History of Nahuatl

2306: 1942: 2786: 1504: 2569: 250: 1981: 2745: 2840: 1680: 2633: 2130: 3161:, during that decade, the governors publicly boasted that they were on the road to progress because, according to them, there were no longer Nahua speakers in the state. If there was 80% of Nahua-speaking population in the state before 1910, today that number is below 5%. This also indicates that the institutions had an erroneous criterion to consider an indigenous population, the language. In this way, the language was lost in the following generations, so, in reality, the inhabitants of today are the descendants of those Nahuas. 2953:, the father of modern anthropology in Mexico, carried out an enormous investigation, recovering testimonies from the oral literature of the Teotihuacán Valley, among other things, together with the linguist Pablo González Casanova. In addition, it was postulated that, to carry out this type of work, it was essential to know the Nahuatl language. On the other hand, in the educational field, Gregorio Torres Quintero, author of the Rudimentary Instruction Law, was against using a vernacular language for teaching Spanish. In 1926, 19: 1796: 2506: 1639: 3204: 2985: 1274: 3127: 2870:. Don Cesáreo Reyes, a Nahuatl native of San Esteban, explained that when he studied at the town school he was an assistant to several teachers who were not Nahuatl speakers, since they were giving classes to students who did not know Spanish. This is added to the number of testimonies that show that Castilianization actually occurred in independent Mexico and through the educational system, with the aim of erasing indigenous identity. 741: 1353: 3119:, Nahuatl is still spoken by more than two million people, of which around 10% are monolingual. The survival of Nahuatl as a whole is not in imminent danger, but the survival of certain dialects is; and some have already become extinct during the last decades of the 20th century. Today it is spoken primarily in rural areas by a lower class of indigenous subsistence farmers. According to the 2774:, were interested in knowing all the details of the indigenous peoples of Mexico. One of the greatest interests of the French became Nahuatl, arguing that the Aztec language could be used to secure the objectives of the Mexican Empire. The study of Nahuatl was done mainly through the Scientific Commission of Mexico and the Literary and Artistic Scientific Commission of Mexico. 2204: 2517:, faced with a series of problems related to Manuel José Rubio y Salinas' compliance with the royal decree of 1749 that ordered the secularization of doctrines, became aware of the opposition by indigenous people, Franciscans, Augustinians and the inhabitants of Mexico City, thus softening secularization. For this reason, he ordered that the new parish priests be " 773:(who adopted it in the 14th century), among others. Archaeological investigations have revealed that Azcapotzalco was inhabited since the classical period (around the year 600) and related to Teotihuacans in culture and language, as it is known that they still spoke an Otomi language in the fourteenth century despite the fact that Nahuatl was already the 2145:, having received reports that the friars were not sufficiently prepared in the linguistic field, ordered that the clerics must know the indigenous language of those they indoctrinated. In addition, he authorized the examination of religious and allowed them to be removed from the parishes if they did not have the required sufficiency. 1333:(nobles)" was born, the cultured and elegant Classic Nahuatl. Due to its name, it has been popularly believed that it is the mother tongue of all the variants of the language, which is a mistake; not all variants descend from Classical Nahuatl, nor are all ancient documents written in this variant. In fact, in the same capital of the 2741:, who belonged to the indigenous elite of the time, became his teacher and was part of the imperial government. In spite of everything, the Aztec language was not recognized as the official language of the Mexican Empire, although it did use it as a tool for territorial control in dispute against its rivals, the liberals. 1535:) began to learn in the year 1523, thanks to the Nahua elites, educated variants of the Aztec language, mainly those spoken in the cities of Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco and Tlaxcala. At the same time, the missionaries undertook the writing of grammars of the indigenous languages for use by priests. 278:

as it was particularly spread by it. Likewise, the hypothesis of Nahuatl in the city has gained strength in recent decades, and its arguments begin to be resonant for modern research after the conclusions of Gómez and King: according to new grotochronological perspectives, they suggest the existence of a

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In 1936 the Department of Indian Affairs was created with the aim of supporting rural peoples. To teach the towns to read and write, young people who knew how to speak a little Spanish and their mother tongue, Nahuatl, were hired, giving them a half-year course on teaching to establish Spanish as the

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chronicler, explains that, faced with a large number of languages throughout the viceroyalty, it was concluded that using the most widely spoken language of each province would be the best option for missionary work. Likewise, although the establishment of chairs in languages had already been decreed

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This process accelerated changes in the asymmetric relationship between indigenous languages and Spanish, thus Nahuatl was increasingly influenced and modified; As a first consequence, an area of rapid loss of speech and customs is observable, close to the big cities. As a second consequence, we see

1922:

there are great secrets among the Indians, none of which they will reveal to the Spanish if he breaks them into pieces; to those of us who were born in New Spain who consider us to be children of the land and natural and communicate many things to us, and more so as we know the language, it is great

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This was followed by the fact that, in 1578, the king ordered that no religious who did not speak Mexicano would have the authorization to take charge of missions or parishes. Two years later, he issued the certificate that created the chairs of languages in the universities of America. Novohispanic

1809:

In 1569, a description written by Neo-Galician Franciscans explains the promotion of Nahuatl carried out by friars in Nueva Galicia to teach Christian doctrine. The religious reported the teaching of the Aztec language and the doctrine in both Mexicano and Latin in the report prepared at the request

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convent and published in 1547. The Art of Olmos was the first properly developed grammar and oldest known. It was then up to Nahuatl to be the first language in the New World to have an art or grammar. Also noteworthy is the fact that it was developed before many grammars of European languages, such

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origin. Much of the Nahua migration to central Mexico was a consequence and not a cause of the fall of Teotihuacan. From these early times, loans were given between the different linguistic families, even at the morphosyntactic level. After the Nahuas arrived in the high culture zone of Mesoamerica,

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took place during the heyday of Teotihuacan (c. 100–650 AD). The Teotihuacan trade routes served for a rapid spread of the new language. The ethnolinguistic identity of the founders and inhabitants of Teotihuacan is unknown; however, it has long been the subject of debate; thus, in the 19th and 20th

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or alphasyllabary of Nahuatl was formulated by Eduardo Tager and translated into Spanish in an article. Although it has not been disseminated among teachers and Nahuatlatos, the proposal is more precise in terms of the adaptation of Nahua phonemes to writing than the Latin alphabet has been, and it

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Significant changes have taken place since the mid-1980s, although educational policies in Mexico have focused on the Hispanicization of indigenous communities, to teach purely Spanish and discourage the use of native languages, resulting in today's good number of Nahuatl speakers are able to write

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From the 1930s, a phonological valorization of the Nahuatl language began and an effort was made to write and regulate it based on its own characteristics, which is known as "modern writing" and which began to be promoted in education from the second half of the 20th century, contrary to the way of

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were in favor of integrating the indigenous peoples and merging them with the masses in general and therefore proposed in the government acts that there was no distinction between "Indians" and "non-Indians", only having to resort to the words poor and rich. This would mean that, by not considering

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On 7 June 1550, in the name of Emperor Charles, the teaching of Spanish was ordered to the indigenous people of all the provinces in America through the missionaries. That same year, Fray Rodrigo de la Cruz, suggested to the king that he change the order of teaching the Spanish language for that of

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Kaufman accepts, like several modern authors, the probability that a Nahua variant was spoken in the city, but from his point of view, the Coyotlatelco culture, which is associated with the Teotihuacan sunset, is the first whose bearers must undoubtedly have been speakers of Nahuatl in Mesoamerica,

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In 2020, the Chamber of Deputies approved the opinion with a draft decree that recognizes Spanish, Mexicano and other indigenous languages as official languages, which would have the same validity in terms of the law. A year later, the Senate of the Republic approved the reform of article 2 of the

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was the language in common use, the members of the local government appointed a Nahuatlato, who was in charge of translating the agreements into minutes, copying laws and keeping books in the coffers. Likewise, it is in this century when there is a greater written record of the Mexican language in

1994:

That same year, the III Mexican Council ordered that the parish priests use the native language of their respective regions, but prohibited the ordination of indigenous people as priests, the latter thought not to promote advanced studies among indigenous people, although, in fact, indigenous They

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and Cholultecs, Nahuatl spread before and further than Spanish. In this way, it became the language of conquest in the colonial era. Likewise, the language advanced along with the conquering armies through Central America, which led to the place names of a large part of the Mesoamerican area being

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In Nahuatl, the absolutive state in the singular is marked with /-tl/ and the possessed state with /-w/ (both suffixes derived from Proto-Uto-Aztecan /*-ta/ and /*-wa/). Regarding plural marks, the suffixes /-meh/ (from the Proto-Uto-Aztecan /*-mi/) and sometimes /-tin/, /-tinih/ and /-h/ are used

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recognizes all of the country's indigenous languages, including Nahuatl, as "national languages" and gives indigenous people the right to use them in all spheres of public and private life. In article 11, which guarantees access to compulsory, bilingual and intercultural education. This law gives

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In 1865, Maximilian I issued two bilingual decrees (in Mexicano and Spanish) and, on 16 September 1866, he issued an edict, also bilingual, on the legal estate in favor of the indigenous peoples. At this time, the most influential Nahuatl was Faustino Chimalpopoca, who also taught Mexicano at the

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proposed that the use of Spanish be made compulsory for the indigenous nobility, arguing that the use of indigenous languages would give advantages to Creole and mestizo priests over peninsular priests. However, the king rejected the proposal, arguing that the best thing was to only have teachers

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into Nahuatl by Miguel Trinidad Palma, thus becoming the first Mexican constitution to be available in Nahuatl and, in general, in a vernacular language. In this last quarter of the 19th century, there is still evidence of Neo-Tlaxcaltec Nahuatl-speaking families in municipalities of Nuevo León,

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Carochi has been especially important for researchers working in the new philology, due to his scientific approach that precedes modern linguistic research, analyzes phonological aspects in more detail than his predecessors and even successors, who had not taken pronunciation into account of the

1697:

The Spanish realized the importance of the language and preferred to continue its use than to change it, they also found that learning all the indigenous languages was impossible in practice, so they concentrated on Nahuatl. In fact, despite the efforts of the crown, the Franciscans continued to

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It was very important for Maximilian to issue his decrees in Nahuatl and Spanish, since he was aware that it was necessary to approach the citizens in their own language. In addition, the emperor acted as a protective father of the indigenous people, including them in his imperial project and

1495:

was completed, the situation of the Nahuatl language would change significantly; on the one hand, a slight displacement by the Spanish language begins; on the other, its official use for communication with the natives generated the establishment of new settlements; At the same time, extensive

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Nezahualcoyotl, after the Tepanec War, began his government in Texcoco. Likewise, he gained a reputation as a sage and gained just fame as a poet. His extensive intellectual training translated into a high aesthetic sensitivity and a great love for nature, which were reflected not only in the

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The 1990s saw the appearance of diametric changes in the policies of the Mexican government towards indigenous and linguistic rights. The evolution of agreements in the field of international rights combined with internal pressures led to legislative reforms and the creation of decentralized

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Throughout modern times, the situation of indigenous languages has become increasingly precarious in Mexico, and the number of speakers of virtually all indigenous languages has decreased. Although the absolute number of Nahuatl speakers has actually increased in the last century, indigenous

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As long as there is no wisely determined uniformity, by whoever takes into account all the data, both phonic and graphic, and, in addition, the competent authority to impose a new system, it is comfortable to continue using the system that can be called traditional, however deficient it may

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movement had actually been sustained since 65% of the population was indigenous out of the 6 million inhabitants of the country and the Aztec language continued to be the lingua franca of New Spain. Demographic indicators show a growth parallel to that of the mestizo population in Mexico.

3168:, also known by his pseudonym José Antonio Xokoyotsij, is a Nahua intellectual and poet who founded the Association of Writers in Indigenous Languages (AELI), among other institutions. He wrote several works, among these, perhaps the most important is his book of Nahuatl poetry entitled 3150:("The correct form of the Nahuatl language"). The edition of the SEP made a circulation of more than 25 thousand copies, taking a big step in the current flourishing of the language. That same year, Delfino Hernández received the first prize in the Nahuatl Story Contest with the story 1723:

was common. Throughout the century, Mexicano remained the most widely used language, imposing itself on others through indigenous evangelists and catechists, forcing speakers of other Mesoamerican languages to become literate first in Nahuatl and later in their mother tongue.

