Colombian conflict

3582:

Indirect costs include, " the loss of human capital for the duration of the detention and for the death of the kidnapped during his captivity". There are two types of kidnapping: a) kidnapping for extortion and political purposes; and b) simple kidnapping. According to data from the Directorate of Justice and Security of the DNP, this phenomenon shows an increasing trend. With respect to the costs of sequestration, the sources suggest an increasing behavior between 1996 and 2003. In such a way that "the average annual growth rate is 9.3%, the highest rate is observed in 1998 (46.2%), and in 2000 (37.2%) year in which the number of kidnappings also it is significantly high reaching its peak in the year 2000 with 1,938 cases." From then on, the trend becomes decreasing (except for a peak in 2002 with 1,542 cases) until reaching the 350 kidnappings (the lowest figure since 1996) in 2005. Within these costs, 64.4% are direct, representing US$ 167.4 million. 35.6% of the remaining costs are indirect, and represent US$ 92.7 million. In 2004, the costs of sequestration were reduced to $ 109,519 million, representing 0.27% of GDP in 2003.

3650:

investment." On the other hand, within the studies on the costs of the conflict, specific sectors such as the private sector have begun to be studied, taking into account the high costs they have had to assume due to the existence of this phenomenon. The large companies and those that operate at the national level assume the highest costs associated with the existence of the conflict. This is because they are more attractive for someone who wants to extort for example, and also those who lose most in adverse conditions. Appealing to the economic arguments that underlie the conflict, various state and international aid and cooperation institutions seek to establish the scope and potential benefits of a peaceful situation. This argument has mobilized and sensitized various sectors of society to understand that peace is also an economic necessity. In Colombia, as shown in the studies that have estimated the costs of the conflict, since the nineties it has imposed increasingly higher costs to various productive sectors of the economy and society in general.

3570:), between 1993 and 1995, groups outside the law demolished 11 tolls and a bridge, and its reconstruction cost $ 378,476,248. This amount increased significantly during the 1999–2003 period, when the costs generated by the reconstruction of bridges represented $ 18,455.7 million. These costs are equivalent to 1.71% of the total INVÍAS budget for 2003. For 2004, costs for damages to the road infrastructure dropped substantially to $ 680 million. The partial interruption of the roads directly affects the transport sector, food and other private guilds, which in turn assume costs for these damages. However, generally these have not been quantified, because of the difficulty they have to be directly calculated. This tends to present itself as a generalized problem in quantifying the costs associated with conflict. This is explained, in part, by the tendency in the various economic sectors not to denounce this type of actions that, in one way or another, interrupt the normal functioning of economic activities. 3595:(SIPRI) for the year 2001 " shows that Colombia ranked 24th in the countries with the largest participation in military spending, out of a total of 116 investigated."The figure for the participation of military expenditures in GDP was 3.8% for Colombia while in the countries of the American continent the closest figure is that of the United States with 3.1% followed by Chile with 2.9%, Ecuador with 2.1% and the rest of countries below 2.0% ". Thus, for the period 1999–2003, defense and security spending was $ 8,463,611.0 million, equivalent to 10.5% of GDP in 2003. The excess of said expense, compared to the average cost of neighboring countries, It was close to 0.79% of GDP. A Fedesarrollo study states that the Spending on defense and security carried out during 2004 " represented 4.5% of GDP " which does not have precedents in the history of 3621:

subsectors such as livestock and commercial agriculture is one of the consequences associated with the presence of an armed conflict. This cost is mainly assumed by farmers who experience the pressure of armed actions in their areas of operation. Within this context, the most serious consequences are related to the devaluation of the properties, the loss of productivity of the land -represented in the products that could potentially have been cultivated in these lands- and the difficulty in managing the efficient production of the lands. According to a study of National Planning, the estimated costs for the loss of productivity of land represented, between 1999 and 2003, $ 140,443.5 million, equivalent to 1.28% of the GDP of the agricultural sector of 2003.

3633:, "as a result of the displacement, the displaced households have left behind a little more than four million hectares, which correspond to 6.7 times of the total hectares granted by the program. of Agrarian Reform during the period between 1993 and 2000, and represent a total value of $ 2.6 billion." In this context, the enormous concentration of rural property in the hands of a few individuals is not only the result of the purchase of land by drug traffickers and the illegal appropriation by groups outside the law, but also the consequence of acquisition of properties devalued due to the armed conflict . It is estimated that 1.3% of the owners control 48% of the best lands. On the other hand, a study carried out by the 4059:. It would direct and coordinate efforts to search for and locate missing persons, or find their remains so that they may be returned to their families. To carry out its work, the search unit would collect the necessary information about missing persons, analyze the information collected, strengthen and streamline processes for identifying mortal remains in coordination with the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, guarantee families' participation and present an official report to families informing them of the fate of missing relatives. The search unit would be administrative and financially independent and autonomous, complementing the other components of the Comprehensive System. 3646:

loss in private investment has been estimated at 0.53 points of the annual GDP, due to the public order conditions that arise directly from the presence of an armed conflict. A 1% increase in the homicide rate reduces private investment by 0.66%. Thus, we can observe that the high levels of violence directly affect the transaction costs and levels of uncertainty in society. Likewise, they reduce to a certain degree the profitability of investments. A study by Corporación Invertir en Colombia (Coinvertir) and the National Planning Department (DNP) shows that insecurity hinders the development of new foreign investments, especially in the financial, oil and gas, and electric power sectors.

474: 670: 3743:. They gained so much strength and influence that they started to look for mechanisms that helped them grow even stronger. In that sense, they developed a "Rebel Diplomacy", understood as a rebel group's conduct of foreign affairs during the development civil war for the purpose of advancing its military and political objective. This diplomacy was used as a strategy that they engaged with various international actors in the seek for any type of support during different stages of the conflict. Among these international actors we can find other countries governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations. 2616: 3992: 3591:

a significant growth. Spending on defense and security includes, on the one hand, the means by which the State must have to defend sovereignty and territorial integrity, and on the other, the costs involved in maintaining internal security. Various studies of National Planning suggest that the Colombian State spends a much greater percentage in defense and security than other Latin American countries. Between 1991 and 1996, the estimated value of these resources was $ 3.7 billion. That is, 2.6% of GDP, while for Latin America the average of this expenditure was 1.7% of GDP. A study carried out by the

59: 820: 776: 750: 3298:" with little control of the nation's territory, adding that "they have really been diminished to the point where we can say they are a minimal threat to Colombian security," and that "After six years of going after them, reducing their income and promoting reinsertion of most of their members, they look like a paper tiger." However, he warned against any kind of premature triumphalism, because "crushing the rebels will take time." The 500,000 square kilometers (190,000 sq mi) of jungle in Colombia makes it hard to track them down to fight. 1903: 12895: 808: 12849: 2746:, who had been the UP's presidential candidate the previous year, was assassinated amid a wave of violence in which thousands of the party's members perished at the hands of death squads. According to Pecáut, the killers included members of the military and the political class who had opposed Betancur's peace process and considered the UP to be little more than a "facade" for the FARC, as well as drug traffickers and landowners who were also involved in the establishment of paramilitary groups. 762: 796: 298: 12882: 2795:. Pecáut and Dudley argue that significant tensions had emerged between Jaramillo, FARC and the Communist Party due to the candidate's recent criticism of the armed struggle and their debates over the rebels' use of kidnapping, almost leading to a formal break. Jaramillo's death led to a large exodus of UP militants; in addition, by then many FARC cadres who joined the party had already returned to clandestinity, using the UP experience as an argument in favor of revolutionary war. 274: 3522: 2868:, five FARC fronts (about 400 guerrillas) recognized intelligence pitfalls in a Colombian Army base and exploited them to overrun it on August 30, 1996, killing 34 soldiers, wounding 17 and taking some 60 as prisoners. Another significant attack took place in El Billar, Caquetá on March 2, 1998, where a Colombian Army counterinsurgency battalion was patrolling, resulting in the death of 62 soldiers and the capture of some 43. Other FARC attacks against Police bases in 3852: 3566:

the spilled oil, " from the repair of the pipeline, from the environmental decontamination and from the oil stopped producing 60% of the total expenses incurred." During the 1999–2003 period, costs against electrical and telecommunications towers increased substantially, representing $ 134,871.2 million. This is equivalent to 5.4% of 2003 GDP for the electricity, gas and water sector. On the other hand, according to data from the National Institute of Roads (

1401: 1244: 1233: 1222: 1211: 1200: 586: 553: 12631: 12607: 1351: 1038: 1018: 1006: 994: 982: 970: 958: 946: 934: 922: 910: 898: 886: 874: 862: 841: 196: 737: 700: 638: 2039: 612: 12658: 2919:(DIA) report went so far as to speculate that this could be possible within 5 years if the guerrilla's rate of operations was kept up without effective opposition. Some viewed this report as inaccurate and alarmist, claiming that it did not properly take into account many factors, such as possible actions that the Colombian state and the U.S. might take in response to the situation, nor the effects of the existence of paramilitary groups. 724: 651: 262: 599: 12668: 12869: 238: 226: 12678: 12597: 1153: 712: 625: 214: 250: 683: 3637:(UNDP) states that the Colombian conflict has had a negative effect on the income of the population. According to this study, because of the conflict, Colombia has lost 17% of its per capita income in the last ten years. That is to say, " the money wasted every year corresponds to about 4.6 times what the community welfare homes programs, children's homes and school restaurants of the social support network cos." 1413: 1368: 1278: 1267: 1137: 1126: 1115: 1104: 1085: 1066: 567: 540: 355: 12648: 3905: 286: 12587: 2214:. In total, one in three of the 7.6 million registered victims of the conflict are children, and since 1985, 8,000 minors have disappeared. A Special Unit was created to search for persons deemed as missing within the context of and due to the armed conflict. As of April 2022, the Single Registry of Victims reported 9,263,826 victims of the Colombian conflict, with 2,048,563 of them being children. 2653:(1978–82) to lift a state-of-siege decree that had been in effect, on and off, for most of the previous 30 years. Under the latest such decree, President Turbay had implemented security policies that, though of some military value against the M-19 in particular, were considered highly questionable both inside and outside Colombian circles due to numerous accusations of military 2291:, worthless outside company stores, which would further charge extravagant prices compared to what workers earned. As well as this the system of employment was usually in which farmers would be forced to sell their property to the United Fruit Company and then be indebted to the company having to work on the land and pay back the company. The United Fruit Company would hire 4018:. In total, one in three of the 7.6 million registered victims of the conflict are children, and since 1985, 8,000 minors have disappeared. Since the peace talks with the FARC began four years ago, some 1,000 children have been forcibly recruited by some of the myriad armed groups in the country, 75 have been killed, and 65 schools have been damaged by fighting. 2968:

hospitals, churches, ambulances, and residential areas. FARC rebels were forced to flee the area, and many were killed or wounded. The Colombian government claimed that this was a significant victory, while human rights groups claimed this as proof that "anti-narcotics" aid, was actually just military aid which was being used to fight a leftist insurgency.

4163:"Latin America's longest war; "More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia," "Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia," "Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War," "Loyal Soldiers in the Cocaine Kingdom: Tales of Drugs, Mules and Gunmen," "Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of a Limpieza in Colombia"; Book Review" 4011:(IDPs). The report shows that the humanitarian crisis in Colombia is extremely serious in terms of both lethal and nonlethal violence. The report examines the widespread use of sexual violence against women and girls as a weapon of war, as well as the invisibility of this phenomenon. 16.9% of the population in Colombia has been a direct victim of the war. 3654:

strong presence. Likewise, for the Colombian private sector, indirect costs have more impact on their activities than direct costs. With respect to indirect costs, although there is a clear difficulty to be quantified, the various studies suggest that they have been significantly high and that they have had a representative impact on society as such.

3115:, the Commander of the Colombian National Army. In response, Chávez said that he was still willing to mediate, but had withdrawn Venezuela's ambassador to Colombia and placed Colombian-Venezuelan relations "in a freezer" President Uribe responded by accusing Chávez of legitimizing terrorism and pursuing an expansionist project on the continent. 3158:

that Emmanuel had been taken to Bogotá and "left in the care of honest persons" for safety reasons until a humanitarian exchange took place. The group accused President Uribe of "kidnapping" the child to sabotage his liberation. However, on January 10, 2008, FARC released Rojas and Gonzalez through a humanitarian commission headed by the

3772:, who have refused to lay down their arms after the FARC-government peace treaty came into effect in 2016. The dissidents number some 1200 armed combatants with an unknown number of civilian militia supporting them. The FARC dissidents have become "an increasing headache" for the Colombian armed forces, as they have to fight them, the 2891:(1994–1998) in the eyes of sectors of public and political opinion. He was already the target of numerous critics due to revelations of a drug-money scandal surrounding his presidential campaign. Perceptions of corruption due to similar scandals led to Colombia's decertification as a country cooperating with the United States in the 2763:(1986–1990) administration, in addition to continuing to handle the difficulties of the complex negotiations with the guerrillas, also inherited a particularly chaotic confrontation against the drug lords, who were engaged in a campaign of terrorism and murder in response to government moves in favor of their extradition overseas. 3934:

ruled in favor of allowing Colombians to sue former Chiquita Brand International executives for the company's funding of the outlawed right-wing paramilitary organization that murdered their family members. He stated in his decision that "'profits took priority over basic human welfare' in the banana

3590:

While spending on defense and security becomes very important to examine when dealing with a country immersed in an armed conflict, the analysis on this issue are relatively recent. This can be explained because until the beginning of the second half of the nineties, defense and security spending had

3565:

turned to 20 departments and 110 municipalities, destined to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants. For 2004, costs decreased substantially to $ 11,015.5 million. This is the first sector most affected by the terrorist actions of groups outside the law. The costs are mainly derived from

3011:

Some critical observers considered that Uribe's policies, while reducing crime and guerrilla activity, were too slanted in favor of a military solution to Colombia's internal war while neglecting grave social and human rights concerns. Critics have asked for Uribe's government to change this position

2946:

The AUC, originally present around the central/northwest part of the country, executed a series of raids into areas of guerrilla influence, targeting those that they considered as either guerrillas or their supporters. This resulted in a continuing series of massacres. After some of these operations,

2914:

Altogether, these events were interpreted by some Colombian and foreign analysts as a turning point in the armed confrontation, giving the FARC the upper hand in the military and political balance, making the Colombian government a target of critics from some observers who concluded that its weakness

10584:

Visit to Colombia, South America, by a Team from Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Headquarters, U.S. Army Special Warfare School, 26 Feb. 1962, Kennedy Library, Box 319, National Security Files, Special Group; Fort Bragg Team; Visit to Colombia; 3/62, "Secret Supplement, Colombian

3607:, who focuses on hitting militarily to groups outside the law, in order to regain security national. On the other hand, for the year 2004, the expenses of the Colombian Government in war and security were 6.59%, placing the country between the tenth that invest the most in war as proportion of GDP . 3399:

In 2012, the Colombia Military launched The Espada de Honor War Plan, an aggressive counterinsurgency strategies that aims to dismantle FARC's structure, crippling them both militarily and financially. The plan targets FARC leadership and it is focused on eliminating 15 of the most powerful economic

3367:

was elected president in August 2010, he promised to "continue the armed offensive" against rebel movements. In the month after his inauguration, FARC and ELN killed roughly 50 soldiers and policemen in attacks all over Colombia. September also saw the killing of FARC's second-in-command Mono Jojoy.

3359:

bombed a jungle camp in Southern Colombia. Colombian troops of the elite Task Force Omega then stormed the camp, capturing 15 FARC rebels, as well as 25 rifles, war materials, explosives, and information which was given to military intelligence. In Southwestern Colombia, FARC rebels ambushed an army

3149:

in June 2005. The child was in poor condition; one of his arms was hurt, he had severe malnutrition, and he had diseases that are commonly suffered in the jungle. Having been evidently mistreated, the boy was later sent to a foster home in Bogotá and DNA tests were announced to confirm his identity.

2738:

insisted to his subordinates that the UP's creation did not mean that the group would lay down its arms; neither did it imply a rejection of the Seventh Conference's military strategy. Pecáut states that new recruits entered the guerrilla army and its urban militia units during this period, and that

3750:

Rebel diplomacy often emerges as a kind of counter diplomacy aimed at discrediting the State against which the insurgent group is fighting, it is a way of taking the battle to the political arena and waging it in the international arena. This occurred in the case of the FARC, which beyond defending

3645:

Although the agents adjust their investment behavior, that is, they internalize the phenomenon of violence, assuming it as a change in the structures of the economy in the long term the investment of both the State and the private sector is diminished in substantial ways. In the Colombian case, the

3391:

in 2011. In June 2011, Colombian chief of staff Edgar Cely claimed that the FARC wants to "urbanize their actions", which could partly explain the increased guerrilla activity in Medellín and particularly Cali. Jeremy McDermott, co-director of Insight Crime, estimates that FARC may have some 30,000

3382:

By early 2011, Colombian authorities and news media reported that the FARC and the clandestine sister groups have partly shifted strategy from guerrilla warfare to "a war of militias", meaning that they are increasingly operating in civilian clothes while hiding amongst sympathizers in the civilian

2856:

began marching against the Colombian government to reject its drug war policies, including fumigations and the declaration of special security zones in some departments. Different analysts have stressed that the movement itself fundamentally originated on its own, but at the same time, FARC heavily

2771:

considered the incident to be a "natural" part of the truce and reiterated the group's intention to continue the dialogue, but President Barco sent an ultimatum to the guerrillas and demanded that they immediately disarm or face military retaliation. Regional guerrilla and Army skirmishes created a

2683:

was becoming increasingly important to all participants in the Colombian conflict. Guerrillas and newly wealthy drug lords had mutually uneven relations and numerous incidents occurred between them. Eventually the kidnapping of drug cartel family members by guerrillas led to the creation in 1981 of

2410:

In 1958, an exclusively bipartisan political alternation system, known as the National Front, resulted from an agreement between the Liberal and Conservative parties. The agreement had come as a result of the two parties attempting to find a final political solution to the decade of mutual violence

3653:

Among the sectors most affected by the conflict are the exploitation of hydrocarbons, electricity and livestock. This is explained, in part, because the areas where the operations and activities of these sectors take place, in parallel, are the territories where groups outside the law exert a very

3157:

test, comparing the child's DNA with that of his potential grandmother Clara de Rojas, were revealed by the Colombian government. It was reported that there was a very high probability that the boy was indeed part of the Rojas family. The same day, FARC released a communique in which they admitted

3087:

accused the FARC of executing the hostages and stated that government forces had not made any rescue attempts. FARC claimed that the deaths occurred during a crossfire, after an attack to one of its camps by an "unidentified military group". FARC did not report any other casualties on either side.

2442:

party as a route from violence to mainstream politics. Between 1985 and 2002, 4,153 members and supporters of the party were kidnapped and murdered by right-wing paramilitaries, with government support. This included two presidential candidates, 6 out of 16 congressmen, 17 regional representatives

3784:

at the same time. FARC dissidents are led by former mid-level commanders such as alias Gentil Duarte, alias Euclides Mora, alias John 40, alias Giovanny Chuspas and alias Julián Chollo. The FARC dissidents have been responsible for several attacks on the Colombian armed forces. These fighters are

3722:

In the past, the Colombian government laid landmines around 34 military bases to protect key infrastructure, but it renounced their use in 1997. Landmines are primarily used by the rebel groups to protect their home bases and illegal drug crops, which fund the conflict. FARC and ELN have deployed

3030:

On January 17, 2002, right-wing paramilitaries entered the village of Chengue, and divided up the villagers into two groups. They then went from person to person in one of the groups, smashing each person's head with sledgehammers and rocks, killing 24 people, as the Colombian military sat by and

2840:

FARC military activity increased throughout the bulk of the 1990s as the group continued to grow in wealth from both kidnapping and drug-related activities, while drug crops rapidly spread throughout the countryside. The guerrillas protected many of the coca growers from eradication campaigns and

2725:

and held the Supreme Court magistrates hostage, intending to put President Betancur on trial. The military responded with force and in the ensuing crossfire some 120 people lost their lives, including most of the guerrillas (several high-ranking operatives among them) and 12 Supreme Court Judges.

3620:

The estimated loss of human capital and productivity due to labor absenteeism in 2003 amounted to $ 366.2 billion. On the other hand, the loss of land productivity, which translates into a negative impact on administration, investment in physical and social capital, and the price of land in

3165:

On January 13, 2008, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez stated his disapproval with the FARC strategy of armed struggle and kidnapping saying "I don't agree with kidnapping and I don't agree with armed struggle". He repeated his call for a political solution and an end to the war on March and June

3110:

had given Chávez permission to mediate, under the conditions that all meetings with the FARC would take place in Venezuela and that Chávez would not contact members of the Colombian military directly, but instead go through proper diplomatic channels. However, President Uribe abruptly terminated

2926:

self-defense and intelligence gathering groups was authorized by Congress and the Samper administration in 1994. Members of CONVIVIR groups were accused of committing numerous abuses against the civilian population by several human rights organizations. The groups were left without legal support

2844:

In this context, FARC had managed to recruit and train more fighters, beginning to use them in concentrated attacks in a novel and mostly unexpected way. This led to a series of high-profile raids and attacks against Colombian state bases and patrols, mostly in the southeast of Colombia but also

2709:

ended when the guerrillas resumed fighting in 1985. The M-19 claimed that the cease-fire had not been fully respected by official security forces, alleged that several of its members had suffered threats and assaults, and questioned the government's real willingness to implement any accords. The

2217:

Approximately 80% of those killed in the conflict have been civilians. In 2022 the Truth Commission of Colombia estimated that paramilitaries were responsible for 45% of civilian deaths, the guerrillas for 27% and state forces for 12%, with the remaining 16% attributable to other groups or mixed

4375:

Legrand, p. 165. Lengrand states: "Some observers noted that this percentage of supposed paramilitary supporters elected to congress in March 2002 corresponded to the number of representatives elected from Uraba and the Atlantic coast where the paramilitaries are strong. (El Tiempo March 13–14,

3556:

The destruction of physical infrastructure has represented high costs for several sectors of the economy, directly altering production and distribution networks. The costs generated by damage to the oil infrastructure have shown a substantial increase since 1990. This is mainly explained by the

2959:

was sworn in as the President of Colombia. A member of the Conservative Party, Pastrana defeated Liberal Party candidate Horacio Serpa in a run-off election marked by high voter turn-out and little political unrest. The new president's program was based on a commitment to bring about a peaceful

2733:

According to historian Daniel Pecáut, the creation of the Patriotic Union took the guerrillas' political message to a wider public outside of the traditional communist spheres of influence and led to local electoral victories in regions such as Urabá and Antioquia, with their mayoral candidates

3746:

The guerrilla made intelligent and strategic use of social networks, using them as a means through which to offer the international public witnessing the conflict a vision of their own narrative of the conflict and to present themselves as a credible and preferable alternative to the Colombian

3581:

is the country in which more people are and have been kidnapped. Kidnapping, as one of the manifestations that underlie the armed conflict, carries both direct and indirect costs. The former comprise mainly the payment of ransoms and the expenses assumed by the State to control and prevent it.

3003:

first term in office (2002–2006), the security situation inside Colombia showed some measure of improvement and the economy, while still fragile, also showed some positive signs of recovery according to observers. But relatively little has been accomplished in structurally solving most of the

2967:

where FARC rebels were stationed. Using U.S. supplied aircraft and equipment, and backed with U.S. logistical support, Colombian government forces strafed and bombed the town for over 72 hours. In the attack, three civilians were killed and several others were wounded as the military attacked

3891:

A concerted country team effort should be made now to select civilian and military personnel for clandestine training in resistance operations in case they are needed later. This should be done with a view toward development of a civil and military structure for exploitation in the event the

2898:

The Samper administration reacted against FARC's attacks by gradually abandoning numerous vulnerable and isolated outposts in more than 100,000 km of the rural countryside, instead concentrating Army and Police forces in the more heavily defended strongholds available, which allowed the

2729:

Meanwhile, individual FARC members initially joined the UP leadership in representation of the guerrilla command, though most of the guerrilla's chiefs and militiamen did not demobilize nor disarm, as that was not a requirement of the process at that point in time. Tension soon significantly

2545:

In February 2015, the Historical Commission on the Conflict and its Victims (Comisión Histórica del Conflicto Armado y sus Víctimas – CHCV) published its report entitled "Contribution to an Understanding of the Armed Conflict in Colombia". The document addresses the "multiple reasons for the

2477:

resumed some of their drug-trafficking activities and resorted to extortion and kidnapping for financing, activities which led to a loss of support from the local population. These funds helped finance paramilitaries and guerrillas, allowing these organizations to buy weapons which were then

3955:, Colombia was the third largest recipient of US aid only after Egypt and Israel, and the U.S. has 400 military personnel and 400 civilian contractors in Colombia. Currently, however, Colombia is not a top recipient of U.S. aid, though it was under the first five years of the Plan Colombia. 3649:

One of the biggest problems to invest in Colombia is that it is necessary to devote a large part of the budget to security and protection controls, which is very difficult to justify before the house. In this sense, the economic environment affected by the violence translates into a tax on

2910:

in July 1997 and the unilateral liberation of 70 soldiers, a move which was opposed by the command of the Colombian military. Other contacts between the guerrillas and government, as well as with representatives of religious and economic sectors, continued throughout 1997 and 1998.

3012:

and make serious efforts towards improving the human rights situation inside the country, protecting civilians and reducing any abuses committed by the armed forces. Political dissenters and labor union members, among others, have suffered from threats and have been murdered.

