Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

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millions of discarded mollusk shells, which protected the ridges from erosion for nearly 4700 years prior to the Spanish arrival, and produced a vast corrugated landscape that is visible from space. This incidental landscape protection came to a swift end, however, after diseases brought by Spanish colonists decimated the local population and after colonial officials resettled the survivors inland, without humans to create the protective covering, newly formed beach ridges simply eroded and vanished. According to archaeologist Torben Rick, parts of the northern coast of Peru may look completely natural and pristine, "but if you rewind the clock a couple of millennia, you see that people were actively shaping this land by creating beach ridge systems".

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that they could leave gold or silver worth a hundred thousand pesos in their open house. So that when they discovered that we were thieves and men who sought to force their wives and daughters to commit sin with them, they despised us. But now things have come to such a pass in offence of God, owing to the bad example we have set them in all things, that these natives from doing no evil have turned into people who can do no good.. I beg God to pardon me, for I am moved to say this, seeing that I am the last to die of the Conquistadors."

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the Inca did not have as strong a writing tradition as the Aztec or Maya, it is difficult for historians to estimate population decline or any events after conquest. But, it is sometimes argued, and equally disputed among scholars that the Inca began to contract these diseases several years before the Spanish appeared in the region, as it was possibly carried to their empire by traders and travelers. The outbreak, argued to be hemorrhagic

2365: 2347: 4916: 9608: 3532: 2116: 9596: 3546: 9620: 2626:. On the first day of the battle for Cuzco, the forces loyal to Huáscar gained an early advantage. However, on the second day, Huáscar personally led an ill-advised "surprise" attack, of which the generals Challcuchima and Quisquis had advanced knowledge. In the ensuing battle, Huáscar was captured, and resistance completely collapsed. The victorious generals sent word north by 3084: 2985:. Greedy for gold, Alvarado had set sail for the south without the crown's authorization, landed on the Ecuadorian coast, and marched inland to the Sierra. Finding Quito empty of its people's treasure, Alvarado soon joined the combined Spanish force. Alvarado agreed to sell his fleet of twelve ships, his forces, plus arms and ammunition, and returned to Guatemala. 2250:

empire to be governed under the control of local leaders, who were watched and monitored by Inca officials. Under the administrative mechanisms established by the Inca, all parts of the empire answered to, and were ultimately under the direct control of, the Inca Emperor. Scholars estimate that the population of the Inca Empire was more than 16,000,000.

2807:, arrived. He replied with what he had heard from his scouts, that that the Spanish had been killing and enslaving countless numbers of people and civilians on the coast. Pizarro denied the report and Atahualpa, with limited information, reluctantly let the matter go. At the end of their meeting, the men agreed to meet the next day at Cajamarca. 2607:. This region had supplied large numbers of soldiers for Huáscar's forces. After a period of diplomatic posturing and jockeying for position, open warfare broke out. Huáscar seemed poised to bring the war to a rapid and decisive conclusion, as troops loyal to him took Atahualpa prisoner, while he was attending a festival in the city of 2942:

ordered secret attacks and his warriors were hidden in the surrounding area. Soto went with a small force to scout for the hidden army, and the show trial of Atahualpa was held in his absence. Among the charges were polygamy, incestuous marriage, and idolatry, all frowned upon in Catholicism but common in Inca culture and religion.

2950:. He was buried with Christian rites in the church of San Francisco at Cajamarca, but was soon disinterred. His body was recovered, probably at his prior request, and borne to its final resting place in Quito. Upon de Soto's return, he was furious; he had found no evidence of any secret gathering of Atahualpa's warriors. 3144:

The integration of Spanish culture into Peru was carried out not only by Pizarro and his other captains, but also by the many Spanish who also came to Peru to exploit its riches and inhabit its land. These included many different kinds of immigrants such as Spanish merchants, peasants, artisans, and

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A struggle for power resulted in a long civil war between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in which Almagro was killed. Almagro's loyal followers and his descendants later avenged his death by killing Pizarro in 1541. This was done inside the palace of Francisco Pizarro in a fight to the death

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The majority of Atahualpa's troops were in the Cuzco region along with Quisquis and Challcuchima, the two generals he trusted the most. This was a major disadvantage for the Inca. Their undoing also resulted from a lack of self-confidence, and a desire to make public demonstration of fearlessness and

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to the Atahualpa's camp. De Soto rode to meet Atahualpa on his horse, an animal that Atahualpa had never seen before. With one of his young interpreters, Soto read a prepared speech to Atahualpa telling him that they had come as servants of God to teach them the truth about God's word. He said he was

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After traveling with the Spanish, Cinquinchara returned to Atahualpa; they discussed whether or not the Spanish men were gods. Cinquinchara decided they were men because he saw them eat, drink, dress, and have relations with women. He saw them produce no miracles. Cinquinchara informed Atahualpa that

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between the princes Huáscar and Atahualpa. Atahualpa seems to have spent more time with Huayna Capac during the years when he was in the north with the army conquering Ecuador. Atahualpa was thus closer to and had better relations with the army and its leading generals. When both Huayna Capac and his

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outbreak occurred, there was another decline of 25–30 percent. Finally, when smallpox and measles epidemics occurred together, which occurred from 1585 to 1591, a decline of 30–60 percent occurred. Collectively these declines amounted to a decline of 93 percent from the pre-contact population in the

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The single greatest cause of the decimation of native populations was Old World infectious diseases, carried by colonists and conquistadors. As these were new to the natives, they had no acquired immunity and suffered very high rates of death. More died of disease than any army or armed conflict. As

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Manco Inca initially had good relations with Francisco Pizarro and several other Spanish conquistadors. However, in 1535 he was left in Cuzco under the control of Pizarro's brothers, Juan and Gonzalo, who so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately rebelled. Under the pretense of recovering a statue

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Expansion had caused its own set of problems. Many parts of the empire retained distinct cultures, which were at best reluctant to become part of the greater imperial project. Due to its size, and the fact that all communication and travel had to take place by foot or by boat, the Inca Empire proved

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from about 400,000 km (150,000 sq mi) in 1448 to 1,800,000 km (690,000 sq mi) in 1528, just before the arrival of the Spanish. This vast area of land varied greatly in culture and climate. Because of the diverse cultures and geography, the Inca allowed many areas of the

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When I set out to write for the people of today and of the future, about the conquest and discovery that our Spaniards made here in Peru, I could not but reflect that I was dealing with the greatest matters one could possibly write about in all of creation as far as secular history goes. Where have

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Archaeological evidence of the rebellion incident exists, showing that the Spanish conquistadors were aided by native Indian allies. The remains of about 70 men, women, and adolescents were found in the path of a planned expressway near Lima in 2007. Forensic evidence suggests that European weapons

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The question eventually came up of what to do with Atahualpa; both Pizarro and Soto reportedly spoke against killing him, but the other Spaniards were loud in their demands for death. False interpretations from the interpreter Felipillo made the Spaniards paranoid. They were told that Atahualpa had

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and promised twice that amount in silver. While Pizarro ostensibly accepted this offer and allowed the gold to pile up, he had no intention of releasing the Inca. He needed Atahualpa's influence over his generals and the people in order to maintain the peace. The treasure began to be delivered from

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was tall with a full beard and was completely wrapped in clothing. The Natives described the men's swords and how they killed sheep with them. The men did not eat human flesh, but rather sheep, lamb, duck, pigeons, and deer, and cooked the meat. Atahualpa was fearful of what the newly arrived white

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I wish Your Majesty to understand the motive that moves me to make this statement is the peace of my conscience and because of the guilt I share. For we have destroyed by our evil behaviour such a government as was enjoyed by these natives. They were so free of crime and greed, both men and women,

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Another significant effect on the people in South America was the spread of Christianity. As Pizarro and the Spanish subdued the continent and brought it under their control, they forcefully converted many to Christianity, claiming to have educated them in the ways of the "one true religion." With

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Beyond the devastation of the local populations by disease, they suffered considerable enslavement, pillaging and destruction from warfare. The Spanish took thousands of women from the local natives to use as servants and concubines. As Pizarro and his men took over portions of South America, they

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In total, the conquest took about forty years to complete. Many Inca attempts to regain their empire had occurred, but none had been successful. Thus the Spanish conquest was achieved, aided by factors like smallpox and a great communication and cultural divide. The Spaniards destroyed much of the

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The Spaniards unleashed volleys of gunfire at the vulnerable mass of Incas and surged forward in a concerted action. Pizarro also used devastating cavalry charges against the Inca forces, which stunned them in combination with the supporting gunfire. However, many of the guns used by the Spaniards

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The houses are more than two hundred paces in length, and very well built, being surrounded by strong walls, three times the height of a man. The roofs are covered with straw and wood, resting on the walls. The interiors are divided into eight rooms, much better built than any we had seen before.

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Historians differ as to whether the illness of the 1520s was smallpox; a minority of scholars claim that the epidemic was due to an indigenous illness called Carrion's disease. In any case, a 1981 study by N. D. Cook the shows that the Andes suffered from three separate population declines during

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The arrival of the Spanish also had an unexpected impact on the land itself. Recent research points out that the Spanish conquest altered Peru's shoreline. Before the Spaniards arrived, inhabitants of the arid northern Peruvian coast clad massive sandy ridges with an accidental form of "armor",

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in power. He began his rule as an ally of the Spanish and was respected in the southern regions of the empire, but there was still much unrest in the north near Quito where Atahualpa's generals were amassing troops. Atahualpa's murder meant that there was no hostage left to deter these northern

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The men who were against Atahualpa's conviction and murder argued that he should be judged by King Charles since he was the sovereign prince. Atahualpa was forced to submit to baptism to avoid being burned at the stake and in the hopes of one day rejoining his army and killing the Spanish; they

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When has it ever happened, either in ancient or modern times, that such amazing exploits have been achieved? Over so many climes, across so many seas, over such distances by land, to subdue the unseen and unknown? Whose deeds can be compared with those of Spain? Not even the ancient Greeks and

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The long-term effects of the arrival of the Spanish on the population of South America were catastrophic. While this was the case for every group of Native-Americans invaded by Europeans during this time period, the Inca population suffered an exceptionally dramatic and rapid decline following

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was waged until the following spring, and during that time Manco's armies managed to wipe out four relief columns sent from Lima, but was ultimately unsuccessful in its goal of routing the Spaniards from the city. The Inca leadership did not have the full support of all its subject peoples and

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The civil war between Atahualpa and Huascar weakened the empire immediately prior to its struggle with the Spanish. Historians are unsure if a united Inca Empire would have defeated the Spanish in the long term due to factors such as the high mortality from disease and the resulting social

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The next morning, on 16 November 1532, Pizarro had arranged an ambuscade around the Cajamarca plaza, where they were to meet. At this point, Pizarro had in total 168 men under his command: 106 on foot and 62 on horseback. When Atahualpa arrived with about 6,000 unarmed followers, Friar

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Additionally, they invited the Inca leader to visit Pizarro at his quarters along the Cajamarca plaza. When De Soto noticed Atahualpa's interest in his horse, he put on a display of "excellent horsemanship" in close proximity. Atahualpa displayed hospitality by serving refreshments.