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areas where Hispanicization is stronger, causing active bilingualism. In a third area, the indigenous speakers remained more isolated and kept their traditions purer. By the middle of the 19th century, speakers of indigenous languages were already 37% of the population.

201:, which changed an original *t to /tɬ/ before *a, in Mexico "Nahuatlano" has been proposed to designate to this family. Later, some Nahuan languages have changed this /tɬ/ to /l/ or back to /t/, but it can still be seen that the language went through a /tɬ/ stage. 2125:

was used as a literary language, and a large corpus of documents from that period survives to the present day. Works from this period include histories, chronicles, poetry, plays, Christian canonical works, ethnographic descriptions, and administrative documents.

2832:. However, the Díaz regime paid attention to indigenous culture in a classical way, continuing to privilege the ancient culture and ignore the contemporary. During this time, Mexican intellectuals sought to make a standard grammar of the Aztec language based on 2938:, of the original peoples in Mexico. Nahuatl stands out for its interest in linguistic research. On the other hand, the educational system of the 20th century became responsible for the massive linguistic displacement of indigenous languages. The revolutionary 2900:

stand out. The latter, who was a Mexican historian, professor of Nahuatl and director of the National Museum of Archaeology, History and Ethnology, rediscovered, published and made known a large number of documents and works written in the language such as the

3250:, designed to be the standardized orthography of Nahuatl in the coming years. The modern writing has much greater use in the modern variants than in the classic variant, since the texts, documents and literary works of the time usually use the Jesuit one. 1312:. Tenochtitlan grew to become the largest Mesoamerican urban center, attracting Nahuatl speakers from other areas in which it had spread in previous centuries, giving rise to an urban form of Nahuatl with diverse characteristics, which came to be known as 1744:

as a general language. This is mainly due to the fact that both the crown and the ecclesiastical entities were interested in the linguistic wealth of the empire, seeing it as a form of political, economic and religious expansion rather than an obstacle.

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In his time there were European writers stating that in the languages of America there were not enough words to express general notions and that metaphysical concepts could not be represented. Clavijero refutes that idea completely, pointing out that

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After the collapse of the big city, new models emerged to hold power. Along with these models, it is believed that the Nahuatl language developed. By then, it was not only spoken by its natives, since little by little it was being adopted by older

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where, occupying a greater extension of territory, it quickly formed two variants, one that continued to spread south with innovative changes (Neonahua) while the other (Paleonahua), with conservative features of the Yutonahua, moved to the east.

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Almost all the biographies suppose it or assure it. Vázquez Chamorro says that he could not be, as he did not master the Latin language, a requirement of the position; According to this author, if documents are preserved that seem to suggest his

2163:, was the author of the Musical Songbook, an important document preserved in the Musical Archive of the Oaxaca Cathedral, which contains more than 300 popular religious chants, composed between the years 1609 and 1616, in Spanish, Nahuatl and 2116:

people wrote in the language during this time, through the integration of it in their written works. In addition, most of the inhabitants of New Spain used it orally regardless of whether they were of Amerindian, European or African origin.

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with the announcement of an opposition contest for the chair in Nahuatl. There were later complaints in the Audiencia de Nueva Galicia because the bishop had appointed priests who had not taken the test of proficiency in the Aztec language.

2977:, did a true institutional interest arise in understanding and studying indigenous culture, trying to reverse the trend of forced incorporation into national culture, which in fact did not happen and the loss continued until the eighties. 2485:

Regarding indigenous education, in 1697 the royal decree that revoked the prohibition of indigenous people to be ordained as priests was made, reiterating it in 1725. In this way, the king declared that indigenous people should be treated

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one —the processes of change in the language— and the external one —the changes in the sociopolitical context where the language is spoken—. From this, based on the proposal for the classification of the evolution of attested Nahuatl by

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in the mid-19th century, with which communal lands were abolished and from then on the indigenous were forced to pay a series of new taxes and that under the coercion of landowners and the government they could not pay, creating large

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At this time the greater imposition of Spanish begins and discrimination against indigenous languages becomes common, since it is stigmatized in the way that society classifies speaking an indigenous language as "an Indian thing". The

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their language also adopted some of the features that define the Mesoamerican linguistic area; thus, for example, the Nahuas adopted the use of relational nouns and a form of possessive construction typical of Mesoamerican languages.

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tried to have a specialist translator in Nahuatl-Spanish because he was interested in the empire using the language spoken by a large part of the population, so he devoted himself to learning the Aztec language and his translator,

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In 1982, at the initiative of the Organization of Nahua Indigenous Professionals A.C. (OPINAC) and students and linguists of the General Directorate of Indigenous Education (DGEI), a general consensus was reached in the city of

2813:, the vice president Francisco Pimentel and the member Faustino Chimalpopoca stand out. On the other hand, Maximilian's advisors, also Nahuatlatos, were members of the Mexican Society of Geography and Statistics, among them, 2120:

During this period the Spanish Crown allows a high degree of autonomy in the local administration of the indigenous peoples, and in many towns the Nahuatl language was the de facto official language, both written and spoken.

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and bilingualism. In the case of the criollos and mestizos, learning Nahuatl was inevitable, since it began in childhood due to contact with the native population. The expansion of the language also continued, because in

2010:

was founded on the western side of the Spanish settlement and separated from the Spanish only by an irrigation canal. In this way, Nahuatl arrived in the north of what is now Mexico, specifically in the current states of

2655:, while it could have been perfectly written in Nahuatl, was written in Spanish, precisely because those who wrote it were Spanish-speakers, although the Spanish language was not even the majority language at that time. 2799:

his affection for the Empire, his indigenous origin and his knowledge of the Aztec language would greatly facilitate his task of attracting the inhabitants of the Sierra de Querétaro and making them defend the Empire

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was used extensively for religious and commercial purposes (writing surface, ritual items, economic transaction documents, inventory records, etc.). Among the best-known Nahua documents made with amate paper are the

2809:. In his research he also benefited from the knowledge of Faustino Chimalpopoca. As for the Literary and Artistic Scientific Commission of Mexico, all its leaders were Nahuatlatos (Nahuatl speakers). The president 1470:) has been documented since the conquest. Recently, the phonetic aspect of its writing system has been discovered, although many of the syllabic characters had already been documented since the 16th century by 748:

It is at this time that Nahuatl acquires political relevance. In the Central Altiplano, on the other hand, there was a large number of Neonahua peoples in expansion, such as the Teochichimecs (later known as

216:

Dakin argues that the key correspondence sets used by Campbell and Langacker as evidence for the existence of a separate fifth vowel *ï evolving from Proto-Uto-Aztecan *u, their main basis for separating the

1297:. Some important characteristics of the classical era are: a great abundance of lexicon, a great clarity in the language, an improvement in syntax and, finally, elegance through stylistic procedures such as 2078:

until the beginning of the Conquest of Mexico. Additionally, he was well known and famous among natives and Spaniards; and because of his noble position, he was able to have training in the culture of the

5386: 6008: 2305: 4681: 2918:." On the other hand, Francisco Belmar, a lawyer and linguist, founded La Sociedad Indianista, bringing together linguists and anthropologists who studied and fought to maintain indigenous languages. 2672:

strategy served to integrate indigenous people into the world labor market. From this, a mythical and glorified image of the indigenous past was idealized, but the modern indigenous was marginalized.

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The imposition of Spanish hardly affected the linguistic situation of the time. Therefore, it is inferred that the implementation of these policies was moderate. In fact, Sandoval indicates that "

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On the other hand, there were those who promoted the use of native languages to remove the cultural barriers that separated the native peoples from the rest of the Mexican citizens. Among these,

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on 10 May 1770 established the creation of new educational centers completely in Spanish for the indigenous nobility and with this he tried to remove the classic Nahuatl as a literary language.

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Due to the difficulty of finding professors with bilingual knowledge of Mexicano and Otomi, in 1670, the chair was duplicated, creating one only for Nahuatl and another only for Otomi. In 1673,

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The political and linguistic influence of the Aztecs came to extend into the Mesoamerican area and Nahuatl became a lingua franca among merchants and elites in the region, for example among the

81:

Based on linguistic and historical studies, Andrés Hasler points out that it is in the archaic era when the two main forms of the language emerged that gave rise to today's linguistic variants:

89:. The Paleonahua developed over several centuries, beginning its process of change during the Teotihuacan era, being more conservative in eastern Mesoamerica. Neonahua, however, arose when the 3331: 143:

evidence supports a southward spread across the Americas; this movement of speaking communities took place in several waves from the deserts of northern present-day Mexico to central Mexico.

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into Nahuatl. In addition, there are radio stations that broadcast in Nahuatl in the five states of Mexico with more Nahuatl speakers. On the other hand, due to migration in recent decades,

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documentation was created in Latin script, establishing a reliable record for its preservation and understanding, so the language continued to be important in the Nahua communities in the

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In recent years, the language is gaining more and more popularity, a fact that has led to the increase of content on the internet in the language and the translation of websites such as

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being the only school language, it will stunt and destroy local languages and thus the unification of the national speech, an invaluable vehicle for social unification, will be a fact

1851:, colonial Central American Nahuatl was formed, which, by ultracorrection, used "tl" where in Classical Nahuatl there was "t" and replaced the classical "tla" with "ta". For example, 1400:

architecture of the city, but also in his poetic and philosophical manifestations. Nezahualcoyotl even built a botanical garden adorned with beautiful pools of water and aqueducts in

7081:, ed., estudio introductorio, trad. y notas de Ascensión Hernández de León-Portilla y Miguel León-Portilla, México, UNAM (Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas), LXXVII + 209 pp. 4514: 5284:"Las artes de lenguas indígenas. Notas en torno a las obras impresas en el siglo XVIII - Detalle de Estéticas y Grupos - Enciclopedia de la Literatura en México – FLM – CONACULTA" 2561:, archbishop of Mexico, to radicalize a change in state language policy on 6 October 1769, issuing a famous pastoral letter on the languages of New Spain, referring to them as " 6944: 6841: 3924:"Literatura en náhuatl clásico y en las variantes de dicha lengua hasta el presente – Detalle de Estéticas y Grupos – Enciclopedia de la Literatura en México – FLM – CONACULTA" 2433:

At this time there are testimonies indicating that the Spanish spoke in Mexicano directly with their troops, trading, in government and at home, giving rise to a situation of

42:

have gone through a large number of periods and processes, the language being used by various peoples, civilizations and states throughout the history of the cultural area of

737:, cornering the Paleonahua and developing a mixture of Paleonahua and Neonahua, which is why the communities of "T variant" speakers are surrounded by those of "TL variant". 2695:

and Juan Rodríguez Puebla. However, few were those who supported this idea, so it was not enough to change the language policy carried out in the first half of the century.

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before Mr. D. Carlos himself stated quite the opposite in the following year of 1777, endowing the chairs of Mexicano and Otomi languages in the Royal College of Tepotzotlan

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Three hundred years later, when the Toltec-Chichimecs (recognized by sources as "Nahua-Chichimecs") arrived in the center of present-day Mexico, the city of "Tollan" (today

5153: 5898:"Castellanización y las escuelas de lengua castellana durante el siglo XVIII – Detalle de Estéticas y Grupos – Enciclopedia de la Literatura en México – FLM – CONACULTA" 4525: 4467: 1941: 6904: 4498:). Cara Studies in Popular Devotion (Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (Georgetown University)). II, Guadalupan Studies (4). OCLC 9593292 2896:. All of them published Nahua texts with their translations into languages such as English and German. In Mexico, the Nahuatlatos Antonio Peñafiel, Cecilio Robelo and 780:

The last Neonahuas to arrive in the region were the Aztecs. By then, the Tepanecs controlled the region through a triple alliance government since 1047 (according to

6421: 2851: 2843: 2662:, the category of "Indians" was abolished, along with the rights, privileges and important administrative principles that it conferred at the community level in the 6378: 3817:

Canger, U. (2011). El nauatl urbano de Tlatelolco/Tenochtitlan, resultado de convergencia entre dialectos: con un esbozo brevísimo de la historia de los dialectos.