4048:, offer truth to the public, contribute to the reparation of victims, contribute to the fight against impunity, adopt decisions which give full legal security to direct and indirect participants in the conflict and contribute to the achievement of a stable and lasting peace. 2419:

Colombia has a long history of political violence. Land, power, and wealth are unevenly distributed, and many rural citizens are used to fending for themselves. There is no consensus about the date on which the conflict began, with some saying 1958 (with the start of the

2322:

for better working conditions. The striking workers called for an end to temporary contracts, the creation of mandatory worker insurance, the creation of compensation for work accidents, the creation of hygienic dormitories, the 6 day work weeks, the implementation of a

2206:, 220,000 people have died in the conflict between 1958 and 2013, most of them civilians (177,307 civilians and 40,787 fighters), and more than five million civilians were forced from their homes between 1985 and 2012, generating the world's second-largest population of 4007:, 220,000 people have died in the conflict between 1958 and 2013, most of them civilians (177,307 civilians and 40,787 fighters) and more than five million civilians were forced from their homes between 1985 and 2012, generating the world's second largest population of 2373:

orchestrated by the rich. Workers began rioting and destroying the Colombian capital Bogota, leading to the death of 4,000 people. When news of the death of Gaitán reached the countryside, the local militias were furious and immediately started a civil war known as

2734:

winning 23 municipalities and their congressional ones gaining 14 seats (five in the Senate, nine in the lower Chamber) in 1988. According to journalist Steven Dudley, who interviewed ex-FARC as well as former members of the UP and the Communist Party, FARC leader

10781: 3982:

Néstor Humberto Martínez, was intended to send a message from the Colombian Attorney General's to the Colombian public that the peace process had failed. Santrich's arrest led to hundreds of ex-guerrillas taking up arms again, which jeopardized the peace process.

2468:

in Colombia grew increasingly powerful in the 1970s and 80s with the introduction of massive drug trafficking to the United States from Colombia. After the Colombian Government dismantled many of the drug cartels that appeared in the country during the 1980s,

3871:

The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the U.S. government encouraged the Colombian military to attack leftist militias in rural Colombia. This was part of the U.S. fight against communism.

3122:

expanded during his second term, involving numerous members of the administration's ruling coalition. Many pro-government lawmakers, such as the President's cousin Mario Uribe, have been investigated for their possible ties to paramilitary organizations.

2927:

after a 1997 decision by the Colombian Constitutional Court which restricted many of their prerogatives and demanded stricter oversight. However, in April 1997, preexisting paramilitary forces and several former CONVIVIR members were joined to create the

3138:, with the permission of the Colombian government. The mission was approved on December 26. Although, on December 31, FARC claimed that the hostage release had been delayed because of Colombian military operations. On the same time, Colombian President 2406:

in 1964, FARC was founded out of fighters unhappy with the peace settlement. The goal of the FARC, among other things, was redistribution of land that would benefit poor peasant farmers like Marin, along with the desire to establish a socialist state.

6083: 2559:

During this period, the main conflict in Colombia was between leftist guerillas and the central government. Key concerns included access to land, the battle between communist and far right ideologies, and the marginalisation of peasant populations.

4021:

According to the report "Basta ya", written in 2013 by Colombia's National Centre for Historical Memory, 80% of victims affected by conflict-related violence and landmines were civilians. The report documents 1,982 massacres between 1980 and 2012.

3718:

in Colombia. Between 1982 and the end of 2012, 2,038 people have been killed by landmines, according to the Presidential Program for Mine Action. Since 2000, casualties from landmines in Colombia have ranged from 1,300 a year to just around 550.

3477:(Clan de Golfo) leader Gustavo Adolfo Álvarez Téllez, who was one of Colombia's most wanted drug lords, with a 580 million peso bounty for his capture, was arrested at his lavish estate in Cereté while holding a party under quarantine during the 2710:

Betancur administration in turn criticized the M-19's actions and questioned its commitment to the peace process, while at the same time continuing to advance high-profile negotiations with the FARC. These negotiations led to the creation of the

3383:

population. In early January 2011, the Colombian army said that the FARC has some 18,000 members, with 9,000 of those forming part of the militias. The army says it has "identified" at least 1,400 such militia members in the FARC-strongholds of

4911: 4885: 2327:, the abolishment of wages through company coupons and office stores, and the recognition of farmers and tenants as employees with legal rights. The strike quickly grew becoming the largest strike in all of Colombia's history, with many 6685: 6947: 3918:

The first paramilitary groups were organized following recommendations made by U.S. military counterinsurgency advisers who were sent to Colombia during the Cold War to combat leftist political activists and armed guerrilla groups.

2538:. The government also began a process of assistance and reparation for victims of conflict. Recently, U.P. supporters reconstituted the political party, within the process of reconciliation. Colombia's congress approved the revised 11250:

Zwischen Faszination und Gewalt : Kolumbien—unser gemeinsamer Nenner: Reflexionen über das Verhältnis zwischen kultureller Identität, Kommunikation und Medien anhand der diskursanalytischen Untersuchung einer kolumbianischen

3962:

agents were participating in drug cartel-funded sex parties with prostitutes. Agents were provided with expensive gifts, weapons and money from drug cartel members. As a result, the head of the US Drug Enforcement Administration,

3892:

Colombian internal security system deteriorates further. This structure should be used to pressure toward reforms known to be needed, perform counter-agent and counter-propaganda functions and as necessary execute paramilitary,

2860:

Additionally, in 1997 and 1998, town councilmen in dozens of municipalities of the south of the country were threatened, killed, kidnapped, forced to resign or to exile themselves to department capitals by the FARC and the ELN.

3395:

In 2011, the Colombian Congress issued a statement claiming that the FARC has a "strong presence" in roughly one third of Colombia, while their attacks against security forces "have continued to rise" throughout 2010 and 2011.

4755: 5212: 3368:

By the end of 2010, it became increasingly clear that "neo-paramilitary groups", referred to as "criminal groups" (BACRIM) by the government, had become an increasing threat to national security, with violent groups such as

2567:

began to attack peasant communities. This happened throughout Colombia with the Colombian army considering that these peasant communities were enclaves for bandits and Communists. It was the 1964 attack on the community of

9703: 10773: 10473: 2576:

Unlike the rural FARC, which had roots in the previous Liberal peasant struggles, the ELN was mostly an outgrowth of university unrest and would subsequently tend to follow a small group of charismatic leaders, including

2221:

On June 23, 2016, the Colombian government and the FARC rebels signed a historic ceasefire deal, bringing them closer to ending more than five decades of conflict. Although the deal was rejected in the subsequent October

7141: 5505: 3802:, an area bordering both Colombia and Ecuador. On the first day alone, more than 50 individuals were arrested in the operation, while four cocaine labs were dismantled. The group has attempted to recruit locals in the 2378:. Joined by fellow leftists a brutal war was fought for over 10 years leading to the death of 200,000 people and the destruction of much of the country, resulting in a peace settlement and the changing of power to the 11536: 10341: 10419: 3458:

In September 2019, Colombia's President Iván Duque Márquez launched a new military crackdown against FARC, which declared resuming the armed struggle due to the government's failure to abide by the 2016 peace deal.

2766:

In June 1987, the ceasefire between FARC and the Colombian government formally collapsed after the guerrillas attacked a military unit in the jungles of Caquetá. According to journalist Steven Dudley, FARC founder

2335:

and leftists joining and organizing the strike. The United Fruit Company demanded that the workers disband and the union should disband. Following several weeks of failed negotiations, the Colombian government of

10262:

Jones, B., & Mattiacci, E. (2017). A manifesto, in 140 characters or fewer: Social media as a tool of rebel diplomacy. British Journal of Political Science, p. 1-23. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S0007123416000612

4040:, JEP) would be the transitional justice component of the Comprehensive System, complying with Colombia's duty to investigate, clarify, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and grave breaches of 2821:, followed by a FARC offensive that sought to undermine the deliberations of the Constitutional Assembly, began to highlight a significant break in the uneven negotiations carried over from the previous decade. 2401:

groups continued operating in several rural enclaves. One of the Liberal bands was a group known as the "Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia" (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), or FARC, formed by

2359:, leftist students protested and organized against the Colombian government, eventually hoping to overthrow it. This opposition to the Colombian Government exploded in 1948, upon hearing of the assassination of 3049:

Starting in 2004 a disarmament process was begun of Colombia's paramilitary groups (especially the AUC) and was completed on April 12, 2006, when 1,700 fighters turned in their weapons in the town of Casibare.

2947:

government prosecutors and/or human rights organizations blamed officers and members of Colombian Army and police units for either passively permitting these acts, or directly collaborating in their execution.

2572:

that motivated the later creation of FARC. Despite the infantry and police encirclement of the villages inside Marquetalia (3500 men swept through the area), Manuel Marulanda managed to escape the army cordon.

5106: 10960: 8879: 3793:

has served as the primary location for many FARC dissidents. On July 15, 2018, the Colombian and Peruvian governments launched a joint military effort known as Operation Armageddon to combat FARC dissidents.

3488:

The Gulf Clan, which dispatched 1,000 of its paramilitaries from Urabá, southern Córdoba and Chocó, hopes to suppress FARC rebels in northern Antioquia and take control of the entire municipality of Ituango.

6393: 3279:

and 11 Colombian military and police. Two FARC members were arrested. This trick to the FARC was presented by the Colombian government as a proof that the guerrilla organisation and influence is declining.

2210:(IDPs). 16.9% of the population in Colombia has been a direct victim of the war. 2.3 million children have been displaced from their homes, and 45,000 children killed, according to national figures cited by 6090: 2186:

The reasons for fighting vary from group to group. The FARC and other guerrilla movements claim to be fighting for the rights of the poor in Colombia to protect them from government violence and to provide

6995: 9174: 3785:

believed to be heavily involved in the production and sale of cocaine. Dissidents of FARC's 1st Front are located in the eastern plains of Colombia. Jhon 40 and their dissident 43rd Front moved into the

5946: 5917: 7312: 4907: 4881: 11097: 7401: 2485:, the government applied more military pressure on the FARC and other outlawed far-left groups. After the offensive, many security indicators improved. As part of a controversial peace process, the 14730: 9435: 10289: 7226: 5036: 3561:, between 1999 and 2003, the costs assumed by the hydrocarbon exploitation sector grew by approximately 59%, amounting to $ 817,654.5 million. This equates to 23.6% of the total royalties that 2805:

Contacts with the FARC, which had irregularly continued despite the end of the ceasefire and the official 1987 break from negotiations, were temporarily cut off in 1990 under the presidency of

10139: 9629: 11716:– (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive) 10315: 10228: 6677: 3444:

and the revised agreement will be submitted to Congress for approval. The House of Representatives unanimously approved the plan on November 30, a day after the Senate also gave its backing.

2775:

By 1990, at least 2,500 members of the FARC-founded Patriotic Union had been murdered, according to historian Daniel Pecáut, leading up to that year's assassination of presidential candidate

2546:

conflict, the principle factors and circumstances that made it possible and the most notable impacts on the population", and explains Colombia's armed conflict in terms of international law.

6939: 6450: 15045: 10938: 9655: 2649:

By 1982, the perceived passivity of the FARC, together with the relative success of the government's efforts against the M-19 and the ELN, enabled the administration of the Liberal Party's

6560: 5007: 2824:

Both parties nevertheless never completely broke off some amount of political contacts for long, as some peace feelers continued to exist, leading to short rounds of conversations in both

2283:

in Latin America at cheap prices, then resell the crops in foreign markets for inflated amounts. Local farmers were largely impoverished and were forced to grow specific crops, creating a

3248:

would claim that the AUC had supported Uribe's 2002 election, but said that this was a result of their similar "ideological discourse" and not the result of any direct prior arrangement.

2698:

of suspected Colombian cartel members to the U.S. The cartels responded by bribing or murdering numerous public officials, politicians and others. Their victims included Justice Minister

2627:(M-19), leading to a new phase in the conflict. The M-19 was a mostly urban guerrilla group, founded in response to an alleged electoral fraud during the final National Front election of 9222: 9196: 8958: 7088: 2254:

The origin of the armed conflict in Colombia goes back to 1920 with agrarian disputes over the Sumapaz and Tequendama regions. Much of the background of Colombian conflict is rooted in

3629:

The duration and expansion of the national conflict has had a significant impact on the distribution of income and wealth in Colombia. According to an investigation by the CEDE of the

13241: 10656: 5600: 5203: 4747: 3879:

experts, to investigate Colombia's internal security situation. In February 1962, a Fort Bragg top-level U.S. Special Warfare team headed by Special Warfare Center commander General

14893: 6973: 5438: 3931: 3723:

antipersonnel mines throughout an estimated area of up to 100 square kilometers. In March 2015, FARC stated that it would begin humanitarian demining in selected parts of Colombia.

9140: 5803: 4955: 11713: 10463: 10367: 11509: 10689: 8984: 5768: 2798:

The M-19 and several smaller guerrilla groups were successfully incorporated into a peace process as the 1980s ended and the '90s began, which culminated in the elections for a

9356: 7552: 7148: 6583: 5512: 1510: 2902:

Samper also contacted the guerrillas to negotiate the release of some or all of the hostages in FARC hands, which led to the temporary demilitarization of the municipality of

10751: 6854: 5700: 2587:

The Colombian government organized several short-lived counter-guerrilla campaigns in the late 1950s and early 1960s. These efforts were aided by the U.S. government and the

14779: 11547: 10807: 10495: 10337: 4859: 3020: 2497:

to announce that Colombia was no longer the world's biggest producer of cocaine. The United States is still the world's largest consumer of cocaine and other illegal drugs.

1635: 10415: 8220: 5966: 8831: 7031: 3499:

On June 9, 2023, the Colombian government and ELN signed a six month nationwide ceasefire, to go into effect on August 3. This came after months of peace talks in Havana.

1595: 9378: 8906: 7367: 2676:, however, rejected any negotiations and continued to rebuild through the use of extortion and threats, in particular against oil companies of European and U.S. origin. 6767: 5626: 2142:

groups, fighting each other to increase their influence in Colombian territory. Some of the most important international contributors to the Colombian conflict include

8340: 8191: 5460: 2195:. The Colombian government claims to be fighting for order and stability, and to protect the rights and interests of its citizens. The paramilitary groups claim to be 1756: 7614: 5114: 3313:, snipers, and bomb attacks in urban areas. They also plan to buy missiles to fight the Colombian airforce which highly contribute to their weakness since few years. 2887:

These attacks, and the dozens of members of the Colombian security forces taken prisoner by the FARC, contributed to increasingly shaming the government of President

10964: 10719: 8883: 6374: 5737: 4368:

Legrand, p. 165. See Note #18 for more on peasant support for the guerrillas. (see also Ortiz 2001; Reyes Posada and A. Bejarano 1988; Archila N. 1996)", Notes.

3426:

On October 2, 2016, the results of the referendum to decide whether or not to support the peace accord showed that 50.2% opposed the accord while 49.8% favoured it.

10393: 5656: 2344:

to Ciénaga. After a standoff with the strikers, the Colombian Army shot into the crowd of strikers, killing between 68 and 2,000 people in what became known as the

11692: 7200: 6479: 3416:

On June 22, 2015, a Colombian Army Black Hawk helicopter was destroyed while landing on a mine field laid by FARC: four soldiers were killed and six were wounded.

3008:(including those over a controversial project to eventually give Uribe the possibility of re-election), and a relative lack of freely allocated funds and credits. 2431:

In the mid-1980s, Colombia granted greater political and fiscal autonomy to local governments. This strengthened the government's position in more remote regions.

1720: 1477: 8932: 8467: 1640: 11482: 7002: 2899:

guerrillas to more directly mobilize through and influence events in large areas of rural territory which were left with little or no remaining local garrisons.

1605: 17: 9170: 1381: 3004:

country's other grave problems, such as poverty and inequality, possibly in part due to legislative and political conflicts between the administration and the

9517: 7641: 5938: 5921: 14886: 9050: 8491: 6185: 5070: 2299:. Any potential threat to the United Fruit Company would be overturned in a company backed coup, which would prop up friendly puppet politicians and support 1552: 7393: 6058: 14701: 14017: 12615: 9326: 9300: 9274: 2534:

with the aim to find a political solution to the armed conflict. After almost four years of peace negotiations, the Colombian state and the FARC announced

2489:(right-wing paramilitaries) as a formal organization had ceased to function. Colombia achieved a great decrease in cocaine production, leading White House 577: 9439: 9248: 7248: 1526: 14650: 9463: 8857: 5990: 4725: 2787:

for publicly calling out the UP as the "political wing of FARC" shortly before the murder, while others claimed it was the result of an alliance between

1763: 1645: 10285: 10168: 7222: 2397:

wound down, most self-defense and guerrilla units made up of Liberal Party supporters demobilized, but at the same time some former liberals and active

2234:

for his efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end. A revised peace deal was signed the following month and submitted to

14759: 12710: 11589: 8530: 6163: 5889: 5032: 3407:

on government positions killed 19 soldiers and an unspecified number of combatants. It was the deadliest day since peace talks began in November 2012.

3244:

In May 2008, a dozen jailed paramilitary leaders were extradited to the United States on drug-related charges. In 2009, extradited paramilitary leader

12298: 12114: 8264: 8010: 4781: 4569: 1542: 14182: 12041: 10131: 10030:

Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (2003). "El conflicto, callejon con salida: informe nacional de desarrollo humano para Colombia".

9625: 5188: 3926:

was fined $ 25 million as part of a settlement with the United States Justice Department for having ties to paramilitary groups. In 2016, Judge

3859:

was the head of a counterinsurgency team sent to Colombia in 1962 by the US Special Warfare Center. Yarborough was one of the earliest proponents of

10311: 10220: 6824: 6615: 5841: 2500:

In February 2008, millions of Colombians demonstrated against the FARC and other outlawed groups. The Colombian Ministry of Defense reported 19,504

14879: 14764: 10872: 10198: 7345: 6442: 4680: 3935:

company executives' decision to finance the illegal death squads, despite knowing that this would advance the paramilitaries' murderous campaign."

3592: 2446:

In the 1980s, drug trafficking increased, bringing a concomitant increase in violence. Trafficking had begun in the 1960s and 70s, when a group of

1789: 1779: 377: 10930: 9651: 9087: 3944:

revealed a covert CIA program, started in the early 2000s, which provides the Colombian government with intelligence and GPS guidance systems for

12859: 12671: 12334: 10249:

Bos, M., & Melissen, J. (2019). Rebel diplomacy and digital communication: Public diplomacy in the Sahel. International Affairs (London), 95(

7282: 6556: 5003: 4025:

The Government also began a process of assistance, attention and comprehensive reparation for victims of conflict. During his visit to Colombia,

3173:

released four others political hostages "as a gesture of goodwill" toward Chávez, who had brokered the deal and sent Venezuelan helicopters with

2318:. This would often lead to conflict between the United Fruit Company and the workers. This culminated in a strike in November 1928 by farmers in 1794: 616: 9982:

Cardenas, M.; X. Cadena; C. Caballero (2005). "El Incremento en el gasto en defensa y seguridad: resultados y sostenibilidad de la estrategia".

9626:"Denuncian presencia de disidentes de las Farc en parque natural. Serían guerrilleros del frente primero, que no se acogieron el acuerdo de paz" 5575: 4334: 3481:. Álvarez was described as the "brain" of the cartel, and by this point was reported to have taken charge of the cartel's Caribbean operations. 3287:

escaped with the assistance of a FARC rebel he convinced to travel with him. Soon after the liberation of this prominent political hostage, the

2672:, after a 1982 release of many guerrillas imprisoned during the previous effort to overpower them. A truce was also arranged with the M-19. The 14823: 14672: 9226: 9200: 5276: 4570:"Amnistía Internacional Colombia Seguridad, ¿a qué precio? La falta de voluntad del gobierno para hacer frente a la crisis de derechos humanos" 4245:"Supporting terror; Jeremy Corbyn MP explains the reasons why Britain should be staying well clear of Colombian President Uribe Velez's regime" 3747:

government. In this way, the FARC designed a web page and obtained support from press agencies and independent digital media, mostly European.

3142:

indicated that FARC had not freed the three hostages because Emmanuel may not be in their hands anymore. Two FARC gunmen were taken prisoner.

2960:

resolution of Colombia's longstanding civil conflict and to cooperate fully with the United States to combat the trafficking of illegal drugs.

12194: 11918: 8962: 7526: 7080: 4460: 4418: 4384: 13448: 11653: 8114: 7057: 4829: 3995:

The of Peace and Memory: A "memorial" to the victims of the conflict. In Colombia, April 9 is a symbolic day. It is a day of remembrance and

3330:

In November 2009, Nine Colombian soldiers were killed when their post was attacked by FARC guerrillas in a southwestern part of the country.

3316:

In February 2009, the guerrilla released 6 hostages as a humanitarian gesture. In March, they released Swedish hostage Erik Roland Larsson.

2087: 8787: 8739: 8590: 8556: 7698: 14774: 14580: 14187: 10653: 9405: 7776: 7724: 6969: 5596: 3410:

On December 15, 2014, 9 FARC guerrillas were killed in the aftermath airstrikes conducted by the Colombian air force in the Meta province.

1470: 11346: 10829: 7984: 7664: 6340: 5434: 2884:

in August 1998 killed more than a hundred soldiers, policemen and civilians, and resulted in the capture or kidnapping of a hundred more.

14122: 13453: 12229: 9148: 9019: 8040: 5678: 10271:

Huang, R. (2016). Rebel diplomacy in civil war. International Security, vol. 40, n.° 4, p. 89-126. https:// doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00237

6794: 6542:"Findings and Recommendations from the Colombian Truth Commission (Hallazgos y Recomendaciones de la Comisión de la Verdad de Colombia)" 5790: 5345: 4951: 3360:

patrol, killing a soldier. The troops then exchanged fire with the rebels. During the fighting, a teenager was killed in the crossfire.

2976:

The years from 2000 to 2006 were bloody ones in Colombia with thousands of deaths every year resulting from the ongoing war between the

14520: 14241: 12811: 10681: 10363: 8246: 5863: 3979: 2287:

in which farmers depended on the company for all food, products and wages. The United Fruit Company would usually pay their workers in

11871: 11410:

Elizabeth F. Schwartz (Winter 1995–1996). "Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States".

11294: 10082:

Echeverry, J.; N. Salazar; V. Navas (2001). "Nos parecemos al resto del mundo? El conflicto colombiano en el contexto internacional".

10048:

Echeverry, J.; N. Salazar; V. Navas (2001). "Nos parecemos al resto del mundo? El conflicto Colombiano en el contexto internacional".

9783: 8988: 7450: 5760: 4526:

Colombia: Inseguridad, Violencia, y Desempeño Económico en las Areas Rurales, Consejería para la Paz de la Presidencia de la República

3887:, Yarborough encouraged the creation and deployment of a paramilitary force to commit sabotage and terrorist acts against communists: 2664:(1982–1986), a Conservative. Betancur directed peace feelers at all the insurgents, and negotiated a 1984 cease-fire with the FARC at 13443: 13020: 12681: 12406: 11517: 10843: 9352: 8319: 8290: 8144: 7559: 5545: 3600: 3031:

watched. Two other bodies were later discovered dumped in a shallow grave. As the paramilitaries left, they set fire to the village.

2223: 780: 603: 11743: 10803: 9573: 9491: 9118: 7750: 5166: 5060:

Hudson, Rex A. (April 1, 2005). Country Profile: Venezuela. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 28.

14010: 13766: 13736: 13274: 11708: 10741: 9042: 8088: 7119: 6846: 5696: 4014:

2.3 million children have been displaced from their homes, and 45,000 children killed, according to national figures cited by

3216:

was killed by his security chief "Rojas". In March 2008 alone, FARC lost 3 members of their Secretariat, including their founder.

3159: 11808: 10558: 10524: 10109: 9850: 9603: 9543: 6650: 5140: 4855: 3392:"part-time fighters" in 2011, consisting of supporters making up the rebel militia network instead of armed uniformed combatants. 2772:

situation where each violation of the ceasefire rendered it null in each location, until it was rendered practically nonexistent.

15055: 15050: 14784: 14718: 13713: 12521: 12344: 12313: 10638: 8468:"Dossier de Información—Proceso en Busca del Acuerdo Humanitario Gobierno del Presidente Álvaro Uribe -FARC Noviembre 27 de 2007" 8224: 5962: 1676: 1463: 687: 9809: 8910: 8827: 8761: 7027: 2694:

and other cartels came under pressure from the U.S. government and from critical sectors of Colombian society who supported the

14725: 14269: 12937: 12634: 11720: 9382: 8415: 7371: 3769: 2981: 2928: 2564: 2486: 2425: 2180: 1405: 1372: 1320: 754: 590: 359: 11802: 11370: 5226: 4079: 2996:). The fighting resulted in massive internal displacement of Colombia's civilian population and thousands of civilian deaths. 15065: 14067: 13935: 13392: 13094: 13089: 12700: 12574: 11025: 10612: 8713: 8683: 8653: 8620: 8445: 8399: 7899: 7811: 7682: 6759: 6387: 6288: 6255: 6135: 5622: 5251: 4703: 4004: 3842: 2792: 2203: 2131: 1804: 314: 8344: 8195: 8170: 7891:

You are still being lied to: the remixed disinformation guide to media distortion, historical whitewashes and cultural myths

7504: 5464: 5298: 15075: 15060: 14920: 14657: 14555: 14460: 14101: 13331: 13269: 13254: 13226: 12548: 12450: 7610: 6014: 5733: 4310: 4244: 4187: 4162: 3846: 3634: 3484:

On June 26, Clan del Golfo and FARC dissidents were confirmed be in a direct armed conflict in northern Antioquia known as

3413:

On May 22, 2015, the FARC suspended a truce after 26 of its fighters were killed in a government air and ground offensive.

