, quelling the revolt after a brief siege on March 12, 1948.

2489: 2419: 2279: 3121:

for trading purposes, one of their sailing ships sank and Arab tribesmen boarded it and plundered its contents. The

485:, Yemen has long existed at a crossroads of cultures with a strategic location in terms of trade on the west of the 10752: 10721: 10634: 10606: 10586: 10576: 3980: 3929: 9855: 9092: 2032:. Al-Muzaffar Yusuf I died in 1296 having reigned for 47 years. When the news of his death reached the Zaydi imam 512:

came into existence from at least the 11th century BC. There were four major kingdoms or tribal confederations in

11046: 10377: 9524:"Losing Yemen: How this forgotten corner of the Arabian Peninsula became the most dangerous country in the world" 5854:

Trade and travel in the Red Sea Region: proceedings of Red Sea project I held in the British Museum, October 2002

4119: 3984: 3832:. The rebels counter that they are "defending their community against discrimination" and government aggression. 3714: 3406:

In 1925, Imam Yahya captured Al Hudaydah from the Idrisids. He continued to follow and attack the Idrisids until

1988:). Umar established the Rasulid dynasty on a firm foundation and expanded its territory to include the area from 10276: 10021: 2818:. He proclaimed the Imamate in September 1597, which was the same year the Ottoman authorities inaugurated 1795:

and were both killed during the siege (1110). Their respective sons ceased to pay tribute to the Sulayhid queen

998:

was a local Christian lord, mentioned in an inscription celebrating the burning of an ancient Sabaean palace in

10591: 9493: 8736: 8711: 8621: 8522: 8494: 8466: 8441: 8391: 8366: 8341: 8316: 8291: 8205: 8152: 8094: 8058: 8025: 7992: 7959: 7926: 7831: 7781: 7731: 7543: 7453: 7403: 7374: 7345: 7316: 7284: 7252: 7220: 7191: 7159: 7131: 7106: 7072: 7019: 6990: 6928: 6903: 6875: 6854: 6825: 6800: 6732: 6707: 6658: 6609: 6577: 6545: 6520: 6492: 6375: 6157: 6134: 6095: 6072: 6052: 6032: 6012: 5988: 5948: 5928: 5909: 5889: 5862: 5826: 5803: 5780: 5760: 5740: 5720: 5700: 5680: 5656: 5286: 5211: 5186: 5089: 5058: 4984: 4959: 4934: 4884: 4816: 4766: 4685: 4660: 4561: 4536: 4483: 4452: 4427: 3574:. Although the federation lasted only for three years, crown prince al-Badr continued to portray himself as an 3345: 334: 260: 9408: 3250:

in 1869 strengthened the Ottomans' decision to remain in Yemen. In 1872, military forces were dispatched from

605:

became independent from Saba and established themselves in the Yemeni arena. Minaean rule stretched as far as

11328: 11264: 9907: 4162: 3950:

for more than two decades. After Saleh left office in early 2012 as part of a mediated agreement between the

3561:

In April 1956 Yemen joined a defensive pact with Syria and Egypt, and in February 1958 it federated with the

574:

and believed themselves to be his children. For centuries, the Sabaeans controlled outbound trade across the

8223:

Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

7849:

Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

6262:

The chronology of the Zurayid rulers is uncertain for the most part; dates furnished by Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid,

4250:, in a failed attempt to obtain new intelligence regarding AQAP. In December, the Hadi Government began the 3462:. The Kingdom of Yemen at this point had its eye on annexing Aden and Imam Yahya also had aspirations for a 2500:

was lame and therefore not qualified for the Imamate. He urged Oais Pasha, the Ottoman colonial governor in

11420: 11179: 10661: 9676: 9638: 9607: 8729:

The End of Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Relinquishment of Power in Her Last Three Arab Dependencies

3918: 3757:

leaders and other southern secessionists. Saudi Arabia actively aided the south during the 1994 civil war.

3634: 3566: 3518: 2338: 1546:

lost effective power after 989, or even earlier than that. Meanwhile, a succession of slaves held power in

936:

into a synagogue, and killed its priests, among other acts of conquest. He marched toward the port city of

869: 861: 115: 9205: 3383:. These schemes brought him into conflict with the de facto rulers in the territories claimed, namely the 2266:, who were running out of food and water, landed their fleet on the Yemen coastline and started to harass 11666: 11299: 10886: 10596: 10445: 10337: 4305: 3821: 3765: 3713:

crisis in 1990, Yemen's president opposed military intervention from non-Arab states. As a member of the

3368: 3356: 3325: 3316: 1484: 1456: 9325: 3296:

tribes rebelled against the Ottomans, and the Turks had to appease them with gifts to end the uprising.