2041:, which is a chronicle of evangelization in New Spain. In it, he refers to Nahuatl as a general language that generated a broad bilingualism and explains that the " 2542:

there are few languages more capable of expressing metaphysical ideas than Mexicano, because it is difficult to find another in which abstract names abound so much

2470: 6736: 5330: 3004:, an American expert in the Nahuatl language, and George T. Smisor, began to be published physically in 1943. Years later, Fernando Horcasitas, a member of the 1623:

is the title of a codex in Nahuatl written around the year 1540 by anonymous Nahua authors. This document is the only one that contains the day the Aztecs left

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in 1536— for the indigenous nobility with the purpose of re-educating them within the Western canons, where they learned theology, grammar, music, mathematics.

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everywhere there are interpreters who understand and speak Mexicano because this is the one that runs everywhere, like Latin through all the kingdoms of Europe

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protecting them under his tutelage, as they were used to being during the viceregal era. Therefore, Maximiliano idealized himself as the continuation of the

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came to the Spanish throne in 1556, the position of the crown on the linguistic matters of the Spanish Empire changed drastically. In the year 1558, Viceroy

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the viceroys ensure that the clerics and religious who do not know the language of the Indians and were doctriners are removed and put others who know it

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skills, long moral and historical speeches, plays and songs were learned by heart. This made language teaching and education itself a model of success.

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Garibay refers to this stage as the "golden age" of the Aztec language. It is at this time that Nahuatl literature is perfected, with works such as the

4641: 3392: 1766:, which dates back to 1556. Valeriano studied and was later a teacher and rector at the College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco. Sahagún refers to him as " 2624:

Furthermore, Spanish courts still admitted Nahuatl testimonies and documentation as evidence in trials, with court translators expounding in Spanish.

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proposed that compulsory instruction in Spanish was necessary for the integration of native peoples into national society. Justo Sierra stated that "

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a contagious disease that separates the Indians from social intercourse with the Spaniards. It is a plague that perverts the dogmas of our Holy Faith

7435:

Rolstad, Kellie (2002). "Language death in Central Mexico: The decline of Spanish-Nahuatl bilingualism and the new bilingual maintenance programs".

7406:

Pellicer, Dora; Cifuentes, Bábara; Herrera, Carmen (2006). "Legislating diversity in twenty-first century Mexico". In Margarita G. Hidalgo l (ed.).

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since the beginning of the same century, and six subgroups are generally accepted as valid: Numic, Takic, Pimic, Taracahita, Corachol, and Aztecan.

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came to the throne, establishing that same year that the linguistic knowledge of the friars should be examined every time they moved from parish.

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Mexicano is no less gallant and curious than the Latin, and I even think that more artful in composition and derivation of words, and in metaphors

1819:

the said Indians should all learn the same language and that this be Mexicano, which could be learned more easily because it is a general language

6930: 5091:

Enseñanza y ejercicio de la música en México. Arturo Camacho Becerra (ed.). México DF, CIESAS, El Colegio de Jalisco y Universidad de Guadalajara

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above all, and to a lesser degree reduplication of the initial syllable is used, although this in Nahuatl, unlike Uto-Aztecan languages such as

3200:, expressed his support for the learning and teaching of Nahuatl for all city employees and those who work in the local public administration. 3139:

on writing, developing a "practical orthography", which was used since then by the Ministry of Public Education (SEP) for bilingual education.

3120: 7185:

Llave del Náhuatl. Colección de trozos clásicos, con gramática y vocabulario, para utilidad de los principiantes, 2ª ed., revisada y aumentada

3535: 225:*i and *e > o in closed syllables, and that the supposed contrast in final position in imperatives had originally had a following clitic. 3749: 5806: 5089:

Morales Abril, O. (2013). Gaspar Fernandez: su vida y obras como testimonio de la cultura musical novohispana a principios del siglo XVII.

3123:, 51% of Nahuatl speakers are involved in the agricultural sector and 6 out of 10 do not receive wages or earn less than the minimum wage. 2597:

From this decree, the idea began to spread among the people that one could only preach in Spanish. Rafael Sandoval, a priest who wrote the

1898:

donated relics to New Spain. In the letter he includes several poems in Mexicano, Spanish, Italian and Latin. These are some of the verses:

1293: 6447: 5624: 4540: 3877: 3215:) was published by the Institute of Ethnological Teaching and Research of Zacatecas (IDIEZ), a civil association founded in 2002 based in 2406:

and trade. Therefore, merchants traveling through the provinces had access to Nahuatl vocabularies, which were sold throughout New Spain.

6980:. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague. Copenhague: The Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen; distributed by C.A. Reitzels Boghandel. 6681:"Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas" 1711: 1685: 5792:

Offutt, Leslie Scott (Jan 2018), "Puro tlaxcalteca? Ethnic Integrity and Consciousness in Late Seventeenth-Century Northern New Spain,"

5421: 266:

centuries, some researchers believed that Teotihuacán had been founded by Nahuata speakers; later, towards the end of the last century,

5474: 3087: 2351: 1961: 793: 6676: 4992:

status, it is because he acted in the Royal Court and other forums as a representative of Aztec nobles, but without being an official.

3356: 3243: 3181: 2785: 733:) was founded again, sharing power with the Nonohualcas. In this way, the Toltec-Chichimecs they were the only Neonahuas to reach the 7154: 2430:, reiterating it in 1691 and 1693, in which he dictated the creation of the "school plot" for the teaching of the imperial language. 7153:, "Ángel María Garibay" Miguel León-Portilla, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, México, ed. Fondo de Cultura Económica, 5103: 4838: 1546:

through images based on indigenous conventions prior to the Conquest and sometimes incorporate Western writing in Spanish and other

7306:, J. (2017). Arqueología, fuentes etnohistóricas y retóricas de legitimización : un ensayo reflexivo sobre los olmecas xicalancas. 5139: 3177: 3005: 2966: 2806: 2586:

two years earlier, which led to the exile of a large number of scholars of the Aztec language, such as Clavijero himself, and the

5939: 4562: 2802:." Likewise, he became the official interpreter to listen to requests and complaints of indigenous people in the imperial court. 167:

in Mesoamerican chronology. Before reaching central Mexico, pre-Nahua groups probably spent a period of time in contact with the

5965: 5157: 7400: 7247: 6274: 4910:

Mcpheeters, D. W. (1954). "An Unknown Early Seventeenth-Century Codex of the Crónica Mexicana of Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc".

1635:

remained in indigenous hands, providing an authentic insight into the thoughts and perspectives of the newly conquered Nahuas.

4474: 2668:. From this fact, the Mexican state sought the assimilation and extermination of indigenous peoples. As for assimilation, the 2557:

This stage, considered by Garibay to be the time of "systematic decadence" or "dissolve", begins with the attempt of Cardinal

7417: 5880: 5777: 5484: 4220: 4009: 3670: 3262: 1559: 6869: 6827: 5702: 5030: 3184:(INALI) created in 2003 with responsibilities for the promotion and protection of indigenous peoples. indigenous languages. 2863:. However, at this time, the percentage of native language speakers had already decreased to 17% in the national territory. 2590:

with King Charles III of Spain, since power in the Spanish Empire was centralized trying to avoid bilingualism. A decree of

2100:

It is at this time that the Aztec language reached the status of a prestigious language, coexisting with Latin and Spanish.

1817:

to facilitate communication between the Spanish and the natives of the viceroyalty. In the decree, the monarch orders that "

1503: 3409: 3039:

appears for the first time to write the language. In fact, the first issue of the newspaper included a section on writing.

2771: 2083:. It is also often affirmed, with greater certainty, that he served as a Nahuatlato (expert interpreter of Nahuatl) in the 1492: 1407:

Apart from learning at home, there were compulsory education institutions where they learned to distinguish common speech (

102: 7210: 6855: 6203: 2176:

A few years later, in 1619, a royal decree increased the pressure on the friars in the linguistic matter, ordering that "

1612: 2031:." On the other hand, the king instructed the viceroy that schools for indigenous girls should not use their languages. 296:

of the 4th and 5th centuries indicates that there was surely a link or connection between Nahuatl and the Teotihuacans.

5720: 5686:"Levels of acculturation in northeastern New Spain; San Esteban testaments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries" 2264:, is considered today the most important of the grammarians of the viceregal era. It was in 1644 when he concluded the 2113: 5940:"Así desaparecen las lenguas indígenas en México: "Me daban golpes en la mano por no hablar castellano en la escuela"" 5338: 7130: 7101: 7018: 6985: 5066: 2488:

according to and like the other vassals in my extensive domains of Europe, with whom they must be equal in everything

1554:(or Jacobo de Tastera), a French missionary who compiled catechisms of this type from the indigenous authors of his. 7206: 6650: 4252: 2973:

writing Mexican used in classic texts, the "traditional writing". Only until 1934, with the government of President

6249: 5750:"Historias de protección y depredación de los recursos naturales en el Valle de Saltillo y la Sierra de Zapalinamé" 5500: 6514: 6404: 2603:

that the opinion was not and could not be that for now the peoples would be left without ministers of the language

6598: 5387:"El "Tocotín" en la loa para el Auto "El Divino Narciso" : ¿Criollismo sorjuanino? / Armando Partida Tayzan" 5122:"Gaspar Fernández: su vida y obras como testimonio de la cultura musical novohispana a principios del siglo XVII" 2873:

Abroad, interest in the study of the Aztec language also grew thanks to authors such as the French lexicographer

2684:

the indigenous people as their own entity, the cultural and linguistic division of the country would be ignored.

4155: 5767: 5267: 5239: 4183: 2558: 2277: 1969:. This encyclopedic work, made up of 12 volumes in Nahuatl and some parts in Spanish and Latin, was declared a 6531: 6063: 5685: 5645: 3016:, with whom he began to edit the magazine in the following editions, joining Karen Dakin several years later. 2866:

The loss of autonomy of the Neotlaxcalans in Coahuila also led to the loss of Nahuatl as a common language in

2534:

pure, entertaining, brilliant, figurative and full of comparisons with the most pleasant objects of the nature

2057: 7323:

The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results

3112:

both their language and Spanish; even so, its Spanish literacy rate remains well below the national average.

3036: 2897: 2867: 2475: 2134: 2007: 1999:

to study various careers, since only Spaniards and indigenous people of the nobility could access education.

1660: 1600: 1532: 1381: 6362:"Estrategias de alfabetización en lengua náhuatl para profesores en servicio de educación primaria indígena" 5835: 4506: 3180:

disappeared to make way for the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (CDI) and the

3065:, a Mexican philologist and historian, author of books that have served as a reference to date, among them, 2954: 2828:

tended to eliminate the native languages, seeking the development and progress of the country under Mexican

2692: 2680: 2283: 1760:, is credited with authorship of one of the most outstanding and important works of Nahuatl literature, the 1668:

Nahuatized, becoming official Christian names, still in force today along with the traditional Mayan names.

5831: 5749: 5590:"Lenguas en contacto: Influencias léxicas del español en el tagalo, el chabacano, el chamorro y el cebuano" 3050:, which was originally written in the 17th century. The best-known narrative in this newspaper is entitled 1813:

That is when, in the year 1570, King Philip II decreed that Nahuatl should become the official language in

1369: 320:

was founded in the 7th century, the Nahua influence was already evident, although it was not very intense.

7053: 3958: 2961:, with the aim of encouraging the preservation of the spoken language while learning Spanish. Later, with 2711:, which caused them to gradually lose their land, their identity, their language, and even their freedom. 2698:

The great changes in the indigenous communities occurred after the agrarian reforms that emerged from the

2568: 7239: 7180: 5589: 5197: 4738: 3867:

In speech it is rather used of the word-expression "masewalkopa"; speak in the manner of the townspeople.