3054: 1861: 10711: 6315: 6038: 4114: 2660:

Citizen exhaustion due to the conflict's newfound intensity led to the election with 47% of the popular vote of President

14851: 14679: 14197: 14117: 14047: 14003: 12590: 12543: 11439: 10389: 9952:

Urrutia, N. (2004). "El gasto en defensa y seguridad: caracterizacion del caso colombiano en el contexto internacional".

7196: 6714: 3777: 3773: 2989: 2936: 2673: 2239: 1417: 1325: 544: 11783: 11689: 11569: 8062: 7889: 6475: 3237:' on Venezuelan based television station Telesur on May 25, 2008. 'Timochenko' announced the new commander in chief is ' 14925: 14915: 14455: 14291: 14062: 13970: 13611: 13246: 13141: 13033: 12639: 12262: 12138: 8936: 8474: 8389: 7397: 3630: 3346: 2055: 1715: 150: 11898: 11637: 11490: 6881:"Conflicto armado en Colombia: análisis de las causas económicas, sociales e institucionales de la oposición violenta" 4981: 15095: 15085: 15080: 14640: 14592: 14510: 13458: 11258: 11238: 11210: 11182: 11161: 11137: 11116: 11088: 11067: 11046: 11004: 9937:

Pinto, M. I. Altamae; Y. Lahuerta; L. Cepeda (2004). "El secuestro en Colombia caracterizacion y costos economicos".

8221:"Terrorist Organization Profiles – START – National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism" 7842: 7423: 6883:[Armed conflict in Colombia: analyzing the economic, social, and institutional causes of violent opposition] 5327: 4637: 4599: 4504: 4288: 4229: 4147: 4124: 3166:

2008, "The guerrilla war is history...At this moment in Latin America, an armed guerrilla movement is out of place".

2080: 1178: 824: 12752: 11423:

John Lindsay-Poland (January–February 2010). "Retreat to Colombia: The Pentagon Adapts Its Latin America Strategy".

9835:

Borrego, M. E. P.; Ballen, A. V.; Percipiano, Y. L. (2005). "Costos Generados por la violencia armada en Colombia".

1271: 1022: 15040: 14515: 14209: 14192: 14094: 13470: 13264: 12661: 12370: 7637: 6217: 4053:

Unidad especial para la búsqueda de personas dadas por desaparecidas en el contexto y en razón del conflicto armado

2832:, Mexico (1992). Despite the signing of several documents, no concrete results were achieved when the talks ended. 2799: 1661: 642: 8499: 6421: 6192: 5077: 3951:

As of August 2004, the US had spent $ 3 billion in Colombia, more than 75% of it on military aid. Before the

2915:

was being evidenced, perhaps even foreshadowing a future guerrilla victory in the middle term. A leaked 1998 U.S.

2508:

between August 2002 and their collective demobilization in 2017, peaking in the year 2008. During these years the

14488: 14026: 13930: 13843: 13566: 13475: 13366: 13084: 12942: 12563: 12222: 10904: 10063:

Parra, C. (1998). "Determinantes de la Inversion en Colombia: evidencia sobre el capital humano y la violencia".

7584: 6054: 3959: 3016: 2470: 2295:

to enforce its power, their purpose was to put down worker calls for reform, destroy unions, and put down worker

1962: 789: 530: 365: 13317: 9967:

Trujillo, C; M. Badel (1998). "Los Costos Economicos de la criminalidad y la violencia en Colombia: 1991–1996".

9071: 6996:"Memorias de violencia: bonanza marimbera en la ciudad de Santa Marta durante las década del setenta al ochenta" 6527: 3751:

its political proposal and ideology, its international discourse focused on a frontal attack on the Government.

15105: 14818: 14686: 14635: 14597: 14530: 14493: 14224: 14149: 13913: 13703: 13616: 13435: 13349: 13105: 13064: 13054: 12983: 12686: 12477: 12360: 12168: 9252: 8813: 7252: 5648: 5397: 5163:"El Pais: Венесуэла с помощью Лукашенко и его приближенных поставляла белорусское оружие колумбийским боевикам" 4041: 3739:(FARC), was one of the most powerful violent groups with which the Colombian government had to deal during the 3213: 3193: 3119: 3074: 2584:

Both guerrilla groups remained mostly operational in remote areas of the country during the rest of the 1960s.

2135: 1931: 1921: 1226: 655: 383: 9460: 8853: 5982: 4721: 2922:

Also during this period, paramilitary activities increased, both legally and illegally. The creation of legal

15110: 14696: 14483: 14279: 14259: 13776: 13573: 13492: 13049: 13013: 12538: 12375: 12017: 11677:

Guests: Ezequiel Vitonas, former mayor of Toribio, and Manuel Rozental, human rights activist. Interviewers:

10682:"Covert action in Colombia: U.S. intelligence, GPS bomb kits help Latin American nation cripple rebel forces" 10164: 4033: 3923: 3478: 3197: 3019:, which had been linked to drug trafficking and attacks on civilians, was added to the US State Department's 2857:

encouraged the marchers and actively promoted their demands both peacefully and through the threat of force.

1910: 674: 478: 11941: 9765: 9743: 8522: 6159: 5893: 1902: 502: 14202: 13821: 13650: 13593: 13578: 13465: 13231: 13151: 12122: 8268: 8014: 6880: 5734:"Informe ¡Basta Ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad: Estadísticas del conflicto armado en Colombia" 5312: 4777: 4577: 3323:, an offensive in border areas where the FARC's forces still has a strong military presence, especially in 2379: 2073: 2050: 1882: 12052: 6816: 6740: 6611: 3291: 3079:

On June 28, 2007, the FARC suddenly reported the death of 11 of the 12 kidnapped provincial deputies from

15115: 15030: 14833: 14742: 14737: 14335: 14286: 13940: 13876: 13838: 13517: 13507: 13284: 13259: 13131: 12976: 12793: 12764: 12072: 10000:

Echandia, C (1997). "Expansion territorial de la guerrilla colombiana: geografia, economia y violencia".

9513: 7340: 7335: 7175: 5833: 4342: 4008: 3786: 3532: 3259:

that resulted in the freedom of 15 political hostages, including former Colombian presidential candidate

3057:

resulted in Uribe winning re-election with a historic first round vote tally of 62%, followed by leftist

3039: 2916: 2783:

for the murder but journalist Steven Dudley argues that many in the UP pointed at then-Interior Minister

2509: 2207: 2060: 1355: 1292: 13312: 12162: 11590:"From Principles to Practice: Challenges of Implementing Reparations for Massive Violations in Colombia" 10190: 9083: 4803: 4676: 4592:

Evolución reciente del conflicto armado en Colombia: La Guerrilla in Las violencias: inclusión creciente

2650: 914: 15090: 14708: 14376: 14308: 14219: 14154: 13485: 13360: 13344: 13307: 13236: 13074: 12349: 12215: 11678: 6501: 3288: 3145:

Colombian authorities added that a boy matching Emmanuel's description had been taken to a hospital in

3080: 2711: 2474: 2439: 1951: 1681: 1042: 11609: 7274: 5572: 3662:

The drug trafficking sales have gone up in Colombia since the 1970s due to the conflict. Many Mexican

3379:

In 2010, the FARC killed at least 460 members of the security forces, while wounding more than 2,000.

1814: 902: 866: 104: 14988: 14614: 14345: 13530: 13525: 13163: 13121: 12771: 12293: 10525:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959–1965" 10015:

Ibanez, A.; A. Moya; A. Velasquez (2006). "Hacia una politica proactiva de la poblacion desplazada".

4933: 3035: 2398: 2387: 2366: 2337: 2176: 2164: 2143: 2007: 1297: 10879: 9919:

Pinto; Vergara; Lahuerta (2004). "Costos generados por la violencia armada en Colombia: 1999–2003".

7728: 5419: 5268: 3334: 3230: 2956: 2806: 2615: 1703: 974: 14691: 14500: 14274: 14082: 13893: 13871: 13826: 13756: 13741: 13683: 13626: 13410: 13302: 13199: 13006: 12786: 12455: 12191: 11922: 8122: 7530: 4471: 4429: 4395: 2702:, whose assassination in 1984 led the Betancur administration to confront the drug lords directly. 2292: 389: 11147:

Steele, Abbey. 2018. Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil War. Cornell University Press.

10416:"La historia de "Gentil Duarte", el disidente de las Farc más buscado del país - ELESPECTADOR.COM" 8791: 8735: 3146: 2739:

the FARC continued to carry out kidnappings and to target regional politicians for assassination.

2726:

Both sides blamed each other for the bloodbath, which marked the end of Betancur's peace process.

1157: 15035: 14469: 14350: 14236: 14127: 13888: 13881: 13708: 13606: 13583: 13339: 13173: 13116: 13111: 12600: 12516: 12401: 12303: 11685:. Segment available in and via streaming real audio , 128k streaming Real Video or MP3 download. 11100:

As War Ends: What Colombia Can Tell Us About the Sustainability of Peace and Transitional Justice

8582: 8552: 7702: 7053: 4056: 4051:

The Special Unit for the Search of Missing Persons in the context and due to the armed conflict (

3991: 3441: 3420: 3350: 2993: 2931:, a large paramilitary militia closely tied to drug trafficking which carried out attacks on the 2841:

allowed them to grow and commercialize coca in exchange for a "tax" either in money or in crops.

2776: 2722: 2686: 2628: 2539: 2535: 2515: 2383: 2370: 2172: 1997: 1987: 1856: 1547: 1330: 1010: 890: 661: 571: 433: 403: 156: 77: 11146: 9413: 7780: 7142:"Military Personnel – Logros de la Política Integral de Seguridad y Defensa para la Prosperidad" 6191:. United States Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. December 14, 1981. Archived from 5076:. United States Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. December 14, 1981. Archived from 3675: 2903: 1691: 14993: 14713: 14575: 14381: 13918: 13427: 13405: 13069: 12732: 12651: 12569: 12396: 10604: 9011: 7988: 6344: 4044:

which occurred during the armed conflict. Its objectives would be to satisfy victims' right to

3911:, then the U.S. Secretary of State, visiting Colombia as part of the United States' support of 3404: 3268: 3084: 2977: 2706: 2624: 2578: 2523: 2127: 2120: 1941: 1784: 1698: 1141: 878: 812: 629: 421: 201: 58: 8036: 6247: 5349: 4280: 4274: 4210:

Stokes, p. 26, quoting Marc Grossman, U.S. undersecretary of state for political affairs.

3284: 14264: 13923: 13786: 13693: 13688: 13636: 13497: 13480: 13415: 13397: 13297: 13292: 13183: 13146: 13136: 12318: 9871:

Granada y Rojas (1995). "Los Costos Economicos del Conflicto armado en Colombia: 1990–1994".

7834: 7828: 7501:"Presidente Santos anunció fortalecimiento de las capacidades y equipos de la Fuerza Pública" 7165: 6790: 6541: 6280: 6127: 3884: 3880: 3856: 3234: 3103: 2888: 2784: 2760: 2632: 2265: 1799: 1204: 938: 514: 12324: 11663: 9678: 8250: 6081: 2940: 2907: 2865: 2319: 1610: 1089: 14962: 13791: 13771: 13698: 13666: 13621: 13588: 13502: 13380: 13059: 12460: 12308: 12288: 11879: 3252: 3181: 3111:

Chávez's mediation efforts on November 22, 2007, after Chávez personally contacted General

2869: 2699: 2315: 2300: 2273: 2235: 2017: 1567: 1562: 14871: 12705: 11771: 10847: 9565: 9483: 9223:"Fuerzas Militares tienen identificados a 1410 milicianos de Las Farc | RCN La Radio" 9110: 8366: 8316: 8294: 8148: 5537: 3260: 8: 15100: 14828: 14602: 14525: 14505: 14474: 13963: 13903: 13898: 13816: 13728: 13631: 13561: 13549: 13221: 13216: 13041: 12971: 12776: 12435: 11751: 11295:"Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency" 9249:"Reconocer el conflicto no cambia estatus de las Farc – Noticias de Justicia en Colombia" 9084:"Colombian rebel attacks intensify, dozens killed | Energy & Oil | Reuters" 8092: 7754: 7674: 7451:"Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency" 5162: 4495:

Gonzalo Sánchez G. (2001). Charles Bergquist; Ricardo Peñaranda; Gonzalo Sánchez (eds.).

3940: 3493: 3356: 3337:, killing one police officer and wounding two. Cuellar was found dead the following day. 3112: 2873: 2849: 2569: 2403: 2114: 1891: 1835: 1630: 1600: 1307: 452: 321: 12391: 11772:"War in Colombia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in U.S.-Colombia Policy, 1988–2002" 10097: 9595: 9539: 7111: 6640: 3922:

One multinational corporation has also been directly tied to paramilitary death squads.

3900:

activities against known communist proponents. It should be backed by the United States.

3126:

At the end of 2007, FARC agreed to release former senator Consuelo González, politician

2848:

In mid-1996, a civic protest movement made up of an estimated 200,000 coca growers from

1751: 1725: 14164: 14072: 13781: 13751: 13676: 13079: 12806: 12499: 12365: 12354: 11816: 11398: 11017:

Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class

10830:"La DEA, la Fiscalía y un coronel entramparon el proceso de paz | Cambio Colombia" 10746: 10597: 10562: 10544: 10445: 10338:"Un ataque perpetrado por disidentes de las FARC dejó a 6 policías heridos en Colombia" 7170: 6906: 5567: 5372: 5136: 4908:"El ministro de Defensa aseguró que con este logro se desarticula toda la organización" 4882:"El ministro de Defensa aseguró que con este logro se desarticula toda la organización" 3740: 3695: 3557:

increase in attacks on oil pipelines by groups outside the law. According to data from

3430: 3364: 3226: 3131: 3096: 3005: 2680: 2661: 2654: 2462:

and other drugs produced in Colombia were mostly consumed in the US as well as Europe.

2435: 2243: 2227: 2123: 1830: 1809: 1730: 1686: 1590: 1557: 1237: 1119: 998: 926: 785: 508: 427: 161: 95: 12339: 10635: 3810: 3687: 3437:

for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long war to an end.

3130:

and her son Emmanuel, born in captivity after a relationship with one of her captors.

2730:

increased, as both sides began to accuse each other of not respecting the cease-fire.

2691: 2351:

This led to an outrage in the Colombian Public, creating an explosion of leftists and

1671: 1390: 1108: 415: 14813: 14630: 14585: 14434: 14386: 14355: 14052: 13979: 13908: 13853: 13811: 13796: 13761: 13718: 13209: 13204: 12487: 12411: 11326: 11254: 11234: 11206: 11200: 11178: 11172: 11157: 11133: 11112: 11084: 11078: 11063: 11057: 11042: 11036: 11021: 11000: 10608: 8765: 8419: 8395: 7895: 7838: 7807: 7678: 7482: 6914: 6892: 6383: 6284: 6273: 6251: 6240: 6131: 6120: 5247: 4633: 4595: 4500: 4284: 4225: 4219: 4143: 4120: 4029:

brought with him a message of peace and paid tribute to the victims of the conflict.

3876: 3822: 3803: 3799: 3732: 3694:

were the first drug trafficking organizations in Colombia and had alliances with the

3434: 3324: 3306: 3245: 3154: 2623:

By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from the

2261: 2231: 1840: 1666: 1215: 1130: 12207: 11964: 11724: 10002:

Programa de Estudios Sobre Seguridad, Justicia y Violencia. Universidad de los Andes

6791:"¿Por qué empezó y qué pasó en la guerra de más de 50 años que desangró a Colombia?" 6218:"'Without drug traffickers, we'd have peace': Colombian villagers flee new killings" 3971: 3883:, visited Colombia for a second survey. In a secret supplement to his report to the 3826: 3818: 3099: 14978: 14946: 14941: 14754: 14749: 14550: 14391: 14340: 14214: 14159: 13831: 13801: 12913: 12742: 12715: 12202: 11787: 11570:"Squaring Colombia's Circle: The Objectives of Punishment and the Pursuit of Peace" 11463: 11378: 11316: 11306: 10536: 10364:"Policía murió en ataque atribuido a disidencia de FARC en Meta – Noticias Caracol" 10286:"Disidencias de las Farc, un 'blanco' cada vez más grande para las Fuerzas Armadas" 10017:

Universidad de los Andes, Secretariado Nacional de Pastoral Social Caritas Colombia

7670: 7472: 7462: 6896: 5867: 5189:"Allegations of Venezuela, Nicaragua Complicity in FARC Money Laundering Resurface" 4090: 3964: 3468: 3453: 3388: 3276: 2853: 2743: 2591:, which employed hunter-killer teams and involved U.S. personnel from the previous 2105: 1620: 1583: 1252: 1182: 1170: 1093: 1074: 1046: 1026: 12966: 12747: 12329: 11832: 10029: 8705: 8675: 8645: 8612: 8441: 7336:"Special Reports – Do The Math – Why The Illegal Business Is Thriving – Drug Wars" 6707: 6584:"Colombia just voted no on its plebiscite for peace. Here's why and what it means" 3042:

had described then-Senator Uribe as a "close personal friend" and collaborator of

2895:

in 1995 (when the effects of the measure were temporarily waived), 1996 and 1997.

2788: 1625: 1070: 950: 490: 310: 175: 103:: Fredy Iturre Klínger (center) cries after seeing his half-brother killed in the 14769: 14560: 14450: 14418: 14301: 13984: 13806: 12720: 12610: 12385: 12380: 12198: 11696: 11015: 10660: 10642: 10221:"Landmines Are Killing Colombians, "Lend Your Leg" to Support Victims – ABC News" 9724: 9467: 9409: 9330: 9304: 9278: 9197:"FARC tienen menos integrantes y están debilitadas, dice jefe militar colombiano" 8323: 8174: 7500: 6760:"The battles began in 1964: Here's a look at Colombia's war with the FARC rebels" 5579: 5241: 4461:"The United States and Colombia: The Journey from Ambiguity to Strategic Clarity" 3765: 3760: 3384: 3256: 3046:. The Uribe administration denied several of the allegations in the 1991 report. 2881: 2818: 2669: 2600: 2494: 2465: 2345: 2269: 2043: 1744: 1737: 1615: 1335: 557: 346: 6006: 5390: 4626:

Livingstone, p. 7; Source: Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS);

4322: 4252: 4199: 4174: 3604: 3496:

occurred between the ELN and FARC dissidents in Arauca, leaving 23 people dead.

3139: 3107: 3000: 2482: 986: 14662: 14645: 14609: 14570: 14137: 14132: 14077: 13598: 13535: 12923: 12874: 12854: 12781: 12725: 12494: 11983: 11658: 11321: 9301:"Asesinan a dos candidatos a la alcaldía de Campamento en Antioquia – 20110530" 7477: 6307: 6030: 5033:"Las 10 razones por las que el EPL es un problema que se le creció al Gobierno" 3781: 3699: 3667: 3474: 3373: 3272: 3264: 3221: 3209: 3058: 3024: 2455: 2341: 2188: 2168: 1302: 962: 520: 465: 459: 328: 303: 12139:"Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: the US War of Terror in Colombia" 10540: 8066: 6940:"Todo pasó frente a nuestros ojos. Genocidio de la Unión Patriótica 1984–2002" 6082:

Historical Commission on the Conflict and Its Victims (CHCV) (February 2015).

4545: 3205: 3135: 3092: 15070: 15024: 15009: 14856: 14667: 14565: 14231: 14142: 14089: 13863: 13848: 13746: 13101: 12918: 12887: 12445: 12440: 11447: 11330: 11127: 10774:"Report: DEA agents had 'sex parties' with prostitutes hired by drug cartels" 10500: 10496:"Maduro dice que Iván Márquez y Jesús Santrich "son bienvenidos" a Venezuela" 10449: 10084:

Archivos de Macroeconomia, Documento 143, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

10050:

Archivos de Macroeconomia, Documento 143, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

9072:

http://www.english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/01/20101123513156705.html

7486: 6918: 6910: 3927: 3912: 3875:

In October 1959, the United States sent a "Special Survey Team", composed of

3838: 3703: 3369: 3201: 3062: 3043: 2964: 2780: 2768: 2735: 2458:

moved into drug trafficking in Colombia alongside local marijuana producers.

2352: 2307: 2147: 2119:'Colombian internal armed conflict') began on May 27, 1964, and is a 1977: 1166: 845: 334: 279: 86: 49: 12146: 9984:

Sostenibilidad de la Seguridad Democratica. Fundacion Seguridad y Democracia

6544:. Truth Commission (Comisión de la Verdad). July 26, 2022. pp. 127–128. 4055:) would be a special high-level unit created following the signature of the 3189: 2163:, which was triggered by the 1948 assassination of liberal political leader 13157: 12482: 12283: 11906: 11645: 11386: 10665: 9766:"Disidencias despliegan "comando antiparamilitar" en el norte de Antioquia" 8578: 6311: 4977: 4748:"British intelligence members sent to Colombia after IRA suspects arrested" 4026: 3908: 3663: 3419:

On June 23, 2016, the Colombian government and FARC agreed to a ceasefire.

3238: 2892: 2644: 2375: 2324: 2256: 2159: 1708: 1314: 1248: 800: 767: 340: 45: 13995: 11337:

Sherman, John W. "Political Violence in Colombia: Dirty Wars Since 1977."

9744:"En Cereté capturan a alias Tavo, uno de los narcos más buscados del país" 7427: 7304: 6901: 4528:, Colombia, 1999, Director de Investigación: Jesus Antonio Bejarano Avila. 14057: 12416: 11682: 11311: 11270:

Las Farc: de la autodefensa a la combinación de todas las formas de lucha

11080:

More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia

9725:"Arrested: Illegal quarantine party reveals Colombian druglord's hideout" 9141:"En 2010, unos 460 militares y policias murieron en combates en Colombia" 8553:"Chávez acusa a Uribe de mentiroso y congela las relaciones con Colombia" 7467: 3851: 3691: 3671: 3333:

On December 22, 2009, FARC rebels raided the home of Provincial governor

3295: 3127: 2695: 2604: 2592: 2296: 2284: 2196: 484: 409: 396: 11738:(Ongoing reporting on the Colombian conflict and active criminal groups) 10312:"Disidencias de las Farc contarían con 1.200 hombres - ELESPECTADOR.COM" 9954:

Archivos de Economia, Documento 249, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

9939:

Archivos de Economia: Documento 257, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

9936: 4140:

Loyal Soldiers in the Cocaine Kingdom: Tales of Drugs, Mules, and Gunmen

3521: 3301:

According to the Colombian government, in early 2009 FARC launched plan

13671: 12956: 11402: 10931:"Pope at Colombia prayer meeting for reconciliation weeps with victims" 9436:"Alertan que más de 330 municipios tienen fuerte presencia de las Farc" 8495: 6425: 5649:"Colombia's ELN rebels release oil workers after brief capture -police" 4630:

Systems of Violence: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia

3996: 3945: 2328: 12630: 12606: 10908: 9379:"Atentados de las Farc en el Valle – Noticias de Justicia en Colombia" 9327:"Las Farc amenazan a la senadora antioqueña Liliana Rendón – 20110527" 7588: 5004:"Colombia Arrest of EPL Middleman Shows Booming Venezuela Arms Market" 3440:

The Colombian government and the FARC on November 24 signed a revised

3421:

A "final, full and definitive accord" was agreed to on August 24, 2016

11893:(In Spanish and English with chronology and key texts and agreements) 11852: 11537:"The Day after Tomorrow: Colombia's FARC and the End of the Conflict" 9144: 4361:

Legrand, p. 165. See Note #15 for more on women in the conflict.

4311:"The Colombian crisis in historical perspective (Record in progress)" 3897: 3862: 3790: 3715: 3683: 3562: 3558: 3174: 3106:

between the FARC and the government of Colombia. Colombian President

2527: 2501: 2490: 2451: 2447: 2363: 2360: 2192: 2139: 1455: 742: 705: 496: 134: 13354: 12998: 12657: 12176: 8959:"Operation 'Strategic Leap' to marginalize FARC: VP – Colombia news" 8291:"Guerra sin cuartel Colombia y el derecho internacional humanitario" 7081:"Colombia, de la guerra antidrogas a la guerra contra el terrorismo" 6084:"Contribution to an Understanding of the Armed Conflict in Colombia" 5204:"Female Colombian snipers 'fighting to defend Col Gaddafi in Libya'" 3567: 3283:

On October 26, 2008, after 8 years of captivity, the ex-congressman

14903: 14296: 13126: 13029: 12961: 12827: 12667: 10390:"Dos policías muertos en ataque donde opera disidencia de las FARC" 6678:"Colombia's congress approves historic peace deal with FARC rebels" 6645: 3952: 3893: 3596: 3578: 3310: 2923: 2877: 2829: 2814: 2665: 2332: 2311: 1350: 1037: 1017: 1005: 993: 981: 969: 957: 945: 933: 921: 909: 897: 885: 873: 861: 840: 371: 195: 130: 41: 12677: 12596: 11911:

Colombian-based private research center that studies the conflict

11202:

Colombia and the United States: War, Terrorism and Destabilization

10654:

Families Of Death Squad Victims Allowed To Sue Chiquita Executives

9679:"Colombian government renews civil war amid growing social unrest" 6382:(in Spanish). The National Center for Historical Memory's (NCHM). 4677:"Panama busts drug ring linked to Colombia's FARC, Mexican cartel" 3970:

According to the 2022 Truth Commission report, the 2019 arrest of

12841: 12021: 11945: 10468: 10464:"Peru arrests more than 50 in anti-drug bust at Colombian border" 8762:"Chavez Calls on Colombian Rebels to End Struggle, Free Hostages" 7666:

The Frontlines of Peace: An Insider's Guide to Changing the World

7577: 6270: 6117: 4612:

Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists;

4588:

Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists;

4497:

Violence in Colombia, 1990–2000: Waging War and Negotiating Peace

4045: 3814: 3585: 3185: 3015:

In 2001 the largest government supported paramilitary group, the

2825: 2531: 2459: 2288: 729: 444: 267: 138: 9596:"Colombians celebrate as peace deal is reached with Farc rebels" 6308:"Farc-EP confirma muerte de Marulanda a través de un comunicado" 6275:

Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization

6122:

Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization

3974:

on drug trafficking charges, which was a joint operation by the

3904: 2802:

that would write a new constitution, which took effect in 1991.