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they were small in number, about 170–180 men, and had bound the Native captives with "iron ropes". When Atahualpa asked what to do about the strangers, Cinquinchara advised that they be killed because they were evil thieves who would take whatever they wanted, and were "

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the depopulation of the local populations along with the capitulation of the Inca Empire, the Spanish missionary work after colonization began was able to continue unimpeded. It took just a generation for the entire continent to be under Christian influence.

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fought alongside the Spanish as they opposed Inca rule. The basic policy of the Spanish towards local populations was that voluntary vassalage would yield safety and coexistence, while continued resistance would result in more deaths and destruction.

2611:. However, Atahualpa quickly escaped and returned to Quito. There, he was able to amass what is estimated to be at least 30,000 well-trained soldiers. While Huáscar managed to muster about the same number of soldiers, they were much less experienced. 3481:

men ever seen the things they have seen here? And to think that God should have permitted something so great to remain hidden from the world for so long in history, unknown to men, and then let it be found, discovered and won all in our own time!

2719:, he tried to piece together the situation before him. From two local boys, whom Pizarro had taught how to speak Spanish in order to translate for him, Pizarro learned of the civil war and of the disease that was destroying the Inca Empire. 2909:. During Atahualpa's captivity, the Spanish, although greatly outnumbered, forced him to order his generals to back down by threatening to kill him if he did not. According to the Spanish envoy's demands, Atahualpa offered to fill a large 2914:

Cuzco on 20 December 1532 and flowed steadily from then on. By 3 May 1533 Pizarro received all the treasure he had requested; it was melted, refined, and made into bars. Hernando Pizarro went to gather gold and silver from the temples in

2595:, and primitive, but effective, firearms. Atahualpa appeared to be more popular with the people than his brother, and he was certainly more valued by the army, the core of which was based in the recently conquered northern province of 2295:

Huayna Capac relied on his sons to support his reign. While he had many legitimate-born of his sister-wife, under the Inca system- and illegitimate children, two sons are historically important. Prince Túpac Cusi Hualpa, also known as

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Their walls are of very well cut stones and each lodging is surrounded by its masonry wall with doorways, and has its fountain of water in an open court, conveyed from a distance by pipes, for the supply of the house. In front of the

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with the aid of Cañari tribesmen who served as guides and allies to the conquering Spaniards. Rumiñahui fell back to Quito, and, while in pursuit of the Inca army, Benalcázar was joined by five hundred men led by Guatemalan Governor

3503:, towards the open country, a stone fortress is connected with it by a staircase leading from the square to the fort. Towards the open country there is another small door, with a narrow staircase, all within the outer wall of the 3507:. Above the town, on the mountain side, where the houses commence, there is another fort on a hill, the greater part of which is hewn out of the rock. This is larger than the other, and surrounded by three walls, rising spirally. 2602:

At the outset of the conflict, each brother controlled his respective domains, with Atahualpa secure in the north, and Huáscar controlling the capital of Cuzco and the large territory to the south, including the area around

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or "gods who are benefactors of the people," then he should not flee, but welcome them. The messengers went back to Tangarala, and Atahualpa sent Cinquinchara, an Orejon warrior, to the Spanish to serve as an interpreter.

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Though the historical accounts relating to the circumstances vary, the true Spanish motives for the attack seemed to be a desire for loot and flat-out impatience. The Inca likely did not adequately understand the

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to work alongside captive Incas for use in labor with things such as agriculture and mining for silver. These people all brought with them their own pieces of Spanish culture to integrate into Peruvian society.

2257:, believe that while the Spanish conquest was undoubtedly the proximate cause of the collapse of the Inca Empire, it may very well have been past its peak and already in the process of decline. In 1528, Emperor 2636:. The messenger arrived with news of the final victory on the same day that Pizarro and his small band of adventurers, together with some indigenous allies, descended from the Andes into the town of Cajamarca. 3030:

furthermore, the degrading state of Inca morale coupled with the superior Spanish siege weapons soon made Manco Inca realize his hope of recapturing Cuzco was failing. Manco Inca eventually withdrew to Tambo.

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The largest of these great imperial states was the Inca Empire or Tawantinsuyu—the empire of the four parts—which extended from its capital in Cusco to include this entire Andean region of 984,000 square

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contact. The population decline for the Inca Empire from 1520 to 1571 is roughly estimated at from 10 to 12 million in 1520 to less than 3 million in 1570 with the population still declining after 1570.

2561:, the last Inca Emperor, is captured and executed in Cuzco. The Neo-Inca capital of Vilcabamba is abandoned; the Spanish remove inhabitants and relocate them to the newly established Christian town of 2972:

Benalcázar, Pizarro's lieutenant and fellow Extremaduran, had already departed from San Miguel with 140 foot soldiers and a few horses on his conquering mission to Ecuador. At the foot of Mount

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was founded, from which the political and administrative institutions were to be organized. In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castile, that shortly after would be called

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in 1528, it spanned a considerable area and was by far the largest of the four grand pre-Columbian civilizations. Extending southward from the Ancomayo, which is now known as the

850: 2328:, a disease introduced by the Spanish into the Americas, the question of who would succeed as emperor was thrown open. Huayna had died before he could nominate the new heir. 9442: 6566: 3333:, dramatizes the Conquest under a religious perspective, adding allegorical characters that represents the Idolatry and the Christian conversion of the Native Peruvians. 2308:, one of the states conquered by Huayna Capac during the expansion of the Inca Empire. These two sons would play pivotal roles in the final years of the Inca Empire. 921: 5154: 2859:

were hard to use in close-quarters combat. The effect was devastating, and the shocked Incas offered such feeble resistance that the battle has often been labeled a

2288:. While he had to put down a number of rebellions during his reign, by the time of his death, his legitimacy was as unquestioned as was the primacy of Inca power. 2708:

word, but Indo-European or hybrid. Unknown to Pizarro, as he was lobbying for permission to mount an expedition, his proposed enemy was being devastated by the

1958: 696: 8572: 6561: 805: 3309:(1845), is set during the Conquest. In the play, an Inca called Zamoro wants to find the princess Alzira, who has been engaged to the Conquistador Gusmano. 2839:

and seek his tribute as a vassal of King Charles. The unskilled translator likely contributed to problems in communication. The friar offered Atahualpa the

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Despite the war, the Spaniards did not neglect the colonizing process. Spanish royal authority on these territories was consolidated by the creation of an

2386: 1993: 843: 2957:, accompanied by Chalcuchimac. The latter was burned alive in the Jauja Valley, accused of secret communication with Quizquiz, and organizing resistance. 2879:, disease, internal unrest, the bold tactics of the Spanish, and the capture of the Inca's Emperor. Spanish armor was very effective against most of the 7581: 8592: 7507: 3041:

where he, for a time, successfully launched attacks against Pizarro based at Cuzco and even managed to defeat the Spanish occupiers in an open battle.

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Manco Inca hoped to use the disagreement between Almagro and Pizarro to his advantage and attempted the recapture of Cuzco starting in April 1536. The

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After the Spanish captured Atahualpa at the massacre at Cajamarca, they allowed his wives to join him, and the Spanish soldiers taught him the game of

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When Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, he found it vastly different from when he had been there just five years before. Amid the ruins of the city of

2198:. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the 2871:' demands. Pizarro knew that his forces were badly outnumbered but that capturing the Emperor and holding him hostage would give him a key edge. 2280:, the Emperor who, by conquest, had commenced the dramatic expansion of the Inca Empire from its cultural and traditional base in the area around 1542: 9057: 4122:

Koch, Peter O. "The Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire", McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 2008.

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plundered and enslaved countless people. Some local populations entered into vassalage willingly, to defeat the Inca. Native groups such as the

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steals Manco Inca's wife, Cura Olcollo. Manco rebels and surrounds Cuzco. Juan Pizarro is killed, and Inca general Quizo Yupanqui attacks Lima

2284:. On his accession to the throne, Huayna Capac had continued the policy of expansion by conquest, taking Inca armies north into what is today 9515: 8602: 6526: 3180:

Andes region. Mortality was particularly high among children, ensuring that the impact of the epidemics would extend to the next generation.

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killed some of the natives, probably during the uprising in 1536, but that the vast majority had been killed by local, indigenous weapons.

2013: 3361:(1964) dramatizes the conquest of the Incas. In the play, Pizarro, Atahualpa, Valverde and other historical figures appear as characters. 2487:

1533 – Almagro arrives; Atahualpa is executed after he orders Huáscar to be killed; Pizarro submits Cuzco and installs seventeen-year-old

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by these assassins, most of which were former soldiers of Diego de Almagro who were stripped of title and belongings after his death.

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1539 – Gonzalo Pizarro invades and sacks Vilcabamba; Manco Inca escapes but Francisco Pizarro executes Manco's wife, Cura Olcollo

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godlike command of situation. The main view is that the Inca were eventually defeated due to inferior weapons, 'open battle'

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increasingly difficult to administer and govern, with the Inca Emperor having increasingly less influence over local areas.

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Valley. Francisco Pizzaro sent a similar expedition to Cuzco, bringing back many gold plates from the Temple of the Sun.

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referred to him as Francisco for the purposes of the ritual. On 29 August 1533 the Spanish captors murdered Atahualpa by

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disruption, and the superior military technology of the conquistadors, who possessed horses, dogs, metal armor, swords,

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is used. Many historical figures are mentioned, especially Pizarro who is mentioned as the pursuer of the protagonist.

1559: 9569: 8673: 4009: 3296:, tells a fictitious version of the conquest of Peru to portray the author's views on the religious fanaticism of the 2350:

The conquistador Diego de Almagro, a native of the town of Almagro, one of the three partners in the conquest of Peru.

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Lovell, W. George (1992). "'Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America".

3415:, having a Lost City hidden in the Andes. They are also in the Multiplayer, found primarily in the areas making up 2484:

of the Inca Empire, and Pizarro includes them among his troops to face the Incas. Atahualpa is captured by Spanish.

1267: 1136: 976: 941: 8846: 8781: 3006:, the native armies were finally defeated, effectively ending any organized rebellion in the north of the empire. 2315:

Pizarro and his men were greatly aided in their enterprise by invading when the Inca Empire was in the midst of a

9645: 9407: 9199: 8986: 8786: 8335: 8270: 7856: 7758: 6793: 6381: 6011: 5693: 5508: 5119: 3370: 1998: 1988: 1983: 1973: 1933: 1928: 1918: 1903: 1813: 1373: 1096: 1071: 1056: 991: 926: 9325: 8841: 8285: 8169: 2439:, the northernmost Inca stronghold along the coast. The Inca Emperor Huayna Capac died from European-introduced 884: 9427: 9365: 9164: 8582: 8295: 8275: 8247: 8164: 8139: 7999: 7807: 7714: 7654: 7621: 7157: 6639: 6473: 6316: 5164: 4746: 3630: 3599: 3128: 2390: 2069: 1963: 1547: 1527: 1046: 879: 9390: 9219: 8976: 6452: 5728: 3635: 3131:, promoted economic development using commercial monopoly and increased the production of the silver mines of 2776: 1440: 1218: 1006: 9542: 9520: 9475: 9417: 9395: 9209: 8981: 8663: 8452: 8437: 7522: 7386: 7339: 6462: 5703: 5207: 3645: 3437: 3345: 3246: 3068: 2339:(i.e. "Only Emperor") in Cuzco, but the army declared loyalty to Atahualpa. The resulting dispute led to the 2265:, the mythical founder of the Inca clan, who, according to tradition, emerged from a cave in a region called 2137: 1492: 1455: 1450: 1301: 1291: 1277: 1272: 1233: 1086: 986: 931: 8771: 6478: 3759:

The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America: Volume 1, The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century

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After four long expeditions, Pizarro established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru, calling it

2622:, who won an uninterrupted series of victories against Huáscar that soon brought them to the very gates of 2245:, it covered some of the most mountainous terrains on Earth. In less than a century, the Inca had expanded 2092: 1968: 1898: 1522: 1512: 1487: 1282: 1016: 996: 378: 9400: 8733: 2763:

or "devils". He recommended trapping the men inside of their sleeping quarters and burning them to death.