3750:"Compilacion – Produccion de Textos Xi'iuy – Tenek y Nahuatl 2018 PDF | PDF | Multilingüismo | Alimentos" 3544: 3231:, contains 10,500 entries, and was co-authored by John Joseph Sullivan with native speakers of Mexicano. 3062: 2652: 128:

originated in the Southwestern United States. The Uto-Aztecan family has been accepted by linguists as a

55: 6842:"Lingüistas y especialistas coinciden en la importancia de normalizar la escritura de la lengua náhuatl" 5154:"UNAM IIH – Primera, segunda, cuarta, quinta y sexta relaciones de las Différentes histoires originales" 38:

flourished. From the 4th century AD to the present, the journey and development of the language and its

5607: 2810: 2525: 1456: 328:

The features that stand out and that can still be found today in variants derived from Paleonahua are:

7009:. Middle American Research Institute Publications. Nueva Orléans: Middle American Research Institute, 6111: 4375:"México: La enseñanza del náhuatl en Guadalajara | Servindi – Servicios de Comunicación Intercultural" 3142:

A year later, Alonso López Mar, Hermenegildo Martínez, and Delfino Hernández, all Nahua teachers from

2498:

was written by the priest Manuel de los Santos y Salazar, who also wrote the play in Nahuatl entitled

7093: 3723: 2833: 2676: 2355: 1389: 855:

The features that stand out and that can still be found today in variants derived from Neonahua are:

288:

Considering that Teotihuacan exerted a great influence in a large part of Mesoamerica, the fact that

6300: 6236: 5734: 4813: 4502: 4072: 4051: 3652: 2860: 2340:

in 1531 are recounted. This work, in fact, contains works written by indigenous nobles, such as the

1471: 7412:. Contributions to the Sociology of Language, no. 91. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 127–168. 7235: 7176: 5048: 3055: 2583: 2388:, which incorporates a good number of stanzas in Nahuatl. Juana Inés de la Cruz, also known as the 2084: 2074:. The work, written in Nahuatl, narrates the history of the Aztec people from their departure from 2037:, a Basque and Nahuatl Franciscan, finished writing in 1597 the work that has made him famous, the 1584: 1446:

used the Aztec script to write and use the topographical codices. Aztec literature was recorded in

317: 304: 249: 5563: 5013: 4141:"Adaptar la lengua, conquistar la escritura. El náhuatl en la evangelización durante el siglo XVI" 3092: 3046:

also published poems, historical essays, narratives, and even an edition of a short comedy titled

2888:

Other foreigners who participated in the study of the language were Johann Karl Eduard Buschmann,

2856: 2377: 1956: 1785: 1491:

With the arrival of the Spaniards in the heart of Mexico in 1519 and, mainly, from 1521, when the

809: 5533: 5198:"La Embajada de los japoneses en México, 1614. El testimonio en náhuatl del cronista Chimalpahin" 3497: 3220: 2893: 2324:

is the abbreviated name of the literary work in Nahuatl, published in 1649 by the criollo priest

1777: 1325:

Nahuatl was becoming more and more refined due to the complex life of the times. In this way the

758: 5827: 5255: 4756:"General History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún: The Florentine Codex" 3959:"Los glifos de suelo en códices acolhua de la Colonia temprana: un reanálisis de su significado" 3013: 2490:." At this time, the Tlaxcaltec governor Juan Ventura Zapata wrote the work in Nahuatl entitled 2395:, contributed to Nahuatl literature the tocotines of her Christmas carols, her best known being 2366: 2320: 2311: 2034: 1980: 1663:, carried out by Spaniards and allies of various groups originating from central Mexico, mainly 1557:

The first Nahuatl grammar written in 1531 by the Franciscans is lost, the oldest preserved, the

6455: 5729: 4544: 4448: 4282:, translator and editor. UCLA Latin American Center Publications, Nahuatl Studies Series 1993. 2744: 2733: 2659: 2620: 2295: 1877:

Memorias en lengua náhuatl enviadas a Felipe II por indígenas del valle de Guatemala hacia 1572

1302: 828: 313: 50: 5851: 5360: 4655: 3585:, p. 55), when reviewing the city from the mythical and cosmogonic in the post-classical 2911: 2839: 2778:

University of Mexico and wrote works with an educational purpose in the language, such as the

2605:," along who also believes that those people spreading the idea of only preaching in Spanish " 1679: 1672:

the Aztec language, affirming that many indigenous people confess in it and considering it a "

7139: 4858: 3270: 3061:

A new study and evaluation of texts in the Aztec language with a humanistic sense began with

2931: 2814: 2805:

One of the French people in charge of the studies by the Scientific Commission of Mexico was

2749: 2729: 2333: 2192:

in the second half of the 16th century, it was not until 1626 when the chairs of Nahuatl and

2023: 279: 222: 190: 144: 125: 119: 7074: 6112:"El control territorial mediante el uso de la lengua náhuatl en el Segundo Imperio mexicano" 4779: 3019:

In the early 1950s, R. H. Barlow and Miguel Barrios Espinosa, a Nahua educator, created the

2675:

In the 1830s, due to the need to want to build a united and modernized nation, the liberals

2249: 2066: 6405:"Yancuic tlahtolli: la nueva palabra. Una antología de la literatura náhuatl contemporánea" 4091: 3224: 2974: 2591: 2325: 2244:

Around the year 1645 there is news of four more published works whose authors are, in 1571

2225:, an indigenous historian, wrote a set of historical works written in Nahuatl known as the 2197: 2152: 1996: 1848: 1646: 1619: 1588: 1539: 1508: 785: 3830:

More markedly it is named “mexihkatekpillahtolli”; the elegant speech of the Aztec nobles.

3165: 2269: 1703: 49:

Like the history of languages, it is analyzed from two main different points of view: the

8: 4520:

CARA: Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (Centro de Investigación Aplicada al

3626: 3351: 3321: 3274: 3258: 2881:

in Paris in 1885. From 1883 to 1889 he published various studies and translations of the

2753: 2419: 2164: 2142: 1970: 1740:

wrote to King Philip II to support the initiative of the Franciscans to teach Nahuatl in

1547: 1309: 770: 160: 6321: 5309:"Sor Juana y sus versos amestizados en una sociedad variopinta – La Lengua de Sor Juana" 4884:"Historia de una casa real. Origen y ocaso del linaje gobernante en México-Tenochtitlan" 1894:, in which he describes and explains in detail the festivities held by the Jesuits when 1795: 299:

It is also believed that it is more likely that the Teotihuacan language was related to

210: 7363: 7004: 6709: 6422:"Tlalocan: revista de fuentes para el conocimiento de las culturas indígenas de México" 6178: 6141: 5104:"Conformación y retórica de los repertorios musicales catedralicios en la Nueva España" 5072: 4970: 4935: 4709: 3676: 3651:

Brylak, Agnieszka; Madajczak, Julia; Olko, Justyna; Sullivan, John (23 November 2020).

3564: 3488: 2943: 2927: 2889: 2664: 2479: 2238: 2181: 1913: 1825:

music in Nahuatl also appears in this century, giving rise to compositions such as the

1733: 1651: 1573: 1287: 7070: 6379:"Robert H. Barlow, de albacea de Lovecraft a mesoamericanista que difundió el náhuatl" 6173: 5447: 2043:

Mexicano is the general language that runs through all the provinces of this New Spain

1789: 1737: 1564: 124:

On the question of geographic point of origin, 20th-century linguists agreed that the

7452: 7444: 7423: 7413: 7407: 7367: 7126: 7107: 7097: 7024: 7014: 7010: 6991: 6981: 6924: 6763:"Tlahtolxitlauhcayotl Chicontepec Veracruz – 9528213034 – oficjalne archiwum Allegro" 6182: 6160: 6145: 6133: 6085: 6043: 5773: 5667: 5545: 5480: 5308: 5263: 5235: 5205: 5076: 5062: 4974: 4927: 4713: 4701: 4642:"La ensenanza de las lenguas indígenas en la Real y Pontificia Universidad de México" 4422: 4346: 4327: 4216: 4140: 4112: 4005: 3976: 3854: 3680: 3666: 3568: 3556: 3346: 3296: 3254: 2514: 2447: 2439: 2329: 2156: 2122: 1895: 1749: 1592: 1551: 1543: 1368:

Throughout the 15th century this trend grew, mainly due to prominent authors such as

1313: 860: 392: 282: 218: 206: 148: 7271: 7254: 6905:"Diputados: las lenguas indígenas tendrán el mismo valor que el español ante la ley" 6080: 5662: 4599: 2797:

His influence was important in the government, since the emperor wrote of him that "

2632: 2049:." Mendieta, in the same text, also left his opinion on the language, stating that " 1318: 7482: 7353: 7341: 7318: 7266: 6217: 6168: 6123: 6075: 5769:

El Señorío de San Esteban del Saltillo: voz y escritura nahuas, siglos XVII y XVIII

5657: 5054: 4962: 4919: 4693: 4611: 4412: 4319: 3966: 3658: 3548: 3530: 3506: 3336: 3306: 3301: 3291: 3212: 3012:. When the latter resigned in the VII edition, Horcasitas requested the support of 2874: 2790: 2738: 2688: 2463: 2459: 2257: 2245: 2148: 1986: 1947: 1883: 1772: 1716: 1690: 184: 172: 98: 39: 6737:"El alcalde de Ciudad de México quiere revivir la lengua azteca – elEconomista.es" 6493: 5179: 3511: 3492: 3023:, a Mexicano-language newspaper that circulated in several towns in the states of 2821: 2521:." In 1754 another important grammar arises, this time by José Agustín de Aldama. 2129: 1965:, which he had begun to write since 1540. It is commonly known by the name of the 7311: 7291: 7120: 6477: 5505: 5476:

De América a Europa: Cuando los indígenas descubrieron el Viejo Mundo (1493–1892)

4966: 4210: 3792: 3326: 3311: 3116: 3024: 2962: 2939: 2935: 2669: 2587: 2443: 2253: 2214: 1840:

and taken from the Codex Valdés. Another outstanding colonial song in Nahuatl is

1837: 1596: 1520: 1432: 1377: 981: 730: 457: 262: 194: 129: 6680: 6221: 5014:"La política lingüística en México entre Independencia y Revolución (1810–1910)" 3782:

A fact widely accepted by researchers, as an example we take Brundage, 1982: 28.

3172:. Likewise, he published in several magazines, such as Nahuatl Culture Studies. 1702:

convents. In 1552, the Franciscans requested permission to teach Nahuatl in the

1417: 18: 7195: 6762: 6532:"La pérdida de la lengua náhuatl | Las comunidades indígenas en América latina" 3341: 3197: 3009: 2820:

Several years after the fall of the Second Empire, the government of President

2699: 2455: 2427: 2403: 2193: 2105: 1917: 1720: 1528: 1497: 931: 886: 762: 438: 355: 198: 164: 7358: 7345: 4883: 4697: 3242:

In 2018, Nahua peoples from 16 states in the country began collaborating with

3096: 7476: 7448: 7165: 7085: 6886: 6137: 6089: 5671: 5549: 5209: 5031:"Consideraciones generales de la política lingüística de la Corona en Indias" 4931: 4839:"San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala. La formación de su identidad colonizadora" 4705: 4426: 4331: 4323: 3980: 3526: 2616:," showing a different attitude of the king seven years later of the decree. 2505: 2342: 2268:, which was reviewed and praised by Father Balthazar González S.J his friend 2241:

and, in general, the first Japanese embassy to the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

2160: 1801: 1762: 1741: 1699: 1638: 1475: 1393: 1316:. Following this idea, it is believed that the language of the capital was a 774: 285:

in the city, which must have been the ancestor of all modern Nahua variants.

168: 7427: 7111: 7028: 5992:"Empire, Colony, and Globalization. A Brief History of the Nahuatl Language" 4400: 4374: 3432: 3203: 2016: 7456: 6995: 6128: 5819: 5422:"Crónicas nahuas de Guatemala: El título de Santa María Ixhuatán (s. XVII)" 5047:

Brylak, Agnieszka; Madajczak, Julia; Olko, Justyna; Sullivan, John (2020).

4401:"Proto-maya y lingüística diacrónica. Una (breve y necesaria) introducción" 3560: 3316: 3001: 2950: 2423: 2381: 2299: 2291: 2273: 2188: 2101: 2080: 2061: 1757: 1753: 1467: 1460: 1385: 1357: 1334: 1278: 844: 840: 140: 5058: 4953:

Schroeder, Susan (August 2011). "The Truth about the Crónica Mexicayotl".