12900: 12737: 12647: 11999: 11198: 8907:"FARC Is a 'Paper Tiger' After Offensive, Desertions (Update1)" 6160:"Understanding Colombia's armed conflict: International actors" 5435:"The FARC 1964–2002: From Ragged Rebellion to Military Machine" 4015: 3177:

logos into the Colombian jungle to pick up the freed hostages.

2356: 2211: 255: 243: 231: 12586: 12080: 11610:"Political Crime, Amnesties and Pardons: Scope and Challenges" 9969:

Archivos de Macroeconomia, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

9921:

Archivos de Macroeconomia: Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

9873:

Archivos de Macroeconomia. Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

9784:"Fighting Intensifies in Eastern Colombia; at Least 23 Killed" 7394:"One Million Voices Against the FARC: A Milestone for Freedom" 5864:"Colombia Truth Commission Gives Scathing Report on Civil War" 5299:"Recent Attack on Peru Police Shows Shining Path Still Strong" 3714:

Since 1990, over 11,000 people have been killed or wounded by

2242:

unanimously approved the plan on November 30, a day after the

9981: 5798: 2963:

In July 1999, Colombian military forces attacked the town of

2264:

and leftist parties united against the dictator of Colombia,

2157:

The conflict is historically rooted in the conflict known as

291: 15046:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of South America

11714:

Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombia

11654:"Indigenous Community in Colombia Fears Start of "Dirty War" 11125: 8145:"Narcotics and Economics Drive U.S. Policy in Latin America" 6007:"armed conflict Archives – Colombia News – Colombia Reports" 4830:"Ex-FARC Mafia: The New Player in Colombian Organized Crime" 3376:

taking control of large parts of the Colombian countryside.

2718:) -UP-, a legal and non-clandestine political organization. 2536:

consensus on a 6-point plan towards peace and reconciliation

2443:

and 163 councilmen. These killings aggravated the conflict.

2424:(National Front)) and others 1964 (with the creation of the 14901: 10081: 10047: 9514:"Nine FARC members killed by army raid in Colombian jungle" 9275:"Acción propagandística de las Farc en Medellín – 20110602" 6874: 6872: 6300: 5963:"Neo-Paramilitary Groups Consolidating in Colombia: Report" 5939:"'Loco,' Colombia's Last Drug Lord, Extradited to New York" 5679:"At least 14 rebels killed in fighting with Colombian army" 5348:. US Department of State. November 22, 2004. Archived from 5346:"Bush, Uribe Applaud Strength of U.S.-Colombia Partnership" 4952:"La disidencia de las FARC llega ya a los 700 combatientes" 3795: 3736: 3679: 3170: 3118:

Several scandals have affected Uribe's administration. The

2985: 2932: 2596: 2519: 2505: 2280: 2151: 717: 219: 12037:– No longer available online (censored by U.S. government) 11409: 11267: 11038:

The Making of Modern Colombia, a Nation in spite of itself

10963:. Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz. Archived from 8933:"FARC launch 'Rebirth' plan: intelligence – Colombia news" 6548: 5983:"Neo-paramilitaries do not deserve political status: Govt" 4937: 4315:

Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies

11776:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69

11371:"Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia" 11059:

Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia

10014: 9899:

Otero, D. (2007). "Las Cifras del Conflicto Colombiano".

9406:"Colombia's Guerrillas: The Rebellion That Would Not Die" 8985:"Colombia attacks rebels in border areas – Colombia news" 8828:"AUC supported Uribe's election: Mancuso – Colombia news" 8788:"Colombian rebels free hostages in jungle to Hugo Chávez" 8442:"BBC NEWS – Americas – Colombia rebels 'killed hostages'" 7830:

Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia

7333: 6847:"Las teorías del origen del conflicto armado en Colombia" 6233: 6231: 6031:"peace talks Archives – Colombia News – Colombia Reports" 4221:

Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia

4142:. Translated by James Graham. Columbia University Press. 3975: 3225:, published an interview with Colombian Defense Minister 2939:

rebel groups as well as civilians starting with the 1997

2588: 2279:

The United Fruit Company existed to buy large amounts of

8790:. Yahoo News. Reuters. February 27, 2008. Archived from 8037:"CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF RIGHTS SITUATION IN COLOMBIA HUMAN" 6869: 5918:"War and Drugs in Colombia – International Crisis Group" 5107:"Colombia's FARC rebels to ask government for ceasefire" 4468:

Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College

4426:

Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College

4419:"Colombia's Three Wars: U.S. Strategy at the Crossroads" 4392:

Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College

4385:"Colombia's Three Wars: U.S. Strategy at the Crossroads" 3829:

were "welcome" in Venezuela and to the São Paulo Forum.

3709: 3355:

On January 1, 2010, 18 FARC rebels were killed when the

2809:(1990–1994). The Colombian Army's assault on the FARC's 2478:

sometimes used to attack military and civilian targets.

12099: 11222:

Entre la legitimidad y la violencia: Colombia 1875–1994

11199:

Murillo, Mario; Jesus Rey Avirama (September 1, 2003).

9834: 9810:"Colombia and ELN rebel group sign ceasefire agreement" 9652:"A look at Colombia's half-century-long rebel conflict" 9111:"Colombia's criminal bands pose new security challenge" 8736:"Hugo Chavez tells Colombian rebels to stop kidnapping" 7883: 7881: 6470: 6468: 6437: 6435: 6422:"Registro Único de Víctimas – Unidad para las Víctimas" 6376:"Enough Already!" Colombia: Memories of War and Dignity 6372: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6055:"The Colombian "War on Drugs", A Family Affair – SHOAH" 5697:"Desmovilización, principal arma contra las guerrillas" 4263:

Livingstone, (Foreword by Pearce, Jenny), p. xvii (f24)

3666:

have been spotted to operate in the area including the

3657: 3403:

On July 20, 2013, as peace talks were making progress,

2631:(1970–1974) and the forced removal of former President 10636:"II. History of the Military-Paramilitary Partnership" 9065: 6228: 6186:"Cuba's Renewed Support for Violence in Latin America" 5071:"Cuba's Renewed Support for Violence in Latin America" 3603:

undertaken by the government of the current president

2779:. The Colombian government initially blamed drug lord 2599:, and which would later participate in the subsequent 2563:

In the early 1960s, Colombian Army units loyal to the

12237: 11504:

Extensive ideas on solutions to the Colombia conflict

8935:. Colombia Reports. February 17, 2009. Archived from 7635: 6554: 6264: 6113: 6111: 5560: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 4722:"España apoyará la lucha de Colombia contra las Farc" 2272:, dominated by foreign monopolies--specifically, the 11389:(July 2, 1988). "Neglected Dimensions of Violence". 11276: 10994: 10569: 9918: 9012:"Surprising rebel attack kills 9 Colombian soldiers" 8882:. Monsters and Critics. July 2, 2008. Archived from 7878: 7663:

Autesserre, Séverine; Gbowee, Leymah (May 3, 2021).

7558:(in Spanish). derechoshumanos.gov.co. Archived from 7197:"Colombia grew less coca in 2012, UN survey reports" 6817:"¡Basta ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad" 6465: 6443:"The Psychological Trauma of a Multi-Generation War" 6432: 6147: 6075: 2679:

At the same time as these developments, the growing

12345:

Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)