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When it became clear that defeat was imminent, Manco Inca retreated further to the mountainous region of

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In 1529, Francisco Pizarro obtained permission from the Spanish Monarchy to conquer the land they called

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By February 1533, Almagro had joined Pizarro in Cajamarca with an additional 150 men with 50 horses.

1604: 1574: 1398: 1208: 1186: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1126: 1051: 971: 951: 172: 7864: 3289: 9184: 9067: 9027: 8966: 8961: 8901: 8320: 8310: 8096: 7799: 7710: 7411: 7131: 6981: 6742: 6084: 5688: 5613: 5490: 5465: 5179: 5080: 4396: 2667:) were attracted by the rumors of a rich and fabulous kingdom. They had left the then-impoverished 2375: 2130: 2064: 1838: 1631: 1497: 1420: 1368: 1257: 1146: 1141: 1076: 1041: 1026: 9564: 8643: 7876: 7396: 4288:, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111: 7986–7989. 2041: 9234: 9092: 8936: 8876: 8826: 8728: 8325: 8290: 8237: 7872: 7742: 7706: 7436: 7309: 7294: 7190: 7038: 6876: 6160: 5833: 5330: 4524: 2379: 2036: 1913: 1599: 1415: 1341: 1081: 763: 723: 8427: 6385: 3111:. Nevertheless, the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of a later Viceroy, 9525: 9097: 9032: 8536: 8422: 8305: 8265: 7909: 7702: 7361: 7351: 6798: 6768: 4885: 4682: 3698: 3674:, dying out about 50,000 years ago, long before the arrival of humans roughly 16,000 years ago. 3026: 2843:

as the authority of what he had just stated. Atahualpa stated, "I will be no man's tributary."

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At the time of Huayna Capac's death, Huáscar was in the capital Cuzco, while Atahualpa was in

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in what would later be known as Chile, and eastward from the Pacific Ocean to the edge of the

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After the Spanish re-occupied Cuzco, Manco Inca and his armies retreated to the fortress at

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armies from attacking the invaders. Led by Atahualpa's generals Rumiñahui, Zope-Zupahua and

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Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness Under Spanish Rule, 1532–1825

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would require that the conquistadors ally with friendly tribes in these later expeditions.

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messenger to Atahualpa, who had moved south from Quito to the royal resort springs outside

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The Vision of the Vanquished: The Spanish Conquest of Peru Through Indian Eyes, 1530–1570

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narrates the abduction of Zilia, an Inca princess, by the Spaniards during the Conquest.

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Pizarro and his fellow conquistadors feature as antagonists in the 1982 animated serial

2888: 2304:, an illegitimate son who was likely born of a daughter of the last independent King of 9310: 9300: 9275: 9229: 9194: 9052: 8761: 8638: 8511: 8009: 7989: 7649: 7537: 7264: 7111: 7018: 6849: 6834: 6788: 6701: 6546: 6536: 6442: 6266: 6175: 5954: 5698: 5643: 5618: 5282: 5277: 5247: 5242: 4765: 4725: 4717: 4648: 4604: 4575: 4512: 4480: 4472: 4421: 4413: 3880: 3314: 3197: 2207: 2184: 2003: 1953: 1943: 1923: 1873: 1651: 1252: 1228: 1213: 643: 237: 213: 8633: 8562: 6165: 3127:. He resettled the indigenous people in Spanish-style settlements in a process called 674: 9490: 9432: 9265: 9037: 9011: 9001: 8991: 8926: 8881: 8811: 8791: 8766: 8713: 8688: 7953: 7480: 7421: 7376: 7235: 7048: 7028: 7023: 7008: 6967: 6871: 6844: 6756: 6716: 6571: 6501: 6467: 6190: 6180: 5890: 5858: 5738: 5668: 5400: 5375: 5307: 5297: 5135: 4791: 4769: 4729: 4668: 4627:

The men of Cajamarca; a social and biographical study of the first conquerors of Peru

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1531–1532 – Pizarro's third voyage to Peru. Spaniards form a bond with the Natives (

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Viages menores, y los de Vespucio; Poblaciones en el Darien, suplemento al tomo II

3419:

and Argentina. In the Definitive Edition of the game they are a playable faction.

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Atahualpa sent his forces south under the command of two of his leading generals,

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ruled the Inca Empire. He could trace his lineage back to a "stranger king" named

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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

9315: 9255: 9169: 9077: 8951: 8931: 8896: 8678: 8648: 8587: 8197: 8187: 8083: 7968: 7860: 7817: 7577: 7485: 7356: 7150: 7068: 6962: 6907: 6773: 6647: 6394: 6073: 6032: 6017: 5980: 5944: 5838: 5733: 5648: 5623: 5584: 5569: 5390: 5227: 5050: 4342: 3754: 3589: 3512: 3468: 3386: 3365: 3100: 2656: 2505: 2210:, meaning "Realm of the Four Parts"), led to spin-off campaigns into present-day 1847: 1726: 1619: 1405: 1181: 743: 622: 539: 500: 414: 322: 9224: 4132: 3135:, using an Inca institution of forced labor for mandatory public service called 2569: 2550:

is murdered by supporters of Diego de Almagro. The Inca do not stop their revolt

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Spanish women. Another element that the Spanish brought with them were African

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Engraving depicting the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro exposing before

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Covey, R. Alan (2000). "Inka Administration of the Far South Coast of Peru".

4394:

Bauer, Brian S. (1991). "Pacariqtambo and the Mythical Origins of the Inca".

3352: 3297: 3185: 3038: 2810: 2604: 2465: 2321: 2266: 2254: 1636: 1388: 1336: 1151: 828: 6372: 6368: 5360: 5355: 2863:, with the 2,000 Incas slain and the Spanish with only one soldier wounded. 2273: 1679: 9600: 9495: 9485: 9214: 8753: 8607: 8432: 7948: 7724: 7406: 7254: 7106: 7081: 6934: 6364: 6340: 6296: 6246: 6241: 6130: 6115: 6099: 5964: 5915: 5910: 5885: 5863: 5828: 5708: 5410: 5345: 5302: 5070: 4987: 4924: 3594: 3574: 3551: 3429: 3424: 2868: 2741:

or "gods". The Natives described Pizarro's men to the Inca. They said that

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The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter,

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colonization. The first was of 30–50 percent during the first outbreak of

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in January 1533, and on his return in March, captured Chalcuchimac in the

2737:

When first spotted by the natives, Pizarro and his men were thought to be

2300:, was the son of Coya Mama Rahua Occllo of the royal line. The second was 9612: 8396: 8222: 7791: 7669: 7171: 6669: 6360: 6350: 5969: 5900: 5753: 5723: 5430: 5322: 5202: 5055: 5045: 4900: 4870: 4844: 4286:"Effects of the Spanish Conquest on coastal change in Northwestern Peru" 3670:

European horses were not native to the Americas, with the last ancestor,

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and tells the love story of a Spanish Conquistador and an Inca princess.

3137: 3072: 2966: 2910: 2668: 2246: 2238: 2226: 2203: 2120: 1883: 1764: 1671: 1656: 613: 601: 589: 577: 549: 530: 510: 491: 475: 470: 453: 441: 429: 258: 205: 112: 80: 8386: 3714:"Indigenous Literatures and Cultures in Twentieth-Century Latin America" 9260: 7994: 7274: 6398: 6236: 6216: 5658: 5450: 5212: 5025: 5020: 4972: 4721: 4608: 4579: 4516: 4065:

edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham: Duke University Press,

3615: 2973: 2915: 2896: 2547: 2488: 2477: 1066: 1031: 582: 458: 5843: 4476: 4432: 4417: 2772: 2452: 2297: 2169:. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 242: 8227: 7984: 7884: 7659: 7561: 7495: 6696: 6419: 6415: 6390: 6140: 5475: 5365: 5065: 5015: 4977: 4860: 3060:

Inca culture and imposed Spanish culture onto the native population.

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weapons, though it was not entirely impenetrable to maces, clubs, or

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met them and proceeded to "expound the doctrines of the true faith"

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with the main body of the Inca army. Huáscar had himself proclaimed

219: 8401: 7279: 6406: 6256: 5798: 5793: 5683: 5663: 4468: 4409: 4082:

Carroll, Chris (July 2007). "Archaeology: Shot by a Conquistador".

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After Atahualpa's murder, Pizarro installed Atahualpa's brother,

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One of the main events in the conquest of Peru was the death of

2850:. The battle began with a shot from a cannon and the battle cry 8496: 8050: 8045: 7822: 6345: 6335: 5718: 5713: 5638: 5574: 5455: 5405: 5395: 5370: 5093: 4942: 4687:

Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru, 1530–1780

4558:

Kubler, George (1945). "The Behavior of Atahualpa, 1531–1533".

4261:"Spanish Conquest Altered Peru's Shoreline, New Research Shows" 3193: 2592: 2557:, declares war on the Neo-Inca State; Vilcabamba is sacked and 2511:

1537 – Almagro seizes Cuzco from Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro.

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This event is also narrated as a Science Fiction novelette in

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or "destroyers of peoples," then he should flee. If they were

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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

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deal primarily with Anglophone media and do not represent a

2803:

Atahualpa responded only after Francisco Pizarro's brother,

2783:. Pizarro and his men reached the city on 15 November 1532. 7880: 7795: 6635: 5035: 3104: 2690: 2495: 7773: 4742:"'Failing to Marvel': Atahualpa's Encounter with the Word" 4044:

We People Here: Náhuatl accounts of the Conquest of Mexico

3056:, was the last Inca, being killed by the Spanish in 1572. 4587:

Kubler, George (1947). "The Neo-Inca State (1537–1572)".

4046:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 7–8. 3986: 3693: 3691: 4803:

Skeletons of the Inca Rebellion (Full Episode) | SPECIAL

4696:"Indian Population Patterns in Colonial Spanish America" 4325:"Despoilers of the Golden Empire, The Project Gutenberg" 4180:"Guns Germs & Steel: Variables. Smallpox | PBS" 4106:

Skeletons of the Inca Rebellion (Full Episode) | SPECIAL

3724:. Vol. X. Cambridge University Press. p. 287. 4495:(1978). "Conquest, Capitulation, and Indian Treaties". 3967:

The Royal Commentaries of the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

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of Spain the evidence of the discovery of the fabulous

2953:

Pizarro advanced with his army of 500 Spaniards toward

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The conquest is also used as a starting point for the

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Choose, each man, what best becomes a brave Castilian.