4308:"Nahuatl and Pipil in Colonial Guatemala: A Central American Counterpoint" 3662: 3136: 2426:

that prohibited the use of any language other than Spanish throughout the

839:

in 1430. The Tenochcas, having gained their independence, established the

163:

has been placed at some point around the year 500, towards the end of the

7191: 6654: 5518: 4900:

capítulo "Los cronistas indígenas" de José Rubén Romero Galván, p.274-278

4616: 3223:, research and teaching of the Nahuatl language, in conjunction with the 2829: 2708: 2532:, studied and analyzed the language of Nahuatl poetry, describing it as " 2519:

perfectly instructed in the languages of the natives and these in Spanish

2451: 2399:, although she also wrote other bilingual poems in Spanish and Mexicano. 2222: 2071: 1934: 1926: 1784:. In addition, he was one of the most notable disciples and informant of 1608: 1568: 1542:

are documents of historical relevance since they explain the precepts of

1524: 1439: 1401: 1361: 824: 820: 789: 781: 293: 271: 267: 254: 244: 136: 43: 35: 22:

Current distribution of Nahuatl in red. Historical distribution in green.

7322: 6788: 6301:"Manifestos en Nahuatl de Emiliano Zapata, Abril 1918 – Xinachtlahtolli" 3263:

communities of Nahua speakers have been established in the United States

2442:

Nahuatl classes were given on Saturdays, attended by students who spoke

1770:" of his students. With Sahagún, he participated in the creation of the 1627:, as well as the day of the founding of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Unlike the 847:, Texcoco and Tlacopan, beginning the classical period of the language. 836: 7386: 7328:(Report). Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica 7161: 7054:

https://relatosehistorias.mx/nuestras-historias/teotihuacan-o-teo-uacan

6973: 6675: 4939: 4755: 4521: 4269:, translated and edited. University of California Press, 1991, pp. 42. 4209:

María, Fundación Santa; Criado, Buenaventura Delgado (1 January 1993).

4025: 2825: 2582:

Among the causes of the beginning of the decadence, there are also the

2337: 1930: 1887: 1664: 1642: 1516: 1373: 1298: 750: 159:

The proposed migration of speakers of the Proto-Nahuan language in the

94: 7443:(1). Tempe: Hispanic Research Center, Arizona State University: 3–18. 7255:"Teotihuacán: en busca del diálogo perfecto entre ciudad y naturaleza" 7064:

Reacomodo demográfico del Clásico al posclásico en el Centro de México

5897: 5283: 3923: 3008:

Anthropological Research Institute, took over as editor together with

2984: 2934:

revival develops, appreciating the intellectual culture, specifically

2767:, a title that he also includes in his decrees and edicts in Nahuatl. 2647:

populations have become increasingly marginalized in Mexican society.

2619:

The indigenous and Nahuatl-speaking situation at the beginning of the

1879:

are the most extensive attested examples of Central American Nahuatl.

1273: 6361: 5262:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. XIII. 5260:

Estudio introductorio a Arte de la Lengua Mexicana de Horacio Carochi

4417: 3216: 2903: 2703: 2434: 2415: 1814: 7409:

Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century

6580: 6223:

Epítome o modo fácil de aprender el idioma nahuatl o lengua mexicana

6161:"La tutela imperial de los índigenas en el Segundo Imperio Mexicano" 5703:"Temas del Virreinato. Documentos del Archivo Municipal de Saltillo" 5646:"El náhuatl de los tlaxcaltecas de San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala" 4923: 4187: 3971: 3126: 2780:

Epítome o modo fácil de aprender el idioma nahuatl o lengua mexicana

2075: 1624: 1587:

was established, a series of attitudes and policies began regarding

58:, the history of the language is divided into the following stages: 6009:"Error, llamar Conquista a caída de México Tenochtitlan: Navarrete" 5121: 4307: 3552: 3158: 3143: 2763: 2261: 2167:. Among the most outstanding and well-known is the Christmas carol 2012: 2003: 1443: 1423: 832: 734: 289: 221:

from "general Aztec", were in actually later developments by which

7346:"Writing the history of the word for cacao in ancient Mesoamerica" 7284:

Compendio del Arte de la lengua mexicana del padre Horacio Carochi

6945:"Respalda el Pleno reconocimiento oficial de 68 lenguas indígenas" 5722:

The Nahuatl Testaments of San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala (Saltillo)

4780:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

4501:

Ernest J. Burrus (Ernest Joseph Burrus: 1907 – 1991): historiador

3724:"Mesoamerican Lexical Calques in Ancient Maya Writing and Imagery" 3627:"Hallan en glifos de Teotihuacán un avanzado sistema de escritura" 2601:

of 1810, records that the decree of King Charles III establishes "

2478:, as evidenced by the large number of Nahua documents, especially 1719:

and published in 1555. By this time the writing of Nahuatl in the

3286: 3235: 3032: 2981:

only language when they returned to their communities of origin.

2359: 2169: 2109: 766: 754: 740: 300: 152: 101:, with linguistic innovations such as the addition of the sound / 29: 3207:

Illustrated alphabet of the Nahuatl, Aztec or Mexicano language.

2607:

voluntarily close their eyes so as not to see on the same decree

2029:

for those who voluntarily wanted to learn the Castilian language

4510: 4450:

Traductores e intérpretes en los primeros encuentros colombinos

3586: 3028: 1974: 1352: 1322:

resulting from contact between speakers of different variants.

90: 7003:

Justeson, John S.; Norman, William M.; Campbell, Lyle (1985).

6813: 4859:"Saltillo Mágico 2 | PDF | Nueva españa | Religión y creencia" 4541:"Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España, segundo libro" 2002:

In July 1591, 71 Tlaxcalan families and 16 singles arrived in

261:

The emergence —and spread— of Nahuatl and its variants in the

5140:"#LingüísticaAGN el aprendizaje del otomí en la Nueva España" 4347:"El náhuatl y la identidad mexicana en la Guatemala colonial" 4163:

XVIII Encuentro de Investigadores del Pensamiento Novohispano

2469:

In the Tlaxcaltec cities in Coahuila and Nuevo León, because

2391: 1826: 1451: 792:, the latter being replaced in 1370 by Texcoco (according to 6627: 4682:"Some Remarks on Theteponazcuicatlof the Pre-Hispanic Nahua" 2528:, a Jesuit priest from New Spain, known mainly for his work 2402:

At this time, Christianized Nahuatl spread widely thanks to

2384:

nun and Novohispanic writer from Nepantla, wrote the set of

753:, who expelled the Olmeca-Xicalancas), the Xochimilcas, the 7289: 7286:(edición facsimilar de la de 1759), Ed. Innovación, México. 7062:, Linda. (2005). «Migrantes epiclásicos en Teotihuacán» en 5050:

Cross-cultural transfer as seen through the Nahuatl lexicon

5046: 3650: 2458:, Nahuatl left an important mark on its languages, such as 1890:

and indianization. In 1579, Father Pedro Morales wrote the

1875:. Also, there was a tendency to turn the "u" into "o". The 1605:

Christianity, good customs, police and the Spanish language

1214:

Tendency to merge vowels in different syllables. Examples:

7040:

Proto-Aztecan Vowels and Pochutec: An Alternative Analysis

5538:

Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints

5534:"Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines" 4267:

We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico

3855:"Los nahuas y el náhuatl, antes y después de la conquista" 3211:

In 2016, the first monolingual Nahuatl dictionary (in its

3189:

General Law on the Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples

2203: 5852:"Estudio de la filosofía y riqueza de la lengua mexicana" 1916:, wrote from Spain about the knowledge of Nahuatl by the 7405: 6614: 6116:

Pacha. Revista de Estudios Contemporáneos del Sur Global

4291:

Anales de Tlatelolco. Rafael Tena INAH-CONACULTA p 55 73

3146:, wrote four-volume grammars of Mexicano whose title is 1572:

as that of the French language, and only 55 years after

175:

languages of western Mexico (which are also Uto-Aztec).

7006:

The Foreign Impact on Lowland Mayan Language and Script

5234:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 4002:

50 años. Centro de Estudios de Historia de México Carso

2575:

Arte, vocabulario y confesionario en el idioma mexicano

2151:, a composer and organist from New Spain, specifically 1607:" to the children of the indigenous nobility. Then the 1450:

on deerskin, maguey paper, palm paper, or amate paper.

7002: 5361:"Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Transmisora de lo Popular" 2850:

An achievement in its time was the translation of the

744:

Extension of the territory controlled by the Tepanecs.

6044:"El indigenismo de Maximiliano en México (1864–1867)" 5230:

Carochi, Horacio (1983). Miguel León Portilla (ed.).

4156:"Catecismo testeriano: una lectura de evangelización" 4092:"One Hundred and Fifty Years of Nahuatl Decipherment" 3269:

Mexican Constitution, recognizing Spanish, Mexicano,

2946:, issued two manifestos in Nahuatl on 27 April 1918. 2233:. The chronicler also wrote a work in Nahuatl called 7293:

El sistema de dominación azteca. El Imperio Tepaneca

7042:, IJAL, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Apr. 1983), pp. 196–203 6237:«Inahuatil-Tecpanatiztli in Mexica Republica (1857)» 4782:"The work of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499–1590)" 4399:

Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés (1 December 2007).

1912:

In the year 1580, Juan Suárez de Peralta, nephew of

831:, conquered Azcapotzalco in 1428. They also subdued 7399:. CIESAS, Ediciones de la Casa Chata, México 1983. 7397:

Lenguas vernáculas. Su uso y desuso en la enseñanza

6870:"Lectura del Náhuatl. Versión revisada y aumentada" 6110:Bañuelos, Jesús Francisco Ramírez (21 April 2021). 4398: 4153: 3410:"Duverger, Christian. – El Primer Mestizaje (2007)" 3054:, dictated to R. H. Barlow in 1949 by a Nahua from 7122:Quetzalcóatl y los mitos fundadores de Mesoamérica 5966:"Yásnaya Aguilar: México es una nación artificial" 2492:Chrónica de la muy noble y leal ciudad de Tlaxcala 1591:, which began to have relevance in matters of the 1493:Spanish and Tlaxcalan conquest of the Aztec Empire 591:The plural suffix does not replace the absolutive 5232:El arte de la lengua mexicana. Edición facsimilar 3525: 3196:in 2007. In 2008, the then mayor of Mexico City, 2494:, and with news until 1689. The last part of the 1431:) much emphasis was placed on the acquisition of 1337:there was variation in the speech of the nobles ( 274:research began to contradict that point of view. 7474: 7463: 7052:(115), sin pp. Texto esencial recuperado de < 6555: 6216: 6158: 5479:(in Spanish). FCE – Fondo de Cultura Económica. 1706:because the Maya did not want to learn Spanish. 189:The Nahuan or Aztecan languages are a branch of 7340: 7200:Las ocho relaciones y el memorial de Colhuacan. 6204:"Lenguas indígenas y Maximiliano el legislador" 4760:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 4739:"Multiglosia virreinal novohispana: el náhuatl" 4446: 4113:"Pedro de Gante | Real Academia de la Historia" 4030:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 3941: 3393:"Aportaciones educativas en el área de lenguas" 2969:, a focus on rural education began to develop. 2223:Domingo Francisco Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin 2155:, active as chapel master in the cathedrals of 2133:Set of works in the Aztec language compiled by 2072:Domingo Francisco Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin 1709:The first vocabulary of the language, entitled 1631:and its account of the conquest of Mexico, the 6828:"Tlahkwiloltlanawatilli (Normas de escritura)" 5824:Los grandes momentos del indigenismo en México 2879:Dictionary of the Nahuatl or Mexicano language 2509:Prayer of the year 1755 in the Aztec language. 2482:, preserved from the 17th and 18th centuries. 1925:." Two years later, an edict was published in 835:and other Tepanecs, finally defeating them in 316:groups that had depended on Teotihuacan. When 7468:. Serie Antropológicas: 62. México: IIA/UNAM. 7312:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antro.2016.11.004 7084: 6978:Five Studies Inspired by Náhuatl Verbs in -oa 6903:de 2020, 19 de Noviembre (19 November 2020). 5772:(in Spanish). Archivo Municipal de Saltillo. 5254: 5195: 4468:"Antonio Valeriano ¿autor del Nican Mopohua?" 4306:Matthew, Laura E.; Romero, Sergio F. (2012). 4305: 3536:International Journal of American Linguistics 3130:Number of speakers by state in the year 2020. 2418:remained relatively stable, but in 1686 King 1603:orders that schools be established to teach " 1531:(a Belgian missionary, a relative of Emperor 323: 6159:Ramírez Bañuelos, Jesus (12 December 2021). 5608:"Historia del Nuevo Reino de León 1577–1723" 4600:"La política lingüística en la Nueva España" 4253:"La Política Lingüística en la Nueva España" 4235:León-Portilla. "Estudio introductorio". 2002 4212:Historia de la educación en España y América 4071: 4043: 4004:. Fundación Carlos Slim. 2015. p. 133. 3956: 3433:"Gramática moderna del nahua de la Huasteca" 3375:Based in Lastra de Suárez 1986; Fowler 1985. 2252:, in 1642 Diego de Galdo Guzmán and in 1645 2070:, with some insertions by Alonso Franco and 1886:were the religious order that most promoted 823:, the Tenochcas, supported by the Acolhuas, 6929:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6734: 4597: 4208: 2992:with the narration "Tonatiw iwan meetstli". 1712:Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana 850: 7297:(Fundación Universitaria Española, Madrid) 7252: 7118: 6062:Horcasitas, Fernando (27 September 2016). 6061: 5937: 4909: 3582: 3182:National Institute of Indigenous Languages 3088:General History of the Things of New Spain 1962:General History of the Things of New Spain 1519:and instruct the indigenous people in the 7466:Las áreas dialectales del náhuatl moderno 7357: 7270: 6651:"Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas" 6628:"Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas" 6515:"Tonatiw iwan meetstli. El sol y la luna" 6172: 6127: 6079: 5765: 5733: 5661: 5472: 5448:"¿En Filipinas también se habla náhuatl?" 5385:Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de. 4952: 4814:"La educación indígena en el siglo XVIII" 4615: 4416: 3970: 3624: 3510: 3246:creating a new modern orthography called 2298:), which is actually a consonant, or the 796:). At this time, the sacred poems of the 147:, therefore, arose in the region between 7437:The Bilingual Review/La revista bilingüe 7170:El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca 6710:"Aprenderán náhuatl funcionarios de GDF" 6356: 6354: 6230: 6109: 5875: 5873: 5644:Moreno, W. Jiménez (27 September 2016). 4496:La copia más antigua del "Nican Mopohua" 4049: 3793:"El nombre náhuatl de la Triple Alianza" 3693:Kaufman, 2001: 6-7; Whittaker, 2012: 55. 3533:(1978). "Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part I". 3202: 3194:Catalog of National Indigenous Languages 3125: 3083:Panorama literario de los pueblos nahuas 2983: 2838: 2784: 2743: 2631: 2567: 2504: 2414:For a time, the linguistic situation in 2304: 2202: 2128: 1979: 1940: 1794: 1776:and also taught the Nahuatl language to 1678: 1637: 1502: 1351: 1272: 900:Use of the semi-closed vowel . Example: 739: 248: 17: 7434: 7377:, G. (2012). The Names of Teotihuacan. 7317: 7048:, D. (2018). ¿Teotihuacan o Teo uacan? 6902: 6677:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas 6615:Pellicer, Cifuentes & Herrera (2006 6566: 6494:"Mexihkatl Itonalama – Xinachtlahtolli" 6348:" Note that Garibay wrote this in 1940. 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6057: 6055: 6053: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5846: 5844: 5639: 5637: 5229: 4912:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4598:Wright-Carr, David (1 September 2007). 4405:Journal de la Société des américanistes 4344: 4083: 3994: 3918: 3711: 3475: 3460: 3357:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas 3176:government agencies; thus, by 2001 the 2446:and Spanish, as well as members of the 1810:of Juan de Ovando, the king's visitor. 1404:, where meetings of poets were common. 1294:Romances de los señores de Nueva España 7475: 7151:Historiadores de México en el siglo XX 6972: 5822:, "4. Francisco Javier Clavijero", en 5718: 5643: 5531: 5391:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes 5196:León-Portilla, Miguel (1 April 1981). 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4853: 4851: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4679: 4560: 4556: 4554: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3448: 2942:, after several years fighting in the 2019:, through the Tlaxcalan colonization. 7217:Col. Crónicas de América. Ed. Dastin. 6862: 6856:"Nawatl, mexkatl, mexicano (náhuatl)" 6454:(in European Spanish). Archived from 6351: 6064:"Un edicto de Maximiliano en náhuatl" 5870: 5625:"El Sur de Coahuila en el siglo XVII" 5384: 5119: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4636: 4634: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4563:"La monarquía hispánica y el náhuatl" 4369: 4367: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4135: 4133: 3487: 3234:In that same year, a proposal for an 3048:Se Ixewayotl san ika se Ixpantilistli 7387:http://www.jstor.org/stable/23758942 7290:Santamarina Novillo, Carlos (2006). 6578: 6096: 6050: 5924: 5841: 5742: 5634: 5258:(1983). Miguel León Portilla (ed.). 5180:"Un nuevo manuscrito de Chimalpahin" 5083: 4492:The Oldest Copy of the Nican Mopohua 3739:López Austin & López Luján, 1998 3654:Loans in Colonial and Modern Nahuatl 3471: 3469: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 1599:. It is in that same year that King 761:, who originally spoke a variant of 643:in the second conjugation. Example: 233: 34:can be traced back to the time when 6585:Diccionario del Náhuatl Tlaxcalteca 5248: 5040: 4995: 4848: 4831: 4799: 4551: 4147: 3895: 3842: 3716: 3633: 3614:Kaufman, 1976; Whittaker, 2012: 55. 3085:. He also edited works such as the 2272:who had translated the comedies of 2237:, in which he records the visit of 2045:." In addition, he describes that " 1959:finished writing his work entitled 1613:Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco 1268: 369:Use of the closed vowel . Example: 178: 13: 7464:Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda (1986). 5473:Taladoire, Éric (3 January 2018). 5126:Ejercicio y enseñanza de la música 4720: 4631: 4580: 4509:, sobre todo de lo concerniente a 4364: 4294: 4238: 4186:. 22 December 2015. Archived from 4130: 4089: 3101:History of the Indies of New Spain 3058:, Puebla, named Valentín Ramírez. 1923:conformity for them and friendship 859:Development of the sound (due to 724: 14: 7494: 7187:. México, Editorial Porrúa, 1961. 6814:"New Náhuatl Orthography Project" 5796:, Vol 75, No. 1, pp. 32-33, 40-45 4345:Matthew, Laura (1 January 2000). 3466: 3416: 3378: 3067:Historia de la literatura náhuatl 2588:absolutist policy of the Bourbons 2547: 1920:. In that text he explains that " 1578:Gramática de la lengua castellana 1538:For evangelization in New Spain, 332:Preservation of sound. Example: 7125:. México: Penguin Random House. 7092:. Stanford, California, EE.UU.: 6937: 6896: 6879: 6848: 6834: 6820: 6806: 6781: 6755: 6728: 6702: 6669: 6643: 6634: 6620: 6608: 6591: 6572: 6560: 6549: 6524: 6507: 6486: 6470: 6440: 6414: 6397: 6371: 6337: 6328: 6314: 6293: 6267: 6242: 6210: 6196: 6152: 6036: 6027: 6001: 5984: 5958: 5915: 5890: 5861: 5813: 5799: 5786: 5759: 5712: 5695: 5678: 4215:(in Spanish). Ediciones Morata. 3625:Rodríguez, A. M. (7 July 2011). 2770:The French invaders, during the 2196:were finally established at the 2090: 1474:and analyzed centuries later by 7272:10.24197/ciudades.12.2009.49-66 7229:Historia de la Nación Mexicana. 6966: 6688:Diario Oficial de la Federación 6653:. 17 March 2008. Archived from 6334:Beltrán, 1983:216–218; 259–261. 6174:10.14232/actahisp/2021.26.43-61 6081:10.19130/iifl.tlalocan.1963.330 5663:10.19130/iifl.tlalocan.1949.354 5617: 5600: 5582: 5556: 5532:Albalá, Paloma (1 March 2003). 5525: 5493: 5466: 5440: 5426:Universidad Francisco Marroquín 5414: 5405: 5378: 5353: 5323: 5301: 5276: 5223: 5189: 5172: 5146: 5132: 5113: 5096: 5023: 4981: 4946: 4903: 4890: 4876: 4773: 4748: 4673: 4648: 4533: 4515:Península de la Baja California 4484: 4460: 4440: 4392: 4338: 4285: 4272: 4259: 4229: 4202: 4176: 4105: 4065: 4018: 3950: 3870: 3861: 3833: 3824: 3811: 3802: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3742: 3733: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3575: 3239:has a better economy of space. 2910:In 1902, intellectuals such as 1748:The Nahua nobleman and scholar 1583:In 1535, the year in which the 1511:in Aztec from the 16th century. 193:that have been the object of a 108: 6218:Galicia Chimalpopoca, Faustino 5972:(in Spanish). 26 February 2022 4955:Colonial Latin American Review 3957:López Corral, Aurelio (2011). 3519: 3481: 3454: 3442: 3402: 3369: 2352:Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl 2279:The great theater of the world 2187:In 1623, Juan de Grijalva, an 2039:Historia ecclesiástica indiana 1481: 1415:). In the indigenous schools ( 238: 228: 97:spread throughout much of the 1: 7050:Relatos e historias en México 6599:"Natalio Hernández Hernández" 6254:bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx 5938:Mexico.com (10 August 2018). 5766:Celestino, Eustaquio (1991). 5564:"Love Mexican-Filipino Style" 5411:Aguirre Beltrán, 1983: 58–59. 5331:"Literatura y Tradición Oral" 4561:Bowles, David (7 July 2019). 3590: 3512:10.1525/aa.1937.39.2.02a00070 3362: 3178:National Indigenous Institute 3106: 2898:Francisco del Paso y Troncoso 2868:San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala 2817:, Pimentel and Chimalpopoca. 2789:Cover of one of the books by 2718: 2476:San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala 2346:by Antonio Valeriano and the 2135:Francisco del Paso y Troncoso 2008:San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala 1611:founded schools —such as the 1515:To transmit the preaching of 1382:Tlaltecatzin of Cuauhchinanco 1183:in the preterite and loss of 65:Classical period (1430–1521). 6482:. M. Barrios Espinosa. 1950. 5881:"Arte de la lengua mexicana" 5807:"Invención de la Santa Cruz" 5120:Abril, Omar Morales (2013). 4967:10.1080/10609164.2011.587268 4154:Aidé Morín González (2005). 3965:(in Spanish) (37): 145–162. 2959:Casa del estudiante indígena 2921: 2748:Territorial division of the 2723: 2627: 2552: 2409: 2260:philologist originally from 2095: 2060:, grandson of the tlahtoani 1984:Page of the 4th book of the 1727: 1486: 1466:The existence of logograms ( 1370:Tecayehuatzin of Huexotzinco 804:were written. Likewise, the 639:Use of the preterite suffix 32:, Aztec or Mexicano language 7: 4447:Instituto Cervantes (ed.). 3819:Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 3545:University of Chicago Press 3280: 2058:Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc 816:date from the archaic era. 814:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca 812:and the poems found in the 406:Preservation of . Example: 74:Decline period (1767–1857). 