11422: 11228: 10878:(in Spanish). unidadvictimas.gov.co. Archived from 8265:"Human Rights and USA Military Aid to Colombia III" 7368:"Oscar Morales and One Million Voices Against FARC" 6988: 5597:"10,000 demobilized fighters rearm – Colombia news" 5538:"New armed drug-trafficking groups menace Colombia" 5227:"Revealed: Colonel Gaddafi's school for scoundrels" 5137:"Оружейный бизнес Беларуси – легальный и "теневой"" 3573: 3319:In April 2009, the Colombian armed forces launched 3305:to avoid being defeated. They planned to intensify 3102:were acting as authorised mediators in the ongoing 2171:repression in rural Colombia in the 1960s that led 14073:Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 12192:Crisis briefing on displacement because of the war 11765:(collection of declassified U.S. documents online) 10995:Cuellar, Francisco Ramírez; Aviva Chomsky (2005). 10596: 10159: 10157: 10098:"Natalio Cosoy, "Clearing Colombia of landmines," 9566:"Colombia and Farc rebels sign historic ceasefire" 8987:. Colombia Reports. April 10, 2009. Archived from 8215: 8213: 8186: 8184: 7934: 7932: 7030:(in Spanish). verdadabierta.com. August 21, 2008. 6821:¡Basta ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad 6672: 6670: 6668: 6416: 6414: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6272: 6239: 6119: 6108: 5479: 5202: 4494: 3986: 3294:called Latin America's biggest guerrilla group a " 3275:, three American military contractors employed by 3184:launched a military operation 1.8 kilometres into 12042:"Civil War? The Language of Conflict in Colombia" 11412:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 11098:Meernik, DeMerritt and Uribe-Lopez (eds.). 2019. 9901:Instituto de Estudios Para el Desarrollo y la Paz 9353:"Hallan caleta con 213 minas de las Farc en Cali" 8961:. Colombia Reports. April 1, 2009. Archived from 8880:"Betancourt, 14 others freed by Colombian forces" 8387: 8341:"Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)" 8192:"Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)" 7922: 7920: 7112:"La bonanza de marihuana en Colombia (1974–1980)" 7001:(in Spanish). unimagdalena.edu.co. Archived from 6612:"The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 – Juan Manuel Santos" 6528:"Truth Commission of Colombia: Executive Summary" 5105:Franks, Jeff; Murphy, Helen (September 6, 2020). 4856:"Alianzas mantienen a "los Urabeños" en regiones" 15022: 11635: 11170: 10599:Rogue states: the rule of force in world affairs 9966: 9540:"Farc suspends truce after Colombia army attack" 8854:"Betancourt, U.S. contractors rescued from FARC" 7662: 7611:"La Unión Patriótica vuelve a la arena política" 7110:Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (September 20, 2010). 5828: 5826: 5824: 5699:(in Spanish). eltiempo.com. September 22, 2013. 4005:Colombia's National Centre for Historical Memory 3624: 3593:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 3134:was proposed and set up by Venezuelan President 2434:In 1985, during peace talks with then-President 2204:Colombia's National Centre for Historical Memory 11375:Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution 11219: 11126:Safford, Frank; Marco Palacios (July 1, 2001). 10867: 10865: 10804:"DEA chief resigns after 'sex parties' scandal" 10628: 10154: 9870: 9759: 9757: 9719: 9717: 8330:, August 16, 1999 (accessed: February 27, 2010) 8210: 8181: 8115:"Online NewsHour: President Samper of Colombia" 7929: 7426:(in Spanish). millondevoces.org. Archived from 7147:(in Spanish). mindefensa.gov.co. Archived from 7020: 6665: 6424:. arcoiris.com.co. May 14, 2016. Archived from 6411: 6359: 5890:"Georgetown Welcomes Colombia's Ex-Pres. Uribe" 5834:"Report says 220,000 died in Colombia conflict" 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5511:(in Spanish). mindefensa.gov.co. Archived from 5056: 5054: 4451:(4th ed.). The Odyssey Press. p. 426. 3754: 2690:("Death to Kidnappers") death squad (MAS). The 2512:of the Republic of Colombia were strengthened. 2369:, many poor workers saw the death of Gaitán as 2310:against these conditions, and would form local 2226:, the same month, the then Colombian president 121:(60 years, 3 months and 4 weeks) 14824:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus 11292: 10742:"Report Says Drug Agents Attended Sex Parties" 8309: 8065:(in Spanish). January 30, 1998. Archived from 7917: 7448: 7370:. movements.org. July 23, 2010. Archived from 5100: 5098: 4614:"Country report on Human Rights in Colombia". 4594:(1998 ed.). Bogota: CES. pp. 35–65. 3865:activities against known communist proponents" 3586:Costs related to defense and national security 66:: FARC guerrillas during the Caguan dialogues. 14887: 14011: 13014: 12223: 11769: 11614:International Center for Transitional Justice 11594:International Center for Transitional Justice 11574:International Center for Transitional Justice 11013: 10907:. restituciondetierras.gov.co. Archived from 8089:"Colombia and International Humanitarian Law" 8063:"Informe sobre prácticas de derechos humanos" 7804:Las FARC: ¿Una guerrilla sin fin o sin fines? 7587:. restituciondetierras.gov.co. Archived from 7529:. mesadeconversaciones.com.co. Archived from 7079:Bustelo, Mabel González (November 14, 2003). 6242:Beyond Bogota: Diary of a Drug War Journalist 5821: 4778:"Caen los últimos herederos de los rastrojos" 4574:Amnesty Internacional (Amnesty International) 3821:declared that the FARC-EP dissidents leaders 2199:to perceived threats by guerrilla movements. 2081: 1471: 1313:Paramilitary successor groups, including the 11483:"Solutions to Escape the Conflict's Impasse" 11385: 11253:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 10862: 10594: 9754: 9714: 8577: 8555:(in Spanish). El Clarín. November 26, 2007. 8492:"Uribe terminó con mediación de Hugo Chávez" 6271:Mario A. Murillo; Jesús Rey Avirama (2004). 6118:Mario A. Murillo; Jesús Rey Avirama (2004). 5715: 5689: 5243:Guerilas made in Albania historia e Arafatit 5104: 5051: 4335:"Economic Indicators Real Sector, 1999–2004" 3832: 3610: 3233:. The news was confirmed by FARC-commander ' 2791:, members of the Colombian military and the 2411:and unrest, remaining in effect until 1974. 14025: 12068:(PDF) Is the Colombia conflict a civil war? 11784:"America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia" 11076: 10456: 10132:"Removing Colombia's landmines, one by one" 9951: 9397: 8668: 8640: 8638: 7305:"U.S. drug habit keeps Mexican war boiling" 6635: 6633: 6341:"War on Drugs and Human Rights in Colombia" 6335: 6333: 6237: 5095: 4650:Livingstone, p. 7; Richani, p. 87 4259: 4188:"America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia" 4112: 1438:Total people displaced: 4,744,046–5,712,506 14894: 14880: 14018: 14004: 13021: 13007: 12230: 12216: 11872:"Accord issue on Colombia's peace process" 11174:Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of a Limpieza 11129:Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society 11106: 8814:"FARC confirm death of 'Manuel Marulanda'" 8583:"Tensions Rise for Colombia and Venezuela" 7553:"Ley de víctimas y restitución de tierras" 7275:"U.S. Leads the World in Illegal Drug Use" 5027: 5025: 4116:Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War 4080:"Why did the Colombia Peace Process Fail?" 3798:issued a 60-day state of emergency in the 3640: 3551: 3512: 3200:between Colombia and Ecuadorian President 3188:on a FARC position, killing 24, including 2657:against suspects and captured guerrillas. 2088: 2074: 1478: 1464: 11809:"Rule of Law in Armed Conflict: Colombia" 11320: 11310: 11154:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia 10279: 10277: 9898: 9764:Medellín, Caracol Radio (June 27, 2020). 9108: 9009: 8394:. Rutgers University Press. p. xvi. 8391:Inside Colombia: drugs, democracy and war 8317:"U.S. aid questioned in Colombian battle" 7887: 7806:. Grupo Editorial Norma. pp. 50–51. 7476: 7466: 7223:"Colombia no longer top cocaine producer" 6900: 6738: 6641:"Colombia signs new peace deal with Farc" 6555:Gregor Maaß; Mario Pilz (July 23, 2016). 4119:. Rutgers University Press. p. 176. 3726: 2705:The first negotiated cease-fire with the 2518:, 2012 refers to the dialogue in Havana, 14989:Internal conflict in Peru (1980–present) 11984:"Different Views of Colombian Territory" 11709:Overview of Colombian–FARC Peace Process 11368: 11293:Nussio, Enzo; Ugarriza, Juan E. (2021). 11247: 11034: 10551: 9999: 9763: 9473:March 29, 2012. Retrieved: June 8, 2012. 9461:"Colombia's New Counterinsurgency Plan". 8764:. Fox News. June 9, 2008. Archived from 8635: 7449:Nussio, Enzo; Ugarriza, Juan E. (2021). 6630: 6330: 5936: 5599:. Colombia Reports. September 14, 2010. 5420:"Timeline: Colombia's war with the FARC" 4329: 4279:. London: Latin America Bureau. p. 3990: 3903: 3850: 3160:International Committee of the Red Cross 2614: 27:Low-intensity asymmetric war in Colombia 14785:Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor 10961:"ABC Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz" 10953: 10422:from the original on September 20, 2018 10165:"Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor" 9632:from the original on September 17, 2016 9546:from the original on September 27, 2017 9171:"Milicias, el plan pistola en el Cauca" 9043:"Abducted Colombia governor found dead" 8521:Salazar, Hernando (November 22, 2007). 8520: 8043:from the original on September 16, 2015 7669:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. 7636:Kai Ambos; John Zuluaga (3 July 2015). 7613:(in Spanish). semana.com. 9 July 2013. 7078: 6606: 6604: 6482:from the original on September 15, 2016 5892:. Georgetown University. Archived from 5703:from the original on September 23, 2013 5659:from the original on September 24, 2015 5603:from the original on September 17, 2010 5441:from the original on September 27, 2016 5266: 5260: 5022: 4862:from the original on September 18, 2017 4627: 4308: 3021:list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations 2723:stormed the Colombian Palace of Justice 1677:Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis 453:Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries 94:: peace talks during the government of 18:Colombian armed conflict (1964-present) 14: 15023: 14521:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 12143:Bristol University Politics Department 12073:"The Peace Village San José Must Live" 11744:"Evolution of the Colombian Civil War" 11487:National Human Development Report 2003 11156:. Noam Chomsky (Foreword). Zed Books. 11151: 11055: 10941:from the original on September 9, 2017 10873:"The Victims and Land Restitution Law" 10846:. centromemoria.gov.co. Archived from 10679: 10274: 10043: 10041: 9995: 9993: 9932: 9930: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9520:from the original on December 16, 2014 9022:from the original on November 17, 2009 8904: 8742:from the original on February 10, 2009 8656:from the original on November 13, 2012 8623:from the original on February 26, 2011 8593:from the original on February 13, 2019 8533:from the original on December 14, 2007 8171:"Waging War US Policy Toward Colombia" 7826: 7801: 7507:from the original on 27 September 2013 7404:from the original on February 13, 2019 7348:from the original on December 31, 2014 7285:from the original on 27 September 2014 7229:from the original on November 12, 2013 7158: 7109: 7034:from the original on February 21, 2014 6720:from the original on November 26, 2014 6708:"History of the Guerillas in Colombia" 6653:from the original on December 28, 2016 6399:from the original on December 11, 2015 6017:from the original on September 1, 2014 5993:from the original on February 23, 2014 5809:from the original on December 25, 2017 5771:from the original on February 21, 2012 5548:from the original on December 24, 2018 5325: 5215:from the original on January 11, 2022. 5010:from the original on February 13, 2018 4934:"Reuters: The Business of Information" 4701: 4683:from the original on December 25, 2015 4632:. State University of New York Press. 4589: 4455: 4413: 4301:Pearce's forward in Livingstone, p. xx 4272: 4242: 4217: 4185: 4137: 3770:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 3737:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 3229:in which Santos mentions the death of 2181:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 1485: 14994:Insurgency in Paraguay (2005–present) 14875: 13999: 13028: 13002: 12910: 12581: 12422: 12280: 12211: 11514:UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 11171:Taussig, Michael (November 1, 2003). 10810:from the original on 1 September 2017 10722:from the original on 10 November 2014 10692:from the original on February 8, 2015 10522: 10231:from the original on October 22, 2014 10142:from the original on October 18, 2014 10062: 9741: 9676: 9658:from the original on October 11, 2016 9359:from the original on January 11, 2012 9121:from the original on November 3, 2011 9053:from the original on October 12, 2017 9040: 9010:Bronstein, Hugh (November 10, 2009). 8860:from the original on November 8, 2012 8716:from the original on January 28, 2012 8686:from the original on January 28, 2012 8448:from the original on October 22, 2014 8367:"Chapter 6 – Terrorist Organizations" 7644:from the original on 22 December 2015 7091:from the original on October 12, 2017 7060:from the original on October 12, 2017 6878: 6827:from the original on December 7, 2017 6788: 6770:from the original on October 17, 2016 6757: 6741:"La United Fruit Company en Colombia" 6246:. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. pp. 6166:from the original on 10 February 2017 6041:from the original on October 16, 2014 5969:from the original on October 22, 2014 5949:from the original on October 18, 2014 5338: 5269:"Chávez and the Cash-Filled Suitcase" 5239: 4914:from the original on 10 February 2018 4888:from the original on 10 February 2018 4446: 4379: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4160: 4138:Molano, Alfredo (February 18, 2004). 3843:Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia 3710:Use of land mines during the conflict 3219:On May 24, 2008, Colombian magazine, 3153:On January 4, 2008, the results of a 2154:, and the drug trafficking industry. 1459: 14921:List of conflicts in Central America 13147:Colombia–Peru War (Leticia Incident) 12402:Renewed peace process (2012–present) 12100:"Washington Office on Latin America" 11833:"Q&A: Colombia's civil conflict" 11638:"'Let's talk about the disappeared'" 11356:. Library of the European Parliament 10999:. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. 10754:from the original on August 29, 2017 10712:"Top 10 U.S. Foreign Aid Recipients" 10434: 10201:from the original on October 1, 2015 9606:from the original on August 25, 2016 9403: 9177:from the original on August 30, 2011 9109:McDermott, Jeremy (April 25, 2011). 8846: 8434: 7640:. D+C, development and cooperation. 7617:from the original on 29 October 2013 7334:Oriana Zill; Lowell Bergman (2000). 6976:from the original on 17 October 2013 6962: 6688:from the original on 1 December 2016 6601: 6295:la violencia colombia united states. 6142:la violencia colombia united states. 5629:from the original on August 13, 2016 5370: 5328:"Aiding Colombia's War on Terrorism" 5326:Moreno, Luis Alberto (May 3, 2002). 5039:from the original on August 17, 2017 4728:from the original on 12 October 2017 4304: 4206: 4156: 3658:Increase in illegal drug trafficking 3615: 3516: 3423:. This accord does not include ELN. 3204:, supported by Venezuelan President 2475:rightwing paramilitary organizations 2110:Conflicto armado interno de Colombia 14852:Dissident Irish republican campaign 14726:Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency 14198:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso 14048:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 12314:Patriotic Union Party extermination 11803:Plan Colombia by Carmen Guhn-Knight 11347:"Colombia: new momentum for peace?" 11268:Pizarro Leongómez, Eduardo (1991). 11233:(in Spanish). Ediciones B-Vergara. 10784:from the original on 29 August 2017 10038: 9990: 9927: 9907: 9879: 9837:Departamento Nacional de Planeacion 9677:James, Julian (September 7, 2019). 9484:"Colombian soldiers die in clashes" 9090:from the original on March 13, 2016 8834:from the original on March 10, 2012 8706:"Farc admit 'hostage boy' not held" 8676:"Colombia boy may be hostage's son" 8559:from the original on March 20, 2008 8523:"Uribe termina mediación de Chávez" 8498:. November 22, 2007. Archived from 7894:. Constellation. pp. 160–163. 7203:from the original on 26 August 2013 6950:from the original on March 29, 2019 6944:www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co 6857:from the original on March 29, 2019 6797:from the original on March 29, 2019 6618:from the original on 7 October 2016 5740:from the original on April 26, 2014 5623:"Las Farc tendrían 13.980 miembros" 5432: 5279:from the original on March 18, 2014 5143:from the original on August 4, 2021 4758:from the original on March 20, 2017 4542:Livingstone, p. 5; Canby, p 31 4238: 4213: 4181: 4133: 3038:that a 1991 document from the U.S. 162:Start of Catatumbo campaign in 2018 24: 14926:List of conflicts in South America 14916:List of conflicts in North America 14292:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 14270:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria 14063:Central African Republic Civil War 11903:Conflict Analysis Resources Center 11770:Michael Evans, ed. (May 3, 2002). 11636:Constanza Vieira (July 16, 2010). 11464:"Information about the combatants" 11369:Azcarate, Camilo A. (March 1999). 11344: 11277:Tirado Mejía, Alvaro, ed. (1989). 11041:. University of California Press. 10983: 10680:Priest, Dana (December 21, 2013). 10476:from the original on July 17, 2018 10396:from the original on June 14, 2018 10370:from the original on June 17, 2018 10344:from the original on June 14, 2018 10318:from the original on June 14, 2018 10292:from the original on June 14, 2018 10112:from the original on June 22, 2017 9576:from the original on June 23, 2016 9494:from the original on July 23, 2013 9438:. Elespectador.Com. Archived from 9355:. Elespectador.Com. May 26, 2011. 9041:Kraul, Chris (December 23, 2009). 8905:Murphy, Helen (October 29, 2008). 8830:. Colombia Reports. May 28, 2009. 8646:"Colombia tests 'hostage' boy DNA" 8613:"Uribe ally quits Colombia Senate" 7675:10.1093/oso/9780197530351.001.0001 7585:"Unidad de restitución de tierras" 7398:George W. Bush Presidential Center 7315:from the original on March 9, 2014 6891:(in Spanish) (8). Cali, Colombia: 6789:Cosoy, Natalio (August 24, 2016). 6563:from the original on July 24, 2016 6502:"Registro Único de Víctimas (RUV)" 6453:from the original on March 5, 2017 6318:from the original on June 14, 2011 6061:from the original on March 1, 2015 5844:from the original on July 25, 2013 5791:"COLOMBIA FACTSHEET February 2017" 5761:"The price of Colombia's drug war" 5267:Padgett, Tim (September 3, 2008). 4984:from the original on July 12, 2018 4936:. October 18, 1996. Archived from 4309:LeGrand, Catherine C (June 2003). 4074: 3635:United Nations Development Program 3599:. This is directly related to the 3507: 3347:List of attacks attributed to FARC 2980:, Paramilitary groups such as the 2179:militants to re-organize into the 25: 15127: 14984:Colombian conflict (1964–present) 14641:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 14511:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 14102:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 12407:Peace agreement referendum (2016) 11702: 10171:from the original on May 19, 2014 9742:Radio, Caracol (April 26, 2020). 9628:. El Tiempo. September 16, 2016. 8816:. Colombia Reports. May 25, 2008. 7777:"biografia Gustavo Rojas Pinilla" 7424:"One Million Voices Against FARC" 6853:(in Spanish). February 18, 2015. 6581: 5920:. Crisisgroup.org. Archived from 5758: 5391:"Latin America: Terrorism Issues" 5169:from the original on June 8, 2021 4958:from the original on June 2, 2018 4858:. elcolombiano.com. May 6, 2014. 4784:from the original on 27 July 2017 4724:. caracol.com.co. 19 April 2012. 4524:Livingstone, p. 7; Quoting: 4520: 4513: 4038:Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz 3809:On July 28, 2019, during the XXV 3768:are a group formerly part of the 2984:and the rebel groups (mainly the 2438:, the FARC created the left-wing 2306:Workers would often organize and 14963:Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) 14658:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 14651:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq 14516:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 13090:Military career of Simón Bolívar 12893: 12880: 12867: 12847: 12676: 12666: 12656: 12646: 12629: 12605: 12595: 12585: 12539:Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001) 12451:Colombia–United States relations 12361:Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007) 12335:Failed peace process (1999–2002) 11721:"Colombia Page on InSight Crime" 10923: 10897: 10836: 10822: 10796: 10766: 10734: 10704: 10673: 10647: 10588: 10578: 10523:Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995). 10516: 10488: 10408: 10382: 10356: 10330: 10304: 10283: 10265: 10256: 10243: 10213: 10183: 10124: 10090: 10075: 10056: 10023: 10008: 9975: 9960: 9945: 9864: 9843: 9828: 9802: 9776: 9735: 9696: 9670: 9644: 9618: 9588: 9558: 9532: 9506: 9476: 9454: 9428: 9371: 9345: 9329:. Caracol.com.co. Archived from 9319: 9303:. Caracol.com.co. Archived from 9293: 9277:. Caracol.com.co. Archived from 9267: 9241: 9215: 9189: 9173:. El Colombiano. April 9, 2011. 9163: 9133: 9102: 9076: 9034: 9003: 8977: 8951: 8925: 8898: 8872: 8820: 8806: 8780: 8754: 8728: 8698: 8605: 8571: 8545: 8514: 8484: 8460: 8408: 8381: 8359: 8333: 8283: 8257: 8239: 8163: 8137: 8121:. March 20, 1996. Archived from 8107: 8081: 8055: 8029: 8003: 7977: 7968: 7959: 7950: 7941: 7908: 7869: 7860: 7851: 7820: 7795: 7769: 7743: 7717: 7691: 7656: 7629: 7603: 7122:from the original on May 8, 2017 6758:Kraul, Chris (August 30, 2016). 6373:Historical Memory Group (2013). 6035:Colombia News – Colombia Reports 6011:Colombia News – Colombia Reports 5987:Colombia News – Colombia Reports 4628:Richani, Nazih (April 1, 2002). 4161:Peter, Canby (August 16, 2004). 4108: 3847:Colombia–United States relations 3806:in Peru to take up their cause. 3574:Kidnapping and extortion ransoms 3520: 3034:In 2004, it was revealed by the 2800:Constituent Assembly of Colombia 2037: 1901: 1411: 1399: 1366: 1349: 1276: 1265: 1242: 1231: 1220: 1209: 1198: 1151: 1135: 1124: 1113: 1102: 1083: 1064: 1036: 1016: 1004: 992: 980: 968: 956: 944: 932: 920: 908: 896: 884: 872: 860: 839: 818: 806: 794: 783:(financial support; 1960s–1970s) 774: 760: 748: 735: 722: 710: 698: 681: 668: 649: 636: 623: 610: 597: 584: 565: 551: 538: 472: 353: 296: 284: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 212: 194: 157:Colombia–FARC peace deal in 2016 57: 14979:Mapuche conflict (1997–present) 14947:Mexican Drug War (2006–present) 14489:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 14470:Internal conflict in Bangladesh 13844:Freedom of religion in Colombia 13169:Current internal armed conflict 13085:United Provinces of New Granada 12376:Andean diplomatic crisis (2008) 12173:Colombia Peacebuilding database 11857:Center for International Policy 11468:Center for International Policy 11056:Dudley, Steven (January 2004). 10193:Journal of ERW and Mine Action, 9086:. Reuters. September 10, 2010. 8416:"A Harsh Light On Associate 82" 8223:. Start.umd.edu. Archived from 7545: 7519: 7503:(in Spanish). ejercito.mil.co. 7493: 7442: 7416: 7386: 7360: 7327: 7297: 7267: 7241: 7225:. usatoday.com. July 30, 2012. 7215: 7189: 7134: 7103: 7072: 7046: 6972:. economist.com. 27 July 2013. 6932: 6839: 6809: 6782: 6751: 6732: 6700: 6575: 6559:. D+C/Development+Cooperation. 6534: 6520: 6494: 6279:. Seven Stories Press. p. 6210: 6178: 6126:. Seven Stories Press. p. 5937:Friedman, Uri (July 10, 2013). 5908: 5882: 5856: 5783: 5752: 5671: 5641: 5615: 5589: 5530: 5453: 5426: 5412: 5383: 5364: 5319: 5305: 5291: 5233: 5219: 5195: 5181: 5155: 5129: 5063: 4996: 4970: 4944: 4926: 4900: 4702:Brooke, James (March 7, 1991). 4653: 4646: 4608: 4584: 4576:. December 2002. Archived from 4538: 4489: 4447:James, Preston Everett (1969). 4321:(55/5): 165–209. Archived from 4297: 4266: 4243:Corbyn, Jeremy (July 2, 2003). 3987:Statistics about victims of war 3958:In March 2015, it was revealed 3462: 3055:Colombian presidential election 3027:and Canada soon followed suit. 15056:Civil wars of the 21st century 15051:Civil wars of the 20th century 14531:Sectarian violence in Pakistan 14456:Islamic State–Taliban conflict 14225:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 14150:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 12478:Illegal drug trade in Colombia 12304:Palace of Justice siege (1985) 12299:Dominican Embassy siege (1980) 11942:"Colombian President's Office" 11107:Ruiz, Bert (October 1, 2001). 10844:"The Axis of Peace and Memory" 10284:Cali, Casa Editorial El País. 9516:. Reuters. December 16, 2014. 9471:InterAmerican Security Watch, 9381:. Eltiempo.Com. Archived from 9251:. Eltiempo.Com. Archived from 9199:. enLatino.com. Archived from 7987:. Ces.fe.uc.pt. Archived from 7638:"Understanding Colombia's war" 6879:Yaffe, Lilian (July 1, 2011). 5398:Congressional Research Service 4874: 4848: 4822: 4796: 4770: 4740: 4714: 4695: 4679:. Reuters. December 19, 2014. 4669: 4622: 4563: 4531: 4042:international humanitarian law 3327:, near the Venezuelan border. 3120:Colombian parapolitics scandal 3091:In 2007, Venezuelan President 3075:Colombian parapolitics scandal 2754: 2721:On November 6, 1985, the M-19 2167:, and in the aftermath of the 1427:26,648 demobilized since 2002 13: 1: 14780:Syrian–Turkish border clashes 14702:Iran–Israel conflict in Syria 14484:Insurgency in Northeast India 14280:Religious violence in Nigeria 14260:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 12119:National Film Board of Canada 11391:Economic and Political Weekly 11102:. Cambridge University Press. 10136:The Christian Science Monitor 8738:. Reuters. January 13, 2008. 8013:. Uasb.edu.ec. Archived from 5371:Long, Robert (May 24, 2009). 4978:"EPL / Los Pelusos – Profile" 4276:Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth 4273:Pearce, Jenny (May 1, 1990). 4186:Stokes, Doug (July 1, 2005). 4062: 4034:Special Jurisdiction of Peace 3924:Chiquita Brands International 3625:Impact on income distribution 3198:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis 2516:The Peace process in Colombia 2268:. Colombia at the time was a 2249: 1716:San José de Apartadó massacre 76:: National Police during the 15066:Military history of Colombia 14942:Chiapas conflict (1994–2014) 14593:Conflicts in the Philippines 14203:Jihadist insurgency in Niger 12544:Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003) 12350:El Nogal Club bombing (2003) 11778:. National Security Archive. 11425:NACLA Report on the Americas 11229:Pardo Rueda, Rafael (2004). 11077:Kirk, Robin (January 2003). 10997:The Profits of Extermination 9816:. Havana, Cuba. June 9, 2023 9404:Otis, John (July 16, 2011). 8473:(in Spanish). Archived from 8293:(in Spanish). Archived from 8249:(in Spanish). Archived from 8194:. Ucdp.uu.se. Archived from 7956:Dudley, pp. 127–139, 165–166 6557:"Returning to everyday life" 6530:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022. 6089:(in Spanish). Archived from 4662: 4009:internally displaced persons 3999:with the conflict's victims. 3967:, announced her retirement. 3932:Southern District of Florida 3755:Emergence of FARC dissidents 3447: 3340: 3212:, also a member of the FARC 3068: 2971: 2950: 2835: 2380:Colombian Conservative Party 2208:internally displaced persons 7: 15076:Rebellions in South America 15061:Revolution-based civil wars 14834:Russian invasion of Ukraine 14743:DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey 14738:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 14336:Jamaican political conflict 14287:Conflict in the Niger Delta 13941:Colombia in popular culture 13714:Water supply and sanitation 13132:Colombian Civil War of 1895 12765:Military Forces of Colombia 12309:DAS Building bombing (1989) 11965:"Background Note: Colombia" 11341:(Sep 2015) 13#9 pp 454–465. 11248:Hennecke, Angelika (2006). 11132:. Oxford University Press. 11111:. McFarland & Company. 10905:"the Land Restitution Unit" 10603:. South End Press. p. 10529:Small Wars and Insurgencies 10504:(in Spanish). July 28, 2019 9225:. RCN Radio. Archived from 8909:. Bloomberg. Archived from 7725:"Camilo Torres and the ELN" 7176:Central Intelligence Agency 6739:Brungardt, Maurice (1997). 5573:World Report 2011: Colombia 4113:Livingstone, Grace (2004). 3429:In October 2016, President 3040:Defense Intelligence Agency 2917:Defense Intelligence Agency 2549: 1440:Number of refugees: 340,000 10: 15132: 14819:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 14709:Kurdish separatism in Iran 14687:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 14636:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 14494:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 14377:Ecuadorian security crisis 14309:Western Togoland Rebellion 14220:Sudanese nomadic conflicts 13075:Viceroyalty of New Granada 12984:Some Colombian politicians 12753:Some Colombian politicians 12197:November 19, 2010, at the 12049:Ideas for Peace Foundation 11544:International Crisis Group 11279:Nueva historia de Colombia 11231:La historia de las guerras 10659:February 25, 2017, at the 8388:Grace Livingstone (2004). 