11625: 11530: 10794: 10772: 10706: 10651: 10542: 10397: 10357: 9347: 7774:

Society and Economy in Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1600–1900: Essays in Honor of André Raymond

4325: 4290: 4200: 4188: 3971: 3967: 2074: 1816: 1300: 504:

Sabaean gravestone of a woman holding a stylized sheaf of wheat, a symbol of fertility in ancient Yemen

294: 92: 9531: 9007: 1890:

resisted the Ayyubid in 1175 and it was not until 1189 that the Ayyubids managed to definitely secure

544:

around 940 BC. The dam was built to withstand the seasonal flash floods surging down the valley.

11730: 11081: 10915: 10696: 10571: 7483: 6176: 6170: 4228: 4136: 4046: 3958:, struggled to unite the fractious political landscape of the country and fend off threats both from 3769: 2764: 1656:

was proclaimed in her husband's and her name. No other Arab woman had this honor since the advent of

1130: 327: 23: 8896:

Schmitthoff, Clive Macmillan, Clive M. Schmitthoff's select essays on international trade law p. 390

3618:

died in 1962. He was succeeded by his son, but army officers attempted to seize power, sparking the

2983:

sent three diplomatic missions to Yemen, but relations did not develop into a political alliance as

2904:. The army entered the city in triumph and killed its governor. The Ottomans were not ready to lose 11635: 11352: 11321: 11015: 11005: 10975: 10881: 10827: 10789: 10726: 10716: 10495: 10427: 10402: 9991: 9694: 9561: 9385: 5485:(in French). Leiden/Istanbul: NEDERLANDS HISTORISCH-ARCHAEOLOGISCH INSTITUUT IN HET NABIJE OOSTEN. 4239: 4224: 4192: 4170: 4066: 3817: 3734: 3501:

to bail him out. Ibn Saud suppressed the Asiri rebellion in 1933, after which the Idrisids fled to

2921: 2874:'s success were the tribes' possession of firearms and the fact that they were unified behind him. 2740: 2060: 1895: 1101: 751: 460: 158: 103: 10102: 2028:

to become the political capital of the kingdom because of its strategic location and proximity to

11580: 11545: 11500: 10809: 10804: 10701: 10485: 10437: 9962:"Changing Seasons: The Arab Spring's Position Within the Political Evolution of the Yemeni State" 4254:. In June 2018, the Hadi Government began an attack on the city of Hudaydah itself, starting the 4145: 4086: 3874:

to suppress Zaidism in Yemen. Saleh's government used Al-Qaeda in its wars against the insurgent

3784: 3750: 3494: 3384: 2917: 2897: 2871: 2859: 2843: 2827: 2704: 2696: 2676: 2660: 2588: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2323: 2009: 1620:

and killed its ruler Al-Najah, founder of the Najahid dynasty, whose sons were forced to flee to

685:

After the Roman expedition – perhaps earlier – the country fell into chaos and two clans, namely

279: 228: 5819:

The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries

4348:"Arabian Peninsula, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D. | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 3234:, with the heads of tribes, as well as with those who belonged to other sects. Some citizens of 2375: 57: 11470: 11465: 11360: 11194: 10621: 9180: 8283: 8086: 8050: 8017: 7984: 7951: 7918: 5416: 5410: 4708: 4702: 4419: 4258:, which is considered the largest battle in the war since the start of the Saudi intervention. 4082: 4050: 4008: 3988: 3955: 3754: 3730: 1193: 567: 444: 405: 10601: 9228: 9153: 8965: 8864: 8580: 8144: 6953: 4373:"Arabian Peninsula, 2000–1000 B.C. | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 2129:

The dynasty is regarded as the greatest native Yemeni state since the fall of the pre-Islamic

1931:

left for Mecca in 1228 never to return. Other sources suggest that he was forced to leave for

1389:. The history of this dynasty is obscure; they never exercised control over the highlands and 1072:

died around 555–565 AD; no reliable sources regarding his death are available. The

732:

to his name, which means "suppressor"; he used to kill his enemies by cutting them to pieces.