10: 7499: 7088:; Traxler, Loa P. (2006). 7079:Arte de la lengua mexicana 6949:comunicacion.senado.gob.mx 6385:(in Spanish). 28 July 2021 5836:Fondo de Cultura Económica 5719:Offutt, Leslie S. (2007). 5501:"Mexico, our older sister" 4680:Brylak, Agnieszka (2016). 4507:Virreinato de Nueva España 4490:Burrus, Ernest J. (1981). 4050:Lacadena, Alfonso (2008). 3947:León-Portilla, 1983: 63–70 3332:Arte de la lengua mexicana 2955:José Manuel Puig Casauranc 2836:for writing and spelling. 2772:Second French Intervention 2693:Carlos María de Bustamante 2639:Arte de la lengua mexicana 2599:Arte de la lengua mexicana 2530:Historia antigua de México 2526:Francisco Javier Clavijero 2500:Invención de la Santa Cruz 2371:Arte de la lengua mexicana 2362:attributed to the Virgin. 2338:Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin 2266:Arte de la lengua mexicana 2231:Different Original Stories 2210:Arte de la Lengua mexicana 1560:Arte de la lengua mexicana 1550:. These owe their name to 1345:). The second is known as 1179:Development of the prefix 798:Manuscripts of Cuauhtitlan 324:Paleonahua characteristics 242: 182: 117: 113: 77:Modern era (1857–present). 71:Reflosure era (1600–1767). 7359:10.1017/s0956536107000211 7344:; Justeson, John (2007). 7094:Stanford University Press 6640:Enacted on 13 March 2003. 6579:Barragán, Ignacio Pérez. 6322:"Pablo González Casanova" 6250:"La herencia tlaxcalteca" 6033:Aguirre Beltrán, 1983: 81 5921:Aguirre Beltrán, 1983: 11 5202:Estudios de Asia y África 5128:. Oaxaca: CIESAS: 71–125. 4896:Chang-Rodríguez, Raquel, 4698:10.1017/S095653611600002X 4526:Universidad de Georgetown 3257:and applications such as 3227:. The dictionary, titled 3148:Nahuatlahtolmelahualiztli 2957:started a project called 2844:1857 Mexican Constitution 2752:, which was based on the 2386:Villancicos a la Asunción 2276:and the auto sacramental 2227:Relaciones de Chimalpahin 1386:Cuacuauhtzin of Tepechpan 1341:) and the common people ( 1102:in the plural. Examples: 1098:; loss of the absolutive 126:Yutonahua language family 62:Archaic era (until 1430). 6275:"San Esteban, el pueblo" 5867:Aguirre Beltrán, 1983:64 5365:www.razonypalabra.org.mx 4324:10.1215/00141801-1642743 3493:"The origin of Aztec tl" 2834:Central Nahuatl variants 2754:languages of the country 2658:At the beginning of the 2584:expulsion of the Jesuits 2354:(a direct descendant of 2085:Real Audiencia of Mexico 1768:the principal and wisest 1585:Viceroyalty of New Spain 1374:Temilotzin of Tlatelolco 851:Neonahua characteristics 784:) between Azcapotzalco, 68:Contact era (1521–1600). 7253:Miró Sardá, J. (2017). 7119:Florescano, E. (2017). 6887:"Pauta de radio. INALI" 6556:Lastra de Suárez (1986) 6426:www.unamenlinea.unam.mx 5204:(in Spanish): 215–241. 4073:de las Casas, Bartolomé 3498:American Anthropologist 2894:Daniel Garrison Brinton 2221:Between 1607 and 1631, 2141:In the year 1603, King 1609:Franciscan missionaries 1411:) from elegant speech ( 949:Development of initial 757:(with their capital in 674:agent suffix. Example: 7389:>. (18 April 2022). 7314:>. (18 April 2022). 7308:Anales de Antropología 7246:, México: UNAM, 2000. 7155:ISBN 978-968-16-4494-8 6129:10.46652/pacha.v2i4.48 4184:"Catecismo Testeriano" 3208: 3131: 2993: 2847: 2794: 2757: 2660:First Mexican Republic 2643: 2579: 2559:Francisco de Lorenzana 2510: 2471:Neo-Tlaxcaltec Nahuatl 2316: 2229:, also under the name 2218: 2138: 1991: 1952: 1910: 1908:matiquinto tlapaluiti. 1904:ti quin to namiquiliti 1830:In ilhuicac cihuapillé 1806: 1694: 1656: 1512: 1472:Bartolomé de las Casas 1365: 1282: 745: 292:from Nahuatl exist in 258: 23: 6911:(in European Spanish) 6581:"Región Matlalkueitl" 6167:(in Spanish): 43–61. 5335:comunidad.ulsa.edu.mx 5256:León Portilla, Miguel 5059:10.1515/9783110591484 4818:biblioweb.tic.unam.mx 4656:"Dios itlaçonantzine" 3663:10.1515/9783110591484 3657:. De Gruyter Mouton. 3206: 3129: 3052:Tonatiw iwan meetstli 3000:magazine, founded by 2987: 2842: 2815:Manuel Orozco y Berra 2811:José Fernando Ramírez 2807:Brasseur de Bourbourg 2788: 2750:Second Mexican Empire 2747: 2739:Faustino Chimalpopoca 2730:Second Mexican Empire 2681:Valentín Gómez Farías 2635: 2571: 2508: 2378:Juana Inés de la Cruz 2326:Luis Lasso de la Vega 2308: 2235:Diario de Chimalpahin 2206: 2132: 2024:Council of the Indies 1983: 1957:Bernardino de Sahagún 1944: 1906:in Dios vel ytlaçouan 1900: 1847:At that time, in the 1798: 1786:Bernardino de Sahagún 1682: 1674:very elegant language 1661:Conquest of Guatemala 1641: 1506: 1457:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer 1355: 1276: 863:influence). Example: 743: 252: 120:Proto-Nahuan language 21: 6536:campuspress.yale.edu 6452:www.revistas.unam.mx 6281:(in Mexican Spanish) 6015:(in Mexican Spanish) 5828:El Colegio de México 5311:(in Mexican Spanish) 4617:10.15174/au.2007.156 4547:on 16 February 2012. 4280:The Book of Tributes 4077:Apologética historia 4052:"A Nahuatl Silabary" 3629:. México. p. 4. 3229:Tlahtolxitlauhcayotl 3225:University of Warsaw 3014:Miguel León-Portilla 2877:, who published the 2677:José María Luis Mora 2367:Agustín de Vetancurt 2321:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 2312:Hvei tlamahviçoltica 2284:Calderón de la Barca 2198:University of Mexico 2180:." Two years later, 2035:Gerónimo de Mendieta 1997:University of Mexico 1849:Kingdom of Guatemala 1633:Annals of Tlatelolco 1620:Annals of Tlatelolco 1589:Amerindian languages 1540:Testerian catechisms 1199:('he counted it') → 253:View of the city of 165:Early Classic period 7350:Ancient Mesoamerica 7310:(51), 143–153. < 7282:, Ignacio. (1979). 7231:Ed. Dastin. España. 7222:Crónica mexicáyotl. 7066:. México: IIA-UNAM. 7056:>. (12/04/2022). 6858:. 21 December 2018. 6793:idiezmacehualli.org 6767:archiwum.allegro.pl 6741:www.eleconomista.es 6479:Mexihkatl itonalama 6458:on 18 November 2016 6343:Garibay, 2001:25; " 5838:, s/f, pp. 113–152. 5832:El Colegio Nacional 4686:Ancient Mesoamerica 4660:Graphite Publishing 4190:on 22 December 2015 3489:Whorf, Benjamin Lee 3352:Languages of Mexico 3322:Nahuatl orthography 3248:Yankwiktlahkwilolli 3187:In particular, the 3115:Despite the forced 3063:Ángel María Garibay 3044:Mexihkatl Itonalama 3021:Mexihkatl Itonalama 2990:Mexihkatl Itonalama 2912:Justo Sierra Méndez 2420:Charles II of Spain 2334:Virgin of Guadalupe 2170:Xicochi conetzintlé 2143:Philip III of Spain 2087:in that same year. 1971:World Heritage Site 1834:Dios itlaçònantziné 1509:Testerian catechism 1090:Use of the plurals 845:Mexico-Tenochtitlan 655:('he bought it') → 161:Mesoamerican region 56:Ángel María Garibay 7401:ISBN 968-496-026-3 7248:ISBN 968-36-2844-3 7207:Alvarado Tezozómoc 4604:Acta Universitaria 3702:Manzanillla, 2005. 3478:, pp. 3–6, 12 3275:66 other languages 3259:Telegram Messenger 3219:that promotes the 3209: 3132: 2994: 2944:Mexican Revolution 2928:Mexican Revolution 2904:Legend of the Suns 2890:Eduard Georg Seler 2848: 2826:Porfirian policies 2795: 2758: 2665:Laws of the Indies 2644: 2580: 2511: 2440:Santiago Guatemala 2376:In the year 1676, 2336:to the indigenous 2317: 2270:Bartholomé de Alva 2250:Antonio del Rincón 2239:Hasekura Tsunenaga 2219: 2182:Philip IV of Spain 2139: 2067:Crónica Mexicayotl 1992: 1953: 1807: 1778:Juan de Torquemada 1734:Philip II of Spain 1695: 1657: 1652:Lienzo de Tlaxcala 1601:Charles I of Spain 1574:Antonio de Nebrija 1513: 1366: 1329:or "speech of the 1288:Cantares Mexicanos 1283: 953:before . Example: 794:Alva Ixtlilxochitl 746: 259: 24: 7419:978-3-11-018597-3 7342:Kaufman, Terrence 7319:Kaufman, Terrence 7215:Crónica mexicana. 7086:Sharer, Robert J. 7038:, Karen. (1983). 7011:Tulane University 6789:"Idiezmacehualli" 6735:elEconomista.es. 5970:Corriente Alterna 5779:978-968-6686-00-5 5486:978-607-16-5340-6 4480:on 19 March 2012. 4222:978-84-7112-376-3 4011:978-607-7805-11-3 3882:www.cialc.unam.mx 3672:978-3-11-059148-4 3623:Díaz, 2018: § 8; 3531:Langacker, Ronald 3347:Pochutec language 3297:Classical Nahuatl 3166:Natalio Hernández 3071:Llave del náhuatl 2883:Anales o crónicas 2852:1857 Constitution 2653:1824 Constitution 2515:Philip V of Spain 2123:Classical Nahuatl 1945:11th book of the 1896:Pope Gregory XIII 1782:Monarquía indiana 1750:Antonio Valeriano 1715:, was written by 1698:teach Nahuatl in 1593:Hispanic Monarchy 1563:, was written by 1552:Jacobo de Testera 1544:Catholic doctrine 1356:Extension of the 1349:"common speech". 1314:Classical Nahuatl 1251:('my sibling') → 234:Paleonahua period 219:Pochutec language 130:linguistic family 40:dialect varieties 7490: 7469: 7460: 7431: 7394: 7385:(3), 55–58, < 7376: 7371: 7361: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7327: 7305: 7300: 7298: 7281: 7276: 7274: 7238: 7209: 7194: 7179: 7164: 7157:texto en la web. 7148: 7142: 7136: 7115: 7090:The Ancient Maya 7073: 7061: 7047: 7037: 7032: 6999: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6928: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6685: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6657:on 17 March 2008 6647: 6641: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6349: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6176: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6131: 6107: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6059: 6048: 6047: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5935: 5922: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5877: 5868: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5839: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5727: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5665: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5568:San Miguel Times 5560: 5554: 5553: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5341:on 8 August 2022 5337:. Archived from 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5160:on 13 April 2022 5156:. Archived from 5150: 5144: 5143: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5010: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4907: 4901: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4810: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4735: 4718: 4717: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4595: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4543:. Archived from 4537: 4531: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4473:. Archived from 4472: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4420: 4418:10.4000/jsa.6383 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4379:www.servindi.org 4371: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4303: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4276: 4270: 4265:James Lockhart, 4263: 4257: 4256: 4249: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4099:The PARI Journal 4096: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4059:The Pari Journal 4056: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3974: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3920: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3851: 3840: 3839:Paredes, 1979:93 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3648: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3583:Florescano (2017 3579: 3573: 3572: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3429: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3376: 3373: 3337:Florentine Codex 3307:Guerrero Nahuatl 3302:Huasteca Nahuatl 3292:Nahuan languages 3213:Huasteca variant 2885:of Chimalpahin. 2689:Vicente Guerrero 2524:The philosopher 2358:), a list of 14 2256:. The latter, a 2246:Alonso de Molina 2149:Gaspar Fernandes 2006:and the town of 1987:Florentine Codex 1967:Florentine Codex 1948:Florentine Codex 1836:attributable to 1780:, author of the 1773:Florentine Codex 1717:Alonso de Molina 1691:Alonso de Molina 1629:Florentine Codex 1625:Aztlan-Colhuacan 1269:Classical period 1254: 1243: 1230: 1219: 1202: 1192: 1160: 1150:('rabbit') > 1143: 1124: 1107: 1078: 1068: 1056: 1049: 1037: 1027: 1015: 1005: 968: 958: 919: 905: 878: 868: 711: 701: 689: 679: 658: 648: 617: 607:('rabbit') > 600: 569: 552: 531: 521: 509: 499: 487: 477: 425: 411: 384: 374: 347: 337: 191:Yutonahua family 185:Nahuan languages 179:Nahuan languages 99:Valley of Mexico 7498: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7473: 7472: 7420: 7393:Aguirre Beltrán 7392: 7374: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7303: 7296: 7279: 7234: 7205: 7190: 7175: 7172:. IJAL 1. 9–44. 7160: 7146: 7140: 7133: 7104: 7069: 7059: 7045: 7035: 7021: 6988: 6969: 6964: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6922: 6921: 6914: 6912: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6683: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6431: 6429: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6352: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6157: 6153: 6108: 6097: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5936: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5842: 5818: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5735:10.1.1.492.3310 5725: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5530: 5526: 5512: 5510: 5506:Manila Bulletin 5499: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5452:Matador Español 5446: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5084: 5069: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5011: 4996: 4986: 4982: 4951: 4947: 4924:10.2307/2509083 4908: 4904: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4721: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4596: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4559: 4552: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4411:(93–1): 49–72. 