8322:November 21, 2008, at the 7699:"Marquetalia and the FARC" 6970:"Peace and brotherly love" 5506:"Military Personnel, 2013" 5373:"Colombia's War on Terror" 3980:Colombian Attorney General 3836: 3758: 3601:Security Policy Democratic 3502: 3466: 3451: 3344: 3289:Vice President of Colombia 3081:Valle del Cauca Department 3072: 2642: 2471:left-wing guerrilla groups 2144:multinational corporations 1952:Viceroyalty of New Granada 1429:34,065 captured since 2004 1422:irregular military groups: 1043:Waldemar Franklin Quintero 15002: 14971: 14955: 14934: 14911: 14906:conflicts in the Americas 14844: 14806: 14799: 14697:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 14623: 14615:South Thailand insurgency 14581:Conflict in Rakhine State 14541: 14443: 14427: 14411: 14404: 14364: 14346:Salvadoran gang crackdown 14328: 14321: 14252: 14188:Insurgency in the Maghreb 14175: 14110: 14040: 14033: 13957: 13936:Right-wing paramilitarism 13862: 13727: 13662: 13658: 13649: 13557: 13548: 13516: 13426: 13388: 13379: 13330: 13283: 13195: 13191: 13182: 13122:United States of Colombia 13040: 12821:Former government program 12759: 12562: 12371:"False positives" scandal 12325:Mapiripán Massacre (1997) 12274: 12260: 12255: 12251: 12246: 11695:October 18, 2015, at the 11345:Cirlig, Carmen-Cristina. 11020:. Duke University Press. 10641:October 12, 2017, at the 10575:Livingstone, 2004: p. 155 10541:10.1080/09592319508423115 10442:Venezuela: A Mafia State? 10191:"Leah Young, "Colombia," 7199:. un.org. 8 August 2013. 6478:. FARC-EP International. 5461:"Vicente Castaño, muerto" 4517:Livingstone, p. 110. 4087:The Tabula Rasa Institute 3833:Role of the United States 3700:Los Valencia Organization 3611:Indirect economic effects 3292:Francisco Santos Calderón 3036:National Security Archive 2481:During the presidency of 2414: 2388:Colombian Communist Party 2008:United States of Colombia 1662:"False positives" scandal 1497: 1434:Civilians killed: 177,307 1433: 1425:11,484 killed since 2004 1362:20,001 injured since 2004 1342: 1286: 831: 186: 111: 56: 39: 34: 15096:Anti-communist terrorism 15086:21st century in Colombia 15081:20th century in Colombia 14275:Nigerian bandit conflict 14155:Insurgency in Mozambique 14123:Ethiopian civil conflict 14083:Western DR Congo clashes 12787:Colombian Naval Infantry 12456:Human rights in Colombia 12284:La Violencia (1948–1958) 12035:(in Spanish and English) 11969:U.S. Department of State 11959:(In Spanish and English) 11936:(In Spanish and English) 11919:"Colombian Army website" 11913:(In Spanish and English) 11287:Journals and periodicals 11220:Palacios, Marco (1995). 11193:Books in other languages 11035:Bushnell, David (1993). 10195:Issue 13.1, Summer 2009" 7527:"Colombia's peace deals" 6508:(in Spanish). April 2022 6506:Unidad para las Víctimas 5463:. Cambio. Archived from 5377:Harvard Political Review 4567:Livingstone, p. 6; 4499:. SR Books. p. 13. 4493:Livingstone, p. 5; 4270:Livingstone, p. 5; 4067: 4003:According to a study by 3631:Universidad de los Andes 2749: 2651:Julio César Turbay Ayala 2638: 2610: 2554: 2240:House of Representatives 2202:According to a study by 915:Julio César Turbay Ayala 390:Libertadores del Vichada 15041:Wars involving Colombia 14351:Honduran gang crackdown 14242:Western Saharan clashes 14237:Western Sahara conflict 14193:Insurgency in the Sahel 14027:Ongoing armed conflicts 13174:Colombian peace process 13117:Granadine Confederation 13112:Republic of New Granada 12522:FARC political hostages 12517:Kidnappings in Colombia 12392:Nariño massacres (2009) 12094:(in German and English) 11272:. Universidad Nacional. 11205:. Seven Stories Press. 11109:The Colombian Civil War 10065:Planeacion y Desarrollo 7888:Russ Kick, ed. (2009). 7827:Dudley, Steven (2004). 7802:Pecáut, Daniel (2008). 6946:(in European Spanish). 6162:. colombiareports.com. 4218:Dudley, Steven (2004). 4198:(4): 26. Archived from 4173:(5): 31. Archived from 3641:Decrease in investments 3552:Physical infrastructure 3513:Direct economic effects 3492:On January 2, 2022, an 3351:Colombian peace process 2845:affecting other areas. 2828:, Venezuela (1991) and 2777:Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa 2687:Muerte a Secuestradores 2629:Misael Pastrana Borrero 2384:Colombian Liberal Party 2371:political assassination 2246:also gave its backing. 1998:Granadine Confederation 1988:Republic of New Granada 1548:Palace of Justice siege 1543:Dominican embassy siege 1436:People abducted: 27,023 1360:4,908 killed since 2004 903:Alfonso López Michelsen 891:Misael Pastrana Borrero 867:Guillermo León Valencia 78:Palace of justice siege 48:(1971–present) and the 14673:Saudi–led intervention 14501:Insurgency in Pakistan 14382:Insurgency in Paraguay 13612:Science and technology 13367:Indigenous territories 13070:Kingdom of New Granada 12967:Colombian drug cartels 12812:Attorney General units 12748:Colombian drug cartels 12570:Government of Colombia 12549:Doe v. Chiquita (2007) 12397:2013 Colombian clashes 12386:Operation Fenix (2008) 12381:Operation Jaque (2008) 12340:Bojayá massacre (2002) 12115:"Who Shot My Brother?" 12000:"AUC Official Website" 11510:"Colombia 2005 Report" 11433:Government/NGO reports 11299:International Security 11014:Aviva Chomsky (2008). 10452:. 2018. pp. 3–84. 10102:Bogota, 14 March 2015" 9466:June 16, 2012, at the 7833:. Routledge. pp. 7455:International Security 7054:"LA BONANZA MARIMBERA" 5544:. September 12, 2010. 4754:. September 17, 2016. 4657:Livingstone, p. 7 4590:Arocha, Jaime (1998). 4535:Livingstone, p. 5 4000: 3915: 3902: 3868: 3861:"paramilitary and/or 3789:of western Venezuela. 3727:FARC's rebel diplomacy 3529:This section is empty. 3335:Luis Francisco Cuéllar 3253:Colombian armed forces 3231:Manuel Marulanda Vélez 3182:Colombian armed forces 3180:On March 1, 2008, the 2978:Colombian Armed Forces 2957:Andrés Pastrana Arango 2807:César Gaviria Trujillo 2625:19th of April Movement 2620: 2579:Camilo Torres Restrepo 2260:, a conflict in which 2128:government of Colombia 2109: 1942:New Kingdom of Granada 1805:Police station attacks 1721:Sierra Macarena ambush 1704:Bahía Portete massacre 975:Andrés Pastrana Arango 879:Carlos Lleras Restrepo 832:Commanders and leaders 422:Norte del Valle Cartel 311:Colombian drug cartels 119:May 27, 1964 – present 15106:Communism in Colombia 14461:Republican insurgency 14265:Boko Haram insurgency 12931:Former paramilitaries 12842:DynCorp International 12716:Cuban revolutionaries 12319:Humanitarian exchange 12169:"Insight on Conflict" 12058:on September 10, 2009 11995:Maps of the conflict. 11925:on September 27, 2007 11690:The Colombian Miracle 11564:(Spanish and English) 11531:(Spanish and English) 11152:Stokes, Doug (2005). 10937:. September 8, 2017. 10885:on September 25, 2015 10595:Noam Chomsky (2000). 10366:. February 25, 2018. 9542:. BBC. May 22, 2015. 9442:on September 30, 2011 8856:. CNN. July 2, 2008. 8581:(November 26, 2017). 8177:on February 22, 2005. 7991:on September 23, 2015 7835:58–61, 94–95, 233–237 7751:"Hunter Killer Teams" 6902:10.18046/recs.i8.1133 6713:. Ecsbdefesa.com.br. 6649:. November 24, 2016. 6224:. September 22, 2018. 5301:. September 13, 2017. 5191:. September 18, 2017. 4954:. November 27, 2017. 3994: 3907: 3889: 3885:Joint Chiefs of Staff 3881:William P. Yarborough 3857:William P. Yarborough 3854: 3400:and military fronts. 3251:On July 2, 2008, the 3192:, member of the FARC 3147:San José del Guaviare 3104:humanitarian exchange 2889:Ernesto Samper Pizano 2785:Carlos Lemos Simmonds 2761:Virgilio Barco Vargas 2633:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 2618: 2595:campaign against the 2281:agricultural products 2266:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1922:Pre-Columbian period 1800:Centro Andino bombing 1606:Siege of Las Delicias 1343:Casualties and losses 1158:Daniel Rendón Herrera 939:Virgilio Barco Vargas 515:La Familia Michoacana 133:with spillovers into 15111:Communist rebellions 14775:Russian intervention 14765:Inter-rebel conflict 14719:Western Iran clashes 14692:Gaza–Israel conflict 13767:World Heritage Sites 13737:Archaeological sites 13471:Council of Ministers 13275:World Heritage Sites 13265:Environmental issues 13242:Valleys and Plateaus 13142:Separation of Panama 13127:Republic of Colombia 13095:Wars of independence 13060:Muisca Confederation 12972:Mexican drug cartels 12640:List of FARC attacks 12461:Politics of Colombia 12355:Neiva bombing (2003) 12289:Marquetalia Republic 11948:on November 18, 2008 11882:on November 17, 2006 11666:on February 23, 2006 11553:on December 13, 2014 11450:on February 23, 2006 11312:10.1162/isec_a_00406 11224:(in Spanish). Norma. 10340:. January 18, 2018. 10138:. January 30, 2013. 9851:"Informe Anual 2003" 9708:translate.google.com 9151:on December 27, 2010 8991:on February 22, 2012 8965:on February 22, 2012 8768:on February 11, 2009 8253:on December 1, 2006. 8095:on February 13, 2008 8069:on September 2, 2005 7468:10.1162/isec_a_00406 7400:. February 4, 2011. 7255:on December 29, 2010 7249:"The World Factbook" 7056:. radionacional.co. 7008:on February 21, 2017 6684:. 30 November 2016. 6347:on December 26, 2009 6238:Garry Leech (2009). 5965:. Insightcrime.org. 5896:on November 13, 2010 5655:. October 18, 2013. 5467:on February 27, 2012 5422:. November 13, 2012. 5240:Molla, Ylli (2016). 5035:. lasillavacia.com. 4940:on October 18, 1996. 4580:on November 7, 2007. 4177:on October 20, 2006. 3676:Beltrán Leyva Cartel 3473:On April 25, senior 3214:Central High Command 3194:Central High Command 3085:Colombian government 2904:Cartagena del Chairá 2700:Rodrigo Lara Bonilla 2524:Colombian government 2367:Jorge Eliécer Gaitán 2338:Miguel Abadía Méndez 2316:United Fruit Company 2274:United Fruit Company 2165:Jorge Eliécer Gaitán 2018:Republic of Colombia 1932:Spanish colonization 1568:DAS Building bombing 1563:Massacre of Trujillo 1328:: 1,380–3,000 (2013) 349:(Since 2016 or 2017) 14829:Russo-Ukrainian War 14526:Insurgency in Sindh 14506:Insurgency in Sindh 14183:Insurgency in Egypt 14128:Afar–Somali clashes 13931:Guerrilla movements 13476:Government agencies 13449:Comptroller General 12860:Mission in Colombia 12436:Democratic security 12417:Total Peace concept 12083:on January 12, 2006 11876:Alternatives to war 11839:. December 23, 2009 11790:on October 26, 2009 11754:on February 3, 2006 11642:Inter Press Service 11381:on January 6, 2003. 11322:20.500.11850/480000 10686:The Washington Post 10167:. The-monitor.org. 9654:. October 3, 2016. 9602:. August 25, 2016. 9385:on January 11, 2012 9333:on October 12, 2017 9307:on October 12, 2017 9281:on October 12, 2017 9255:on January 11, 2012 8712:. January 5, 2008. 8682:. January 5, 2008. 8652:. January 2, 2008. 8619:. October 5, 2007. 8422:on October 15, 2007 8328:Dallas Morning News 8271:on February 2, 2004 8151:on October 27, 2005 8125:on October 26, 2013 8011:"Milson Betancourt" 7974:Dudley, pp. 165–166 7947:Dudley, pp. 162–165 7705:on October 28, 2010 7565:on October 29, 2013 7478:20.500.11850/480000 6588:The Washington Post 6476:"Agreement Victims" 6198:on January 23, 2017 6096:on January 21, 2016 5924:on October 20, 2014 5400:. February 23, 2011 5083:on January 23, 2017 4616:US State Department 4251:: 7. Archived from 4202:on January 9, 2016. 3941:The Washington Post 3357:Colombian Air Force 3285:Óscar Tulio Lizcano 3113:Mario Montoya Uribe 2955:On August 7, 1998, 2655:human rights abuses 2404:Pedro Antonio Marin 2303:to maintain power. 2301:right-wing militias 2132:paramilitary groups 2044:Colombia portal 1963:United Provinces of 1631:Villanueva massacre 1601:La Gabarra massacre 322:Oficina de Envigado 105:Battle of Gutiérrez 71:: Displaced people. 15116:Cold War conflicts 15031:Colombian conflict 14714:Iran–PJAK conflict 14576:Karen–Mon conflict 14372:Colombian conflict 14165:Operation Atalanta 14068:Insurgency in Chad 13704:Race and ethnicity 13617:Telecommunications 13350:Metropolitan areas 13137:Thousand Days' War 13080:Foolish Fatherland 13055:Indigenous peoples 12979:military personnel 12807:Migración Colombia 12500:Catatumbo campaign 12470:Illegal drug trade 12428:Government aspects 12366:Operation Emmanuel 12294:The National Front 12239:Colombian conflict 12149:on October 1, 2005 11853:"Colombia Program" 11596:. October 19, 2015 11444:Human Rights Watch 10967:on October 5, 2016 10778:washingtonpost.com 10750:. March 26, 2015. 10747:The New York Times 10565:on March 30, 2010. 10547:on March 30, 2010. 10446:Medellin, Colombia 10314:. March 20, 2018. 10108:. March 14, 2015. 9704:"Google Translate" 9416:on August 23, 2013 8939:on October 7, 2011 8444:. News.bbc.co.uk. 8297:on August 30, 2005 7875:Dudley, pp. 91–104 7731:on October 7, 2008 7171:The World Factbook 7154:on April 13, 2015. 6614:. nobelprize.org. 5989:. March 23, 2011. 5578:2015-02-06 at the 5568:Human Rights Watch 5352:on August 24, 2006 5332:The New York Times 5211:. April 14, 2011. 5006:. April 28, 2017. 4980:. March 26, 2017. 4708:The New York Times 4704:"Operation Traíra" 4376:2002)", see Notes. 4192:Canadian Dimension 4001: 3938:In December 2013, 3916: 3869: 3741:Colombian Conflict 3696:Guadalajara Cartel 3431:Juan Manuel Santos 3365:Juan Manuel Santos 3227:Juan Manuel Santos 3196:. This led to the 3169:In February 2008, 3132:Operation Emmanuel 3006:Colombian Congress 2941:Mapiripán Massacre 2681:illegal drug trade 2662:Belisario Betancur 2621: 2619:Colombian soldier 2436:Belisario Betancur 2355:organizations. In 2293:private militaries 2238:for approval. The 2228:Juan Manuel Santos 2102:Colombian conflict 1815:Bogotá car bombing 1810:Catatumbo campaign 1611:Mapiripán massacre 1591:Villatina massacre 1558:Avianca Flight 203 1489:Colombian conflict 1379:35,000 demobilized 1238:Mauricio Jaramillo 1120:Rodrigo Tovar Pupo 1011:Iván Duque Márquez 999:Juan Manuel Santos 927:Belisario Betancur 786:Cartel of the Suns 509:Guadalajara Cartel 428:North Coast Cartel 96:Juan Manuel Santos 35:Colombian Conflict 15091:Conflicts in 2022 15018: 15017: 14869: 14868: 14865: 14864: 14814:Abkhazia conflict 14795: 14794: 14631:Abkhazia conflict 14586:Rohingya conflict 14556:Myanmar civil war 14435:Xinjiang conflict 14400: 14399: 14387:Peruvian conflict 14356:Gang war in Haiti 14317: 14316: 14053:Anglophone Crisis 13993: 13992: 13953: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13645: 13644: 13544: 13543: 13493:Foreign relations 13454:Inspector General 13393:Political parties 13375: 13374: 13326: 13325: 13249:(Protected Areas) 12996: 12995: 12991: 12990: 12706:Foro de São Paulo 12623:Former guerrillas 12488:Operation Snowcap 12412:2022 Huila attack 11648:on July 18, 2010. 11520:on August 1, 2020 11493:on August 3, 2004 11083:. PublicAffairs. 11027:978-0-8223-4190-1 10614:978-0-89608-611-1 10472:. July 16, 2018. 10418:. April 2, 2018. 10392:. March 4, 2018. 9790:. January 3, 2022 9710:. April 25, 2020. 9572:. June 23, 2016. 9490:. July 21, 2013. 9229:on April 13, 2011 9203:on March 13, 2012 9047:Los Angeles Times 8480:on July 24, 2011. 8401:978-0-8135-3443-5 8247:"Uscátegui acusa" 8017:on March 11, 2012 7965:Pecáut, pp. 51–52 7901:978-1-934708-07-1 7813:978-958-45-1322-9 7684:978-0-19-753035-1 7430:on March 23, 2013 7374:on April 10, 2013 7028:"El narcotráfico" 6893:Universidad Icesi 6764:Los Angeles Times 6449:. December 2016. 6389:978-958-57608-4-4 6290:978-1-58322-606-3 6257:978-0-8070-6148-0 6137:978-1-58322-606-3 5840:. July 25, 2013. 5685:. April 18, 2021. 5584:World Report 2011 5518:on April 13, 2015 5315:. March 27, 2017. 5253:978-9928-219-00-8 5229:. March 15, 2011. 3877:counterinsurgency 3804:Putumayo Province 3800:Putumayo Province 3616:Productivity loss 3549: 3548: 3479:COVID-19 pandemic 3435:Nobel Peace Prize 3405:two rebel attacks 3307:guerrilla warfare 3261:Íngrid Betancourt 3246:Salvatore Mancuso 3155:mitochondrial DNA 3097:Colombian Senator 3053:In May 2006, the 3001:President Uribe's 2864:In Las Delicias, 2450:began to smuggle 2232:Nobel Peace Prize 2118: 2098: 2097: 2031: 2030: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1699:Zona Rosa attacks 1667:Macayepo massacre 1636:Nudo de Paramillo 1454: 1453: 1448:Total casualties: 1131:Salvatore Mancuso 182: 181: 44:(1964–1991), the 16:(Redirected from 15123: 14896: 14889: 14882: 14873: 14872: 14804: 14803: 14755:Daraa insurgency 14750:Syrian civil war 14680:Yemeni Civil war 14551:Myanmar conflict 14409: 14408: 14392:Mapuche conflict 14341:Mexican drug war 14326: 14325: 14215:Sinai insurgency 14160:Somali Civil War 14038: 14037: 14020: 14013: 14006: 13997: 13996: 13973: 13966: 13914:Drug trafficking 13822:National symbols 13802:Muisca mythology 13660: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13602: 13594:Mineral industry 13579:Economic history 13555: 13554: 13386: 13385: 13355:Capital District 13270:Invasive species 13255:Cities and towns 13250: 13193: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13065:Spanish conquest 13023: 13016: 13009: 13000: 12999: 12899: 12897: 12896: 12886: 12884: 12883: 12873: 12871: 12870: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12680: 12670: 12660: 12650: 12633: 12609: 12599: 12589: 12534: 12512: 12473: 12431: 12249: 12248: 12232: 12225: 12218: 12209: 12208: 12203:Reuters AlertNet 12188: 12186: 12184: 12175:. Archived from 12158: 12156: 12154: 12145:. Archived from 12134: 12132: 12130: 12121:. Archived from 12110: 12108: 12106: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12079:. Archived from 12067: 12065: 12063: 12057: 12051:. Archived from 12046: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12020:. Archived from 12010: 12008: 12006: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11944:. Archived from 11934: 11932: 11930: 11921:. Archived from 11910: 11909:on July 4, 2007. 11905:. Archived from 11891: 11889: 11887: 11878:. Archived from 11867: 11865: 11863: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11815:. Archived from 11799: 11797: 11795: 11786:. Archived from 11779: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11750:. Archived from 11736: 11734: 11732: 11727:on July 26, 2011 11723:. Archived from 11675: 11673: 11671: 11662:. Archived from 11649: 11644:. Archived from 11625: 11623: 11621: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11552: 11546:. Archived from 11541: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11516:. Archived from 11502: 11500: 11498: 11489:. Archived from 11478: 11476: 11474: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11446:. Archived from 11428: 11419: 11406: 11382: 11377:. Archived from 11365: 11363: 11361: 11354:Library Briefing 11351: 11334: 11324: 11314: 11282: 11273: 11264: 11244: 11225: 11216: 11188: 11167: 11143: 11122: 11094: 11073: 11052: 11031: 11010: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10957: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10935:radiovaticana.va 10927: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10916: 10911:on March 5, 2013 10901: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10884: 10877: 10869: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10850:on July 15, 2017 10840: 10834: 10833: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10800: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10677: 10671: 10651: 10645: 10632: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10602: 10592: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10561:. Archived from 10555: 10549: 10548: 10543:. Archived from 10520: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10492: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10386: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10308: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10281: 10272: 10269: 10263: 10260: 10254: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10161: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10045: 10036: 10035: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10012: 10006: 10005: 9997: 9988: 9987: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9934: 9925: 9924: 9916: 9905: 9904: 9896: 9877: 9876: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9855: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9761: 9752: 9751: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9721: 9712: 9711: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9480: 9474: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9412:. Archived from 9401: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9147:. Archived from 9137: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9080: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8913:on June 26, 2009 8902: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8886:on July 10, 2008 8876: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8794:on March 3, 2008 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8642: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8502:on March 9, 2008 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8472: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8418:. Archived from 8412: 8406: 8405: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8369:. April 30, 2007 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8343:. Archived from 8337: 8331: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8267:. Archived from 8261: 8255: 8254: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8227:on July 27, 2013 8217: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8173:. Archived from 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8147:. Archived from 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8091:. Archived from 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8039:. Cidh.oas.org. 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7981: 7975: 7972: 7966: 7963: 7957: 7954: 7948: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7927: 7924: 7915: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7885: 7876: 7873: 7867: 7866:Pecáut, p. 51-52 7864: 7858: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7783:on April 8, 2016 7779:. Archived from 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7753:. Archived from 7747: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7727:. Archived from 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7701:. Archived from 7695: 7689: 7688: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7591:on March 5, 2013 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7557: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7480: 7470: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7311:. May 26, 2009. 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7251:. Archived from 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7007: 7000: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6904: 6886: 6876: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6851:www.elheraldo.co 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6674: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6637: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6582:Idler, Annette. 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6472: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6428:on July 8, 2016. 6418: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6398: 6381: 6370: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6343:. Archived from 6337: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6314:. May 26, 2008. 6304: 6298: 6297: 6278: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6245: 6235: 6226: 6225: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6156: 6145: 6144: 6125: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5868:Voice of America 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5830: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5795: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5765:Colombia Reports 5759:Silva, Gustavo. 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5730: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5593: 5587: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5433:Bargent, James. 5430: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5395: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5165:. May 13, 2008. 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5117:on July 28, 2020 5113:. Archived from 5102: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4673: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4625: 4619: 4611: 4605: 4587: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4541: 4534: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4470:. Archived from 4465: 4458: 4452: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4435:on June 29, 2018 4434: 4428:. Archived from 4423: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4401:on June 29, 2018 4400: 4394:. Archived from 4389: 4382: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4345:on June 19, 2006 4341:. Archived from 4332: 4326: 4325:on May 31, 2006. 4307: 4300: 4294: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4255:on May 31, 2006. 4241: 4235: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4184: 4178: 4159: 4153: 4136: 4130: 4111: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4096:on July 21, 2012 4095: 4089:. Archived from 4084: 4077: 3965:Michele Leonhart 3735:guerrilla group 3544: 3541: 3531:You can help by 3524: 3517: 3469:War in Catatumbo 3454:War in Catatumbo 3433:was awarded the 3277:Northrop Grumman 2744:Jaime Pardo Leal 2742:In October 1987 2716:Unión Patriótica 2230:was awarded the 2218:responsibility. 2136:crime syndicates 2113: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2027: 2026: 1972: 1918: 1917: 1905: 1895: 1877: 1876: 1752:Nariño massacres 1726:Jamundí massacre 1682:El Nogal bombing 1621:Machuca massacre 1500: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1457: 1456: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1388:18,506 captured 1371: 1370: 1369: 1354: 1353: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1205:Timoleón Jiménez 1203: 1202: 1201: 1187: 1175: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1079: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1051: 1041: 1040: 1031: 1021: 1020: 1009: 1008: 997: 996: 985: 984: 973: 972: 961: 960: 949: 948: 937: 936: 925: 924: 913: 912: 901: 900: 889: 888: 877: 876: 865: 864: 844: 843: 823: 822: 821: 811: 810: 809: 799: 798: 797: 779: 778: 777: 766: 764: 763: 753: 752: 751: 741: 739: 738: 728: 726: 725: 716: 714: 713: 704: 702: 701: 686: 685: 684: 673: 672: 671: 654: 653: 652: 641: 640: 639: 628: 627: 626: 615: 614: 613: 602: 601: 600: 589: 588: 587: 570: 569: 568: 556: 555: 554: 543: 542: 541: 477: 476: 475: 358: 357: 356: 302: 300: 299: 290: 288: 287: 278: 276: 275: 266: 264: 263: 254: 252: 251: 242: 240: 239: 230: 228: 227: 218: 216: 215: 199: 198: 113: 112: 61: 32: 31: 21: 15131: 15130: 15126: 15125: 15124: 15122: 15121: 15120: 15021: 15020: 15019: 15014: 14998: 14967: 14956:Central America 14951: 14930: 14907: 14900: 14870: 14861: 14840: 14791: 14770:Rojava conflict 14760:Desert campaign 14619: 14561:Kachin conflict 14543: 14537: 14451:Afghan conflict 14439: 14423: 14419:Korean conflict 14396: 14360: 14313: 14302:Azawad conflict 14248: 14171: 14106: 14029: 14024: 13994: 13989: 13976: 13969: 13962: 13945: 13858: 13839:Public holidays 13807:Muisca religion 13723: 13641: 13600: 13540: 13526:Aerospace Force 13512: 13444:Auditor General 13422: 13371: 13322: 13285:Natural regions 13279: 13260:Natural hazards 13248: 13247:National parks 13178: 13036: 13027: 12997: 12992: 12978: 12952: 12947: 12933: 12928: 12907: 12905: 12894: 12892: 12881: 12879: 12868: 12866: 12848: 12846: 12837: 12832: 12823: 12818: 12803: 12794:National Police 12757: 12743:Fighters+Lovers 12721:Provisional IRA 12696: 12691: 12625: 12620: 12611:FARC dissidents 12577: 12566: 12558: 12556: 12555: 12554: 12535: 12528: 12526: 12513: 12506: 12504: 12474: 12467: 12465: 12432: 12425: 12388: 12357: 12321: 12278: 12242: 12236: 12199:Wayback Machine 12182: 12180: 12179:on July 1, 2017 12167: 12163:Red Resistencia 12152: 12150: 12137: 12128: 12126: 12125:on May 24, 2007 12113: 12104: 12102: 12098: 12086: 12084: 12071: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12044: 12040: 12027: 12025: 12024:on July 5, 2008 12016: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11988: 11986: 11982: 11973: 11971: 11963: 11951: 11949: 11940: 11928: 11926: 11917: 11897: 11885: 11883: 11870: 11861: 11859: 11851: 11842: 11840: 11831: 11822: 11820: 11819:on July 6, 2011 11807: 11793: 11791: 11782: 11757: 11755: 11742: 11730: 11728: 11719: 11705: 11697:Wayback Machine 11669: 11667: 11652: 11619: 11617: 11608: 11599: 11597: 11588: 11579: 11577: 11568: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11539: 11535: 11523: 11521: 11508: 11496: 11494: 11481: 11472: 11470: 11462: 11453: 11451: 11438: 11359: 11357: 11349: 11339:History Compass 11261: 11241: 11213: 11185: 11164: 11140: 11119: 11091: 11070: 11049: 11028: 11007: 10986: 10984:Further reading 10981: 10980: 10970: 10968: 10959: 10958: 10954: 10944: 10942: 10929: 10928: 10924: 10914: 10912: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10875: 10871: 10870: 10863: 10853: 10851: 10842: 10841: 10837: 10828: 10827: 10823: 10813: 10811: 10806:. thehill.com. 10802: 10801: 10797: 10787: 10785: 10772: 10771: 10767: 10757: 10755: 10740: 10739: 10735: 10725: 10723: 10710: 10709: 10705: 10695: 10693: 10678: 10674: 10661:Wayback Machine 10652: 10648: 10643:Wayback Machine 10633: 10629: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10593: 10589: 10585:Survey Report." 10583: 10579: 10574: 10570: 10557: 10556: 10552: 10521: 10517: 10507: 10505: 10494: 10493: 10489: 10479: 10477: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10440: 10439: 10435: 10425: 10423: 10414: 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10388: 10387: 10383: 10373: 10371: 10362: 10361: 10357: 10347: 10345: 10336: 10335: 10331: 10321: 10319: 10310: 10309: 10305: 10295: 10293: 10282: 10275: 10270: 10266: 10261: 10257: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10232: 10219: 10218: 10214: 10204: 10202: 10189: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10172: 10163: 10162: 10155: 10145: 10143: 10130: 10129: 10125: 10115: 10113: 10096: 10095: 10091: 10080: 10076: 10061: 10057: 10046: 10039: 10028: 10024: 10013: 10009: 9998: 9991: 9980: 9976: 9965: 9961: 9950: 9946: 9935: 9928: 9917: 9908: 9897: 9880: 9869: 9865: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9808: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9762: 9755: 9740: 9736: 9723: 9722: 9715: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9687: 9685: 9675: 9671: 9661: 9659: 9650: 9649: 9645: 9635: 9633: 9624: 9623: 9619: 9609: 9607: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9579: 9577: 9564: 9563: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9523: 9521: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9497: 9495: 9482: 9481: 9477: 9468:Wayback Machine 9459: 9455: 9445: 9443: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9419: 9417: 9402: 9398: 9388: 9386: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9362: 9360: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9336: 9334: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9310: 9308: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9284: 9282: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9258: 9256: 9247: 9246: 9242: 9232: 9230: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9169: 9168: 9164: 9154: 9152: 9139: 9138: 9134: 9124: 9122: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9091: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9066: 9056: 9054: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9008: 9004: 8994: 8992: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8968: 8966: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8942: 8940: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8916: 8914: 8903: 8899: 8889: 8887: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8863: 8861: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8837: 8835: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8797: 8795: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8719: 8717: 8704: 8703: 8699: 8689: 8687: 8674: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8644: 8643: 8636: 8626: 8624: 8611: 8610: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8576: 8572: 8562: 8560: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8534: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8477: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8350: 8348: 8347:on June 6, 2013 8339: 8338: 8334: 8324:Wayback Machine 8315:Tod Robberson, 8314: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8230: 8228: 8219: 8218: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8198:on June 6, 2013 8190: 8189: 8182: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8128: 8126: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8009: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7918: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7886: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7845: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7800: 7796: 7786: 7784: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7757:on June 6, 2009 7749: 7748: 7744: 7734: 7732: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7706: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7592: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7533:on 1 April 2016 7525: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7332: 7328: 7318: 7316: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7281:. 1 July 2008. 7273: 7272: 7268: 7258: 7256: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7206: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6828: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6787: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6756: 6752: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6682:Washington Post 6676: 6675: 6666: 6656: 6654: 6639: 6638: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6553: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6379: 6371: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6236: 6229: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6158: 6157: 6148: 6138: 6116: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6064: 6062: 6053: 6044: 6042: 6029: 6020: 6018: 6005: 5996: 5994: 5981: 5972: 5970: 5961: 5952: 5950: 5927: 5925: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5870:. June 28, 2022 5862: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5832: 5831: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580:Wayback Machine 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5431: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4910:. infobae.com. 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4884:. infobae.com. 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4836:. March 9, 2018 4828: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4804:"Ex-FARC Mafia" 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4640: 4613: 4602: 4568: 4554: 4552: 4544: 4543: 4507: 4480: 4478: 4477:on May 29, 2018 4474: 4463: 4459: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4421: 4417: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4387: 4383: 4348: 4346: 4333: 4291: 4271: 4232: 4150: 4127: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4065: 4057:final agreement 3989: 3849: 3835: 3811:São Paulo Forum 3766:FARC dissidents 3763: 3761:FARC dissidents 3757: 3729: 3712: 3688:Medellín Cartel 3660: 3643: 3627: 3618: 3613: 3588: 3576: 3554: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3515: 3510: 3508:Economic impact 3505: 3471: 3465: 3456: 3450: 3385:Valle del Cauca 3353: 3343: 3257:Operation Jaque 3208:. On March 3, 3077: 3071: 2974: 2953: 2838: 2757: 2752: 2712:Patriotic Union 2692:Medellín Cartel 2647: 2641: 2613: 2601:Phoenix Program 2557: 2552: 2510:military forces 2495:Gil Kerlikowske 2466:Organized crime 2440:Patriotic Union 2422:Frente Nacional 2417: 2346:Banana massacre 2270:banana republic 2252: 2138:, and far-left 2094: 2065: 2046: 2038: 2036: 2024: 2022: 2012:1863–1886 2002:1858–1863 1992:1831–1858 1982:1819–1831 1971:1810–1816 1970: 1967: 1964: 1956:1717–1819 1946:1550–1717 1936:1499–1550 1893: 1886: 1875: 1870: 1672:Bojayá massacre 1616:El Aro massacre 1493: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1391:Medellín Cartel 1389: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1356:Army and Police 1348: 1336:FARC dissidents 1334: 1329: 1324: 1323:: 13,980 (2016) 1306: 1301: 1296: 1293:National Police 1282:Francisco Galán 1277: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1162:Medellín cartel 1160: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1136: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1109:Vicente Castaño 1103: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1047: 1035: 1027: 1015: 1003: 991: 979: 967: 955: 943: 931: 919: 907: 895: 883: 871: 859: 856: 855: 849:(2022–present) 848: 838: 819: 817: 816: 807: 805: 804: 795: 793: 792: 788: 784: 775: 773: 772: 770: 761: 759: 758: 749: 747: 746: 736: 734: 733: 723: 721: 720: 711: 709: 708: 699: 697: 696: 682: 680: 669: 667: 650: 648: 637: 635: 624: 622: 611: 609: 598: 596: 585: 583: 572:EPL/Los Pelusos 566: 564: 560: 558:FARC dissidents 552: 550: 539: 537: 473: 471: 449: 443: 416:Medellín Cartel 399: 392: 354: 352: 324: 297: 295: 294: 285: 283: 282: 273: 271: 270: 261: 259: 258: 249: 247: 246: 237: 235: 234: 225: 223: 222: 213: 211: 210: 205: 193: 171: 141: 120: 99: 90: 81: 72: 67: 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15129: 15119: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15036:Guerrilla wars 15033: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15012: 15006: 15004: 15003:Related topics 15000: 14999: 14997: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14975: 14973: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14965: 14959: 14957: 14953: 14952: 14950: 14949: 14944: 14938: 14936: 14932: 14931: 14929: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14912: 14909: 14908: 14899: 14898: 14891: 14884: 14876: 14867: 14866: 14863: 14862: 14860: 14859: 14854: 14848: 14846: 14842: 14841: 14839: 14838: 14837: 14836: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14810: 14808: 14801: 14797: 14796: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14789: 14788: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14747: 14746: 14745: 14735: 14734: 14733: 14723: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14684: 14683: 14682: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14665: 14663:Qatif conflict 14655: 14654: 14653: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14627: 14625: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14617: 14612: 14610:Papua conflict 14607: 14606: 14605: 14600: 14590: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14571:Karen conflict 14568: 14563: 14558: 14547: 14545: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14497: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14466: 14465: 14464: 14463: 14458: 14447: 14445: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14437: 14431: 14429: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14421: 14415: 14413: 14406: 14402: 14401: 14398: 14397: 14395: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14368: 14366: 14362: 14361: 14359: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14332: 14330: 14323: 14319: 14318: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14306: 14305: 14304: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14256: 14254: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14246: 14245: 14244: 14234: 14229: 14228: 14227: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14206: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14185: 14179: 14177: 14173: 14172: 14170: 14169: 14168: 14167: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14140: 14138:Oromo conflict 14135: 14133:OLA insurgency 14130: 14120: 14118:ADF insurgency 14114: 14112: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14104: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14080: 14078:Ituri conflict 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14044: 14042: 14035: 14031: 14030: 14023: 14022: 14015: 14008: 14000: 13991: 13990: 13988: 13987: 13982: 13975: 13974: 13967: 13959: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13885: 13884: 13879: 13868: 13866: 13860: 13859: 13857: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13733: 13731: 13725: 13724: 13722: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13680: 13679: 13669: 13663: 13653: 13647: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13640: 13639: 13637:Transportation 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13607:Stock exchange 13604: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13570: 13569: 13558: 13552: 13546: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13522: 13520: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13489: 13488: 13486:Vice President 13483: 13478: 13473: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13438: 13432: 13430: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13420: 13419: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13400: 13395: 13389: 13383: 13377: 13376: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13369: 13364: 13361:Corregimientos 13357: 13352: 13347: 13345:Municipalities 13342: 13336: 13334: 13328: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13289: 13287: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13213: 13212: 13207: 13196: 13186: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13164:National Front 13161: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13046: 13044: 13038: 13037: 13026: 13025: 13018: 13011: 13003: 12994: 12993: 12989: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12977:Some Colombian 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12946: 12945: 12940: 12927: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12914:Águilas Negras 12909: 12904: 12903: 12890: 12877: 12875:European Union 12864: 12863: 12862: 12855:United Nations 12844: 12831: 12830: 12817: 12816: 12815: 12814: 12809: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12790: 12789: 12779: 12774: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12726:Colombia Three 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12674: 12664: 12654: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12603: 12593: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12575:Paramilitaries 12572: 12567: 12560: 12559: 12552: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12527: 12525: 12524: 12519: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12495:Narcoterrorism 12492: 12491: 12490: 12480: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12279: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12266: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12241:(1964–present) 12235: 12234: 12227: 12220: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12189: 12165: 12160: 12159:by Doug Stokes 12135: 12111: 12096: 12069: 12038: 12018:"FARC website" 12014: 11996: 11980: 11961: 11938: 11915: 11895: 11868: 11849: 11829: 11805: 11800: 11780: 11767: 11740: 11717: 11711: 11704: 11703:External links 11701: 11700: 11699: 11687: 11659:Democracy Now! 11650: 11627: 11626: 11616:. June 2, 2016 11606: 11586: 11576:. June 2, 2015 11566: 11533: 11506: 11479: 11460: 11430: 11429: 11420: 11407: 11383: 11366: 11342: 11335: 11305:(4): 167–203. 11284: 11283: 11274: 11265: 11259: 11245: 11239: 11226: 11217: 11211: 11190: 11189: 11183: 11168: 11162: 11149: 11144: 11138: 11123: 11117: 11104: 11095: 11089: 11074: 11068: 11053: 11047: 11032: 11026: 11011: 11005: 10985: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10952: 10922: 10896: 10861: 10835: 10821: 10795: 10765: 10733: 10703: 10672: 10646: 10627: 10613: 10587: 10577: 10568: 10550: 10535:(3): 304–327. 10515: 10487: 10455: 10433: 10407: 10381: 10355: 10329: 10303: 10273: 10264: 10255: 10242: 10212: 10182: 10153: 10123: 10089: 10074: 10055: 10037: 10022: 10007: 9989: 9974: 9959: 9944: 9926: 9906: 9878: 9863: 9842: 9827: 9801: 9775: 9753: 9734: 9713: 9695: 9669: 9643: 9617: 9587: 9557: 9531: 9505: 9475: 9453: 9427: 9396: 9370: 9344: 9318: 9292: 9266: 9240: 9214: 9188: 9162: 9132: 9101: 9075: 9064: 9033: 9002: 8976: 8950: 8924: 8897: 8871: 8845: 8819: 8805: 8779: 8753: 8727: 8697: 8667: 8634: 8604: 8587:New York Times 8570: 8544: 8529:(in Spanish). 8513: 8494:(in Spanish). 8483: 8459: 8433: 8407: 8400: 8380: 8358: 8332: 8308: 8282: 8256: 8238: 8209: 8180: 8162: 8136: 8106: 8080: 8054: 8028: 8002: 7976: 7967: 7958: 7949: 7940: 7938:Dudley, p. 102 7928: 7916: 7907: 7900: 7877: 7868: 7859: 7850: 7843: 7819: 7812: 7794: 7768: 7742: 7716: 7690: 7683: 7655: 7628: 7602: 7576: 7544: 7518: 7492: 7461:(4): 167–203. 7441: 7415: 7385: 7359: 7326: 7296: 7266: 7240: 7214: 7188: 7157: 7133: 7102: 7071: 7045: 7019: 6987: 6961: 6931: 6868: 6838: 6823:(in Spanish). 6808: 6781: 6750: 6731: 6699: 6664: 6629: 6600: 6574: 6547: 6533: 6519: 6493: 6464: 6431: 6410: 6388: 6358: 6329: 6299: 6289: 6263: 6256: 6227: 6209: 6177: 6146: 6136: 6107: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6051: 6027: 6003: 5979: 5959: 5943:Foreign Policy 5934: 5907: 5881: 5855: 5820: 5782: 5751: 5714: 5688: 5670: 5640: 5614: 5588: 5586:, January 2011 5559: 5529: 5478: 5452: 5425: 5411: 5382: 5363: 5337: 5318: 5313:"Shining Path" 5304: 5290: 5259: 5252: 5232: 5218: 5194: 5180: 5154: 5128: 5094: 5062: 5050: 5021: 4995: 4969: 4943: 4925: 4899: 4873: 4847: 4821: 4810:. June 1, 2023 4795: 4780:. semana.com. 4769: 4752:The Irish News 4739: 4713: 4694: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4638: 4620: 4606: 4600: 4582: 4561: 4550:infoplease.com 4536: 4529: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4487: 4453: 4411: 4377: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4327: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4264: 4257: 4236: 4230: 4211: 4204: 4179: 4154: 4148: 4131: 4125: 4106: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 3988: 3985: 3972:Jesús Santrich 3834: 3831: 3827:Jesús Santrich 3819:Nicolás Maduro 3787:Amazonas state 3782:Clan del Golfo 3759:Main article: 3756: 3753: 3728: 3725: 3711: 3708: 3704:Amezcua Cartel 3668:Sinaloa Cartel 3659: 3656: 3642: 3639: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3587: 3584: 3575: 3572: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3527: 3525: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3494:internal fight 3486:Operation Mil. 3464: 3461: 3449: 3446: 3374:Aguilas Negras 3342: 3339: 3321:Strategic Leap 3309:by the use of 3273:Keith Stansell 3265:Marc Gonsalves 3222:Revista Semana 3100:Piedad Córdoba 3070: 3067: 3059:Carlos Gaviria 3025:European Union 2973: 2970: 2952: 2949: 2837: 2834: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2640: 2637: 2612: 2609: 2565:National Front 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2456:American Mafia 2416: 2413: 2342:Colombian Army 2331:, anarchists, 2251: 2248: 2189:social justice 2169:anti-communist 2124:asymmetric war 2096: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2056:Constitutional 2053: 2047: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1836:Arauca clashes 1833: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1780:Arauca attacks 1774: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1758:Strategic Leap 1754: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1460: 1452: 1451: 1431: 1430: 1396: 1363: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338:: 2,500 (2021) 1318: 1317:: 3,749–13,000 1311: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1272:Antonio García 1189: 1179:José Rodríguez 1090:Carlos Castaño 1056: 1054: 1053: 1033: 1013: 1001: 989: 977: 965: 963:Ernesto Samper 953: 941: 929: 917: 905: 893: 881: 869: 853: 852: 851: 834: 833: 829: 828: 692: 691: 678: 665: 659: 646: 633: 620: 607: 594: 581: 575: 562: 548: 526: 525: 524: 521:Milenio Cartel 518: 512: 506: 500: 494: 488: 482: 469: 466:Tijuana Cartel 463: 460:Sinaloa Cartel 438: 437: 431: 425: 419: 413: 407: 401: 394: 387: 381: 375: 369: 363: 350: 344: 338: 332: 329:Clan del Golfo 326: 315:paramilitaries 306: 304:United Kingdom 189: 188: 184: 183: 180: 179: 173: 167: 166: 165: 164: 159: 147: 143: 142: 129: 127: 123: 122: 117: 109: 108: 54: 53: 52:(2001–present) 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15128: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15011: 15010:War on Terror 15008: 15007: 15005: 15001: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14972:South America 14970: 14964: 14961: 14960: 14958: 14954: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14935:North America 14933: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14910: 14905: 14897: 14892: 14890: 14885: 14883: 14878: 14877: 14874: 14858: 14857:Loyalist feud 14855: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14843: 14835: 14832: 14831: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14809: 14805: 14802: 14798: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14748: 14744: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14736: 14732: 14729: 14728: 14727: 14724: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14710: 14707: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14688: 14685: 14681: 14678: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14669: 14668:Yemeni crisis 14666: 14664: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14656: 14652: 14649: 14648: 14647: 14646:Iraq conflict 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14622: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14595: 14594: 14591: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14566:Kalay clashes 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14540: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14503: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14476: 14473: 14472: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14446: 14442: 14436: 14433: 14432: 14430: 14426: 14420: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14410: 14407: 14403: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14367: 14363: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14331: 14327: 14324: 14320: 14310: 14307: 14303: 14300: 14299: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14261: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14251: 14243: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14232:War in Darfur 14230: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14210:Libyan Crisis 14208: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14180: 14178: 14174: 14166: 14163: 14162: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14144: 14143:War in Amhara 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14125: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14100: 14096: 14095:M23 offensive 14093: 14092: 14091: 14090:Kivu conflict 14088: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14043: 14039: 14036: 14032: 14028: 14021: 14016: 14014: 14009: 14007: 14002: 14001: 13998: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13977: 13972: 13968: 13965: 13961: 13960: 13956: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13911: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13865: 13861: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13849:Miss Colombia 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13726: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13678: 13675: 13674: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13664: 13661: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13648: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13568: 13565: 13564: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13547: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13515: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13425: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13378: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13362: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13333: 13329: 13319: 13318:Pacific/Chocó 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13286: 13282: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13194: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13181: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13159: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13107: 13106:reunification 13103: 13102:Gran Colombia 13100: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13024: 13019: 13017: 13012: 13010: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12957:Spearhead Ltd 12955: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12919:Los Rastrojos 12917: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12902: 12891: 12889: 12888:United States 12878: 12876: 12865: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12856: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12772:National Army 12770: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12762: 12761: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12711:PC de C (M-L) 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12602: 12598: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12583: 12580: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12532: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12510: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12471: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12446:Plan Patriota 12444: 12442: 12441:Plan Colombia 12439: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12429: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12330:El Caguán DMZ 12328: 12326: 12323: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12264: 12258: 12257:Participants 12254: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12233: 12228: 12226: 12221: 12219: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12193: 12190: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12101: 12097: 12095: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12054: 12050: 12043: 12039: 12036: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12013: 12001: 11997: 11985: 11981: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11960: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11937: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11914: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11894: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11818: 11814: 11813:RULAC Project 11810: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11768: 11766: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11739: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11698: 11694: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11679:Juan Gonzalez 11665: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11631: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11565: 11549: 11545: 11538: 11534: 11532: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11505: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11426: 11421: 11418:(2): 381–420. 11417: 11413: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11367: 11355: 11348: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11280: 11275: 11271: 11266: 11262: 11260:3-631-54930-X 11256: 11252: 11251:Werbekampagne 11246: 11242: 11240:958-97405-5-3 11236: 11232: 11227: 11223: 11218: 11214: 11212:1-58322-606-0 11208: 11204: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11186: 11184:1-56584-863-2 11180: 11177:. New Press. 11176: 11175: 11169: 11165: 11163:1-84277-547-2 11159: 11155: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11141: 11139:0-19-504617-X 11135: 11131: 11130: 11124: 11120: 11118:0-7864-1084-1 11114: 11110: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11096: 11092: 11090:1-58648-104-5 11086: 11082: 11081: 11075: 11071: 11069:0-415-93303-X 11065: 11062:. Routledge. 11061: 11060: 11054: 11050: 11048:0-520-08289-3 11044: 11040: 11039: 11033: 11029: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11012: 11008: 11006:1-56751-322-0 11002: 10998: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10989:English books 10966: 10962: 10956: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10926: 10910: 10906: 10900: 10881: 10874: 10868: 10866: 10849: 10845: 10839: 10831: 10825: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10753: 10749: 10748: 10743: 10737: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10676: 10670:June 4, 2016. 10669: 10667: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10650: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10631: 10616: 10610: 10606: 10601: 10600: 10591: 10581: 10572: 10564: 10560: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10519: 10503: 10502: 10501:La Vanguardia 10497: 10491: 10475: 10471: 10470: 10465: 10459: 10451: 10450:InSight Crime 10447: 10443: 10437: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10395: 10391: 10385: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10317: 10313: 10307: 10291: 10287: 10280: 10278: 10268: 10259: 10253:), 1331-1348. 10252: 10246: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10200: 10196: 10194: 10186: 10170: 10166: 10160: 10158: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10101: 10093: 10085: 10078: 10070: 10066: 10059: 10051: 10044: 10042: 10033: 10026: 10018: 10011: 10003: 9996: 9994: 9985: 9978: 9970: 9963: 9955: 9948: 9940: 9933: 9931: 9922: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9902: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9874: 9867: 9859: 9852: 9846: 9838: 9831: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9771: 9770:Caracol Radio 9767: 9760: 9758: 9749: 9748:Caracol Radio 9745: 9738: 9730: 9726: 9720: 9718: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9688:September 12, 9684: 9680: 9673: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9636:September 16, 9631: 9627: 9621: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9561: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9479: 9472: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9457: 9441: 9437: 9431: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9400: 9384: 9380: 9374: 9358: 9354: 9348: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9254: 9250: 9244: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9176: 9172: 9166: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9068: 9057:September 17, 9052: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9006: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8912: 8908: 8901: 8885: 8881: 8875: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8815: 8809: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8639: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8476: 8469: 8463: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8384: 8368: 8362: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8312: 8296: 8292: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8016: 8012: 8006: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7971: 7962: 7953: 7944: 7935: 7933: 7926:Pecáut, p. 52 7923: 7921: 7911: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7884: 7882: 7872: 7863: 7857:Dudley, p. 56 7854: 7846: 7844:0-415-93303-X 7840: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7823: 7815: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7659: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7561: 7554: 7548: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7330: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7161: 7150: 7143: 7137: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7004: 6997: 6991: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6875: 6873: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6747:(5): 107–118. 6746: 6742: 6735: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6537: 6529: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6377: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6276: 6267: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6234: 6232: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6194: 6187: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6114: 6112: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6060: 6057:. Shoah.org. 6056: 6052: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5707:September 26, 5702: 5698: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5563: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5514: 5507: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5471:September 18, 5466: 5462: 5456: 5445:September 27, 5440: 5436: 5429: 5421: 5415: 5399: 5392: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5209:The Telegraph 5205: 5198: 5190: 5184: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5099: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5057: 5055: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4835: 4834:InSight Crime 4831: 4825: 4809: 4808:InSight Crime 4805: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4639:0-7914-5345-6 4635: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4601:958-96259-5-9 4597: 4593: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4506:0-8420-2869-2 4502: 4498: 4491: 4488: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4449:Latin America 4431: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4290:0-906156-44-0 4286: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4231:0-415-93303-X 4227: 4224:. Routledge. 