11590: 11565: 11480: 11460: 11410: 11380: 11370: 11163: 10927: 10777: 10762: 10711: 10646: 10626: 10611: 10475: 10455: 10350: 8754:

Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary

8639:

Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary

8515:

Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary

8459:

Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary

7656: 7640: 7621: 5500:

P. Yule (2013). "A Late Antique Christian king from Ḥimyar, southern Arabia, Antiquity, 87".

5440:

P. Yule (2013). "A Late Antique Christian king from Ḥimyar, southern Arabia, Antiquity, 87".

5137: 5131: 4255: 4251: 4208: 4026: 3992: 3907: 3890: 3850: 3665: 3619: 2362:

The Ottomans had two fundamental interests to safeguard in Yemen: The Islamic holy cities of

2229: 1217: 1205: 835: 8572: 8275: 8136: 8078: 8042: 7976: 7943: 7910: 6945: 6485:

Ibn 'Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam

5081: 5075: 4411: 2410: 2051: 11676: 11555: 11550: 11430: 11284: 11134: 11074: 10782: 10468: 10463: 9434: 9261: 5902:

Political Ecology and the Role of Water: Environment, Society and Economy in Northern Yemen

3798: 3658: 3646: 3562: 2310:

Highland tribes emerged as national heroes by offering a stiff, vigorous resistance to the

2274:

realm was, they decided to conquer it. The Mamluk army with the support of forces loyal to

2245: 1906:, the Ayyubid Sultan of Yemen. Imam Abdullah was defeated at first but was able to conquer 1053:

and influencing their culture. The results with regard to Yemen were rather disappointing.

1025:

to use their influence on the tribes in inner Arabia to launch military operations against

679: 9725:

U.S. Officials: Drone Strike That Hit Yemen Wedding Convoy Killed Militants, Not Civilians

8703: 7277:

Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times

6868:

Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times

6750:

Daniel Martin Varisco. (1993). The Unity of the Rasulid State under al-Malik al-Muzaffar.

6570:

Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times

6538:

Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times

6513:

Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times

6457:

political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States

6435:

political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States

6416:

political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States

6397:

political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States

6325:

political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States

6225:

political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States

6206:

political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States

6113:

political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States

5966:

political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States

4498: 3226:

in 1849 after an absence of two centuries. Rivalries and disturbances continued among the

956:

tribes, eventually wiping out the Christian community in Najran by means of execution and

8: 11650: 11620: 11570: 11525: 11505: 11495: 11395: 11157: 11000: 10331: 6700:

slamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times

4235: 4090: 4042: 3951: 3889:

at what officials in Washington claimed were Al Qaeda training camps in the provinces of

3721:

expelled 800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991 to punish Yemen for its opposition to the war.

3673: 3669: 3623: 3604: 3587: 3459: 3451: 3432: 2819: 2388: 2351: 1558:

around 1022 or 1050 according to different sources. Although they were recognized by the

1512: 796: 265: 8917: 8804: 6270:, London 1892; one source seems to indicate that they were independent as early as 1087. 6127:

Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies: A Historical Introduction to an Islamic Community

6045:

Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies: A Historical Introduction to an Islamic Community

5338: 3106:; and when unable to secure their position, they extracted a similar agreement from the 2504:, to attack his father. Indeed, Ottoman troops supported by tribal forces loyal to Imam 1303:. Several emirates led by people of Yemeni descent were established in North Africa and 11595: 11510: 11490: 11375: 11365: 11169: 11151: 10947: 10937: 10896: 10799: 10767: 10684: 10656: 10563: 10480: 8010: 5355: 4081:

cultivating terrorist activity in the country. Following the election of new president

3943: 3906:, both U.S. citizens. Another drone strike in October 2011 killed Anwar's teenage son, 3843: 3691: 3685: 3654: 3600: 3571: 3542: 3455: 3204: 3155: 3138: 3107: 3095: 3071: 3022: 3001: 2925: 2823: 2803: 2342: 2142:

because the latter considered them a vassal state. Their competition centered over the

1919: 1899: 1621: 1515:, and between 904 and 913, Sana'a was conquered no less than 20 times by Isma'ilis and 1445:

islands exported slaves as well as amber and leopard hides to the then ruler of Yemen.