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4343: 4339: 4304: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4070: 4066: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3972:10.29340/37.293 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3922: 3921: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773:Carrasco, 1979. 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3673: 3649: 3634: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605:Hers, 1993: 107 3604: 3600: 3594: 900–1521 3593: 3580: 3576: 3524: 3520: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3327:Nahuatl grammar 3312:Orizaba Nahuatl 3283: 3117:Hispanicization 3109: 3037:new orthography 2975:Lázaro Cárdenas 2963:Narciso Bassols 2940:Emiliano Zapata 2936:oral literature 2924: 2726: 2721: 2670:Hispanicization 2630: 2555: 2550: 2444:Mayan languages 2412: 2348:Nican Motecpana 2254:Horacio Carochi 2098: 2093: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1902:Tocniane touian 1838:Hernando Franco 1790:Andrés de Olmos 1738:Luís de Velasco 1730: 1597:Catholic Church 1565:Andrés de Olmos 1489: 1484: 1438:The tlacuilos, 1433:public speaking 1409:masewallahtolli 1378:Macuilxochitzin 1347:masewallahtolli 1271: 1252: 1241: 1228: 1217: 1200: 1190: 1158: 1141: 1122: 1105: 1076: 1066: 1054: 1047: 1035: 1025: 1013: 1003: 966: 956: 917: 903: 876: 866: 853: 841:Triple Alliance 735:Huasteca region 727: 725:Neonahua period 709: 699: 687: 677: 656: 646: 615: 598: 567: 550: 529: 519: 507: 497: 485: 475: 423: 409: 382: 372: 345: 335: 326: 263:Basin of Mexico 247: 241: 236: 231: 213:, is marginal. 195:phonetic change 187: 181: 141:ethnohistorical 122: 116: 111: 28:history of the 12: 11: 5: 7496: 7486: 7485: 7471: 7470: 7461: 7432: 7418: 7403: 7390: 7372: 7338: 7315: 7301: 7287: 7277: 7261:(in Spanish). 7250: 7244:Poesía náhuatl 7232: 7225: 7218: 7203: 7188: 7173: 7158: 7147:Pérez Montfort 7137: 7131: 7116: 7102: 7082: 7067: 7057: 7043: 7033: 7019: 7000: 6986: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6936: 6895: 6878: 6861: 6847: 6833: 6819: 6805: 6780: 6754: 6727: 6701: 6668: 6642: 6633: 6619: 6607: 6590: 6571: 6559: 6548: 6523: 6506: 6485: 6469: 6439: 6413: 6396: 6383:cronica.com.mx 6370: 6350: 6336: 6327: 6313: 6292: 6266: 6241: 6229: 6209: 6195: 6165:Acta Hispanica 6151: 6118:(in Spanish). 6095: 6074:(3): 230–235. 6070:(in Spanish). 6049: 6035: 6026: 6000: 5983: 5957: 5923: 5914: 5889: 5869: 5860: 5840: 5812: 5798: 5785: 5778: 5758: 5741: 5711: 5694: 5677: 5633: 5616: 5599: 5581: 5555: 5544:(1): 125–146. 5524: 5509:. 29 June 2017 5492: 5485: 5465: 5439: 5413: 5404: 5377: 5352: 5322: 5300: 5275: 5268: 5247: 5240: 5222: 5188: 5171: 5145: 5131: 5112: 5095: 5082: 5067: 5039: 5022: 4994: 4980: 4961:(2): 233–247. 4945: 4918:(4): 506–512. 4902: 4889: 4875: 4847: 4830: 4798: 4786:www.unesco.org 4772: 4747: 4719: 4692:(2): 429–439. 4672: 4647: 4630: 4606:(in Spanish). 4579: 4550: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4483: 4459: 4439: 4407:(in Spanish). 4391: 4363: 4337: 4293: 4284: 4271: 4258: 4237: 4228: 4221: 4201: 4175: 4146: 4129: 4104: 4090:Zender, Marc. 4082: 4064: 4042: 4026:"Tribute Roll" 4017: 4010: 3993: 3949: 3940: 3894: 3869: 3860: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3821:, 42, 246–258. 3810: 3801: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3741: 3732: 3715: 3712:Kaufman (2001) 3704: 3695: 3686: 3671: 3632: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3574: 3553:10.1086/465526 3543:(2). Chicago: 3527:Campbell, Lyle 3518: 3505:(2): 265–274. 3480: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3415: 3401: 3377: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3342:Nawat language 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3221:revitalization 3198:Marcelo Ebrard 3152:Xochitlahtoleh 3108: 3105: 3075:Poesía náhuatl 3010:Ignacio Bernal 2923: 2920: 2764:Weyi Tlahtoani 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2700:Plan of Ayutla 2636:First page of 2629: 2626: 2572:First page of 2554: 2551: 2549: 2548:Decline period 2546: 2456:Manila galleon 2428:Spanish Empire 2411: 2408: 2404:printing press 2356:Nezahualcoyotl 2286:into Nahuatl. 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 1865:tlitechnamiqui 1842:Teponazcuicatl 1799:First page of 1729: 1726: 1721:Latin alphabet 1529:Pedro de Gante 1521:Catholic faith 1507:Writings of a 1498:Spanish Empire 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1413:tekpillahtolli 1390:Nezahualcoyotl 1327:tekpillahtolli 1277:Page 4 of the 1270: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1239: 1227:('my path') → 1212: 1211: 1210: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1157:('rabbits') → 1139: 1114:('deer') > 1088: 1087: 1086: 1064: 1045: 1023: 978: 977: 976: 947: 946: 945: 898: 897: 896: 852: 849: 726: 723: 722: 721: 720: 719: 708:('teacher') → 697: 686:('pilgrim') → 668: 667: 666: 637: 636: 635: 614:('rabbits') → 589: 588: 587: 559:('deer') > 543:Use of plural 541: 540: 539: 517: 495: 454: 453: 452: 404: 403: 402: 367: 366: 365: 325: 322: 272:archaeological 243:Main article: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 183:Main article: 180: 177: 137:archaeological 118:Main article: 115: 112: 110: 107: 79: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7495: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7265:(12): 49–66. 7264: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7240:, Ángel María 7237: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7211:, Hernando de 7208: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7181:, Ángel María 7178: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149:, R. (1995). 7144: 7138: 7134: 7132:9786073139434 7128: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7103:0-8047-4817-9 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7041: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7020:0-939238-82-9 7016: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6987:87-7421-254-0 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6932: 6926: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6888: 6882: 6871: 6865: 6857: 6851: 6843: 6837: 6829: 6823: 6815: 6809: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6689: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6637: 6629: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6600: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6567:Rolstad (2002 6563: 6557: 6552: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6516: 6510: 6495: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6406: 6400: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6347: 6340: 6331: 6323: 6317: 6302: 6296: 6280: 6279:Grupo Milenio 6276: 6270: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6226:(in Spanish). 6225: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6205: 6199: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6045: 6039: 6030: 6014: 6013:Grupo Milenio 6010: 6004: 5993: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5918: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5864: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5795: 5794:The Americas, 5789: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5751: 5745: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5723: 5715: 5704: 5698: 5687: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5638: 5626: 5620: 5609: 5603: 5595: 5594:Tonos Digital 5591: 5585: 5570:. 9 July 2020 5569: 5565: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5469: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5408: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5310: 5304: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5271: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5181: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5105: 5099: 5092: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5068:9783110591484 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5043: 5032: 5026: 5015: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4879: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4840: 4834: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4643: 4637: 4635: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4452: 4451: 4443: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4013: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3944: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3878:"CIALC – 404" 3873: 3864: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3836: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3794: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3736: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3588: 3584: 3581:For example, 3578: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3462: 3461:Kaufman (2001 3457: 3451:, p. 12) 3450: 3445: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3278: 3277:as official. 3276: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3079:Épica náhuatl 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822:Porfirio Díaz 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2545: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2343:Nican Mopohua 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2313: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2091:Reflosure era 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081:conquistadors 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2056:Around 1598, 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2022:In 1596, the 2020: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1995:attended the 1989: 1988: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1914:Hernán Cortés 1909: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861:titechnamiqui 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1804: 1803: 1802:Nican Mopohua 1797: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1763:Nican Mopohua 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1742:Nueva Galicia 1739: 1735: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1683:Cover of the 1681: 1677: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1479: 1477: 1476:Zelia Nuttall 1473: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1394:Nezahualpilli 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1280: 1275: 1261: 1259: 1250: 1248: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1075:('rabbit') → 1074: 1073: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1011: 1010: 1002: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 964: 962: 955: 954: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 927: 923: 915: 913: 909: 902: 901: 899: 894: 893: 888: 884: 883: 874: 873: 865: 864: 862: 858: 857: 856: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 808:collected by 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 775:lingua franca 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 742: 738: 736: 732: 717: 716: 707: 706: 698: 695: 694: 685: 684: 676: 675: 673: 669: 664: 662: 654: 653: 645: 644: 642: 638: 633: 632: 628: 623: 622: 613: 612: 606: 605: 597: 596: 594: 590: 585: 584: 580: 575: 574: 565: 564: 558: 557: 549: 548: 546: 542: 537: 536: 527: 526: 518: 515: 514: 505: 504: 496: 493: 492: 483: 482: 474: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 456:Use of three 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 434: 430: 421: 419: 415: 408: 407: 405: 400: 398: 394: 390: 388: 380: 378: 371: 370: 368: 363: 362: 357: 353: 352: 343: 342: 334: 333: 331: 330: 329: 321: 319: 315: 309: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 286: 284: 281: 275: 273: 269: 264: 256: 251: 246: 226: 224: 220: 214: 212: 208: 202: 200: 196: 192: 186: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 121: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 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Retrieved 6012: 6003: 5986: 5974:. Retrieved 5969: 5960: 5948:. Retrieved 5946:(in Spanish) 5943: 5917: 5905:. Retrieved 5901: 5892: 5863: 5823: 5820:Luis Villoro 5815: 5801: 5793: 5788: 5768: 5761: 5744: 5721: 5714: 5697: 5680: 5656:(1): 84–86. 5653: 5649: 5619: 5602: 5593: 5584: 5572:. Retrieved 5567: 5558: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5517:– via 5511:. Retrieved 5504: 5495: 5475: 5468: 5456:. Retrieved 5454:(in Spanish) 5451: 5442: 5430:. Retrieved 5428:(in Spanish) 5425: 5416: 5407: 5395:. Retrieved 5393:(in Spanish) 5390: 5380: 5368:. Retrieved 5364: 5355: 5343:. Retrieved 5339:the original 5334: 5325: 5313:. Retrieved 5303: 5291:. Retrieved 5287: 5278: 5259: 5250: 5231: 5225: 5213:. Retrieved 5201: 5191: 5174: 5162:. Retrieved 5158:the original 5148: 5134: 5125: 5115: 5098: 5090: 5085: 5049: 5042: 5025: 4989: 4983: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4878: 4866:. Retrieved 4862: 4833: 4821:. Retrieved 4817: 4789:. Retrieved 4785: 4775: 4763:. 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Retrieved 3753: 3744: 3735: 3718: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3653: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3589:traditions ( 3577: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3502: 3496: 3483: 3476:Kaufman 2001 3463:, p. 1) 3456: 3449:Canger (1980 3444: 3404: 3371: 3317:Aztec script 3267: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3233: 3228: 3210: 3193: 3192:rise to the 3186: 3174: 3170:Xochikoskatl 3169: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3133: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3035:. In this a 3020: 3018: 3002:R. H. 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