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Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

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Painting in the Americas before European colonization

4300:"Spanish Conquest May Have Altered Peru's Shoreline" 3527: 4660: 3784: 3711: 4636:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3286:Les Incas, ou la destruction de l'empire du Perou 2771:After his victory and the capture of his brother 2165:, was one of the most important campaigns in the 9632: 4221:Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila 3902: 3900: 3898: 2272:Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler, 8072: 4620:Spanish Peru, 1532–1560 : a social history 3738: 3409:The Inca are featured in the third Campaign in 2457:1528–1529 – Pizarro returns to Spain where the 2355:Chronology of the last years of the Inca Empire 2324:, died suddenly in 1528 from what was probably 2225:When the Spanish arrived at the borders of the 16:Period of the Spanish conquest in South America 6542:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 6527:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 3705: 1399:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 858: 770:Conflicts between conquistadors and rebellions 7717:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 7198: 6620: 5120: 4829: 3895: 3791:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 3. 3780: 3778: 3235:The examples and perspective in this section 3154:Effects of the conquest on the people of Peru 2206:(called "Tahuantinsuyu" or "Tawantinsuyu" in 2138: 1814: 1389:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63) 844: 690: 7392:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 4284:Belknap, Daniel F. and Sandweiss, Daniel H. 4241: 4007: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3918: 3825: 3823: 3821: 2965:. Pizarro's force entered the heart of the 2733:Francisco Pizarro meets with Atahualpa, 1532 2585: 2515:sacks Vitcos and captures Manco Inca's son, 2180:, along with his brothers in arms and their 4436:; Hamilton, Roland; Buchanan, Dana (1996). 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3745:Rebecca Storey; Randolph J. Widmer (2006). 2988: 2710:diseases brought to the American continents 2435:make first contact with the Inca Empire at 2393:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7205: 7191: 6627: 6613: 5127: 5113: 4836: 4822: 4655: 4622:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 4199: 4190: 4163: 3979: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3775: 3253:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 2563:San Francisco de la Victoria de Vilcabamba 2145: 2131: 1821: 1807: 851: 837: 697: 683: 9511:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 6532:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 4759: 4711: 4235: 3940: 3909: 3818: 3269:Learn how and when to remove this message 2413:Learn how and when to remove this message 9516:Colonial universities in the Philippines 5136:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 4208: 4150: 4042:Lockhart, James (1993). "Introduction". 4041: 3931: 3809: 3082: 3062: 3016: 3014:valley, Manco was able to escape Cuzco. 2924: 2809: 2728: 2643: 2568: 2539:1541 – Francisco Pizarro is murdered by 2345: 8507:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 4589:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4560:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4523: 4297: 4278: 4258: 4081: 4057: 4055: 4053: 3832: 3208: 3087:Pizarro and his followers founding Lima 2766: 623: 540: 501: 9633: 9460: 4693: 4632: 4586: 4557: 4491: 4368:. London: BBC Worldwide. p. 272. 4242:de Navarette, Martin Fernadez (1829). 3722:The Cambridge History of Latin America 2814:The Inca–Spanish confrontation in the 2461:grants him the license to conquer Peru 9656:16th century in the Inca civilization 9459: 9355: 9354: 8478: 8356: 8071: 7930: 7898: 7835: 7772: 7687: 7610: 7550: 7464: 7453: 7225: 7224: 7186: 6608: 5108: 4817: 4780:, translated by Ben and Sid Reynolds. 4681: 4545: 4454: 4440:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 4393: 4363: 3964: 3641:European colonization of the Americas 2791:speaking to them so that they might: 2639: 1384:Caribbean and North America (1739–48) 832: 678: 7788:Captaincy General of the Philippines 7280:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 4792:All Empires Online History Community 4736: 4214: 4116: 4050: 3621:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 3221: 2498:; De Almagro leaves for present-day 2391:adding citations to reliable sources 2358: 2167:Spanish colonization of the Americas 647:+3,000 Spanish soldiers and 150,000 31:Spanish colonization of the Americas 9641:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 9491:Indochristian painting in New Spain 7611: 5560:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 4113:, Oct 8, 2023, minutes: 26:25–33:53 3881:The History of the Conquest of Peru 2846:Pizarro urged attack, starting the 2648:The Famous Thirteen by Juan Lepiani 2159:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 885:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478) 708:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 24:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 13: 9661:16th century in the Spanish Empire 8458:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 7931: 7212: 6552:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 5531:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 4649:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x 4217:"Narrative of Pascual de Andagoya" 3300:and their cruelty to the natives. 3123:in Vilcabamba, executing the Inca 3021:Spaniards executing Tupac Amaru I. 2961:joined Pizarro after the death of 2746:men were capable of. If they were 2543:and other supporters of De Almagro 2523:, which became the capital of the 2494:1535 – Pizarro founds the city of 2037:History of the Viceroyalty of Peru 99:broke out but ultimately destroyed 14: 9677: 7688: 7551: 7432:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 6634: 5543:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 5514:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 4785: 4339:"The Simpsons Archive, Season 20" 2712:during earlier Spanish contacts. 2671:, like many migrants after them. 1999:Return to democracy and terrorism 9618: 9606: 9594: 9543:Criollos in the colonial society 9471:Spanish missions in the Americas 8593:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 6584: 5536:Archaeological sites in Colombia 5509:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 4914: 4667:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 4298:Pringle, Heather (19 May 2014). 4160:, University of Wisconsin Press. 3558: 3544: 3530: 3381:it's the setting of the romance 3226: 2675:There lies Peru with its riches; 2363: 2320:eldest son and designated heir, 2218:, as well as expeditions to the 2114: 1857: 1678: 612: 600: 588: 576: 548: 529: 509: 490: 469: 452: 440: 428: 408: 396: 384: 372: 360: 340: 328: 316: 304: 292: 266: 251: 198: 181: 166: 151: 134: 37: 9570:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 7454: 5519:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 4843: 4386: 4357: 4331: 4317: 4291: 4252: 4172: 4125: 4094: 4075: 4035: 4001: 3973: 3958: 3757:; Roberto Cortes-Conde (eds.). 3664: 3473:Report on the Discovery of Peru 3371:Despoilers of the Golden Empire 2775:, Atahualpa was fasting in the 2042:History of the Republic of Peru 1107:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667) 7899: 7622:Captaincy General of Guatemala 7330:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 4747:Latin American Research Review 4700:Latin American Research Review 4497:The American Historical Review 4259:Freeman, David (22 May 2014). 3631:Spanish conquest of the Muisca 3600:Indian reductions in the Andes 3385:(1928) by the German novelist 2818:left thousands of natives dead 1: 9521:General Archive of the Indies 8782:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 8453:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 8438:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 7387:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 7340:War of the Spanish Succession 7305:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 6463:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 5524:Archaeological sites in Chile 4133:"Lima – History | Britannica" 3681: 3646:Spanish conquest of Guatemala 3438:The Mysterious Cities of Gold 3217: 2677:Here, Panama and its poverty. 2519:. Manco escapes and flees to 8479: 7593:Captaincy General of Yucatan 7523:Union with Holy Roman Empire 7502:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 7417:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 6557:Mesoamerican writing systems 6514: 5553:Archaeological sites in Peru 4553:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 3657: 3626:Spanish conquest of the Maya 3517:Massacre, Gold and Civil War 3422:The conquest is parodied in 3078: 2752:Viracocha Cuna Runa allichac 2222:and surrounding rainforest. 1575:Dominican Republic (1863–65) 7: 8357: 8073:Administrative subdivisions 7270:War of the League of Cognac 7059:Water supply and sanitation 6453:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 4169:Newson (1985), pages 42–43. 3785:Kenneth J. Andrien (2001). 3747:"The Pre-Columbian Economy" 3712:Gordon Brotherston (1995). 3699:"Los Incas y los españoles" 3636:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 3523: 3428:TV series, in the episode " 3312:The second act of Rameau's 3249:, discuss the issue on the 3010:of pure gold in the nearby 1919:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 10: 9682: 8787:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 8772:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 8674:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 7836: 7572:), Western United States ( 7465: 7335:Portuguese Restoration War 7054:Water resources management 6479:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 6382:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 4663:The Last Days of the Incas 3982:"The Great Inca Rebellion" 3885:Digireads.com Publishing, 3432:", written by John Frink. 3331:Pedro Calderón de la Barca 3048:and established the small 2233:, in southern present-day 2032:History of the Inca Empire 1431:Banda Oriental (1776–1777) 862:Spanish colonial campaigns 9555:Slavery in Spanish Empire 9466: 9455: 9361: 9350: 9248: 9142: 9135: 9020: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8842:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 8752: 8621: 8583:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 8545: 8489: 8485: 8474: 8443:Barcelona Trading Company 8410: 8367: 8363: 8352: 8256: 8208:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 8178: 8120: 8082: 8078: 8067: 8018: 7977: 7941: 7937: 7926: 7905: 7842: 7783: 7715:Venezuela, part of Guyana 7694: 7617: 7568:, Central United States ( 7557: 7471: 7460: 7449: 7300:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 7285:Expulsion of the Moriscos 7231: 7220: 7144: 7067: 6989: 6980: 6915: 6906: 6830: 6821: 6764: 6755: 6730: 6655: 6646: 6580: 6522: 6513: 6433: 6356: 6331: 6302: 6277: 6252: 6227: 6202: 6171: 6146: 6121: 6090: 6053: 6028: 5991: 5960: 5935: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5877: 5704:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 5489: 5321: 5178: 5142: 5079: 5001: 4923: 4912: 4851: 4761:10.1017/S0023879100034907 4713:10.1017/S0023879100021695 4694:Newson, Linda A. (1985). 3444: 3358:The Royal Hunt of the Sun 2586:Beginning of the conflict 2533:executes Diego de Almagro 2014:Peruvian political crisis 1483:Spanish America (1808–33) 1478:Río de la Plata (1806–07) 870: 812:End of the Neo-Inca state 716: 660: 634: 282: 126: 49: 36: 28: 23: 9496:Quito painting tradition 9486:Cusco painting tradition 8847:García López de Cárdenas 8837:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 8744:Felipe González de Ahedo 8664:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 7241:Conquest of the Americas 6591:Civilizations portal 5548:Cultural periods of Peru 4796:Inca Rebellion at Lima, 4776:Wachtel, Nathan (1977). 4625:Lockhart, James (1972). 4457:Latin American Antiquity 4397:Latin American Antiquity 3612:, an Inca religious site 3346:Lettres d'une Péruvienne 2989:Rebellion and reconquest 2553:1572 – Viceroy of Peru, 1994:Revolutionary Government 1652:Western Sahara (1973–76) 1580:Peru and Chile (1864–66) 1379:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 880:Canary Islands (1402–96) 44:Spanish conquest of Peru 9281:Comuneros (New Granada) 9058:Balearic Islands (1558) 8777:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 8704:Ruy López de Villalobos 8659:Miguel López de Legazpi 8573:García de Toledo Osorio 7437:Western Sahara conflict 7427:Independence of Morocco 7367:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 7310:Piracy in the Caribbean 7295:French Wars of Religion 6712:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 6485:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 5331:Mesoamerican chronology 4364:Woods, Michael (2001). 4231:– via Wikisource. 3456:Mansio Serra Leguizamon 3327:La aurora en Copacabana 2698:Raúl Porras Barrenechea 2696:According to historian 2253:Some scholars, such as 1979:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 1964:National Reconstruction 1914:Supreme Governing Junta 1436:North America (1779–83) 1354:North America (1702–13) 1192:Philippines (1599-1600) 1127:Philippines (1565–1898) 654:100,000 soldiers (1532) 379:Sebastián de Benalcázar 9646:16th-century conflicts 9526:Colonial Spanish Horse 9200:Colonia del Sacramento 8423:Spanish treasure fleet 8000:Royal Decree of Graces 5188:Archaeological periods 4531:. New York: Harcourt. 4438:Narrative of the Incas 4215:Andagoya, Pascual de. 4011:Slings in the Iron Age 3521: 3495: 3477: 3459: 3383:Das Gold von Caxamalca 3290:Bartolomé de Las Casas 3088: 3075: 3022: 2938: 2819: 2797: 2734: 2687: 2649: 2582: 2351: 2276:, and the grandson of 2202:. The conquest of the 2070:Constitutional history 656:50,000 warriors (1535) 283:Commanders and leaders 115:incorporated into the 8684:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 8644:Juan Sebastián Elcano 7959:Council of the Indies 7320:Spanish–Moro conflict 7290:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 7250:Treaty of Tordesillas 6894:Regions and provinces 6491:List of Conquistadors 6378:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 5789:Quebrada de Humahuaca 5208:Caddoan Mississippian 4689:. New York: Scribner. 4529:Conquest of the Incas 4223:. The Hakluyt Society 4008:Jane Penrose (2005). 3965:Jolas, Maria (1961). 3496: 3478: 3460: 3448: 3402:, where the siege of 3119:ended the indigenous 3086: 3066: 3020: 2969:on 15 November 1533. 2928: 2813: 2793: 2732: 2673: 2647: 2572: 2480:) who were under the 2349: 1989:Moderate civil reform 1969:Aristocratic Republic 1879:Ancient civilizations 1657:Western Sahara (1975) 1610:Philippines (1896–98) 1565:Cochinchina (1858–62) 1466:Caribbean (1796–1802) 1327:Lake Maracaibo (1669) 1263:Philippines (1638-46) 1137:Philippines (1567–72) 992:El Salvador (1524–39) 987:Guatemala (1524–1697) 947:Puerto Rico (1511–29) 661:Casualties and losses 66:Western South America 9481:Mesoamerican Codices 9205:Comuneros (Paraguay) 9043:Siege of Castelnuovo 8629:Christopher Columbus 8448:Consulate of the Sea 8428:Casa de Contratación 8019:Titles and positions 7412:Spanish–American War 7402:Liberal constitution 7245:Asia and the Pacific 6809:World Heritage Sites 6458:Francisco de Montejo 6386:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 5499:Andean civilizations 5426:Shaft tomb tradition 3751:Victor Bulmer-Thomas 3566:South America portal 3288:(1777), inspired by 3247:improve this section 3209:Environmental impact 3073:Empire of the Incas. 2827:and the interpreter 2825:Vincente de Valverde 2767:Capture of Atahualpa 2387:improve this section 2161:, also known as the 1909:Protectorate of Peru 1337:New Mexico (1680–92) 570:2nd phase (1536–72): 485:1st phase (1532–35): 9651:Viceroyalty of Peru 9210:Cartagena de Indias 8832:Diego de Mazariegos 8802:Pere Fages i Beleta 8669:Sebastián de Ocampo 8150:Provincias Internas 8122:Captaincies General 8036:Municipal president 8005:School of Salamanca 7776:Spanish East Indies 7755:Misiones Orientales 7627:Spanish West Indies 7591:, Central America ( 7538:Pyrénées-Orientales 7491:Union with Portugal 7382:Napoleonic invasion 7362:War of Jenkins' Ear 6692:War of Independence 6424:Manco Inca Yupanqui 5729:Manteño-Huancavilca 5198:Ancestral Puebloans 4798:National Geographic 4345:on 24 November 2009 4101:National Geographic 4084:National Geographic 3580:Encomiendas in Peru 3487:Pedro Cieza de León 3338:Madame de Graffigny 3325:The Spanish Comedy 3303:An opera of Verdi, 3113:Francisco de Toledo 3109:Viceroyalty of Peru 3103:. In January 1535, 2999:Manco Inca Yupanqui 2959:Manco Inca Yupanqui 2848:Battle of Cajamarca 2816:Battle of Cajamarca 2724:San Miguel de Piura 2541:Diego de Almagro II 2491:as new Inca Emperor 2443:. Death sets off a 2200:Viceroyalty of Peru 2196:Battle of Cajamarca 2060:Demographic history 2026:By political entity 1959:Peruvian Resistance 1939:Chincha Islands War 1904:Foundational Period 1570:Morocco (1859–1860) 1560:Balanguingui (1848) 1528:Venezuela (1811–23) 1493:Argentina (1810–18) 1007:Yucatán (1527–1697) 982:Chiapas (1523–1695) 640:168 soldiers (1532) 403:Francisco de Toledo 188:Viceroyalty of Peru 9666:Invasions by Spain 9506:Academia Antártica 9461:Other civil topics 8827:Pánfilo de Narváez 8729:Sebastián Vizcaíno 8694:Andrés de Urdaneta 8654:Juan Ponce de León 8639:Ferdinand Magellan 8613:Bernardo de Gálvez 8512:Indian auxiliaries 8010:Trial of residence 7990:Laws of the Indies 7774:Asia and Oceania ( 7635:Dominican Republic 6958:Telecommunications 6702:War of the Pacific 6547:Columbian exchange 6537:Portal:Mesoamerica 5689:La Tolita (Tumaco) 5504:Indigenous peoples 5243:Hopewell tradition 5170:Indigenous peoples 4137:www.britannica.com 4014:. Bloomsbury USA. 3906:MacQuarrie (2007). 3491:Chronicles of Peru 3336:The first part of 3320:Les incas du Pérou 3315:Les Indes galantes 3089: 3076: 3023: 2939: 2820: 2735: 2655:and his brothers ( 2650: 2640:Arrival of Pizarro 2583: 2447:between his sons: 2352: 1984:Odría Dictatorship 1954:Occupation of Lima 1949:Occupation of Peru 1944:War of the Pacific 1874:Pre-Columbian Peru 1615:Puerto Rico (1898) 1585:Puerto Rico (1868) 1543:Colombia (1819–20) 1538:Colombia (1815–16) 1518:El Salvador (1811) 1503:Paraguay (1810–11) 1446:New Granada (1781) 1416:Philippines (1762) 1322:Porto Bello (1668) 1292:Philippines (1646) 1248:Philippines (1630) 1204:Philippines (1602) 1187:Puerto Rico (1598) 1177:Philippines (1596) 1172:Puerto Rico (1595) 1167:Cambodia (1593–97) 1047:Colombia (1537–40) 997:Honduras (1524–39) 962:Mexico (1519–1821) 644:native auxiliaries 642:Unknown number of 9582: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9451: 9450: 9356:Spanish conquests 9346: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9131: 9130: 8812:Pedro de Alvarado 8797:Gaspar de Portolà 8792:Pedro de Valdivia 8767:Francisco Pizarro 8719:Nicolás de Ovando 8714:Alonso de Ercilla 8689:Alonso de Salazar 8522:Ships of the line 8470: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8058: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7894: 7893: 7851:Northern Africa ( 7847:Equatorial Guinea 7831: 7830: 7768: 7767: 7683: 7682: 7606: 7605: 7597:Spanish Caribbean 7570:Spanish Louisiana 7546: 7545: 7481:Crown of Castille 7445: 7444: 7422:Spanish Civil War 7397:Adams–Onís Treaty 7377:Nootka Convention 7325:Thirty Years' War 7315:Eighty Years' War 7236:Catholic Monarchs 7226:Timeline–immersed 7180: 7179: 7140: 7139: 7029:List of Peruvians 6976: 6975: 6902: 6901: 6889:Political parties 6855:Foreign relations 6817: 6816: 6751: 6750: 6717:Internal conflict 6707:Colombia–Peru War 6602: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6572:Pre-Columbian art 6508: 6507: 6502:Francisco Pizarro 6468:Pedro de Alvarado 5784:Pucará de Tilcara 5102: 5101: 4886:Invasion of Chile 4674:978-0-7432-6049-7 4538:978-0-15-122560-6 4447:978-0-292-75560-4 4434:Betanzos, Juan de 4375:978-0-563-55116-4 4156:Lockhart, James. 4021:978-1-84176-932-5 3798:978-0-8263-2359-0 3768:978-0-521-81289-4 3731:978-0-521-49594-3 3651:Conquest of Chile 3318:(1735) is called 3279: 3278: 3271: 2983:Pedro de Alvarado 2937:on 29 August 1533 2684:Francisco Pizarro 2653:Francisco Pizarro 2575:Francisco Pizarro 2573:The conquistador 2429:Francisco Pizarro 2423: 2422: 2415: 2317:war of succession 2243:Amazonian jungles 2178:Francisco Pizarro 2155: 2154: 2009:Internal conflict 1831: 1830: 1780:Invasion of Chile 1665: 1664: 1647:Morocco (1957–58) 1642:Morocco (1920–26) 1637:Morocco (1911–12) 1600:Morocco (1893–94) 1548:Ecuador (1820–22) 1488:Bolivia (1809–25) 1421:Chile (1766–1767) 1369:Chile (1723–1726) 1302:Hispaniola (1655) 1209:Insulindia (1603) 1162:Insulindia (1585) 1157:Insulindia (1582) 1067:Chile (1546–1662) 957:Algeria (1517–18) 826: 825: 719:Major engagements 673: 672: 391:Pedro de Alvarado 299:Francisco Pizarro 122: 121: 9673: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9599: 9598: 9597: 9590: 9457: 9456: 9423:Chibchan Nations 9352: 9351: 9321:Santiago de Cuba 9180:Guadalupe Island 9140: 9139: 8867: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8822:Diego de Almagro 8699:Antonio de Ulloa 8603:Ambrosio Spinola 8598:Pedro de Zubiaur 8568:Alfonso d'Avalos 8558:Antonio de Leyva 8502:Army of Flanders 8487: 8486: 8476: 8475: 8365: 8364: 8354: 8353: 8080: 8079: 8069: 8068: 7939: 7938: 7928: 7927: 7896: 7895: 7869:Peñón of Algiers 7833: 7832: 7770: 7769: 7685: 7684: 7608: 7607: 7590: 7548: 7547: 7462: 7461: 7451: 7450: 7372:Seven Years' War 7345:Queen Anne's War 7222: 7221: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7184: 7183: 7160: 7153: 6987: 6986: 6938: 6913: 6912: 6828: 6827: 6762: 6761: 6722:Political crisis 6675:Spanish conquest 6665:Ancient cultures 6653: 6652: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6511: 6510: 6497:Spanish Conquest 6474:Spanish Conquest 6449:Spanish Conquest 6438:Spanish Conquest 5880: 5879: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5081:Inca mathematics 4983:Inca agriculture 4918: 4896:Spanish conquest 4876:History of Cusco 4866:Kingdom of Cusco 4838: 4831: 4824: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4773: 4763: 4733: 4715: 4690: 4683:Means, Philip A. 4678: 4666: 4652: 4612: 4583: 4554: 4542: 4520: 4488: 4451: 4429: 4380: 4379: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4341:. Archived from 4335: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4079: 4073: 4061:Leon, P., 1998, 4059: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3980:Jay O. Sanders. 