1442: 274: 250: 240: 165: 10216: 10131: 5518:

Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 BC – 1300 AD

5458:

Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 BC – 1300 AD

4628:

Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa

4372: 4347: 3753:

resulted in the defeat of the southern armed forces and the flight into exile of many

3043: 2790:. Justifying their presence in Yemen as a triumph for Islam, the Ottomans accused the 11705: 11640: 11575: 11540: 11475: 11455: 11445: 11405: 11390: 11385: 10952: 10842: 10819: 10740: 10527: 10512: 10490: 10412: 10283: 10263: 9287: 9257: 9159: 8971: 8870: 8836: 8782: 8757: 8732: 8707: 8674: 8642: 8617: 8609: 8584: 8573: 8518: 8490: 8462: 8437: 8412: 8409:

Kings of Arabia: The Rise and Set of the Turkish Sovereignty in the Arabian Peninsula

8387: 8362: 8337: 8312: 8287: 8276: 8254: 8226: 8201: 8173: 8148: 8137: 8115: 8090: 8079: 8054: 8043: 8021: 7988: 7977: 7955: 7944: 7922: 7911: 7852: 7827: 7802: 7777: 7752: 7727: 7702: 7677: 7539: 7510: 7449: 7424: 7399: 7370: 7341: 7312: 7280: 7248: 7216: 7187: 7155: 7127: 7102: 7068: 7040: 7015: 6986: 6957: 6946: 6924: 6899: 6871: 6850: 6821: 6796: 6771: 6728: 6703: 6678: 6654: 6630: 6605: 6573: 6541: 6516: 6488: 6371: 6346: 6243: 6180: 6153: 6130: 6091: 6068: 6048: 6028: 6008: 5984: 5944: 5924: 5905: 5885: 5858: 5822: 5799: 5776: 5756: 5736: 5716: 5696: 5676: 5652: 5627: 5602: 5577: 5549: 5521: 5505: 5461: 5445: 5420: 5389: 5359: 5312: 5282: 5257: 5232: 5207: 5182: 5141: 5110: 5085: 5054: 4980: 4955: 4930: 4905: 4880: 4812: 4787: 4762: 4737: 4712: 4681: 4656: 4631: 4557: 4532: 4479: 4448: 4423: 4412: 4310: 4216: 4069:

continues to exercise a strong hold on sections of the military and security forces.

4038: 3939: 3676:. Ali Nasser Muhammad fled the country and was later sentenced to death for treason. 3661:

between the North and the South. There were renewed efforts to unite the two states.

3514: 3474: 3300: 3098:

officials decided on Aden. London tried to reach an agreement with the Zaydi imam of

3018: 2213: 2189: 2130: 2065: 1855: 1753: 1687: 1671: 1559: 1382: 1331: 1308: 1288: 1245: 1241: 1225: 957: 625:

in 25 BC, the Sabaeans were once again the dominating power in Southern Arabia.

559: 486: 476: 437: 284: 245: 175: 170: 135: 10217:

Timeline of Art History of Arabia including Yemen (The Metropolitan Museum of Art).

10194: 5546:

The Quran in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Quranic Milieu

4678:

Historical Archaeology in Africa: Representation, Social Memory, and Oral Traditions

3328:

in 1911. Under the treaty, imam Yahya was recognized as an autonomous leader of the

3307:

and not to be unnecessarily burdened with continuing military operation against the

3303:

proposed that the Ottoman army should evacuate the highlands and confined itself to

2830:

succeeded him and confirmed the truce with the Ottomans. In 1627, the Ottomans lost

2400: 1148:

and its surroundings around 630. At the time, Yemen was the most advanced region in

374:

describes the cultures, events, and peoples of what is one of the oldest centers of

11681: 11560: 11535: 11515: 11450: 11425: 11415: 11400: 11039: 10967: 10891: 10856: 10837: 10757: 10616: 10417: 10272: 5351: 4854: 4475: 4469: 4212: 4115: 3791: 3611: 3575: 3555: 3490: 3446:

in 1926. Furthermore, the Italians in 1926 and 1927 aimed at taking control of the

3167: 3055: 2940:(1676–1681), the Imamate implemented some of the harshest discriminatory laws (Ar. 2838:. 'Abdin Pasha was ordered to suppress the rebels but failed and had to retreat to 2600: 2431: 2283: 2271: 2263: 2253: 2241: 2221: 2185: 2171: 2159: 2139: 1883: 1715: 1699: 1645: 1609: 1602: 1589: 1577: 1201: 1197: 1137: 910: 877: 847: 548: 215: 190: 140: 120: 9029: 7507:

Kings of Arabia: The Rise and Set of the Turkish Sovranty in the Arabian Peninsula

4499:

P. M. Holt; Peter Malcolm Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (21 April 1977).

2549: 2537: 1733: 842:, the mission was resisted by local Jews. Several inscriptions have been found in 11520: 11485: 11440: 11435: 11344: 11140: 10985: 10980: 10942: 10932: 10868: 10321: 10311: 10245: 10235: 10210: 9731: 8830: 8696: 8109: 6765: 5852: 4784:

The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary

4285: 4196: 4184: 4132: 3615: 3547: 3447: 2964: 2567: 2471: 2379: 2240:

in 1513. The Portuguese posed an immediate threat to the Indian Ocean trade; the

2209: 2000:, then moved into the mountainous interior, taking the important highland centre 1973: 1944: 1840: 1796: 1749: 1741: 1695: 1691: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1539: 1430: 1366: 1189: 1165: 1116: 898: 890: 843: 709: 644: 210: 205: 185: 180: 8309:

The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community

8198:

The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community

4863:

Der Feidzug des Aelius Gallus nach dem glucklichen Arabien unter Kaiser Augustus

3082:

The British were looking for a coal depot to service their steamers en route to

1957: 11128: 11055: 11020: 11010: 10990: 10422: 10290: 9492:

Ross, Brian; Esposito, Richard; Cole, Matthew; et al. (18 December 2009).

9130: 6891: 4526: 4300: 4074: 4034: 3886: 3870:

renewed fighting. The Shia rebels accused Saudi Arabia of providing support to

3802: 3630: 3498: 3489:

liberals fled to Yemen and plotted to expel Ibn Saud from the former Hashemite

3439: 3419:

were bombed by the British for five days, and the Imam had to pull back. Small

3321: 3251: 3238:

were desperate to return law and order to Yemen and asked the Ottoman Pasha in

3193: 3060: 3048: 2945: 2937: 2768: 2392: 2311: 2291: 2162:

clan to take over and establish themselves as the new rulers of Yemen in 1454.

1663: 1613: 1221: 1120: 1073: 872:, as known from the inscriptions, led a military campaign to central Arabia or 831: 737: 583: 490: 299: 145: 1080:

around 570. Under their rule, most of Yemen enjoyed great autonomy except for

11724: 11699: 11145: 10995: 10547: 10507: 10450: 7658:

Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France

7642:

Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France

7623:

Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France

7037:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

6725:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

5509: 5449: 5363: 4247: 4243: 3829: 3806: 3470: 3463: 3372: 3274: 3267: 3183: 3122: 2976: 2664: 2622: 2303: 2237: 2045:

of the time, has died. His pens used to break our lances and swords to pieces

1924: 1911: 1633: 1315: 1296: 1233: 949: 941: 839: 828: 626: 622: 575: 354: 255: 7421:

The merchant houses of Mocha: trade and architecture in an Indian Ocean port

6668: 6666: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 3954:

and opposition groups, the government led by Saleh's former vice president,

2470:

between 1539 – 1547, only 7,000 survived. The Ottoman accountant-general in

1527:

became a battlefield for the three dynasties as well as independent tribes.

1125: 536:

and was the most prominent federation. The Sabaean rulers adopted the title

10334:

Web Archives (archived 2002-09-30) – excellent site with many pictures.

8693: 8538: 7145: 7143: 4315: 3882: 3718: 3510: 3196: 3103: 3075: 2933: 2889: 2867: 2855: 2839: 2799: 2459: 2451: 2334: 1961: 1800: 1707: 1598: 1374: 966: 937: 933: 674: 631: 563: 513: 482: 448: 392: 375: 366:

gods, two reigning sovereigns, and two governors, 7th century BC.

317: 235: 5773:

The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State

5543: 3842:, held on 20 September, Saleh won with 77.2% of the vote. His main rival, 3653:, where it was declared that unification would eventually occur. In 1978, 2216:

which was built in 1504. The Tahiride were too weak either to contain the

500: 11709: 11104: 11099: 10873: 10832: 9636: 9491: 8334:

Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921

7532: