199:(who had extensive landholdings in Colombia), the Colombian government began to pursue the policy of promoting large-scale industrial farms producing for export, rather than small farms producing for local consumption. The government heavily subsidized large-scale industrial farm owners, while violently forcing peasants off of their land, claiming that they were using it "inefficiently". A very large number of small landholders were pushed off of their land, and forced to migrate to urban centers, where they formed a cheap labor pool for the burgeoning industrial economy in the Colombian cities. By 1969, there were over 400,000 landless families in Colombia, with an annual increase of 40,000 per year since 1961. By 1970,
875:
Colombia and thousands worldwide. The protests were originally organized through the popular social networking site
Facebook by a 33-year-old engineer, Oscar Morales, from his home in Barranquilla. Morales, along with other young professionals created a Facebook group called "Million Voices against the FARC", which quickly gained over 200,000 members from around the world. Morales was irritated with Hugo Chávez's suggestion that FARC–EP should be taken off of the European Union's list of international terrorist organizations and treated as a legitimate army. The organizing for the protests was also supported by local Colombian media outlets as well as the Colombian government.
615:(see below), the alleged training of FARC–EP militants in bomb making by them, and the kidnapping of several political figures, Pastrana ended the peace talks on February 21, 2002, and ordered the armed forces to start retaking the FARC–EP controlled zone, beginning at midnight. A 48-hour respite that had been previously agreed to with the rebel group was not respected as the government argued that it had already been granted during an earlier crisis in January, when most of the more prominent FARC–EP commanders had apparently left the demilitarized zone. Shortly after the end of talks, the FARC–EP kidnapped
234:
violence of large landholders. Members organized strikes, protests, seizures of land, and organized communist-controlled "self-defense communities" in southern
Colombia that were able to resist state military forces, while providing for the subsistence needs of the populace. Many of the PCC's attempts at organizing peasants, were met with violent repression by the Colombian government, and landowning class. U.S. military intelligence estimates estimated that in 1962, the size of the PCC had grown to 8,000 to 10,000 active members, and an additional 28,000 supporters.
203:(large farms of over 50 hectares), held approximately 77% of the land in Colombia. In 1971, 70% of the farmland in Colombia was owned by 5.7% of the population. Much of this land was consolidated in the hands of urban industrialists—which had seen marked increases in profits due to the influx of landless, displaced peasants, willing to work for very low wages—and cattle ranchers. Malnutrition and lack of basic medical care were almost universal amongst rural workers in the early 1960s, leading to extremely high rates of preventable disease and infant mortality.
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485:) had come together under an umbrella organization known as the Guerrilla Coordinating Board (CNG). This group evolved in 1987 into the Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board (CGSB), which led negotiations between the numerous guerrilla groups and the government. While the CGSB did achieve some of its goals, its success was very limited. The CGSB's initiative led to the successful peace process with the M-19. The FARC–EP and ELN, on the other hand, decided to continue their struggle.
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allowed them to expand into an irregular army, which would then stage large scale attacks on
Colombian troops. They also began sending fighters to Vietnam and the Soviet Union for advanced military training. They also planned to move closer to middle-sized cities, as opposed to only remote rural areas, and closer to areas rich in natural resources, in order to create a strong economic infrastructure. It was also at this conference that FARC added the initials "EP", for "
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192:. The two parties agreed to hold elections, but to alternate power between the two parties, regardless of the election results. They decided that the pact would remain in effect until 1974 (however, it lasted with only minor modifications until 1990). This enabled a consolidation of power amongst Colombian Conservative and Liberal elites, while simultaneously strengthening the military and preventing radical political alternatives and popular reforms.
393:"has no evidence that the FARC or ELN have been involved in the transportation, distribution, or marketing of illegal drugs in the United States. Furthermore it is doubtful that either insurgent group could develop the international transportation and logistics infrastructure necessary to establish independent drug distribution in the United States or Europe... DEA believes that the insurgents never will be major players in Colombia's drug trade."
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840:, where the FARC–EP was tricked by the Colombian Government into releasing 15 hostages to Colombian Intelligence agents disguised as journalists and international aid workers in a helicopter rescue; the June 13, 2010, raid which released Police Colonel Luis Herlindo Mendieta Ovalle, Police Captain Enrique Murillo Sanchez, Police Lieutenante William Donato Gomez and Army Staff Sargeant Arbey Delgado Argote.
557:, with the help of local sympathizers and informants, FARC–EP forces annihilated an elite Colombian army unit, the 52nd counterguerrilla battalion of the 3rd Mobile Brigade. A force of 600–800 guerrillas attacked the battalion, and by the end of the engagement, 104 of the battalion's 154 men had been killed. In November 1998, FARC–EP forces overran the provincial capital
960:, President of Polo Democrático said that while the party disapproves of the crimes of FARC, such as kidnapping and extortion, they also did not support the decision of the protest organizers to avoid criticizing the crimes of the paramilitary groups and the government, citing murders of teachers and trade union leaders and millions of people who have been displaced.
305:. 16,000 Colombian troops, backed by the U.S., attacked the village of 1,000 inhabitants, only 48 of whom were armed. Marulanda and 47 others fought against government forces at Marquetalia, and then escaped into the mountains along with the other fighters. These 48 men formed the core of FARC, which quickly grew in size to hundreds of fighters.
941:". They acknowledged that the anti-FARC rallies were an example of how social software can "enhance political activism from a local to a worldwide scale" but also pointed out that the use of social networks remains a "privilege" given the "enormous part of the population" that is still excluded from the Internet as a whole.
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in Latin
America, reflect on this (FARC–EP), we are done with war ... enough with all this death". On June 8 Chavez repeated his call for a political solution and an end to the war, "The guerrilla war is history ... At this moment in Latin America, an armed guerrilla movement is out of place".
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stated his disapproval with the FARC–EP strategy of armed struggle and kidnapping, saying "I don't agree with kidnapping and I don't agree with armed struggle". On March 7 at the Cumbre de Rio, Chavez stated again that the FARC–EP should lay down their arms "Look at what has happened and is happening
721:, which led to the capture or desertion of many fighters and medium-level commanders. Uribe ran for office on an anti-FARC–EP platform and was determined to defeat FARC–EP in a bid to create "confidence" in the country. Uribe's own father had been killed by FARC–EP in an attempted kidnapping in 1983.
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In March 1999 members of a local FARC contingent killed 3 indigenous rights activists, who were working with the U'Wa people to build a school for U'Wa children, and were fighting against encroachment of U'Wa territory by multinational oil corporations. The killings were almost universally condemned,
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In 1982, FARC–EP held its
Seventh Guerrilla Conference, which called for a major shift in FARC's strategy. FARC had historically been doing most of its fighting in rural areas, and was limited to small-scale confrontations with Colombian military forces. By 1982, increased income from the "coca boom"
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Visit to
Colombia, South America, by a Team from Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Headquarters, U.S. Army Special Warfare School, Feb 26, 1962, Kennedy Library, Box 319, National Security Files, Special Group; Fort Bragg Team; Visit to Colombia; 3/62, "Secret Supplement, Colombian
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Between 1986 and 1990, thousands of members of the UP and other leftist parties were murdered (estimates range from 4,000 to 6,000). In 1987, the
President of the UP, Jaime Pardo, was murdered. In 1989 a single large landholder had over 400 UP members murdered. Over 70% of all Colombian presidential
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The UP performed better in elections than any other leftist party in
Colombia's history. In 1986, UP candidates won 350 local council seats, 23 deputy positions in departmental assemblies, 9 seats in the House, and 6 seats in the Senate. The 1986 Presidential candidate, Jaime Pardo Leal, won 4.6% of
364:
report "acknowledged that the FARC had become increasingly involved in drugs through their 'taxing' of the trade in areas under their geographical control and that in some cases the insurgents protected trafficking infrastructure to further fund their insurgency," but also described the relationship
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Initially, the FARC–EP rejected any involvement in the emerging phenomenon of drug growing and trafficking, but during the 1980s the group gradually came to accept it as it became a burgeoning business. Taxes on drug producers and traffickers were introduced as a source of funding in the form of the
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experts to investigate
Colombia's internal security situation. Among other policy recommendations the US team advised that "in order to shield the interests of both Colombian and US authorities against 'interventionist' charges any special aid given for internal security was to be sterile and covert
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There is more repression of individual freedom here than in any country we've been to, the police patrol the streets carrying rifles and demand your papers every few minutes ... the atmosphere here is tense, and it seems a revolution may be brewing. The countryside is in open revolt, and the army is
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This was the case in 1961, when the
Republic of Marquetalia was declared by guerrilla leader Manuel Marulanda Velez (also known as 'Tiro Fijo' or Sure Shot). The Lleras government, fearing that a Cuban-style revolutionary situation might develop, launched a surprise attack against the area in early
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activities in Colombia. Their report alleged a longstanding connection between the IRA and FARC–EP, mentioned at least 15 IRA members who had been traveling in and out of Colombia since 1998, and estimated that the IRA had received at least $ 2 million in drug proceeds for training FARC–EP members.
541:
Beginning in 1996, FARC–EP began applying a new military strategy involving multi-front attacks on military objectives, and the use of both 61mm and 80mm mortars and of homemade mortars known as "cylinder bombs" (the use of which has been condemned by many, due to their inaccuracy and potential for
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declared an independent "Republic of Marquetalia". The Lleras government attempted unsuccessfully to attack the communities to drive out the guerrillas, due to fears that "a Cuban-style revolutionary situation might develop". After the failed attacks, several army outposts were set up in the area.
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in 1930. The PCC began establishing "peasant leagues" in rural areas and "popular fronts" in urban areas, calling for improved living and working conditions, education, and rights for the working class. These groups began networking together to present a defensive front against the state-supported
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was among the dead, along with at least 16 of his fellow guerrillas. Raúl Reyes was FARC–EP's international spokesman and hostage release negotiator and considered to be FARC–EP's second-in-command. This incident led to a breakdown in diplomatic relations between Ecuador and Colombia, and between
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ICT&S Center have argued that since the protest was primarily organized via Facebook and only 1 out of 5 Colombians were estimated to have regular access to the Internet in 2007, the movement would have been more representative of upper class sentiments than those of Colombians who lack such
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Towards the end of 1990, the army, with no advance warning and while negotiations were still ongoing with the group, attacked a compound known as Casa Verde, which housed the National Secretariat of the FARC–EP. The Colombian government argued that the attack was caused by the FARC–EP's lack of
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On February 4, 2008, several rallies were held in Colombia and in other locations around the world, criticizing FARC–EP for kidnapping and violence and demanding the liberation of hundreds of hostages. Participation estimates vary from the hundreds of thousands to several millions of people in
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in violent areas. Following Yarborough's recommendations, the Colombian military recruited civilians into paramilitary "civil defense" groups which worked alongside the military in its counter-insurgency campaign, as well as in civilian intelligence networks to gather information on guerrilla
270:
A concerted country team effort should be made now to select civilian and military personnel for clandestine training in resistance operations in case they are needed later. This should be done with a view toward development of a civil and military structure for exploitation in the event the
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Over this period in Colombia the cultivation of different drugs expanded and there were widespread coca farmers' marches. These marches brought to a halt several major arteries in southern Colombia in which the government claimed there was FARC–EP involvement, although it has not been fully
916:
Critics have argued that the protests were primarily by upper-class Colombians, promoted and supported by government or business elites and also involved right-wing paramilitaries. The exclusive focus on FARC, instead of also criticizing the actions of the government and government-aligned
890:, who said "I hope FARC is listening". Former hostage Luis Eladio Perez, who still remained in captivity at the time of the protest, remarked after his liberation that the rallies allowed those imprisoned by FARC to "feel the solidarity of Colombians for the first time". Opposition Senator
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In early February 2005, a series of small scale military actions by the FARC–EP around the southwestern departments of Colombia, resulted in an estimated 40 casualties. The FARC–EP, in response to government military operations in the south and in the southeast, would now be displacing its
528:, Mexico. However, the war did not stop, and armed attacks by both sides continued. The negotiation process was broken off in 1993 after no agreement was reached. The Coordinating Board disappeared not long after that time, and guerrilla groups continued their activities independently.
449:. While many members of the UP were involved with the FARC–EP, the large majority of them were not and came from a wide variety of backgrounds such as labor unions and socialist parties such as the PCC. In the cities, the FARC–EP began integrating itself with the UP and forming
1025:' After speculations in several national and international media about the 'softening up' of the FARC and the announcement of Colombian President Álvaro Uribe that several FARC-leaders were ready to surrender and liberate hostages, the secretariat of the FARC sent out a
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urged European and Latin American governments on January 11, 2008, to stop branding Colombia's guerrillas as terrorists, a day after welcoming two hostages released by the rebels. "I am asking the governments (across Latin America) to take the FARC–EP and ELN
925:. Others said that right-wing paramilitary leaders played a role organizing the protests, businesses and government offices shut down for the day, bosses pressured workers to attend the gatherings and the mass media gave free advertising to the mobilization.
804:, three low-ranking police officers and a low-ranking soldier; the March 17, 2009, of Swedish hostage Erik Roland Larsson. The March 2010 release of Professional Soldier Josue Daniel Calvo Sanchez and Corporal Second Class Pablo Emilio Moncayo Cabrera.
296:
At the behest of the United States, the Colombian government began attacking many of the self-defense communities in the early 1960s, attempting to re-assimilate the territories under the control of the national government. FARC was formed in 1964 by
993:, another member of FARC–EP's seven-man Secretariat, less than a week later, by the hand of his own bodyguard. It came as a result of heavy Colombian military pressure and a reward offer of up to $ 5 million from the Colombian government.
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was quick to respond, ruling out any change in the FARC–EP's or ELN's status. Álvaro Uribe later issued a statement saying the insurgents are indeed terrorists who fund their operations with cocaine smuggling, recruit children and plant
371:"we do not believe that the drug industry would be substantially disrupted in the short term by attacks against guerrillas. Indeed, many traffickers would probably welcome, and even assist, increased operations against insurgents."
271:
Colombian internal security system deteriorates further. This structure should be used to pressure toward reforms known to be needed, perform counter-agent and counter-propaganda functions and as necessary execute paramilitary,
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Several hostages also died or were killed during captivity, including: Julian Ernesto Guevara Castro, a Police Captain, who died of tuberculosis on January 28, 2006.; the killing of 11 out of 12 provincial deputies from the
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whom the guerrillas had kidnapped in 2002. The FARC–EP claimed that they were killed in the crossfire of a gun battle, while the Colombian government and Red Cross claim that they were killed by FARC–EP; the killing of
913:, had expressed their support of the protest through a communique. However, this move was rejected by organizer Carlos Andrés Santiago, who stated that such an endorsement was harmful and criticized the AUC's actions.
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near the border with Brazil. The Colombian government was unable to retake Mitú until three days later, after officials received permission to land Colombian troops in Brazilian military bases across the border.
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argues that it was not until the early part of the 1980s that the Colombian government attempted to move away from the counterinsurgency strategy represented by Plan Lazo and Yarborough's 1962 recommendations.
493:
During this period, the Colombian government continued its negotiations with the FARC–EP and other armed groups, some of which were successful. Some of the groups which demobilized at this time include the
385:"the independent involvement of insurgents in Colombia's domestic drug productions, transportation, and distribution is limited...there is no evidence that the national leadership of either the FARC or the
334:
That they try to present me as an associate of the guerrilla ... hurts my personal dignity ... I am a man of investments and therefore I cannot sympathize with the guerrillas who fight against property.
437:, more democratic local elections, political decentralization, and ending the domination of Colombian politics by the Liberal and Conservative parties. They also pursued socio-economic reforms such
604:
The demilitarization of this area had been among the FARC–EP's conditions for beginning peace talks. The peace process with the government continued at a slow pace for three years during which the
553:. Within 15 hours, the base had been completely destroyed, w/ 54 Colombian soldiers killed, 17 wounded, and 60 taken hostage. The 60 hostages were released in June 1997. In March 1998, in southern
188:
In 1958, Liberal and Conservative party elites, together with Church and business leaders negotiated an agreement that created an exclusively bipartisan political alternation system, known as the
663:
On February 15, 2002, the Colombia Three were charged with training FARC–EP members in bomb-making in Colombia. The Colombian authorities had received satellite footage, probably supplied by the
2775:
681:
said no deal had been done with Sinn Féin or the IRA over the three's return to Ireland adding that the Irish government would consider any request from the Colombian authorities for their
667:, of the men with FARC–EP in an isolated jungle area, where they are thought to have spent the last five weeks. They could have spent up to 20 years in jail if the allegations were proved.
185:("The Violence"), which lasted until about 1958. More than 300,000 people were killed in the violence, the large majority of whom were peasants and wage laborers living in rural areas.
255:
in nature." In February 1962, three years after the 1959 "US Special Survey Team", a Fort Bragg top-level U.S. Special Warfare team headed by Special Warfare Center commander General
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They were eventually found guilty of traveling on false passports in June 2004, but were acquitted of training FARC–EP members. That decision was reversed after an appeal by the
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President Uribe expressed "gratitude to all Colombians who today have expressed, with dignity and strength, the rejection of kidnapping and of the kidnappers." Vice President
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538:) to the Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board was released denouncing the approach taken by the FARC–EP and the dire consequences that it was having for the country.
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and international humanitarian law, as a result of the July 10 massacre of seven peasants and the subsequent displacement of eighty individuals in San Carlos, Antioquia.
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After a series of high-profile guerrilla terrorist actions, including the hijacking of an aircraft, the attack on several small towns and cities, the arrest of the Irish
2841:
963:
On July 20, 2008, a subsequent set of rallies against FARC included thousands of Colombians in Bogotá and hundreds of thousands throughout the rest of the country.
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has directed, as a matter of policy, that their respective organizations directly engage in independent illicit drug production, transportation, or distribution."
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and other news organizations reported that the FARC–EP also used the safe haven to import arms, export drugs, recruit minors, and build up their armed forces.
1054:
On November 4, 2011, Colombian forces successfully attacked a FARC base in the jungle of the Cacua Department during "Operation Odysseus" killing FARC leader
2614:
956:, but unanimously accepted his subsequent request to hold a separate rally on the same date with the support of labor unions and human rights organizations.
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3662:"Chavez Calls on Colombian Rebels to End Struggle, Free Hostages – International News | News of the World | Middle East News | Europe News"
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828:, who was later named Minister of Foreign Relations and formerly Development Minister, and who escaped his captors on December 31, 2006; the escape of
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Notable releases include: two policemen in Putamayo; German hostage Lothar Hintze; the January 10, 2008, release of former vice presidential candidate
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453:(or "solidarity cells") – small groups of people associated with labor unions, student activist groups, and peasant leagues, who travelled into the
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This is considered the biggest blow against FARC–EP in its more than four decades of existence. This event was quickly followed by the death of
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In 2002 and 2003, FARC broke up ten large ranches in Meta, an eastern Colombian province, and distributed the land to local subsistence farmers.
588:
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said that if the FARC continued their practices of kidnapping, that they would be politically marginalized. Supporters included freed hostage
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623:, who was traveling in guerrilla territory. Betancourt was rescued by the Colombian government on July 2, 2008 (see Operation Jaque below).
821:, who had been kidnapped to be put on trial for corruption. and had his throat slit while FARC was fleeing from government military forces
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2340:
713:
For most of the period between 2002 and 2005, the FARC–EP was believed to be in a strategic withdrawal due to the increasing military and
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granted FARC–EP a 42,000 km (16,200 sq mi) safe haven meant to serve as a confidence building measure, centered around the
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894:, after meeting with rally organizers and inquiring as to why the protest didn't address the actions of other violent actors such as the
314:
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423:
In 1985, members of the FARC–EP, along with a large number of other leftist and communist groups, formed a political party known as the
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Elizabeth F. Schwartz (Winter 1995–1996). "Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States".
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1962. Although unsuccessful in driving the irregular forces from their stronghold, several army outposts were established in the area.
266:, Yarborough encouraged the creation and deployment of a paramilitary force to commit sabotage and terrorist acts against communists:
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came to three similar conclusions. First, that any connections between drug trafficking organizations and Colombian insurgents were
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Manuel Marulanda Vélez died on March 26, 2008, after a heart attack. His death would be kept a secret, until Colombian magazine,
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2338:«The Politics of Recognition and Citizenship in Putumayo and in the Baja Bota of Cauca: The Case of the 1996 cocalero movement»
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guerrillas, acknowledged the protest march as a "democratic expression" of the citizenry against FARC and against kidnappings.
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The Politics and Ideology of the Colombian Peasant Movement: The Case of ANUC (National Association of Peasant Smallholders)
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discussing social problems, building support for the UP, and determining the socio-political stance of the urban peasantry.
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emphasizing the death of their founder would not change their approach towards the hostages or the humanitarian agreement.
857:) off their lists of global terrorist groups", Chávez told the National Assembly. His plea was futile: Colombian President
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2568:. OFICINA EN COLOMBIA DEL ALTO COMISIONADO DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS. July 13, 2004. Archived from
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and they were sentenced to 17-year terms. However, they vanished in December 2004 while on bail and returned to Ireland.
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788:, which was a deal brokered by the government of Venezuela; the January 31, 2008, release of Luis Eladio Perez Bonilla,
357:" tax on growers and through the enforcement of other regulations affecting different stages of the production process.
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952:) party leadership voted 18 to 3 against participating in the main protest, rejecting an initial proposal by Senator
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paramilitaries responsible for many of the conflict's atrocities, was also questioned. Astrid Betancourt, sister of
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Transitions in Latin America and in Poland and Syria (Research in Political Economy) (Research in Political Economy)
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access. They also mention that the protests tended to take place in wealthier cities and nations as measured by the
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During the 1960s, under a plan known as "Accelerated Economic Development", conceived by a wealthy Canadian rancher
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1997:«Las FARC y su relación con la economía de la coca en el sur de Colombia: Testimonios de Colonos y Guerrilleros»
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Poder Capitalista y Violencia Política en Colombia: Terrorismo de estado y genocidio contra la Unión Patriótica
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On June 3, 1991, dialogue resumed between the Coordinating Board and the government on neutral territory in
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Raúl A. Fernández (1979). "Imperialist capitalism in the Third World: theory and evidence from Colombia".
981:'s territory, resulting in the death of over 20 people, with at least 17 of them being FARC–EP guerillas.
923:"it's propaganda, which while pretending to be against the FARC is completely organised by the government"
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Before the break off of dialogue, a letter written by a group of Colombian intellectuals (among whom were
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began discussing the possibility of peace talks with the guerrillas. Ultimately this resulted in the 1984
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660:), were arrested in Colombia in August 2001 and were accused of teaching bomb-making methods to FARC–EP.
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and/or terrorist activities against known communist proponents. It should be backed by the United States.
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On August 30, 1996, the FARC–EP staged a surprise attack on a Colombian military base in Las Delicias,
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3807:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959–1965"
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1689:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959–1965"
1646:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959–1965"
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Colombian labyrinth: the synergy of drugs and insurgency and its implications for regional stability
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3500:"Colombia dice que no violó soberanía de Ecuador en operativo que llevó a la muerte de Raúl Reyes"
3359:"Facebook for Global Protest: The Potential and Limits of Social Software for Grassroots Activism"
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Prato CIRN 2008 Community Informatics Conference, ICTs for Social Inclusion: What is the Reality?
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Communists were active throughout rural and urban Colombia in the period immediately following
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The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power
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The Politics of Organized Crime and the Organized Crime of Politics: a study in criminal power
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inspiration. It claims to represent the rural poor in a struggle against Colombia's wealthier
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publicly condemned the group, accusing the FARC–EP of violating article 17 of the additional
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The IRA/FARC–EP connection was first made public on August 11, 2001, following the arrest in
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Gomez, Alberto (1972) "Perspectives of the revolutionary armed forces of Colombia (FARC)".
1062:, also known as "Timochenko", as the new leader of FARC's seven-man governing secretariat.
546:). This resulted in a series of major military victories over Colombian government forces.
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commitment to the process, since the organization was continuing its criminal activities.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Las Redes de Asesinos de Colombia. La asociación militar-paramilitares y Estados Unidos
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During Uribe's presidency, there were numerous hostage releases, rescues, and escapes.
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candidates in 1990—and 100% of those from center-left parties—were assassinated.
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118:
3749:, edited by Rebeca Toledo, Teresa Gutierrez, Sara Flounders and Andy McInerney,
2976:
2735:
2256:
Carta de los intelectuales colombianos a la Coordinadora Guerrilla Simón Bolívar
2217:
Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP
2114:
Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP
1616:
Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP
1552:
Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP
1527:
Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP
858:
718:
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With the hope of negotiating a peace settlement, on November 7, 1998, President
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792:, and Orlando Beltran Cuellar in another deal brokered by Venezuelan President
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122:
3822:
3635:
2186:
Our Guerrillas, Our Sidewalks: a journey into the violence of Colombia, 2nd ed
1704:
1661:
1042:
849:
793:
702:
4991:
4985:
4901:
4870:
4428:
4423:
4029:
3761:
The Profits of Extermination: How U.S. Corporate Power is Destroying Colombia
3450:
2061:
Drug Intelligent Report, Insurgent Involvement in the Colombian Drug Trade 16
1884:
Latin America, its problems and its promise: a multidisciplinary introduction
1173:"Las FARC reafirman la opción comunista y responden a campañas difamatorias."
953:
891:
645:
514:
341:
114:
106:
76:
25:
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1026:
982:
843:
250:
In October 1959, the United States sent a "Special Survey Team" composed of
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4005:
3440:
3313:
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1055:
1022:
938:
836:, on October 26, 2008; a July 2, 2008, Colombian military operation called
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181:
149:
110:
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883:
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of foreign businesses, Colombian banks, and transportation, and greater
289:
218:
98:
2145:
Inside insurgency: violence, civilians, and revolutionary group behavior
977:
On March 1, 2008, the Colombian military attacked a FARC–EP camp inside
675:
517:, an ideological leader and founder of FARC–EP, died of a heart attack.
4939:
3833:
Meza, Ricardo Vargas, "The FARC, the war and the crisis of the state".
3733:
Killing Peace: Colombia's Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Intervention
3220:
2732:"Las FARC anuncian la liberación de seis, pero secuestran a otros diez"
1286:
Systems of Violence: the political economy of war and peace in Colombia
1021:
on May 25, 2008. 'Timochenko' announced the new commander in chief is '
863:
417:
4613:
4589:
1389:
Global Capitalism, Democracy, and Civil-Military Relations in Colombia
3763:, Aviva Chomsky and Francisco Ramírez Cuellar, Common Courage Press,
1038:
990:
797:
280:
230:
4640:
689:
did not rule out allowing them to serve their sentences in Ireland.
641:
468:
4944:
4810:
4650:
3253:"Organizadores de la marcha rechazan el apoyo de Salvatore Mancuso"
3154:
2896:. Etaiwannews.com. Associated Press. March 30, 2009. Archived from
2198:
For a wide-ranging survey of the violence against the UP, see also
1591:
National Liberation Fronts 1960/1970: Essays, documents, interviews
1204:
525:
429:("Patriotic Union", UP). The UP sought political reforms (known as
272:
172:
83:
4660:
4579:
2872:"Colombia: FARC hands over mortal remains of Police Major Guevara"
2173:. UN Research Institute for Social Development/CINEP. p. 129.
179:, in 1948, large-scale violence broke out in what became known as
4824:
3118:
2441:"Adams Delays Testifying in U.S. About I.R.A. Action in Colombia"
2380:
1910:
Democracy in Colombia: Clientelist Politics and Guerrilla Warfare
1018:
978:
656:. Jim Monaghan, Martin McCauley and Niall Connolly (known as the
521:
94:
2384:
Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization
2358:«El movimiento de campesinos cocaleros del Putumayo en Colombia»
558:
4883:
4720:
4630:
3735:, Garry M. Leech, Information Network of the Americas (INOTA),
1236:
866:
in their effort to topple a democratically elected government.
570:
investigated what, if any, specific involvement the group had.
166:, in a letter to his mother from Colombia, written July 6, 1952
4569:
3719:
Blood and Fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946–1953
3356:
3209:"Luis Eladio Pérez invita a marchar por la vida y la libertad"
308:
237:
In 1961, a guerrilla leader and long-time PCC organizer named
2538:
Crude interventions: the US, oil and the new world (dis)order
1509:
The Rape of the Peasantry: Latin America's Landholding System
633:
House of Representatives Committee on International Relations
3777:"Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru"
3542:"Guerrillero cuenta porqué mató y cortó la mano a jefe FARC"
1574:
3599:
905:
Shortly before the rallies took place thirteen demobilized
653:
573:
3881:
3840:
3380:""Queremos evitar cualquier ambigüedad": Polo Democrático"
2137:
2135:
2133:
2088:. Northeastern University Press (UPNE). pp. 153–154.
397:
3860:
3522:
3306:"Workers of the World Unite – in Anti-Paramilitary Vigil"
2636:"Colombian rebels free hotelier held captive for 5 years"
2199:
1926:
Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia
1241:
The Motorcycle Diaries: Notes on a Latin American Journey
1005:, published an interview with Colombian defense minister
844:
Hugo Chávez's call to stop branding FARC–EP as terrorists
664:
605:
3774:
2467:"Arrested IRA man is Sinn Fein's fixer in Latin America"
2168:
692:
113:, and opposes United States influence in Colombia (e.g.
3618:"Hugo Chavez tells Colombian rebels to stop kidnapping"
2281:
2130:
1009:
on May 24, 2008, in which Santos mentions the death of
2077:
2075:
2073:
1583:
1577:
The Political, Economic, and Labor Climate in Colombia
1292:
986:
Venezuela and Colombia. Ecuador condemned the attack.
140:
4220:
3596:"Comandante Manuel Marulanda Vélez: ¡Juramos vencer!"
3063:"Colombia rebels not terrorists – Venezuela's Chavez"
2995:"Kidnapped Colombian governor found with throat slit"
2107:
2105:
2085:
Voting amid violence: electoral democracy in Colombia
1907:
1874:
1277:
1100:
1098:
3241:"Marchar o no marchar, esa fue la cuestión del Polo"
3124:"Colombians take to streets in huge anti-FARC march"
2776:"Colombian soldier held 12 years is freed by rebels"
1916:
1214:
727:
On July 13, 2004, the office of the United Nations'
283:
in 1962 and called for both military operations and
279:
The new counter-insurgency policy was instituted as
97:
army which has proclaimed itself as a revolutionary
4328:
Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)
2977:"Colombian rebels say killed governor, blame Uribe"
2946:"COLOMBIA: Ex-Hostage Says FARC Killed 11 Captives"
2070:
1729:
206:
3877:Center for International Policy – Colombia Program
3636:"Hugo Chavez en la Cumbre del Grupo Río 4ta parte"
3462:
3460:
3334:. No. 2088. February 16, 2008. Archived from
3171:
3090:
2302:
2277:
2275:
2240:«40 años de las FARC. Pág. 6: Otros acercamientos»
2102:
2081:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1568:
1303:
1238:
1095:
996:
324:" or "People's Army", to the organization's name.
3863:(no longer available—censored by U.S. government)
3843:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
3688:"Colombia's FARC rebels pick hardline new leader"
3142:"Worldwide protests against Colombian kidnapping"
2894:"Colombian rebels to turn over officer's remains"
2646:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2374:
2214:
2111:
1953:
1880:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1549:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1487:
921:, condemned the march as a "manipulation" saying
635:published the findings of its investigation into
579:and seriously harmed public perceptions of FARC.
469:Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board (CGSB)
365:between the FARC and the drug traffickers as one
4983:
3445:Colombia: What did Interpol find in the laptops?
3303:
2758:"Swede had stroke while held by Colombia rebels"
2563:"FARC-EP violan el DIH en San Carlos, Antioquia"
2183:
1980:
1947:
1775:Rogue states: the rule of force in world affairs
1543:
1475:Revolution Next Door: Latin America in the 1970s
1380:
367:"characterized by both cooperation and friction"
3872:Red Resistencia – News about FARC–EP activities
3578:"FARC: death Marulanda doesn't change anything"
3457:
3350:
3224:, November 14, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
3045:"FARC hostage escapes, has his captor to thank"
2938:
2528:
2272:
2141:
2049:
2006:
1811:
1686:
1643:
1405:
1328:
1032:
1013:. The news was confirmed by FARC–EP-commander '
3482:"Ecuador pulls diplomat from Bogota - CNN.com"
3386:(in Spanish). January 31, 2008. Archived from
3113:
3111:
2485:
2208:
1922:
1867:Bauman, Jan: "Colombia: Origins of the FARC",
1861:
1604:
1515:
1411:
1386:
1334:
1152:Organized Crime: From Trafficking to Terrorism
4206:
3897:
3160:"Millions of Colombians march against rebels"
2534:
1908:Osterling, Jorge Pablo; Xavier Sanin (1989).
1579:. University of Pennsylvania. pp. 80–81.
1306:Beyond Bogota: Diary of a Drug War Journalist
1283:
1058:. On November 15, 2011, FARC publicly named
441:, greater health and education spending, the
3715:, Jacobo Arenas, Ediciones Abejón Mono, 1972
3246:
2834:
2381:Mario A. Murillo; Jesús Rey Avirama (2004).
1836:
1797:
1795:
1771:
1506:
1472:
1457:
1442:
1355:
420:, which ended up lasting from 1984 to 1987.
262:In a secret supplement to his report to the
3664:. FOXNews.com. June 9, 2008. Archived from
3470:. March 1, 2008 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
3232:
3230:
3108:
3009:
2912:
2682:"Colombian Rebels Free Two Female Hostages"
1735:
1477:. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. p. 91.
1298:
1230:
1198:
1154:by Frank G. Shanty and Patit Paban Mishra (
1104:
502:, the Quintín Lame Armed Movement, and the
327:
315:Seventh Guerrilla Conference of the FARC-EP
309:Seventh Guerrilla Conference of the FARC–EP
4213:
4199:
3904:
3890:
3560:"FARC confirm death of 'Manuel Marulanda'"
3402:
3202:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3017:"Former Colombian minister escapes rebels"
2684:. National Public Radio. January 11, 2008.
2629:
2627:
2204:(in Spanish). Ideas y Soluciones Graficas.
1738:Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War
1639:
1637:
1635:
1108:Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War
626:
589:1999–2002 FARC-EP-Government peace process
582:
391:Third, the report determined that the DEA
3418:
3357:Christina Neumayer; Celina Raffl (2008).
3268:, February 1, 2008 (accessed: 03/01/2010)
3147:
3037:
2974:
2829:"Colombia: Hostage Held Since 1998 Dies."
2612:"Colombia: two police officers released."
2015:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia
1901:
1845:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia
1820:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia
1792:
1740:. Rutgers University Press. p. 155.
1364:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia
1111:. Rutgers University Press. p. 180.
709:, president of Colombia from 2002 to 2010
3328:"Colombian protests hide state violence"
3227:
3172:Mario Vargas Llosa (February 10, 2008).
2608:International Committee of the Red Cross
2188:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 232.
2031:
1593:New York: William Morrow & Company,
1171:Miguel Urbano Rodrigues. April 7, 2004.
1049:
701:
574:Andrés Pastrana's Presidency (1998–2002)
301:and other PCC members, after a military
259:, visited Colombia for a second survey.
3713:Diario de la resistencia de Marquetalia
3129:
3069:
2674:
2633:
2624:
1632:
1575:David R. Decker; Ignacio Duran (1982).
1017:' on Latin American television station
773:Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis
22:Colombian armed conflict (1964-present)
4984:
3721:, Mary Roldan, Duke University Press,
3642:from the original on December 21, 2021
3518:"Second Colombian rebel leader killed"
3468:"Farc aura of invincibility shattered"
3304:Constanza Vieira (February 21, 2008).
2842:"Police officer dead as rebel captive"
2409:"Colombian army moves against rebels."
2012:
1912:. Transaction Publishers. p. 280.
1871:, April 4, 2001 (accessed: 03/01/2010)
1842:
1817:
1361:
966:
303:attack on the community of Marquetalia
229:, PCC) was formally accredited by the
70:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
18:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
4893:
4564:
4405:
4263:
4194:
3885:
3804:
3065:. Reuters Alternet. January 11, 2008.
2718:"Colombian rebels release 4 hostages"
2464:
1989:
1310:. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. pp.
693:Álvaro Uribe's Presidency (2002–2010)
473:By 1985, the major guerrilla groups (
4385:Renewed peace process (2012–present)
3192:"Millones marcharon contra las Farc"
2654:"FARC hostages send letter to Uribe"
2596:"'Deadliest' hit on Colombian army."
2438:
2288:. RAND Corporation. pp. 42–45.
2038:Narco-Insurgent Links in the Andes 8
1460:Guerrilla Movements in Latin America
1447:. Latin American Bureau. p. 92.
869:
796:; the December 21, 2008, release of
31:
4297:Patriotic Union Party extermination
3798:
3279:"Colombia stages anti-Farc protest"
2975:Bronstein, Hugh (January 6, 2010).
2920:"Colombia rebels 'killed hostages'"
2387:. Seven Stories Press. p. 74.
2310:"Troops Recapture City From Rebels"
824:Notable escapes and raids include:
762:
697:
648:experts and of a representative of
381:"ad hoc 'alliances of convenience'"
86:, which is involved in the ongoing
13:
3701:
3103:"Anti-FARC Rallies Held Worldwide"
2952:. February 7, 2009. Archived from
2696:"Colombian rebels free 4 hostages"
2498:"Appeal to Ahern over republicans"
2282:Angel Rabasa; Peter Chalk (2001).
2200:Luis Alberto Matta Aldana (2002).
1981:Schulte-Bockholt, Alfredo (2006).
1209:"Colombia's most powerful rebels."
729:High Commissioner for Human Rights
513:On August 10, 1990, senior leader
14:
5003:
4390:Peace agreement referendum (2016)
3854:
3775:Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006).
3429:"Colombians hold anti-Farc rally"
3085:"Colombians in huge Farc protest"
2806:"Colombia rebels release hostage"
2169:Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui (1987).
2116:. Pluto Press. pp. 206–210.
1079:Military Structure of the FARC–EP
652:who was known to be stationed in
105:Marxist–Leninist organization of
4876:
4863:
4850:
4830:
4659:
4649:
4639:
4629:
4612:
4588:
4578:
4568:
4522:Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)
4434:Colombia–United States relations
4344:Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007)
4318:Failed peace process (1999–2002)
3805:Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995).
3680:
3654:
3628:
3610:
3588:
3570:
3552:
3534:
3510:
3492:
3474:
3434:
3372:
3320:
2782:. March 30, 2010. Archived from
2734:. Caracol.com.co. Archived from
2465:Cowan, Rosie (August 16, 2001).
1511:. New York: Anchor. p. 244.
909:paramilitary leaders, including
207:PCC and self-defense communities
36:
4359:Andean diplomatic crisis (2008)
3747:War in Colombia: Made in U.S.A.
3297:
3271:
3184:
3165:
3055:
2987:
2968:
2886:
2864:
2816:
2798:
2768:
2750:
2724:
2710:
2688:
2601:
2588:
2555:
2516:
2458:
2439:Hoge, Warren (April 24, 2002).
2432:
2414:
2401:
2350:
2330:
2249:
2233:
2192:
2177:
2162:
2065:Drug Enforcement Administration
1974:
1923:Dudley, Steven (January 2004).
1887:. Westview Press. p. 404.
1778:. South End Press. p. 69.
1764:
1754:
1687:Dennis M. Rempe (Winter 1995).
1680:
1644:Dennis M. Rempe (Winter 1995).
1554:. Pluto Press. pp. 74–76.
1500:
1481:
1466:
1451:
1436:
997:Death of Manuel Marulanda Vélez
4461:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
4287:Palace of Justice siege (1985)
4282:Dominican Embassy siege (1980)
3602:. May 25, 2008. Archived from
2634:Foreign, Our (April 6, 2006).
2524:"Profile: Álvaro Uribe Velez."
1995:Ferro Medina, Juan Guillermo:
1960:. SUNY Press. pp. 74–76.
1445:Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth
1263:
1237:Ernesto "Che" Guevara (2004).
1227:. Retrieved September 1, 2006.
1178:
1165:
1145:
1125:
416:Agreement, which called for a
408:In the early 1980s, President
175:politician and Liberal leader
1:
3105:. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
2831:. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
2621:. Retrieved November 5, 2006.
2598:. Retrieved November 5, 2006.
2594:BBC News. February 10, 2005.
2411:. Retrieved November 3, 2006.
2356:Betancourt Santiago, Milson:
2148:. NYU Press. pp. 98–99.
2017:. Zed Books. pp. 86–87.
1822:. Zed Books. pp. 71–72.
1618:. Pluto Press. pp. 2–3.
1529:. Pluto Press. pp. 6–7.
1288:. SUNY Press. pp. 23–28.
1089:
973:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis
4527:Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003)
4333:El Nogal Club bombing (2003)
3837:(Mar/Apr98) Vol. 31, Issue 5
3835:NACLA Report on the Americas
3431:. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
3415:. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
3243:. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
3162:. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
3144:. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
3126:. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
3087:. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
2407:BBC News. February 21, 2002
2219:. Pluto Press. p. 243.
2001:L´ordinaire Latino-americain
1225:"War and Drugs in Colombia."
1033:Hugo Chávez's call to disarm
950:Polo Democrático Alternativo
830:Colombian Conservative Party
672:Attorney General of Colombia
488:
245:
227:Partido Comunista Colombiano
7:
4748:Military Forces of Colombia
4292:DAS Building bombing (1989)
3911:
3811:Small Wars and Insurgencies
3413:"Colombian anti-Farc rally"
2343:September 23, 2015, at the
2082:Steven Lynn Taylor (2009).
2043:Central Intelligence Agency
1736:Livingstone, Grace (2004).
1693:Small Wars and Insurgencies
1650:Small Wars and Insurgencies
1490:Latin American Perspectives
1105:Livingstone, Grace (2004).
1067:
946:Alternative Democratic Pole
685:. Colombian vice-president
447:public access to mass media
362:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
5008:
4967:Some Colombian politicians
4736:Some Colombian politicians
4180:List of political hostages
2541:. Zed Books. p. 124.
2336:Ramírez, María Clemencia:
2215:James J. Brittain (2010).
2112:James J. Brittain (2010).
1954:Robert C. Neville (2001).
1881:Jan Kippers Black (2005).
1614:James J. Brittain (2010).
1550:James J. Brittain (2010).
1525:James J. Brittain (2010).
1391:. SUNY Press. p. 32.
1271:"La Violencia in Colombia"
1221:International Crisis Group
1211:. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
1175:. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
1074:Paramilitarism in Colombia
970:
928:Neumayer and Raffl of the
810:Valle del Cauca Department
766:
745:military center of gravity
644:of two IRA explosives and
586:
312:
210:
157:powerless to suppress it.
147:
131:multinational corporations
15:
4804:Former government program
4742:
4545:
4354:"False positives" scandal
4308:Mapiripán Massacre (1997)
4257:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4142:
4014:
3970:
3919:
3823:10.1080/09592319508423115
3022:The Sydney Morning Herald
2720:. IHT. February 27, 2008.
2261:January 21, 2009, at the
2184:Herbert T. Braun (2003).
2003:179: enero-marzo de 2000.
1847:. Zed Books. p. 74.
1705:10.1080/09592319508423115
1662:10.1080/09592319508423115
1366:. Zed Books. p. 68.
1341:. Verso. pp. 51–52.
784:and former congresswoman
717:actions of new president
687:Francisco Santos Calderón
223:Colombian Communist Party
45:This article needs to be
4770:Colombian Naval Infantry
4439:Human rights in Colombia
4267:La Violencia (1948–1958)
3861:FARC–EP Official Website
3706:
2997:. BBC. December 23, 2009
2698:. CNN. February 27, 2008
2522:BBC News. July 3, 2008.
2142:Claire Metelits (2009).
1985:. Lexington. p. 95.
886:, 2002 running mate for
855:National Liberation Army
328:Entrance into coca trade
171:Following the murder of
88:Colombian armed conflict
4505:FARC political hostages
4500:Kidnappings in Colombia
4375:Nariño massacres (2009)
3332:Socialist Worker Online
2585:Accessed March 1, 2010.
2363:March 11, 2012, at the
1412:Forrest Hylton (2006).
1387:William Avilés (2006).
1335:Forrest Hylton (2006).
1245:. Ocean Press. p.
935:Human Development Index
631:On April 24, 2001, the
627:The Colombia Three case
619:presidential candidate
583:1999–2002 Peace Process
4950:Colombian drug cartels
4795:Attorney General units
4731:Colombian drug cartels
4553:Government of Colombia
4532:Doe v. Chiquita (2007)
4380:2013 Colombian clashes
4369:Operation Fenix (2008)
4364:Operation Jaque (2008)
4323:Bojayá massacre (2002)
4024:Manuel Marulanda Vélez
3548:on September 28, 2011.
3258:April 8, 2008, at the
3214:July 27, 2011, at the
2617:June 14, 2006, at the
2535:Gary M. Leech (2006).
1929:. Routledge. pp.
1462:. Nelson. p. 516.
1284:Nazih Richani (2002).
1207:. September 19, 2003.
1011:Manuel Marulanda Vélez
930:University of Salzburg
815:Luis Francisco Cuellar
710:
599:San Vicente del Caguán
536:Gabriel García Márquez
353:compulsory so-called "
337:
299:Manuel Marulanda Vélez
277:
239:Manuel Marulanda Vélez
159:
144:and the National Front
137:/government violence.
82:organization based in
4914:Former paramilitaries
4825:DynCorp International
4699:Cuban revolutionaries
4302:Humanitarian exchange
3962:Middle Magdalena Bloc
3867:Colombia Journal Home
3606:on December 11, 2008.
3140:. February 5, 2008.
3137:Sydney Morning Herald
2900:on September 26, 2011
2827:. February 16, 2006.
2575:on September 21, 2009
2013:Stokes, Doug (2005).
1843:Stokes, Doug (2005).
1818:Stokes, Doug (2005).
1772:Noam Chomsky (2000).
1507:Ernest Feder (1971).
1473:Gary MacEoin (1971).
1458:Richard Gott (1970).
1443:Jenny Pearce (1990).
1415:Evil Hour in Colombia
1362:Stokes, Doug (2005).
1338:Evil Hour in Colombia
1084:Communism in Colombia
1050:Death of Alfonso Cano
1037:On January 13, 2008,
848:Venezuelan President
769:Humanitarian exchange
705:
435:constitutional reform
332:
285:civic action programs
268:
264:Joint Chiefs of Staff
257:William P. Yarborough
154:
16:Further information:
4955:Mexican drug cartels
4623:List of FARC attacks
4444:Politics of Colombia
4338:Neiva bombing (2003)
4272:Marquetalia Republic
4175:Front Ricardo Franco
4078:Tomás Medina Caracas
3982:(Commander in Chief)
3694:. November 15, 2011.
3668:on February 11, 2009
3239:. February 3, 2008.
3158:. February 4, 2008.
3122:. February 5, 2008.
3101:. February 5, 2008.
3083:. February 4, 2008.
1223:. January 27, 2005.
431:Apertura Democratica
213:Marquetalia Republic
177:Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
4843:Mission in Colombia
4419:Democratic security
4400:Total Peace concept
3783:. Lexington Books.
3624:. January 13, 2008.
3310:Inter Press Service
3051:. October 26, 2008.
2956:on February 9, 2009
2950:Inter Press Service
2269:125: May–June 1993.
1957:The Human Condition
1770:Also mentioned in:
1134:by Robert B. Kent (
967:Death of Raúl Reyes
958:Carlos Gaviria Díaz
898:paramilitaries and
834:Óscar Tulio Lizcano
461:the national vote.
439:land redistribution
369:and concluded that
322:Ejército del Pueblo
164:Ernesto Che Guevara
4962:military personnel
4790:Migración Colombia
4483:Catatumbo campaign
4453:Illegal drug trade
4411:Government aspects
4349:Operation Emmanuel
4277:The National Front
4222:Colombian conflict
3996:Mauricio Jaramillo
3829:on March 30, 2010.
3530:on August 8, 2008.
3285:. February 5, 2008
2852:on January 8, 2008
2824:The New York Times
2662:. February 3, 2008
2610:. March 25, 2006.
2445:The New York Times
2428:. August 21, 2002.
2318:. November 5, 1998
1806:Human Rights Watch
1418:. Verso. pp.
1187:by Paul Zarembka (
1007:Juan Manuel Santos
817:, the Governor of
711:
617:Oxygen Green Party
451:Juntas Patrióticas
410:Belisario Betancur
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4689:Foro de São Paulo
4606:Former guerrillas
4471:Operation Snowcap
4395:2022 Huila attack
4188:
4187:
3957:Northwestern Bloc
3790:978-0-7391-1358-5
3506:on March 5, 2008.
3411:. July 20, 2008.
3338:on March 26, 2010
3316:on June 10, 2011.
3049:Houston Chronicle
3025:. January 6, 2007
2846:The Daily Journal
2812:. March 31, 2010.
2764:. March 19, 2009.
2548:978-1-84277-629-2
2504:. August 11, 2005
2394:978-1-58322-606-3
2371:11: October 2004.
2315:Los Angeles Times
2295:978-0-8330-2994-2
2226:978-0-7453-2876-8
2155:978-0-8147-9578-1
2123:978-0-7453-2876-8
2095:978-1-55553-698-5
2024:978-1-84277-547-9
1967:978-0-7914-4779-6
1894:978-0-8133-4164-4
1854:978-1-84277-547-9
1829:978-1-84277-547-9
1785:978-0-89608-611-1
1711:on March 30, 2010
1668:on March 30, 2010
1625:978-0-7453-2876-8
1599:978-0-688-02189-4
1561:978-0-7453-2876-8
1536:978-0-7453-2876-8
1429:978-1-84467-551-7
1398:978-0-7914-6699-5
1373:978-1-84277-547-9
1348:978-1-84467-551-7
1321:978-0-8070-6148-0
919:Ingrid Betancourt
911:Salvatore Mancuso
888:Ingrid Betancourt
870:Anti-FARC rallies
786:Consuelo González
737:Geneva Convention
621:Ingrid Betancourt
544:collateral damage
252:counterinsurgency
127:natural resources
66:
65:
4999:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4663:
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4616:
4592:
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4572:
4517:
4495:
4456:
4414:
4232:
4231:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4084:Martín Caballero
3980:Timoleón Jiménez
3927:Chain of Command
3906:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3850:
3830:
3825:. Archived from
3799:Journal articles
3794:
3696:
3695:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3582:Colombia Reports
3574:
3568:
3567:
3564:Colombia Reports
3556:
3550:
3549:
3544:. Archived from
3538:
3532:
3531:
3526:. Archived from
3514:
3508:
3507:
3502:. Archived from
3496:
3490:
3489:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3438:
3432:
3427:. July 20, 2008.
3422:
3416:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3390:on April 5, 2008
3376:
3370:
3369:
3368:. pp. 2, 8.
3363:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3312:. Archived from
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3275:
3269:
3250:
3244:
3234:
3225:
3206:
3200:
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2907:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2848:. Archived from
2838:
2832:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2786:on July 13, 2012
2772:
2766:
2765:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2738:on July 28, 2011
2728:
2722:
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2714:
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2707:
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2692:
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2328:
2327:
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2279:
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2253:
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2237:
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2212:
2206:
2205:
2196:
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2166:
2160:
2159:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2079:
2068:
2058:
2047:
2046:, July 29, 1992.
2035:
2029:
2028:
2010:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1809:
1808:, 1996 (Spanish)
1799:
1790:
1789:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1707:. Archived from
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1664:. Archived from
1641:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1602:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1547:
1541:
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1196:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1149:
1143:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1102:
1060:Timoleón Jiménez
880:Francisco Santos
763:Hostage releases
698:2002–2005 period
524:, Venezuela and
426:Union Patriótica
403:Union Patriótica
348:
167:
103:anti-imperialist
74:Marxist–Leninist
61:
58:
52:
40:
39:
32:
5007:
5006:
5002:
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5000:
4998:
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4864:
4862:
4851:
4849:
4831:
4829:
4820:
4815:
4806:
4801:
4786:
4777:National Police
4740:
4726:Fighters+Lovers
4704:Provisional IRA
4679:
4674:
4608:
4603:
4594:FARC dissidents
4560:
4549:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4496:
4489:
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4457:
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4415:
4408:
4371:
4340:
4304:
4261:
4225:
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4189:
4184:
4170:Patriotic Union
4143:Characteristics
4138:
4111:Tanja Nijmeijer
4016:
4010:
4001:Pablo Catatumbo
3966:
3915:
3910:
3857:
3801:
3791:
3709:
3704:
3702:Further reading
3699:
3686:
3685:
3681:
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3669:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3616:
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3611:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3584:. May 27, 2008.
3576:
3575:
3571:
3566:. May 25, 2008.
3558:
3557:
3553:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3486:edition.cnn.com
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3260:Wayback Machine
3251:
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3216:Wayback Machine
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3098:Washington Post
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2926:. June 28, 2007
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2426:National Review
2420:
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2369:Aportes Andinos
2365:Wayback Machine
2355:
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975:
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944:The opposition
872:
846:
838:Operation Jaque
826:Fernando Araújo
802:Sigifredo López
775:
765:
700:
695:
629:
595:Andrés Pastrana
591:
585:
576:
491:
471:
443:nationalization
406:
383:. Second, that
350:
346:Medellin Cartel
339:
330:
317:
311:
248:
215:
209:
197:Lauchlin Currie
169:
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119:neo-imperialism
72:(FARC–EP) is a
62:
56:
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50:
41:
37:
28:
12:
11:
5:
5005:
4995:
4994:
4977:
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4960:Some Colombian
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4909:
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4897:Águilas Negras
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4858:European Union
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4709:Colombia Three
4701:
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4627:
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4558:Paramilitaries
4555:
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4534:
4529:
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4508:
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4478:Narcoterrorism
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4236:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:(1964–present)
4218:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4128:Fabian Ramirez
4125:
4119:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Marcos Calarcá
4098:
4092:
4090:Rodrigo Granda
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4036:Simón Trinidad
4033:
4027:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Caribbean Bloc
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3856:
3855:External links
3853:
3852:
3851:
3838:
3831:
3817:(3): 304–327.
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3789:
3772:
3758:
3744:
3730:
3716:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3679:
3653:
3627:
3609:
3587:
3569:
3551:
3533:
3509:
3491:
3473:
3456:
3454:, May 22, 2008
3433:
3417:
3401:
3371:
3349:
3319:
3296:
3270:
3265:Revista Semana
3245:
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3183:
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3128:
3107:
3089:
3068:
3054:
3036:
3008:
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2911:
2885:
2863:
2833:
2815:
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2767:
2749:
2723:
2709:
2687:
2673:
2659:The China Post
2645:
2623:
2600:
2587:
2554:
2547:
2527:
2515:
2484:
2457:
2431:
2413:
2400:
2393:
2373:
2349:
2329:
2301:
2294:
2271:
2267:Nueva Sociedad
2248:
2232:
2225:
2207:
2191:
2176:
2161:
2154:
2129:
2122:
2101:
2094:
2069:
2048:
2030:
2023:
2005:
1988:
1973:
1966:
1946:
1939:
1915:
1900:
1893:
1873:
1860:
1853:
1835:
1828:
1810:
1791:
1784:
1763:
1753:
1746:
1728:
1699:(3): 304–327.
1679:
1656:(3): 304–327.
1631:
1624:
1603:
1582:
1567:
1560:
1542:
1535:
1514:
1499:
1480:
1465:
1450:
1435:
1428:
1404:
1397:
1379:
1372:
1354:
1347:
1327:
1320:
1291:
1276:
1262:
1255:
1229:
1213:
1197:
1193:978-0762313839
1177:
1164:
1160:978-1576073377
1144:
1140:978-1572309098
1124:
1117:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1051:
1048:
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1031:
1003:Revista Semana
998:
995:
971:Main article:
968:
965:
871:
868:
845:
842:
790:Gloria Polanco
764:
761:
699:
696:
694:
691:
658:Colombia Three
628:
625:
613:Colombia Three
587:Main article:
584:
581:
575:
572:
533:Nobel laureate
490:
487:
470:
467:
405:
401:Agreement and
396:
344:, head of the
331:
329:
326:
313:Main article:
310:
307:
247:
244:
211:Main article:
208:
205:
190:National Front
153:
148:Main article:
145:
139:
123:monopolization
93:FARC–EP is a
64:
63:
44:
42:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5004:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4940:Spearhead Ltd
4938:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:Los Rastrojos
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4885:
4874:
4872:
4871:United States
4861:
4859:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:National Army
4753:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:PC de C (M-L)
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Plan Patriota
4427:
4425:
4424:Plan Colombia
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:El Caguán DMZ
4311:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4240:Participants
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:(surrendered)
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4060:Efraín Guzmán
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4030:Jacobo Arenas
4028:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Joaquín Gómez
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Southern Bloc
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3849:(2): 381–420.
3848:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3769:1-56751-322-0
3766:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3755:0-9656916-9-1
3752:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3741:0-9720384-0-X
3738:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:0-8223-2918-2
3724:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3672:September 20,
3667:
3663:
3657:
3646:September 20,
3641:
3637:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3451:The Real News
3447:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3425:AlJazeera.net
3421:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3198:(in Spanish).
3197:
3193:
3187:
3180:(in Spanish).
3179:
3175:
3174:"No más FARC"
3168:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3012:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2904:September 20,
2899:
2895:
2889:
2878:September 20,
2873:
2867:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2742:September 20,
2737:
2733:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2697:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2503:
2499:
2493:
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2489:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2435:
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2404:
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2390:
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2377:
2370:
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2317:
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2311:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2287:
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2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1940:0-415-93303-X
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1757:
1749:
1747:0-8135-3443-7
1743:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
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1640:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1596:
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1586:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1256:9781920888107
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Latin America
1128:
1120:
1118:0-8135-3443-7
1114:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
987:
984:
980:
974:
964:
961:
959:
955:
954:Gustavo Petro
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
931:
926:
924:
920:
914:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
892:Gustavo Petro
889:
885:
881:
876:
867:
865:
860:
856:
851:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
811:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
760:
759:departments.
758:
754:
750:
746:
740:
738:
734:
730:
725:
722:
720:
716:
708:
704:
690:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:urban warfare
643:
638:
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
596:
590:
580:
571:
567:
564:
561:, located in
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
539:
537:
534:
529:
527:
523:
518:
516:
515:Jacobo Arenas
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
486:
484:
480:
476:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
404:
400:
395:
394:
390:
388:
382:
378:
375:In 1994, the
373:
372:
368:
363:
358:
356:
349:
347:
343:
342:Pablo Escobar
336:
325:
323:
316:
306:
304:
300:
294:
291:
286:
282:
276:
274:
267:
265:
260:
258:
253:
243:
240:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
214:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
186:
184:
183:
178:
174:
168:
165:
158:
151:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:Plan Colombia
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
78:
77:revolutionary
75:
71:
60:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
27:
26:Plan Colombia
23:
19:
4932:
4931:
4913:
4912:
4889:
4817:
4816:
4803:
4802:
4783:
4746:
4676:
4675:
4605:
4604:
4536:
4513:
4491:
4466:War on drugs
4452:
4410:
4259:
4252:Key aspects
4251:
4244:
4239:
4149:
4106:Andrés París
4054:Alfonso Cano
4006:Pastor Alape
3986:Iván Márquez
3947:Western Bloc
3942:Central Bloc
3932:Eastern Bloc
3920:Organization
3846:
3842:
3834:
3827:the original
3814:
3810:
3780:
3760:
3746:
3732:
3718:
3712:
3691:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3666:the original
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3630:
3621:
3612:
3604:the original
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3546:the original
3536:
3528:the original
3521:
3512:
3504:the original
3494:
3485:
3476:
3449:
3443:
3441:Pepe Escobar
3436:
3424:
3420:
3408:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3388:the original
3383:
3374:
3365:
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3336:the original
3331:
3322:
3314:the original
3309:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3282:
3273:
3263:
3248:
3219:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3167:
3153:
3149:
3135:
3131:
3117:
3096:
3092:
3080:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3029:February 13,
3027:. Retrieved
3020:
3011:
3001:December 23,
2999:. Retrieved
2989:
2980:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:the original
2940:
2930:February 13,
2928:. Retrieved
2923:
2914:
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2790:January 13,
2422:"Ira + plo"
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1869:MITF Report
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3221:Caracol TV
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2874:. Icrc.org
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1090:References
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798:Alan Jara
650:Sinn Féin
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3640:Archived
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3212:Archived
3155:NBC News
2924:BBC News
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