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There were also improvements in communications; a railroad line between Lima and Callao was completed in 1850 and an iron bridge across the RĂmac River, the Balta Bridge, was opened in 1870. The city walls were torn down in 1872 as further urban growth was expected. However, the export-led economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, fostering social unrest.
246:. This practice was sanctioned by law as all trade from the Viceroyalty was required to go through Callao on its way to and from overseas markets. The resulting economic prosperity of the city was reflected in its rapid growth, population expanded from about 25,000 in 1619 to an estimated 80,000 in 1687.
459:. In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by immigration from the Andean regions of Peru. Population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, reached 1.9 million by 1960 and 4.8 million by 1980. At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's
83:. After the war, the city went through a period of demographic expansion and urban renewal. Population growth accelerated in the 1940s spurred by immigration from the Andean regions of Peru. This gave rise to the proliferation of shanty towns as public services failed to keep up with the city expansion.
394:
exports led to a rapid expansion of the city. In the next two decades, the State funded the construction of large size public buildings to replace colonial establishments; these included the
Central Market, the General Slaughterhouse, the Mental Asylum, the Penitentiary, and the Dos de Mayo Hospital.
360:
was forced to evacuate the city in July 1821 to save the
Royalist army. Fearing a popular uprising and lacking any means to impose order, the city council invited San MartĂn to enter Lima and signed a Declaration of Independence at his request. However, the war was not over; in the next two years the
253:
and
December 2, 1687, powerful earthquakes destroyed most of the city and its surroundings. The outbreaks of disease and food shortages which followed the disaster caused a reduction of the population to under 40,000 by 1692. A second threat was the presence of pirates and privateers in the Pacific
237:
Lima flourished during the 17th century as the center of an extensive trade network which integrated the
Viceroyalty of Peru with the Americas, Europe and the Far East. Its merchants channeled Peruvian silver through the nearby port of Callao and exchanged it for imported goods at the trade fair of
174:, the leader of an Inca rebellion against Spanish rule. The Spaniards and their native allies, headed by Pizarro himself, defeated the rebels after heavy fighting in the city streets and its surroundings. On November 3, 1536, the Spanish Crown confirmed the founding and, on December 7, 1537,
201:
The City of the Kings of Lima, real audiencia and court, main head of all the kingdom of the Indies, where its
Majesty and its viceroy and from the Holy Mother Church, archbishop its honourable inquisitor, its honourable from the Holy Crusade and the reverend commissioners and prelates
306:, as well as the General Cemetery. The first two were built to regulate these popular activities by centralizing them at a single venue, while the cemetery put an end to the practice of burials at churches which public authorities had come to realize were unhealthy.
389:
After the war of independence, Lima became the capital of the
Republic of Peru but economic stagnation and political turmoil brought its urban development to a halt. This hiatus ended in the 1850s, when increased public and private revenues from
410:. The city suffered the depredations of the invaders, who looted public museums, libraries and educational institutions. At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian population, sacking their properties and businesses.
59:
in 1543. In the 17th century, the city prospered as the center of an extensive trade network despite damage from earthquakes and the threat of pirates. However, prosperity came to an end in the 18th century due to an economic downturn and the
429:
residential area was established in 1896 as a working-class neighborhood. During this period the urban layout was modified by the construction of big avenues which crisscrossed the city and connected it with neighboring towns such as
75:; the city suffered exactions from Royalist and Patriot armies alike. After independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru. It enjoyed a short period of prosperity in the mid-19th century until the 1879–1883
341:. This economic decline made the city's elite dependent on royal and ecclesiastical appointment and thus, reluctant to advocate independence. In the 1810s, the city became a Royalist stronghold during the
146:, however this location was regarded as inconvenient for its high altitude and being far from the sea. Spanish scouts reported a better site in the valley of the RĂmac, which was close to the
150:, had ample water and wood provisions, extensive fields and fair weather. Pizarro thus founded the city of Lima in Peru's central coast on January 18, 1535. Carlos Huerta writes in his
208:
Over the next few years, Lima shared the turmoil caused by struggles between different factions of
Spaniards. At the same time it gained prestige as it was designated capital of the
222:
was established in 1551 and its first printing press in 1584. Lima also became an important religious center, a Roman
Catholic diocese was established in 1541 and converted to an
259:
471:; in the following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the RĂmac River, to the east, along the Central Highway, and to the south. Immigrants, at first confined to
166:(City of Kings) in honor of the feast of the holy kings who was celebrated. Began in the church, the foundation and the plane of the city, where Pizarro put the first stone.
277:
marked a turning point in the history of Lima as it coincided with a recession in trade, a reduction of silver production and economic competition by other cities such as
281:. To add to these problems, on October 28, 1746, a powerful earthquake severely damaged the city and destroyed Callao, forcing a massive rebuilding effort under Viceroy
285:. This disaster led to an intense devotion for an image of Christ called The Lord of the Miracles, which has been taken out in procession every October since 1746.
262:. In the 1680s, English buccaneers proliferated in the waters of the Pacific until they were routed by Lima merchants in 1690. As a precautionary measure, Viceroy
481:
in the 1980s and latter called "Human
Settlements" during the 1990s. Major public works were carried out throughout this period, mainly under the governments of
475:
in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions which gave rise to the proliferation of shanty towns, known as barriadas, renamed as
356:
managed to land south of Lima on
September 7, 1820 but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and the action of guerrillas on land, Viceroy
425:
After the war, the city underwent a process of urban renewal and expansion from the 1890s up to the 1920s. As downtown Lima had become overcrowded, the
1134:
319:
1069:
Conlee, Christina, Jalh Dulanto, Carol Mackay and Charles Stanish. "Late Prehispanic sociopolitical complexity". In Helaine Silverman (ed.),
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Report of the Feasts Held in the City of Lima for the Beatification of the Blessed Father Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Society of Jesus
191:
1560:
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Walker, Charles. "The upper classes and their upper stories: architecture and the aftermath of the Lima earthquake of 1746".
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338:
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Clayton, Lawrence. "Local initiative and finance in defense of the Viceroyalty of Peru: the development of self-reliance".
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on public health and social control shaped the development of Lima. New buildings undertaken during this period include a
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polity. Their presence left a mark in the form of some 40 pyramids associated to the irrigation system of the valleys.
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501:, the city population had reached 6.4 million, 28.4% of the total population of Peru compared to just 9.4% in 1940.
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city changed hands several times and suffered exactions from both sides. By the time the war was decided, at the
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and searched for a suitable place to establish his capital. His first choice was the city of
1141:. Lima: Instituto Nacional de EstadĂstica e Informática, 1996. Retrieved on August 12, 2007.
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Ramón, Gabriel. "The script of urban surgery: Lima, 1850–1940". In Arturo Almandoz (ed.),
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Foundation of Lima. The city capital of Peru was founded on 18 January and was called
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During the second half of the 18th century, Lima was adversely affected by the
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Poverty and problem-solving under military rule: the urban poor in Lima, Peru
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as it lost its monopoly on overseas trade and the important mining region of
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dominated in the 1970s as exemplified in the massive headquarters built for
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was part of an urban renewal process carried out in the early 20th century.
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era, the location of what is now the city of Lima was inhabited by several
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449:, an earthquake hit the city, which at that time was mostly built out of
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A combined expedition of Argentinian and Chilean patriots under General
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Crisis and decline: the Viceroyalty of Peru in the seventeenth century
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JosĂ© de San MartĂn proclaimed independence in Lima on July 28, 1821.
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on January 18, 1535. The city was established on the valley of the
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attacked the port of Callao in 1624 but was repelled by Viceroy
1580:
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five years later. In 1609, the city held celebrations for the
1146:
CronologĂa de la Conquista de los Reinos del PerĂş (1524–1572)
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In August 1536, the new city was besieged by the troops of
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on December 9, 1824, Lima was considerably impoverished.
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was an important religious center in pre-Columbian times.
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in 1543. Latin America and Lima's first university, the
288:
During the late colonial period, under the rule of the
497:, the state-owned petroleum company. According to the
25:
was the main street of Lima in the early 20th century.
1035:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985.
434:. In the 1920s and 1930s, several buildings of the
1174:Planning Latin America's capital cities, 1850–1950
152:Chronology of the conquest of the kingdoms of Peru
1087:. Austin : University of Texas Press, 1980.
156:CronologĂa de la conquista de los Reinos del PerĂş
1637:
965:
963:
1176:. New York: Routledge, 2002, pp. 170–192.
1049:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.
1210:
1073:. Malden: Blackwell, 2004, pp. 209–236.
960:
249:However, Lima was not free from dangers. On
1162:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
1131:Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico
971:Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico
71:played an ambivalent role in the 1821–1824
1224:
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558:Late Prehispanic sociopolitical complexity
545:Late Prehispanic sociopolitical complexity
1160:Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes
1115:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
1047:The fall of the royal government in Peru
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118:and LurĂn rivers were grouped under the
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254:Ocean. A Dutch naval expedition led by
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49:polity. It became the capital of the
1025:Timeline of Lima § Bibliography
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785:
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178:granted a coat of arms to the city.
110:groups. Prior to the arrival of the
1188:Hispanic American Historical Review
1061:Hispanic American Historical Review
343:South American wars of independence
13:
339:Viceroyalty of the RĂo de la Plata
181:
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220:National University of San Marcos
136:ambushed the Inca ruler Atahualpa
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192:Nueva corĂłnica y buen gobierno
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264:Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull
176:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
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1063:54 (2): 284–304 (May 1974).
848:Fall of the royal government
835:Fall of the royal government
822:Fall of the royal government
809:Fall of the royal government
728:Local initiative and finance
715:Local initiative and finance
639:World Digital Library, 1610.
125:In 1532, a group of Spanish
73:Peruvian War of Independence
45:in an area populated by the
7:
1101:. London: Macmillan, 1993.
997:Poverty and problem-solving
984:Poverty and problem-solving
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438:were rebuilt including the
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1113:Lima. A cultural history
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383:International Exposition
379:Palacio de la ExposiciĂłn
1571:Villa MarĂa del Triunfo
1128:Murillo, FĂ©lix Alfaro.
511:Historic Centre of Lima
337:was transferred to the
270:between 1684 and 1687.
79:when it was looted and
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1430:San Juan de Lurigancho
1226:Lima Metropolitan Area
521:List of mayors of Lima
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196:Guamán Poma de Ayala
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1065:DOI 10.2307/2512570
292:, the ideas of the
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164:Ciudad de los Reyes
142:, located amid the
51:Viceroyalty of Peru
1425:Lurigancho-Chosica
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1189:
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1183:
1182:0-415-27265-3
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:0-19-506928-5
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1121:0-19-517891-2
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1107:0-333-51794-6
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1093:0-292-76460-X
1090:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1079:0-631-23400-4
1076:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:0-8032-1004-3
1052:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:0-8263-0791-4
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1011:
1005:
998:
992:
985:
979:
972:
966:
964:
957:, p. 180–182.
956:
950:
948:
940:
934:
927:
921:
914:
908:
901:
895:
888:
882:
875:
869:
862:
856:
849:
843:
836:
830:
823:
817:
810:
804:
797:
791:
789:
781:
775:
768:
762:
755:
749:
742:
736:
730:, p. 294–299.
729:
723:
717:, p. 288–290.
716:
710:
703:
697:
690:
684:
677:
671:
664:
658:
651:
645:
638:
636:
630:
623:
617:
610:
604:
598:, p. 203–206.
597:
591:
582:
580:
572:
566:
559:
553:
546:
540:
536:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
502:
500:
496:
492:
489:(1968–1975).
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
420:
419:Hotel BolĂvar
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
393:
384:
380:
375:
366:
364:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
325:
321:
316:
307:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:Enlightenment
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
247:
245:
241:
235:
233:
229:
228:beatification
225:
221:
217:
216:
211:
203:
197:
193:
188:
179:
177:
173:
167:
165:
159:
157:
153:
149:
148:Pacific Ocean
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
129:
128:conquistadors
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:pre-Columbian
97:
93:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
58:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
24:
20:
16:
1633:
1341:Pueblo Libre
1303:Central Lima
1251:
1242:Demographics
1187:
1173:
1159:
1145:
1130:
1126:(in Spanish)
1112:
1098:
1084:
1070:
1060:
1046:
1032:
1009:
1004:
996:
991:
983:
978:
970:
954:
938:
933:
925:
920:
912:
907:
899:
894:
886:
881:
873:
868:
860:
855:
847:
842:
834:
829:
824:, pp. 23–24.