3977: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3893: 3873: 3830: 3827: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3695: 3675: 3668: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3519: 3493: 3475: 3457: 3412:Age of Empires 3 3342:epistolary novel 3274: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3230: 3229: 3222: 2889:Mixtón Rebellion 2805:Hernando Pizarro 2788:Hernando de Soto 2700:, Peru is not a 2685: 2555:Francisco Toledo 2531:Hernando Pizarro 2433:Diego de Almagro 2418: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2367: 2359: 2163:Conquest of Peru 2147: 2140: 2133: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2065:Economic history 1929:Military Anarchy 1889:Spanish conquest 1861: 1851: 1833: 1832: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1795:Spanish conquest 1770:History of Cusco 1760:Kingdom of Cusco 1682: 1668: 1667: 1553:Mexico (1821–29) 1508:Mexico (1810–21) 1411:Nicaragua (1762) 1062:Halmahera (1545) 1032:Brazil (1534-36) 967:Mexico (1519–21) 865: 863: 853: 846: 839: 830: 829: 711: 709: 699: 692: 685: 676: 675: 625: 617: 616: 605: 604: 593: 592: 581: 580: 563: 553: 552: 542: 534: 533: 524: 514: 513: 503: 495: 494: 474: 473: 465: 464: 457: 456: 445: 444: 433: 432: 423: 413: 412: 401: 400: 389: 388: 377: 376: 367:Hernando de Soto 365: 364: 355: 345: 344: 335:Hernando Pizarro 333: 332: 321: 320: 311:Diego de Almagro 309: 308: 297: 296: 278: 272: 270: 269: 263: 257: 255: 254: 211: 204: 202: 201: 192: 186: 185: 177: 171: 170: 162: 156: 155: 146: 140: 138: 137: 76:Spanish victory 51: 50: 41: 21: 20: 9681: 9680: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9619: 9617: 9607: 9605: 9595: 9593: 9585: 9583: 9574: 9550:Old inquisition 9462: 9447: 9357: 9330: 9286:Trinidad (1797) 9256:La Noche Triste 9244: 9240:San Juan (1797) 9190:San Juan (1595) 9127: 9016: 8856:Notable battles 8851: 8817:Martín de Ursúa 8748: 8679:Alonso de Ojeda 8649:Juan de la Cosa 8634:Pinzón brothers 8617: 8588:John of Austria 8563:Martín de Goiti 8541: 8481: 8462: 8406: 8359: 8340: 8252: 8248:Terra Australis 8243:Río de la Plata 8188:Castilla de Oro 8174: 8116: 8112:Río de la Plata 8074: 8055: 8014: 7973: 7969:Santa Hermandad 7933: 7914: 7910:Terra Australis 7901: 7890: 7857:Spanish Morocco 7838: 7827: 7818:Northern Taiwan 7779: 7764: 7735:Río de la Plata 7690: 7679: 7613: 7612:Central America 7602: 7584: 7553: 7542: 7486:Crown of Aragon 7467: 7456: 7441: 7357:Bourbon Reforms 7227: 7216: 7211: 7181: 7176: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7136: 7063: 7039:Public holidays 6972: 6936: 6898: 6813: 6794:Protected areas 6789:Natural regions 6747: 6726: 6642: 6633: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6583: 6576: 6518: 6509: 6499: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6440: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6395:Quemuenchatocha 6393: 6384: 6380: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6324: 6193: 6102: 6076: 6065: 6012:Human Sacrifice 6009: 6001:Human Sacrifice 5998: 5972: 5945:Mayan Languages 5873: 5485: 5317: 5174: 5155:Genetic history 5138: 5133: 5103: 5098: 5075: 4997: 4919: 4910: 4881:Chimor–Inca War 4847: 4842: 4802: 4788: 4783: 4675: 4657:Macquarrie, Kim 4616:Lockhart, James 4601:10.2307/2508415 4572:10.2307/2508231 4539: 4509:10.2307/1865900 4493:Gibson, Charles 4448: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4376: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4265:Huffington Post 4257: 4253: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4080: 4076: 4060: 4051: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3978: 3974: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3896: 3874: 3833: 3828: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3799: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3755:John Coatsworth 3743: 3739: 3732: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3590:History of Peru 3564: 3559: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3513:Francisco Xeres 3511: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3469:Francisco Xeres 3467: 3458: 3455: 3447: 3387:Jakob Wasserman 3366:Randall Garrett 3275: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3244: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3211: 3156: 3101:appellate court 3081: 2991: 2769: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2642: 2588: 2567: 2513:Rodrigo Orgóñez 2506:Gonzalo Pizarro 2419: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2384: 2368: 2357: 2187:, captured the 2173:soldiers under 2151: 2121:Peru portal 2115: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2088: 2080: 2079: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2027: 2019: 2018: 2004:Economic crisis 1869: 1849: 1842: 1827: 1775:Chimor–Inca War 1666: 1661: 1533:Chile (1812–27) 1394:Portugal (1762) 1287:Valdivia (1643) 1224:Petén (1618–97) 866: 861: 859: 857: 827: 822: 712: 707: 705: 703: 655: 646: 641: 630: 611: 599: 587: 575: 568: 559: 547: 528: 520: 508: 489: 480: 468: 462: 461: 451: 439: 427: 419: 415:Petros of Crete 407: 395: 383: 371: 359: 351: 339: 327: 323:Gonzalo Pizarro 315: 303: 291: 276: 267: 265: 264: 261: 252: 250: 212: 209: 199: 197: 195: 190: 180: 175: 165: 160: 150: 144: 135: 133: 107: 67: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9679: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9628: 9627: 9615: 9603: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9453: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9366:Canary Islands 9362: 9359: 9358: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9220:Túpac Amaru II 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9165:Bogotá savanna 9162: 9157: 9152: 9146: 9144: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9073:Spanish Armada 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8967:White Mountain 8964: 8962:Cape Celidonia 8959: 8957:English Armada 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8873: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8758: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8734:Juan Fernández 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8709:Diego Columbus 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8537:Army of Africa 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8517:Spanish Armada 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8493: 8491: 8483: 8482: 8472: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8418:Manila galleon 8414: 8412: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8373: 8371: 8361: 8360: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8262: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8184: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8126: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8088: 8086: 8076: 8075: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7935: 7934: 7932:Administration 7924: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7853:Western Sahara 7849: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7751:Banda Oriental 7732: 7718: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7624: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7566:Coastal Alaska 7558: 7555: 7554: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7458: 7457: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7238: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7218: 7217: 7214:Spanish Empire 7210: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7187: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7073: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948:Stock Exchange 6945: 6940: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6680:Neo-Inca State 6677: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6506: 6505: 6494: 6471: 6446: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6409: 6388: 6375: 6358: 6357:Notable Rulers 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326:Neo-Inca State 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6071: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6004: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5011:Inca mythology 5007: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4993:Inca aqueducts 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4933:Inca education 4929: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4906:Neo-Inca State 4903: 4898: 4893: 4891:Inca Civil War 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4794: 4787: 4786:External links 4784: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4738:Seed, Patricia 4734: 4691: 4679: 4673: 4653: 4630: 4623: 4613: 4595:(2): 189–203. 4584: 4555: 4547:Innes, Hammond 4543: 4537: 4521: 4489: 4469:10.2307/971851 4452: 4446: 4430: 4410:10.2307/971893 4390: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4374: 4356: 4330: 4316: 4290: 4277: 4251: 4234: 4207: 4205:Gibson (1978). 4198: 4196:Lovell (1992). 4189: 4171: 4162: 4149: 4124: 4115: 4093: 4074: 4049: 4034: 4020: 4000: 3972: 3969:. Orion Press. 3957: 3939: 3930: 3917: 3915:Kubler (1945). 3908: 3894: 3891:978-1420941142 3876:Prescott, W.H. 3831: 3817: 3808: 3797: 3774: 3767: 3737: 3730: 3718:Leslie Bethell 3704: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3585:Habsburg Spain 3582: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3555: 3541: 3525: 3522: 3509: 3483: 3465: 3453: 3446: 3443: 3394:Matthew Reilly 3277: 3276: 3259:September 2019 3241:of the subject 3239:worldwide view 3234: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3155: 3152: 3121:Neo-Inca State 3097:Audiencia Real 3080: 3077: 3050:Neo-Inca State 3027:siege of Cuzco 2990: 2987: 2911:room with gold 2893:Chichimeca War 2768: 2765: 2748:runa quicachac 2739:Viracocha Cuna 2681: 2641: 2638: 2587: 2584: 2577:, a native of 2566: 2565: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2527: 2525:Neo-Inca State 2509: 2502: 2492: 2485: 2462: 2459:Queen of Spain 2455: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2371: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2341:Inca Civil War 2322:Ninan Cuyochic 2153: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1974:New Motherland 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1785:Neo-Inca State 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1674: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1632:Morocco (1909) 1628: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1605:Cuba (1895–98) 1602: 1597: 1595:Cuba (1879–80) 1592: 1590:Cuba (1868–78) 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1523:Uruguay (1811) 1520: 1515: 1513:Peru (1811–24) 1510: 1505: 1500: 1498:Florida (1810) 1495: 1490: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1456:Algiers (1784) 1453: 1451:Algiers (1783) 1448: 1443: 1441:Peru (1780–82) 1438: 1433: 1428: 1426:Algiers (1775) 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1364:Bahamas (1720) 1361: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1342:Morocco (1689) 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1317:Jamaica (1658) 1314: 1312:Jamaica (1657) 1309: 1307:Jamaica (1655) 1304: 1299: 1297:Tortuga (1654) 1294: 1289: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1219:Morocco (1614) 1216: 1214:Tunisia (1605) 1211: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147:Tunisia (1574) 1144: 1142:Tunisia (1573) 1139: 1134: 1132:Florida (1565) 1129: 1124: 1122:Morocco (1564) 1119: 1117:Morocco (1563) 1114: 1112:Algeria (1563) 1109: 1104: 1102:Tunisia (1560) 1099: 1097:Algeria (1558) 1094: 1092:Algeria (1556) 1089: 1087:Algeria (1555) 1084: 1079: 1077:Tunisia (1550) 1074: 1072:Algeria (1547) 1069: 1064: 1059: 1057:Algeria (1543) 1054: 1052:Algeria (1541) 1049: 1044: 1042:Tunisia (1535) 1039: 1037:Algeria (1535) 1034: 1029: 1027:Tunisia (1534) 1024: 1022:Peru (1532–72) 1019: 1017:Algeria (1531) 1014: 1012:Algeria (1529) 1009: 1004: 1002:Morocco (1525) 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 977:Tunisia (1520) 974: 972:Algeria (1519) 969: 964: 959: 954: 952:Algeria (1516) 949: 944: 942:Tunisia (1510) 939: 937:Tripoli (1510) 934: 932:Algeria (1510) 929: 927:Algeria (1509) 924: 922:Morocco (1508) 919: 917:Algeria (1507) 914: 912:Algeria (1505) 908: 907: 903: 902: 900:Melilla (1497) 897: 895:Algeria (1497) 892: 887: 882: 876: 875: 871: 868: 867: 856: 855: 848: 841: 833: 824: 823: 821: 820: 809: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 717: 714: 713: 702: 701: 694: 687: 679: 671: 670: 667: 663: 662: 658: 657: 652: 637: 636: 632: 631: 629: 628: 609: 597: 585: 566: 565: 545: 526: 506: 483: 481: 479: 478: 466: 449: 437: 425: 405: 393: 381: 369: 357: 337: 325: 313: 301: 288: 285: 284: 280: 279: 274:Neo-Inca State 248: 247: 246: 240: 235: 232: 227: 222: 194: 193: 178: 163: 142:Spanish Empire 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 119: 117:Spanish Empire 109: 103: 102: 101: 100: 94: 84: 73: 69: 68: 65: 63: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9678: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9626: 9616: 9614: 9604: 9602: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9536: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9501:Tapada limeña 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9458: 9454: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9353: 9349: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9093:Montes Claros 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9033:Vienna (1529) 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8762:Hernán Cortés 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8754:Conquistadors 8751: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8724:Juan de Ayala 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8578:Duke of Savoy 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8473: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8377:Dollar (Peso) 8375: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8337: 8336:Santo Domingo 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8213:New Andalusia 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8160:Santo Domingo 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8084:Viceroyalties 8081: 8077: 8070: 8066: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7925: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7897: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7834: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7689:South America 7686: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7609: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7574:Spanish Texas 7571: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7552:North America 7549: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7533:Franche-Comté 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7448: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7203: 7201: 7196: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6593: 6592: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6503: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6443:Hernán Cortés 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5491:South America 5488: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5313:Weeden Island 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288:Poverty Point 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Mississippian 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5180:North America 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5150:Paleo-Indians 5148: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5003:Inca religion 5000: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4810:, Oct 8, 2023 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4643:(3): 426–43. 4642: 4638: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4566:(4): 413–27. 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4551:Conquistadors 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4525:Hemming, John 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4463:(2): 119–38. 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4366:Conquistadors 4360: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4281: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4248:(in Spanish). 4247: 4246: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4071:9780822321460 4068: 4064: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4045: 4038: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4004: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3961: 3955:Innes (1969). 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3934: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3829:Means (1932). 3826: 3824: 3822: 3815:Covey (2000). 3812: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3701:. 8 May 2012. 3700: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3556: 3553: 3542: 3539: 3528: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3353:Peter Shaffer 3350: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3329:, written by 3328: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3298:Conquistadors 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3270: 3262: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3085: 3074: 3070: 3069:King Carlos I 3065: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3039:Ollantaytambo 3035: 3031: 3028: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2995:Túpac Huallpa 2986: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2963:Túpac Huallpa 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2869:conquistadors 2864: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2835:requerimiento 2830: 2826: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786:Pizarro sent 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2680: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2605:Lake Titicaca 2600: 2598: 2594: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2414: 2406: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2372:This section 2370: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2267:Paqariq Tampu 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255:Jared Diamond 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2112: 2111: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2098:Years in Peru 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2075:Peruvian wars 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868:By chronology 1865: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1834: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1359:Chiloé (1712) 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1332:Panama (1671) 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1278:Taiwan (1642) 1276: 1274: 1273:Taiwan (1641) 1271: 1269: 1268:Brazil (1640) 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:Brazil (1638) 1256: 1254: 1253:Brazil (1631) 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1234:Taiwan (1626) 1232: 1230: 1229:Brazil (1625) 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1152:Brunei (1578) 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 909: 905: 904: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 890:Guinea (1478) 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 873: 872: 869: 864: 854: 849: 847: 842: 840: 835: 834: 831: 819: 816: 815: 814: 813: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 772: 771: 765: 764:Ollantaytambo 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 724:Punta Quemada 722: 721: 720: 715: 710: 700: 695: 693: 688: 686: 681: 680: 677: 668: 665: 664: 659: 653: 651:allies (1535) 650: 645: 639: 638: 633: 626: 620: 619:Túpac Amaru I 615: 610: 608: 603: 598: 596: 591: 586: 584: 579: 574: 573: 572: 571: 564: 562: 556: 551: 546: 543: 537: 532: 527: 525: 523: 517: 512: 507: 504: 498: 493: 488: 487: 486: 482: 477: 472: 467: 460: 455: 450: 448: 447:Túpac Huallpa 443: 438: 436: 431: 426: 424: 422: 416: 411: 406: 404: 399: 394: 392: 387: 382: 380: 375: 370: 368: 363: 358: 356: 354: 348: 343: 338: 336: 331: 326: 324: 319: 314: 312: 307: 302: 300: 295: 290: 289: 287: 286: 281: 275: 260: 249: 244: 241: 239: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 214:Native allies 207: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 148: 147: 143: 131: 130: 125: 118: 114: 110: 105: 104: 98: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 79: 78: 77: 74: 71: 70: 64: 61: 60: 56: 53: 52: 48: 45: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 9476:Architecture 9437: 9371:The Americas 9235:Newfoundland 9225:Túpac Katari 9215:Cuerno Verde 9150:Tenochtitlan 8982:Valenciennes 8739:Luis Fajardo 8608:Blas de Lezo 8553:Duke of Alba 8433:Spanish Road 8271:Buenos Aires 8180:Governorates 7949:Ayuntamiento 7942:Organization 7407:Carlist Wars 7255:Italian Wars 7107:Machu Picchu 7077:Architecture 7034:Prostitution 7004:Demographics 6925:Central Bank 6860:Human rights 6840:Constitution 6674: 6582: 6515: 6496: 6365:Moctezuma II 6322:Inca history 6247:Andean Music 6191:Architecture 6186:Architecture 6181:Architecture 6176:Architecture 6172:Architecture 6166:Gender Roles 5911:Tenochtitlan 5834:Timoto–Cuica 5829:Tierradentro 5614:Casma–Sechin 5346:Chalcatzingo 5071:Willka Raymi 4988:Inca cuisine 4925:Inca society 4895: 4777: 4751: 4745: 4706:(3): 41–74. 4703: 4699: 4686: 4662: 4640: 4634: 4626: 4619: 4592: 4588: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4528: 4500: 4496: 4460: 4456: 4437: 4401: 4395: 4387:Bibliography 4365: 4359: 4347:. Retrieved 4343:the original 4333: 4319: 4307:. Retrieved 4303: 4293: 4280: 4268:. Retrieved 4264: 4254: 4244: 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4220: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4158:Spanish Peru 4157: 4152: 4140:. Retrieved 4136: 4127: 4118: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4062: 4043: 4037: 4025:. Retrieved 4010: 4003: 3991:. Retrieved 3985: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3937:Seed (1991). 