821:
816:
808:
803:
795:
779:
774:
769:, pp. 53–55.
766:
761:
753:
748:
740:
735:
727:
722:
714:
709:
701:
696:
688:
683:
675:
670:
662:
657:
652:, pp. 11–13.
649:
644:
633:
629:
621:
616:
608:
603:
596:The conquest
595:
590:
571:The conquest
570:
565:
557:
552:
544:
539:
476:
454:
447:May 24, 1940
444:
424:
397:
388:
378:
351:
328:
324:Juan Lepiani
310:Independence
301:
298:cockfighting
287:
279:Buenos Aires
272:
248:
236:
213:
207:
200:
169:
163:
161:
155:
151:
126:
124:
101:
66:
54:
30:
28:
22:
15:
1551:San Bartolo
1546:Punta Negra
1440:Santa Anita
1415:El Agustino
1410:Cieneguilla
1321:La Victoria
1316:JesĂşs MarĂa
499:1993 census
427:La Victoria
224:archdiocese
112:Inca Empire
43:RĂmac River
1619:Ventanilla
1589:Bellavista
1531:Pachacamac
1521:Chorrillos
1498:Santa Rosa
1478:Los Olivos
1463:Carabayllo
1450:Cono Norte
1405:Chaclacayo
1372:San Isidro
1362:Miraflores
1346:San Miguel
1023:See also:
1019:References
1008:Higgings,
973:, ch. 1.1.
955:The script
924:Higgings,
900:The script
885:Higgings,
874:The script
811:, pp. 4–5.
796:The script
778:Higgings,
739:Higgings,
469:Chorrillos
432:Miraflores
408:Miraflores
335:Upper Peru
266:built the
251:October 20
172:Manco Inca
108:Amerindian
96:Pachacamac
87:Foundation
1420:La Molina
1392:Cono Este
1382:Surquillo
1367:San Borja
1294:Districts
1284:Transport
1264:Landmarks
1012:, p. 181.
969:Murillo,
941:, p. 192.
928:, p. 107.
915:, p. 170.
902:, p. 177.
863:, p. 169.
752:Andrien,
726:Clayton,
713:Clayton,
700:Andrien,
687:Andrien,
674:Andrien,
661:Andrien,
648:Andrien,
594:Hemming,
569:Hemming,
547:, p. 218.
495:PetroperĂş
491:Brutalism
240:Portobelo
1640:Category
1609:La Punta
1604:La Perla
1536:Pucusana
1516:Barranco
1508:Cono Sur
1435:San Luis
1257:Timeline
1135:Archived
999:, p. 36.
986:, p. 35.
937:Klarén,
911:Klarén,
859:Klarén,
782:, p. 75.
765:Walker,
756:, p. 28.
743:, p. 45.
704:, p. 27.
691:, p. 26.
678:, p. 30.
665:, p. 16.
624:, p. 56.
620:Klarén,
611:, p. 87.
607:Klarén,
505:See also
404:San Juan
385:in 1872.
320:Painting
1614:Mi PerĂş
1252:History
1237:Culture
995:Dietz,
982:Dietz,
953:RamĂłn,
898:RamĂłn,
872:RamĂłn,
794:RamĂłn,
456:quincha
202:reside.
131:led by
102:In the
1594:Callao
1581:Callao
1274:People
1269:Mayors
1180:
1166:
1152:
1119:
1105:
1091:
1077:
1053:
1039:
846:Anna,
833:Anna,
820:Anna,
807:Anna,
465:Callao
244:Panama
1526:LurĂn
1488:RĂmac
1468:Comas
1458:AncĂłn
1331:Lince
1311:Breña
1279:Sport
532:Notes
473:slums
451:adobe
392:guano
144:Andes
140:Jauja
120:Ichma
116:RĂmac
47:Ichma
1326:Lima
1247:Flag
1178:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1010:Lima
939:Peru
926:Lima
913:Peru
887:Lima
861:Peru
780:Lima
741:Lima
622:Peru
609:Peru
467:and
453:and
417:The
406:and
377:The
273:The
69:Lima
35:Peru
29:The
1400:Ate
445:On
322:by
230:of
194:of
1642::
962:^
946:^
787:^
578:^
463:,
349:.
234:.
158::
154:–
64:.
1218:e
1211:t
1204:v
637:.
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