3933: 3925: 3920: 3911: 3879: 3811: 3802: 3787: 3758: 3740: 3721: 3707: 3666: 3595:Inca society 3575:Ancient Peru 3552:Spain portal 3516: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3490: 3479: 3472: 3461: 3449: 3436: 3434: 3430:Lost Verizon 3425:The Simpsons 3423: 3421: 3410: 3408: 3397: 3391: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3265: 3256: 3236: 3212: 3203: 3182: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3143: 3136: 3099:, a type of 3094: 3090: 3058: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3008: 2992: 2971: 2967:Tawantinsuyu 2952: 2944: 2940: 2904: 2901: 2873: 2865: 2851: 2845: 2832: 2821: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2770: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2721: 2714: 2695: 2688: 2674: 2651: 2627: 2616:Challcuchima 2613: 2601: 2589: 2409: 2400: 2385:Please help 2373: 2330: 2313:conquistador 2311:The Spanish 2310: 2294: 2290: 2271: 2259:Huayna Capac 2252: 2247:their empire 2224: 2220:Amazon Basin 2194:in the 1532 2175:conquistador 2162: 2158: 2156: 2103:Coups d'état 1899:Independence 1888: 1794: 1751:Inca history 1707:Architecture 1688:Inca society 1626:20th century 1472:19th century 1461:Chile (1792) 1348:18th century 1284: 1243:Nevis (1629) 1240: 1198:17th century 1082:Libya (1551) 1021: 906:16th century 874:15th century 811: 810: 801:Jaquijahuana 769: 768: 718: 706: 569: 567: 560: 536:Chalcuchimac 521: 484: 420: 352: 347:Juan Pizarro 210:(since 1533) 196: 132: 127:Belligerents 88:Inca emperor 75: 43: 29:Part of the 18: 9443:Philippines 9408:El Salvador 9028:Capo d'Orso 8912:St. Quentin 8887:Rome (1527) 8546:Strategists 8296:Guadalajara 8223:New Navarre 8218:New Castile 8203:La Luisiana 8155:Puerto Rico 8145:Philippines 8102:New Granada 7792:Philippines 7753:(Uruguay), 7749:(Bolivia), 7699:New Granada 7639:Puerto Rico 7585: [ 7455:Territories 7275:Encomiendas 6943:Electricity 6920:Agriculture 6877:enforcement 6779:Earthquakes 6738:Demographic 6687:Viceroyalty 6670:Inca Empire 6428:Túpac Amaru 6412:Manco Cápac 6361:Moctezuma I 6272:Agriculture 6267:Agriculture 6262:Agriculture 6253:Agriculture 6196:Road System 6085:Mathematics 5950:Muysc Cubun 5804:San Agustín 5754:Monte Verde 5431:Teotihuacan 5323:Mesoamerica 5218:Coles Creek 5203:Anishinaabe 5160:Archaeology 5056:Urcuchillay 5046:Pacha Kamaq 5031:Manco Cápac 4901:Ransom Room 4871:Inca Empire 4845:Inca Empire 4754:(1): 7–32. 4503:(1): 1–15. 4404:(1): 7–26. 4349:20 November 4184:www.pbs.org 4142:13 November 3804:kilometers. 3610:Pambokancha 3538:Peru portal 3379:Ransom Room 3125:Túpac Amaru 3115:, in 1569. 3054:Túpac Amaru 2933:, the last 2761:supai cuna" 2669:Extremadura 2559:Túpac Amaru 2478:Chachapoyas 2263:Manco Cápac 2239:Maule River 2231:Patía River 2227:Inca Empire 2204:Inca Empire 1924:Restoration 1894:Viceroyalty 1884:Inca Empire 1848:History of 1765:Inca Empire 1727:Engineering 1702:Agriculture 1672:Inca Empire 1620:Guam (1898) 1406:Cuba (1762) 1374:Oran (1732) 1182:Cuba (1596) 781:Las Salinas 595:Sayri Túpac 476:Paullu Inca 259:Inca Empire 238:Chachapoyas 206:Inca Empire 158:New Castile 106:Territorial 81:Inca Empire 9635:Categories 9113:Somosierra 9103:Manila Bay 8977:Nördlingen 8917:Gravelines 8397:Columnario 8369:Currencies 8286:Concepción 8258:Audiencias 8233:New Toledo 8198:La Florida 8031:Corregidor 7995:Papal bull 7900:Antarctica 7808:Micronesia 7265:Golden Age 7102:Literature 7019:Irrigation 6937:(currency) 6850:Government 6835:Censorship 6399:Tisquesusa 6373:Cuauhtémoc 6369:Cuitláhuac 5699:Lauricocha 5669:Gran Chaco 5659:Cupisnique 5644:Chinchorro 5619:Chachapoya 5609:Caral–Supe 5451:Tlaxcaltec 5441:Teuchitlán 5356:Chupícuaro 5283:Plum Bayou 5278:Plaquemine 5248:Marksville 5213:Chichimeca 5026:Mama Killa 5021:Coricancha 4973:Warachikuy 4309:18 January 4270:18 January 3682:References 3616:Reductions 3218:In fiction 3198:Chachapoya 3129:reductions 3046:Vilcabamba 2974:Chimborazo 2948:garrotting 2916:Pachacamac 2897:Arauco War 2777:Inca baths 2548:Manco Inca 2521:Vilcabamba 2489:Manco Inca 2482:oppression 2427:c. 1528 – 2274:Túpac Inca 2182:indigenous 1239:St. Kitts 818:Vilcabamba 754:Chimborazo 749:Maraycalla 739:Vilcaconga 649:indigenous 583:Manco Inca 459:Manco Inca 173:New Toledo 113:Inca lands 97:Resistance 9418:Nicaragua 9396:Guatemala 9306:Pichincha 9291:Chacabuco 9230:Pensacola 9175:Mataquito 9155:Cajamarca 9136:New World 9108:Trafalgar 9012:Alhucemas 8892:Landriano 8877:Comuneros 8863:Old World 8807:Joan Orpí 8527:Royalists 8301:Guatemala 8228:New Spain 8165:Venezuela 8140:Guatemala 8097:New Spain 8092:Columbian 7985:Exequatur 7885:Cape Juby 7739:Argentina 7562:New Spain 7496:Gibraltar 7260:Habsburgs 7049:Squatting 7024:Languages 7009:Education 6968:Transport 6930:Companies 6845:Elections 6784:Mountains 6757:Geography 6697:Guano Era 6420:Atahualpa 6416:Pachacuti 6391:Nemequene 6257:Chinampas 6079:Astronomy 6068:Astronomy 6048:Mythology 6043:Mythology 6038:Mythology 6033:Mythology 6029:Mythology 5859:Wankarani 5849:Tuncahuán 5739:Marajoara 5694:Las Vegas 5580:Atacameño 5476:Xochipala 5416:Purépecha 5376:Epi-Olmec 5366:Cuicuilco 5308:Troyville 5298:St. Johns 5066:Viracocha 5051:Pariacaca 4978:Inca army 4861:Sapa Inca 4770:252949347 4730:202896817 4485:164195422 4426:163333842 3924:Betanzos 3658:Footnotes 3284:'s novel 3282:Marmontel 3251:talk page 3175:. When a 3079:Aftermath 2935:Sapa Inca 2931:Atahualpa 2854:Santiago! 2829:Felipillo 2781:Cajamarca 2706:Caribbean 2634:Cajamarca 2609:Tumebamba 2517:Titu Cusi 2449:Atahualpa 2445:civil war 2403:July 2022 2374:does not 2337:Sapa Inca 2302:Atahualpa 2278:Pachacuti 2192:Atahualpa 2189:Sapa Inca 1934:Guano Era 1790:Civil War 1732:Mythology 1722:Education 806:Chuquinga 759:2nd Cusco 744:1st Cusco 734:Cajamarca 607:Titu Cusi 497:Atahualpa 463:(1533–36) 277:(1537–72) 262:(1532–36) 243:Huáscaran 191:(1542–72) 176:(1534–42) 161:(1529–42) 145:(1537–54) 91:Atahualpa 83:destroyed 57:1532–1572 9428:Colombia 9413:Honduras 9326:Asomante 9311:Ayacucho 9301:Carabobo 9276:Curalaba 9053:Ceresole 8947:Gembloux 8907:Mühlberg 8622:Mariners 8480:Military 8402:Doubloon 8387:Maravedí 8331:Santiago 8238:Paraguay 7964:Germania 7804:Caroline 7759:Malvinas 7743:Paraguay 7703:Colombia 7645:Trinidad 7512:Sardinia 7352:Bourbons 7167:Category 7122:Religion 7044:Religion 6994:Abortion 6953:Taxation 6884:Military 6823:Politics 6804:Wildlife 6743:Economic 6731:By topic 6657:Timeline 6640:articles 6516:See also 6434:Conquest 6407:Zoratama 6074:Calendar 6063:Calendar 6058:Calendar 6054:Calendar 6023:Religion 6018:Religion 6007:Religion 5996:Religion 5992:Religion 5981:Numerals 5975:Numerals 5936:Language 5916:Multiple 5854:Valdivia 5839:Tiwanaku 5799:Saladoid 5794:Quimbaya 5684:Kuhikugu 5664:Diaguita 5654:Chorrera 5471:Veraguas 5466:Veracruz 5446:Tlatilco 5258:Mogollon 5165:Cultures 5143:Americas 4740:(1991). 4685:(1932). 4659:(2007). 4618:(1994). 4549:(1969). 4527:(1970). 4090:(1): 18. 3878:, 2011, 3672:Eohippus 3524:See also 3510:— 3484:— 3466:— 3454:— 3374:(1959). 3355:'s play 3245:You may 3173:smallpox 3165:smallpox 3004:Quisquis 2978:Rumiñawi 2861:massacre 2779:outside 2702:Quechuan 2682:— 2665:Hernando 2620:Quisquis 2579:Trujillo 2441:smallpox 2326:smallpox 2235:Colombia 2216:Colombia 2093:Timeline 2087:See also 2054:By topic 1839:a series 1837:Part of 1737:Religion 791:Iñaquito 635:Strength 555:Rumiñawi 516:Quizquiz 93:executed 62:Location 9625:History 9587:Portals 9560:Asiento 9531:Mustang 9391:Yucatán 9386:Chiapas 9266:Tucapel 9098:Passaro 9048:Algiers 9038:Preveza 9007:Tetouan 9002:Vitoria 8992:Bitonto 8932:Antwerp 8927:Lepanto 8882:Bicocca 8358:Economy 8281:Charcas 8276:Caracas 8170:Yucatán 8041:Regidor 8026:Alcalde 7954:Cabildo 7861:Tripoli 7800:Mariana 7747:Charcas 7723:(Peru, 7707:Ecuador 7670:Bonaire 7665:Curazao 7650:Jamaica 7578:Florida 7151:Outline 7132:Symbols 7092:Cuisine 7069:Culture 6982:Society 6963:Tourism 6908:Economy 6774:Climate 6648:History 6403:Tundama 6332:Peoples 6317:History 6312:History 6307:History 6303:History 6297:Cuisine 6292:Cuisine 6287:Cuisine 6282:Cuisine 6278:Cuisine 6136:Warfare 6131:Warfare 6126:Warfare 6122:Warfare 6116:Society 6111:Economy 6100:Society 6095:Society 6091:Society 5961:Writing 5955:Quechua 5940:Nahuatl 5907:Capital 5844:Toyopán 5824:Tairona 5734:Mapuche 5649:Chiripa 5624:Chancay 5595:Cañaris 5570:Amotape 5565:El Abra 5481:Zapotec 5461:Totonac 5436:Tepanec 5421:Quelepa 5391:Mezcala 5381:Huastec 5351:Cholula 5341:Capacha 5336:Acolhua 5293:Sinagua 5268:Patayan 5238:Hohokam 5228:Fremont 5061:Vichama 4968:Panakas 4953:Chasqui 4853:History 4808:YouTube 4722:2503469 4609:2508415 4580:2508231 4517:1865900 4227:21 June 4111:YouTube 4027:30 June 3993:30 June 3928:(1996). 3720:(ed.). 3605:Paititi 3463:Romans. 3294:Account 3177:measles 2877:tactics 2773:Huáscar 2657:Gonzalo 2629:chasqui 2593:cannons 2546:1544 – 2529:1538 – 2504:1536 – 2474:Cañaris 2470:Chankas 2466:Huancas 2453:Huáscar 2395:removed 2380:sources 2298:Huáscar 2286:Ecuador 2237:to the 2208:Quechua 2171:Spanish 1717:Cuisine 1283:Chiloé 796:Huarina 776:Abancay 669:Unknown 666:Unknown 621: ( 561:† 538: ( 522:† 499: ( 435:Chilche 421:† 353:† 234:Huaylas 230:Chankas 225:Huancas 208:puppets 111:Former 108:changes 9538:Castas 9296:Boyacá 9271:Guiana 9261:Iguape 9185:Recife 9123:Mactan 9118:Annual 9083:Rocroi 9078:Leiden 9063:Djerba 8997:Bailén 8952:Ostend 8937:Azores 8532:Legión 8497:Tercio 8490:Armies 8392:Escudo 8321:Panamá 8316:Mexico 8311:Manila 8266:Bogotá 8051:Vecino 8046:Syndic 7877:Béjaïa 7837:Africa 7823:Tidore 7711:Panama 7675:Belize 7582:Mexico 7508:Sicily 7504:Naples 7466:Europe 7172:Portal 7087:Cinema 7014:Health 6799:Rivers 6769:Cities 6638: 6346:Muisca 6341:Mayans 6336:Aztecs 5970:Script 5965:Script 5925:Bacatá 5896:Muisca 5779:Pucará 5774:Piaroa 5769:Paiján 5764:Omagua 5719:Lupaca 5714:Lokono 5679:Kalina 5674:Huetar 5634:Chavín 5629:Chango 5604:Nariño 5600:Capulí 5590:Calima 5585:Aymara 5575:Arawak 5456:Toltec 5406:Olmecs 5401:Nicoya 5396:Mixtec 5371:Diquis 5273:Picosa 5263:Oshara 5233:Glades 5223:Dorset 5094:Yupana 4943:Amauta 4768: 4728: 4720: 4671: 4607: 4578: 4535: 4515: 4483: 4477:971851 4475: 4444: 4424: 4418:971893 4416: 4372: 4069: 4018: 3926:et al. 3889: 3795: 3765: 3728: 3445:Quotes 3399:Temple 3396:novel 3306:Alzira 3196:, and 3194:Chanka 3190:Cañari 3186:Huanca 3147:slaves 3133:Potosí 3117:Toledo 2895:, and 2885:slings 2881:Andean 2743:capito 2717:Tumbes 2663:, and 2437:Tumbes 2185:allies 1841:on the 786:Chupas 557: 518: 417: 349: 271: 256: 220:Cañari 203: 139: 72:Result 9601:Spain 9433:Chile 9401:Petén 9376:Aztec 9195:Bahia 9170:Penco 9160:Cusco 9088:Downs 9068:Tunis 8987:Ceuta 8972:Breda 8922:Malta 8902:Tunis 8897:Pavia 8411:Trade 8326:Quito 8291:Cusco 8130:Chile 7865:Tunis 7812:Palau 7729:Chile 7660:Aruba 7655:Haiti 7589:] 7518:Milan 7476:Spain 7158:Index 7127:Sport 7117:Music 7112:Media 7097:Llama 6999:Crime 6351:Incas 6242:Music 6237:Music 6232:Music 6228:Music 6161:Women 6156:Women 6151:Women 6147:Women 6105:Trade 5986:Quipu 5930:Cusco 5921:Hunza 5886:Aztec 5819:Taíno 5814:Sican 5809:Shuar 5759:Nazca 5749:Mollo 5744:Moche 5724:Luzia 5639:Chimú 5411:Pipil 5386:Izapa 5361:Coclé 5303:Thule 5193:Adena 5089:Quipu 5041:Supay 4963:Ñusta 4958:Mitma 4948:Ayllu 4938:Aclla 4766:S2CID 4726:S2CID 4718:JSTOR 4605:JSTOR 4576:JSTOR 4513:JSTOR 4481:S2CID 4473:JSTOR 4422:S2CID 4414:JSTOR 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