4223: 4222: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4149:0-231-12915-7 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4126:0-8135-3443-7 4122: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4107: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3993: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3928:Kenneth Marra 3925: 3920: 3914: 3913:Plan Colombia 3910: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3839:Plan Colombia 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3583: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3460: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3370:Los Rastrojos 3366: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202:Rafael Correa 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3063:Horacio Serpa 3061:with 22% and 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3044:Pablo Escobar 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2992:and also the 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2966: 2965:Puerto Lleras 2961: 2958: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2813:sanctuary at 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2789:Fidel Castaño 2786: 2782: 2781:Pablo Escobar 2778: 2773: 2770: 2769:Jacobo Arenas 2764: 2762: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2736:Jacobo Arenas 2731: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2454:. Later, the 2453: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:revolutionary 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2148:United States 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2121:low-intensity 2116: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2035: 2034: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1978:Gran Colombia 1976: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1857:Peace process 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831:Apure clashes 1829: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1795:Cauca attacks 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1687:Neiva bombing 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1626:Siege of Mitú 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1449: 1444: 1432: 1423: 1419: 1407: 1397: 1392: 1383: 1377:2,200 killed 1374: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1273: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1250: 1239: 1228: 1227:Joaquín Gómez 1217: 1206: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1168: 1167:Pablo Escobar 1163: 1159: 1147: 1143: 1142:Diego Murillo 1132: 1121: 1110: 1099: 1097: 1091: 1080: 1078: 1072: 1071:Fidel Castaño 1060: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1024: 1023:Jaime Ramírez 1019: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 990: 988: 983: 978: 976: 971: 966: 964: 959: 954: 952: 951:César Gaviria 947: 942: 940: 935: 930: 928: 923: 918: 916: 911: 906: 904: 899: 894: 892: 887: 882: 880: 875: 870: 868: 863: 858: 857: 850: 847: 846:Gustavo Petro 842: 836: 835: 830: 826: 814: 802: 791: 787: 782: 769: 756: 744: 731: 719: 707: 695: 694:Supported by: 689: 679: 676: 666: 663: 660: 657: 647: 644: 634: 631: 621: 618: 608: 605: 595: 592: 582: 579: 576: 573: 563: 559: 549: 546: 536: 535: 534: 533: 532: 527: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 491:Juárez Cartel 489: 486: 483: 480: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455: 454: 448: 446: 442: 441:Supported by: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 398: 395: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 351: 348: 347:Ex-FARC Mafia 345: 342: 339: 336: 335:Los Rastrojos 333: 330: 327: 323: 320: 319: 318: 317: 316: 312: 307: 305: 293: 281: 280:United States 269: 257: 245: 233: 221: 209: 208:Supported by: 206: 204: 203: 197: 191: 190: 185: 177: 176:El Caguán DMZ 174: 169: 168: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 148: 145: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 124: 118: 115: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 93: 88: 87:Pablo Escobar 84: 79: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 51: 50:War on Terror 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 14983: 14731:2015–present 14371: 13872:Human rights 13827:Coat of arms 13757:Video gaming 13742:Architecture 13684:Demographics 13627:Trade unions 13567:Central bank 13436:Constitution 13411:Conservatism 13359: 13332:Subdivisions 13200:Biodiversity 13168: 13158:La Violencia 13156: 13152:World War II 12949: 12948: 12930: 12929: 12906: 12834: 12833: 12820: 12819: 12800: 12763: 12693: 12692: 12622: 12621: 12553: 12530: 12508: 12483:War on drugs 12469: 12427: 12276: 12269:Key aspects 12268: 12261: 12256: 12238: 12183:November 21, 12181:. Retrieved 12177:the original 12172: 12153:February 27, 12151:. Retrieved 12147:the original 12142: 12127:. Retrieved 12123:the original 12118: 12105:February 24, 12103:. Retrieved 12093: 12087:February 24, 12085:. Retrieved 12081:the original 12077:SOS San Jose 12076: 12062:February 24, 12060:. Retrieved 12053:the original 12048: 12034: 12026:. Retrieved 12022:the original 12012:(in Spanish) 12011: 12005:February 24, 12003:. Retrieved 11989:February 24, 11987:. Retrieved 11974:February 11, 11972:. Retrieved 11968: 11958: 11952:February 24, 11950:. Retrieved 11946:the original 11935: 11929:February 24, 11927:. Retrieved 11923:the original 11912: 11907:the original 11902: 11892: 11886:November 18, 11884:. Retrieved 11880:the original 11875: 11862:February 24, 11860:. Retrieved 11856: 11843:February 24, 11841:. Retrieved 11836: 11821:. Retrieved 11817:the original 11812: 11794:February 25, 11792:. Retrieved 11788:the original 11775: 11764: 11758:February 24, 11756:. Retrieved 11752:the original 11747: 11737: 11729:. Retrieved 11725:the original 11676: 11670:February 24, 11668:. Retrieved 11664:the original 11657: 11646:the original 11641: 11629: 11628: 11618:. Retrieved 11613: 11598:. Retrieved 11593: 11578:. Retrieved 11573: 11563: 11557:December 11, 11555:. Retrieved 11548:the original 11543: 11530: 11524:February 24, 11522:. Retrieved 11518:the original 11513: 11503: 11497:February 23, 11495:. Retrieved 11491:the original 11486: 11473:February 24, 11471:. Retrieved 11467: 11454:February 24, 11452:. Retrieved 11448:the original 11443: 11432: 11431: 11424: 11415: 11411: 11397:(27): 1367. 11394: 11390: 11387:James Petras 11379:the original 11374: 11358:. Retrieved 11353: 11338: 11302: 11298: 11286: 11285: 11278: 11269: 11249: 11230: 11221: 11201: 11192: 11191: 11173: 11153: 11128: 11108: 11099: 11079: 11058: 11037: 11016: 10996: 10988: 10987: 10969:. Retrieved 10965:the original 10955: 10945:September 9, 10943:. Retrieved 10934: 10925: 10913:. Retrieved 10909:the original 10899: 10889:December 21, 10887:. Retrieved 10880:the original 10852:. Retrieved 10848:the original 10838: 10824: 10812:. Retrieved 10798: 10786:. Retrieved 10777: 10768: 10756:. Retrieved 10745: 10736: 10724:. Retrieved 10715: 10706: 10696:December 30, 10694:. Retrieved 10685: 10675: 10666:CommonDreams 10664: 10649: 10630: 10618:. Retrieved 10598: 10590: 10580: 10571: 10563:the original 10553: 10545:the original 10532: 10528: 10518: 10506:. Retrieved 10499: 10490: 10478:. Retrieved 10467: 10458: 10441: 10436: 10424:. Retrieved 10410: 10398:. Retrieved 10384: 10372:. Retrieved 10358: 10346:. Retrieved 10332: 10320:. Retrieved 10306: 10294:. Retrieved 10267: 10258: 10250: 10245: 10233:. Retrieved 10224: 10215: 10203:. Retrieved 10192: 10185: 10173:. Retrieved 10144:. Retrieved 10135: 10126: 10114:. Retrieved 10105: 10099: 10092: 10083: 10077: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10049: 10031: 10025: 10016: 10010: 10001: 9983: 9977: 9968: 9962: 9953: 9947: 9938: 9920: 9900: 9872: 9866: 9857: 9845: 9836: 9830: 9818:. Retrieved 9813: 9804: 9792:. Retrieved 9787: 9778: 9769: 9747: 9737: 9729:today.rtl.lu 9728: 9707: 9698: 9686:. Retrieved 9683:www.wsws.org 9682: 9672: 9660:. Retrieved 9646: 9634:. Retrieved 9620: 9608:. Retrieved 9599: 9590: 9578:. Retrieved 9569: 9560: 9548:. Retrieved 9534: 9524:December 16, 9522:. Retrieved 9508: 9496:. Retrieved 9487: 9478: 9470: 9456: 9444:. Retrieved 9440:the original 9430: 9418:. Retrieved 9414:the original 9399: 9387:. Retrieved 9383:the original 9373: 9361:. Retrieved 9347: 9335:. Retrieved 9331:the original 9321: 9309:. Retrieved 9305:the original 9295: 9283:. Retrieved 9279:the original 9269: 9257:. Retrieved 9253:the original 9243: 9231:. Retrieved 9227:the original 9217: 9205:. Retrieved 9201:the original 9191: 9179:. Retrieved 9165: 9153:. Retrieved 9149:the original 9135: 9123:. Retrieved 9114: 9104: 9092:. Retrieved 9078: 9067: 9055:. Retrieved 9046: 9036: 9024:. Retrieved 9015: 9005: 8993:. Retrieved 8989:the original 8979: 8967:. Retrieved 8963:the original 8953: 8941:. Retrieved 8937:the original 8927: 8915:. Retrieved 8911:the original 8900: 8888:. Retrieved 8884:the original 8874: 8862:. Retrieved 8848: 8836:. Retrieved 8822: 8808: 8796:. Retrieved 8792:the original 8782: 8770:. Retrieved 8766:the original 8756: 8744:. Retrieved 8730: 8718:. Retrieved 8709: 8700: 8688:. Retrieved 8679: 8670: 8658:. Retrieved 8649: 8625:. Retrieved 8616: 8607: 8597:February 12, 8595:. Retrieved 8586: 8579:Simon Romero 8573: 8561:. Retrieved 8547: 8535:. Retrieved 8526: 8516: 8504:. Retrieved 8500:the original 8486: 8475:the original 8462: 8450:. Retrieved 8436: 8424:. Retrieved 8420:the original 8410: 8390: 8383: 8371:. Retrieved 8361: 8349:. Retrieved 8345:the original 8335: 8327: 8311: 8299:. Retrieved 8295:the original 8285: 8273:. Retrieved 8269:the original 8259: 8251:the original 8241: 8229:. Retrieved 8225:the original 8200:. Retrieved 8196:the original 8175:the original 8165: 8153:. Retrieved 8149:the original 8139: 8127:. Retrieved 8123:the original 8119:PBS NewsHour 8118: 8109: 8099:February 12, 8097:. Retrieved 8093:the original 8083: 8071:. Retrieved 8067:the original 8057: 8045:. Retrieved 8031: 8019:. Retrieved 8015:the original 8005: 7993:. Retrieved 7989:the original 7979: 7970: 7961: 7952: 7943: 7914:Pécaut, p.51 7910: 7890: 7871: 7862: 7853: 7829: 7822: 7803: 7797: 7785:. Retrieved 7781:the original 7771: 7759:. Retrieved 7755:the original 7745: 7733:. Retrieved 7729:the original 7719: 7707:. Retrieved 7703:the original 7693: 7665: 7658: 7646:. Retrieved 7631: 7619:. Retrieved 7605: 7593:. Retrieved 7589:the original 7579: 7567:. Retrieved 7560:the original 7547: 7535:. Retrieved 7531:the original 7521: 7511:25 September 7509:. Retrieved 7495: 7458: 7454: 7444: 7432:. Retrieved 7428:the original 7418: 7408:February 12, 7406:. Retrieved 7388: 7376:. Retrieved 7372:the original 7362: 7350:. Retrieved 7339: 7329: 7319:December 16, 7317:. Retrieved 7308: 7299: 7287:. Retrieved 7278: 7269: 7259:December 16, 7257:. Retrieved 7253:the original 7243: 7231:. Retrieved 7217: 7205:. Retrieved 7191: 7179:. Retrieved 7169: 7160: 7149:the original 7136: 7124:. Retrieved 7115: 7105: 7093:. Retrieved 7084: 7074: 7064:February 21, 7062:. Retrieved 7048: 7038:February 11, 7036:. Retrieved 7022: 7012:February 21, 7010:. Retrieved 7003:the original 6990: 6978:. Retrieved 6964: 6952:. Retrieved 6943: 6934: 6922:. Retrieved 6888: 6859:. Retrieved 6850: 6841: 6829:. Retrieved 6820: 6811: 6799:. Retrieved 6784: 6772:. Retrieved 6763: 6753: 6744: 6734: 6722:. Retrieved 6702: 6690:. Retrieved 6681: 6655:. Retrieved 6644: 6620:. Retrieved 6591:. Retrieved 6587: 6577: 6565:. Retrieved 6550: 6536: 6522: 6510:. Retrieved 6505: 6496: 6484:. Retrieved 6455:. Retrieved 6447:The Atlantic 6446: 6426:the original 6403:December 11, 6401:. Retrieved 6375: 6349:. Retrieved 6345:the original 6320:. Retrieved 6312:Rebelion.org 6302: 6294: 6274: 6266: 6241: 6222:The Guardian 6221: 6212: 6200:. Retrieved 6193:the original 6180: 6168:. Retrieved 6141: 6121: 6098:. Retrieved 6091:the original 6077: 6063:. Retrieved 6043:. Retrieved 6034: 6019:. Retrieved 6010: 5995:. Retrieved 5986: 5971:. Retrieved 5951:. Retrieved 5942: 5926:. Retrieved 5922:the original 5910: 5898:. Retrieved 5894:the original 5884: 5872:. Retrieved 5858: 5846:. Retrieved 5837: 5813:November 21, 5811:. Retrieved 5797: 5785: 5773:. Retrieved 5764: 5754: 5742:. Retrieved 5705:. Retrieved 5691: 5682: 5673: 5661:. Retrieved 5652: 5643: 5631:. Retrieved 5617: 5605:. Retrieved 5591: 5583: 5566: 5562: 5550:. Retrieved 5541: 5532: 5520:. Retrieved 5513:the original 5469:. Retrieved 5465:the original 5455: 5443:. Retrieved 5428: 5414: 5402:. Retrieved 5385: 5376: 5366: 5354:. Retrieved 5350:the original 5340: 5331: 5321: 5307: 5293: 5281:. Retrieved 5272: 5262: 5242: 5235: 5221: 5208: 5197: 5183: 5171:. Retrieved 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5131: 5119:. Retrieved 5115:the original 5110: 5085:. Retrieved 5078:the original 5065: 5041:. Retrieved 5012:. Retrieved 4998: 4986:. Retrieved 4972: 4960:. Retrieved 4946: 4938:the original 4928: 4916:. Retrieved 4902: 4890:. Retrieved 4876: 4866:February 10, 4864:. Retrieved 4850: 4838:. Retrieved 4833: 4824: 4812:. Retrieved 4807: 4798: 4786:. Retrieved 4772: 4760:. Retrieved 4751: 4742: 4730:. Retrieved 4716: 4707: 4697: 4687:December 19, 4685:. Retrieved 4671: 4654: 4647: 4629: 4623: 4615: 4609: 4591: 4585: 4578:the original 4573: 4564: 4555:February 26, 4553:. Retrieved 4549: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4496: 4490: 4481:February 26, 4479:. Retrieved 4472:the original 4467: 4456: 4448: 4439:February 26, 4437:. Retrieved 4430:the original 4425: 4414: 4405:February 26, 4403:. Retrieved 4396:the original 4391: 4380: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4347:. Retrieved 4343:the original 4338: 4330: 4323:the original 4318: 4314: 4305: 4298: 4275: 4267: 4260: 4253:the original 4249:Morning Star 4248: 4239: 4220: 4214: 4207: 4200:the original 4195: 4191: 4182: 4175:the original 4170: 4166: 4157: 4139: 4134: 4115: 4109: 4100:February 26, 4098:. Retrieved 4091:the original 4086: 4075: 4052: 4050: 4037: 4031: 4027:Pope Francis 4024: 4020: 4013: 4002: 3969: 3957: 3950: 3939: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3909:Colin Powell 3890: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3823:Iván Márquez 3808: 3764: 3749: 3745: 3730: 3721: 3713: 3664:drug cartels 3661: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3628: 3619: 3605:Álvaro Uribe 3589: 3577: 3555: 3537: 3533:adding to it 3528: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3472: 3463:2020–present 3457: 3439: 3428: 3425: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3381: 3378: 3362: 3354: 3332: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3302: 3300: 3282: 3269:Thomas Howes 3250: 3243: 3239:Alfonso Cano 3220: 3218: 3179: 3168: 3164: 3152: 3144: 3140:Álvaro Uribe 3125: 3117: 3108:Álvaro Uribe 3090: 3078: 3052: 3048: 3033: 3029: 3014: 3010: 2998: 2975: 2962: 2954: 2945: 2921: 2913: 2901: 2897: 2893:war on drugs 2886: 2863: 2859: 2852:and part of 2847: 2843: 2839: 2823: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2774: 2765: 2758: 2741: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2704: 2685: 2678: 2659: 2648: 2645:Cocaine boom 2622: 2586: 2583: 2575: 2562: 2558: 2544: 2540:peace accord 2522:between the 2514: 2499: 2483:Álvaro Uribe 2480: 2464: 2445: 2433: 2430: 2421: 2418: 2409: 2395:La Violencia 2394: 2392: 2376:La Violencia 2350: 2325:minimum wage 2314:against the 2305: 2278: 2257:La Violencia 2255: 2253: 2220: 2216: 2201: 2185: 2160:La Violencia 2158: 2156: 2130:, far-right 2126:between the 2101: 2099: 1841:Huila attack 1785:July clashes 1757: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1709: 1692: 1584: 1487: 1447: 1442: 1421: 1395:2,100 killed 1333:: 400 (2017) 1315:Black Eagles 1260: 1254: 1249:Alfonso Cano 1216:Iván Márquez 1192: 1191: 1184: 1172: 1161: 1145: 1095: 1076: 1058: 1048: 1028: 987:Álvaro Uribe 837: 801:Shining Path 771:(until 1989) 768:Soviet Union 757:(until 2011) 693: 529: 528: 517:(1980s–2011) 451: 450: 440: 439: 341:Black Eagles 309: 308: 207: 200: 192: 187:Belligerents 149: 101:Bottom right 100: 91: 83:Center right 82: 73: 68: 63: 46:War on Drugs 40:Part of the 29: 14058:Cabinda War 13889:Immigration 13787:Handicrafts 13709:Health care 13584:Agriculture 13402:Ideologies 13340:Departments 12509:Kidnappings 11683:Amy Goodman 10726:10 November 10634:HRW, 1996: 10235:October 14, 10175:October 14, 10146:October 14, 9662:October 11, 9446:October 18, 9389:October 18, 9363:October 18, 9337:October 18, 9311:October 18, 9285:October 18, 9259:October 18, 9233:October 18, 9207:October 18, 9181:October 18, 9155:October 18, 9125:October 18, 9094:October 18, 8995:October 18, 8969:October 18, 8943:October 18, 8917:October 18, 8838:October 18, 8746:October 18, 8720:October 18, 8690:October 18, 8660:October 18, 8452:October 14, 8351:October 14, 8231:October 14, 8202:October 14, 8129:October 14, 8047:October 14, 8021:October 14, 7995:October 18, 7761:November 9, 7735:November 9, 7709:November 9, 7648:21 December 7569:October 23, 6924:February 1, 6895:: 187–208. 6774:October 18, 6724:October 14, 6351:November 9, 6065:October 14, 6045:October 14, 6021:October 14, 5997:October 14, 5973:October 14, 5953:October 14, 5928:October 14, 5607:October 18, 4918:10 February 4892:10 February 4788:16 February 4339:Latin Focus 3946:smart bombs 3855:US General 3692:Cali Cartel 3672:Gulf Cartel 3540:August 2024 3475:Gulf Cartel 3296:paper tiger 3206:Hugo Chávez 3136:Hugo Chávez 3128:Clara Rojas 3093:Hugo Chávez 2755:Early 1990s 2696:extradition 2605:Vietnam War 2570:Marquetalia 2297:revolutions 2285:monoculture 2023:1886– 1965:New Granada 1892:History of 1443:Total dead: 815:(1964–2018) 732:(from 2008) 677:(1964–2008) 606:(1985–2007) 593:(1964–2017) 580:(1987–1996) 523:(1995–2010) 485:Gulf Cartel 430:(1980–2010) 424:(1985–2008) 410:Cali Cartel 406:(1964–2010) 397:Bloque Meta 380:(1964–2009) 343:(2006–2011) 178:(1999–2002) 170:Territorial 92:Bottom left 85:: Death of 74:Center left 15101:Proxy wars 15025:Categories 13919:Corruption 13894:Emigration 13792:Literature 13672:Colombians 13601:(currency) 13428:Governance 13406:Liberalism 12924:Clan Úsuga 12564:Guerrillas 11620:August 24, 11600:August 24, 11580:August 24, 11440:"Colombia" 11281:. Planeta. 10971:August 24, 10758:August 29, 10426:August 11, 10100:BBC Mundo, 9814:Al Jazeera 9794:January 5, 9610:August 25, 8496:Caracol TV 8301:August 31, 8275:August 31, 8155:August 31, 8073:August 31, 7985:"Research" 7621:23 October 7352:August 25, 7166:"Colombia" 6980:22 October 6889:Revista CS 6692:1 December 6567:August 12, 6486:August 23, 5900:October 2, 5838:Al Jazeera 5775:October 9, 5633:August 13, 5246:. Botart. 5043:August 16, 4618:: 1. 2000. 4546:"Colombia" 4167:The Nation 4063:References 3997:solidarity 3837:See also: 3813:hosted in 3467:See also: 3452:See also: 3442:peace deal 3345:See also: 3235:Timochenko 3190:Raúl Reyes 3073:See also: 2870:Miraflores 2811:Casa Verde 2643:See also: 2593:Philippine 2329:socialists 2250:Background 2224:plebiscite 1420:and other 1386:222 killed 803:(factions) 531:Guerrillas 447:(1979–90) 384:Los Paisas 14598:Communist 13924:Terrorism 13777:Festivals 13772:Carnivals 13694:Languages 13689:Education 13574:Companies 13498:Judiciary 13481:President 13466:Executive 13459:Ombudsman 13416:Communism 13398:Elections 13313:Orinoquía 13303:Caribbean 13227:Mountains 13184:Geography 12950:Linked to 12835:Linked to 12777:Air Force 12694:Linked to 11823:March 23, 11748:Paul Wolf 11731:March 29, 11331:0162-2889 10915:March 23, 10854:April 23, 10814:28 August 10788:28 August 10620:March 26, 9858:Ecopetrol 9145:ABC Color 8772:April 10, 7595:March 23, 7537:24 August 7487:0162-2889 7341:Frontline 7233:April 24, 7116:El Tiempo 7085:iecah.org 6954:March 29, 6919:2011-0324 6911:2665-4814 6861:March 29, 6831:March 29, 6801:March 29, 6622:7 October 6512:August 1, 6100:March 26, 5744:April 26, 5522:March 22, 5356:April 26, 5283:March 28, 5173:August 4, 5147:August 4, 4663:Citations 3898:terrorist 3863:terrorist 3791:Venezuela 3716:landmines 3684:Los Zetas 3563:Ecopetrol 3559:Ecopetrol 3448:2017–2019 3341:2010–2016 3311:landmines 3255:launched 3210:Iván Ríos 3175:Red Cross 3069:2007–2009 2972:2000–2006 2951:1998–1999 2836:Mid-1990s 2528:guerrilla 2504:from the 2502:deserters 2491:drug czar 2452:marijuana 2448:Americans 2399:communist 2390:in 1958. 2364:candidate 2361:socialist 2340:sent the 2193:communism 2177:Communist 2140:guerrilla 1790:Meta raid 1641:Gutiérrez 1553:Yamurales 1511:Soberanía 1308:Air Force 1300:: 237,567 1295:: 175,250 827:(1969–98) 745:(alleged) 743:Nicaragua 706:Venezuela 690:(1964–91) 664:(1964–92) 658:(1984–91) 645:(1964–95) 632:(1974–90) 619:(1987–90) 511:(1978–89) 505:(2008–14) 497:Los Zetas 436:(1981–90) 418:(1972–93) 412:(1975–95) 400:(2010–17) 393:(2010–17) 386:(2008–14) 374:(1994–07) 368:(1978–99) 362:(1997–08) 135:Venezuela 69:Top right 14904:Cold War 14603:Drug war 14322:Americas 14297:Mali War 13980:Category 13877:Intersex 13782:Folklore 13699:Religion 13667:Abortion 13622:Taxation 13589:Industry 13518:Military 13503:Congress 13440:Control 13381:Politics 13050:Timeline 13034:articles 13030:Colombia 12962:CONVIVIR 12828:CONVIVIR 12531:Lawsuits 12263:Timeline 12195:Archived 12028:July 12, 11837:BBC News 11693:Archived 11360:July 15, 10939:Archived 10808:Archived 10782:Archived 10752:Archived 10720:Archived 10716:ABC News 10690:Archived 10657:Archived 10639:Archived 10508:April 4, 10480:July 18, 10474:Archived 10420:Archived 10394:Archived 10368:Archived 10342:Archived 10316:Archived 10290:Archived 10229:Archived 10225:ABC News 10199:Archived 10169:Archived 10140:Archived 10116:June 21, 10110:Archived 10106:BBC News 9656:Archived 9630:Archived 9604:Archived 9600:BBC News 9580:June 23, 9574:Archived 9570:BBC News 9550:June 21, 9544:Archived 9518:Archived 9498:July 22, 9492:Archived 9488:BBC News 9464:Archived 9357:Archived 9175:Archived 9119:Archived 9115:BBC News 9088:Archived 9051:Archived 9026:June 30, 9020:Archived 8858:Archived 8832:Archived 8798:March 4, 8740:Archived 8714:Archived 8710:BBC News 8684:Archived 8680:BBC News 8654:Archived 8650:BBC News 8627:July 14, 8621:Archived 8617:BBC News 8591:Archived 8563:March 5, 8557:Archived 8537:March 5, 8531:Archived 8527:BBC News 8506:March 5, 8446:Archived 8426:July 14, 8373:July 15, 8320:Archived 8041:Archived 7787:April 9, 7642:Archived 7615:Archived 7505:Archived 7434:April 1, 7402:Archived 7378:April 1, 7346:Archived 7313:Archived 7309:NBC News 7289:26 March 7283:Archived 7279:CBS News 7227:Archived 7207:8 August 7201:Archived 7126:June 19, 7120:Archived 7095:June 19, 7089:Archived 7058:Archived 7032:Archived 6974:Archived 6948:Archived 6855:Archived 6825:Archived 6795:Archived 6768:Archived 6715:Archived 6686:Archived 6657:June 21, 6651:Archived 6646:BBC News 6616:Archived 6593:June 23, 6561:Archived 6480:Archived 6457:March 6, 6451:Archived 6394:Archived 6322:July 26, 6316:Archived 6202:April 1, 6170:25 March 6164:Archived 6059:Archived 6039:Archived 6015:Archived 5991:Archived 5967:Archived 5947:Archived 5874:June 30, 5848:July 25, 5842:Archived 5804:Archived 5769:Archived 5738:Archived 5701:Archived 5663:June 30, 5657:Archived 5627:Archived 5601:Archived 5576:Archived 5552:June 21, 5546:Archived 5542:BBC News 5439:Archived 5277:Archived 5213:Archived 5167:Archived 5141:Archived 5121:April 1, 5087:April 1, 5037:Archived 5008:Archived 4982:Archived 4956:Archived 4912:Archived 4886:Archived 4860:Archived 4840:June 18, 4814:June 18, 4782:Archived 4762:March 2, 4756:Archived 4726:Archived 4681:Archived 3953:Iraq War 3894:sabotage 3733:far-left 3597:Colombia 3579:Colombia 3023:and the 2924:CONVIVIR 2878:La Uribe 2874:Guaviare 2850:Putumayo 2830:Tlaxcala 2815:La Uribe 2666:La Uribe 2550:Timeline 2386:and the 2333:marxists 2312:militias 2236:Congress 2197:reacting 2191:through 2183:(FARC). 2061:Military 2051:Economic 1926:pre-1499 1911:Timeline 1894:Colombia 1883:a series 1881:Part of 1862:Timeline 1849:See also 1732:Emmanuel 1445:220,000+ 1310:: 14,033 1305:: 33,913 1287:Strength 372:CONVIVIR 202:Colombia 131:Colombia 126:Location 64:Top left 42:Cold War 14428:Central 14041:Central 13964:Outline 13904:Smoking 13899:Poverty 13817:Theater 13762:Cuisine 13729:Culture 13651:Society 13632:Tourism 13562:Banking 13550:Economy 13308:Insular 13232:Islands 13222:Geology 13217:Climate 13042:History 12635:FARC-EP 12129:May 27, 11899:"CERAC" 11403:4378701 10469:Reuters 10400:June 6, 10374:June 6, 10348:June 6, 10322:June 6, 10296:June 6, 10205:June 8, 10071:: 1–31. 9820:June 9, 9016:Reuters 8890:July 2, 8864:July 2, 7344:. PBS. 7181:May 24, 6745:Innovar 6248:242–247 5683:Reuters 5653:Reuters 5404:May 18, 5111:Reuters 5014:June 6, 4988:June 6, 4962:June 6, 4732:28 June 4349:May 31, 4046:justice 3930:of the 3896:and/or 3815:Caracas 3503:Impacts 3303:Rebirth 3186:Ecuador 2999:During 2908:Caquetá 2866:Caquetá 2826:Caracas 2603:in the 2532:FARC-EP 2460:Cocaine 2382:to the 2320:Ciénaga 2289:coupons 2262:liberal 2173:Liberal 2117: 2106:Spanish 2025:present 1764:Corinto 1693:14 July 1646:Dabeiba 1450:450,000 1255:† 1185:† 1173:† 1096:† 1077:† 1049:† 1029:† 781:Albania 730:Belarus 574:(1967–) 561:(2016–) 547:(1964–) 499:(1997–) 493:(1989–) 487:(1986–) 481:(2009–) 468:(1987–) 462:(1990–) 445:Contras 337:(2004–) 331:(2001–) 325:(1993–) 268:Ecuador 172:changes 151:Ongoing 139:Ecuador 107:, 1999. 14800:Europe 14542:South- 14034:Africa 13985:Portal 13864:Issues 13752:Cinema 13508:Police 13298:Andean 13293:Amazon 13237:Rivers 13032: 12901:Canada 12898: 12885: 12872: 12852: 12801:Other: 12738:ANNCOL 12533: 12529: 12511: 12507: 12472: 12468: 12430: 12426: 11401: 11329: 11257: 11237: 11209: 11181: 11160: 11136: 11115: 11087: 11066: 11045: 11024: 11003: 10611: 10559:"None" 9420:May 7, 8398: 7898: 7841: 7810: 7681: 7485: 6917: 6909: 6386: 6287: 6254: 6134: 5250: 4636: 4598: 4503: 4287: 4228: 4146: 4123: 4016:Unicef 3845:, and 3702:, and 3686:. The 3682:, and 3568:INVÍAS 3325:Arauca 3271:, and 3083:. The 2415:Causes 2357:Bogota 2308:strike 2244:Senate 2212:UNICEF 2146:, the 1885:on the 1596:Bogota 1585:Traira 1382:BACRIM 1251: 1181: 1169: 1092: 1073: 1045: 1025: 854:Former 765: 740: 727: 715: 703: 301: 289: 277: 265: 256:Brazil 253: 244:Mexico 241: 232:Panama 229: 217: 146:Status 14902:Post– 14475:Drugs 14444:South 14365:South 14329:North 14176:North 13971:Index 13909:Crime 13854:Sport 13812:Music 13797:Media 13719:Women 13599:Peso 13210:Flora 13205:Fauna 12616:FARIP 12201:from 12056:(PDF) 12045:(PDF) 11551:(PDF) 11540:(PDF) 11399:JSTOR 11350:(PDF) 10883:(PDF) 10876:(PDF) 9854:(PDF) 8478:(PDF) 8471:(PDF) 7563:(PDF) 7556:(PDF) 7152:(PDF) 7145:(PDF) 7006:(PDF) 6999:(PDF) 6907:eISSN 6885:(PDF) 6718:(PDF) 6711:(PDF) 6397:(PDF) 6380:(PDF) 6196:(PDF) 6189:(PDF) 6094:(PDF) 6087:(PDF) 5807:(PDF) 5799:UNHCR 5794:(PDF) 5516:(PDF) 5509:(PDF) 5394:(PDF) 5081:(PDF) 5074:(PDF) 4475:(PDF) 4464:(PDF) 4433:(PDF) 4422:(PDF) 4399:(PDF) 4388:(PDF) 4094:(PDF) 4083:(PDF) 4068:Notes 3389:Cauca 3363:When 2854:Cauca 2750:1990s 2639:1980s 2611:1970s 2555:1960s 1823:2020s 1772:2010s 1746:Fenix 1739:Jaque 1654:2000s 1576:1990s 1535:1980s 1527:Anorí 1519:1970s 1503:1960s 755:Libya 578:FARIP 404:ERPAC 292:Spain 15071:FARC 14845:West 14807:East 14624:West 14544:east 14412:East 14405:Asia 14253:West 14111:East 13882:LGBT 13832:Flag 13677:list 13536:Navy 13531:Army 12782:Navy 12701:PCCC 12687:MAQL 12672:CGSB 12662:MOEC 12185:2006 12155:2006 12131:2018 12107:2006 12089:2006 12064:2006 12030:2008 12007:2006 11991:2006 11976:2006 11954:2006 11931:2006 11888:2006 11864:2006 11845:2006 11825:2009 11796:2006 11760:2006 11733:2011 11681:and 11672:2006 11630:News 11622:2016 11602:2016 11582:2016 11559:2014 11526:2006 11499:2006 11475:2006 11456:2006 11362:2013 11327:ISSN 11255:ISBN 11235:ISBN 11207:ISBN 11179:ISBN 11158:ISBN 11134:ISBN 11113:ISBN 11085:ISBN 11064:ISBN 11043:ISBN 11022:ISBN 11001:ISBN 10973:2016 10947:2017 10917:2013 10891:2014 10856:2017 10816:2017 10790:2017 10760:2017 10728:2014 10698:2013 10622:2017 10609:ISBN 10510:2021 10482:2018 10428:2018 10402:2018 10376:2018 10350:2018 10324:2018 10298:2018 10237:2014 10207:2015 10177:2014 10148:2014 10118:2018 10032:PNUD 9822:2023 9796:2022 9690:2019 9664:2016 9638:2016 9612:2016 9582:2016 9552:2018 9526:2014 9500:2013 9448:2011 9422:2014 9410:Time 9391:2011 9365:2011 9339:2011 9313:2011 9287:2011 9261:2011 9235:2011 9209:2011 9183:2011 9157:2011 9127:2011 9096:2011 9059:2017 9028:2017 8997:2011 8971:2011 8945:2011 8919:2011 8892:2008 8866:2008 8840:2011 8800:2008 8774:2009 8748:2011 8722:2011 8692:2011 8662:2011 8629:2010 8599:2019 8565:2008 8539:2008 8508:2008 8454:2014 8428:2010 8396:ISBN 8375:2007 8353:2014 8303:2005 8277:2005 8233:2014 8204:2014 8157:2005 8131:2014 8101:2008 8075:2005 8049:2014 8023:2014 7997:2011 7896:ISBN 7839:ISBN 7808:ISBN 7789:2016 7763:2010 7737:2010 7711:2010 7679:ISBN 7650:2015 7623:2013 7597:2013 7571:2013 7539:2016 7513:2013 7483:ISSN 7436:2013 7410:2019 7380:2013 7354:2017 7321:2014 7291:2017 7261:2014 7235:2013 7209:2013 7183:2009 7128:2017 7097:2017 7066:2017 7040:2013 7014:2017 6982:2013 6956:2019 6926:2020 6915:ISSN 6863:2019 6833:2019 6803:2019 6776:2016 6726:2014 6694:2016 6659:2018 6624:2016 6595:2020 6569:2016 6514:2024 6488:2016 6459:2017 6405:2015 6384:ISBN 6353:2010 6324:2010 6285:ISBN 6252:ISBN 6204:2020 6172:2017 6132:ISBN 6102:2017 6067:2014 6047:2014 6023:2014 5999:2014 5975:2014 5955:2014 5930:2014 5902:2010 5876:2022 5850:2013 5815:2018 5777:2011 5746:2014 5709:2013 5665:2017 5635:2016 5609:2011 5554:2018 5524:2014 5473:2012 5447:2016 5406:2011 5358:2006 5285:2014 5273:TIME 5248:ISBN 5175:2021 5149:2021 5123:2020 5089:2020 5045:2017 5016:2018 4990:2018 4964:2018 4920:2018 4894:2018 4868:2018 4842:2023 4816:2023 4790:2017 4764:2017 4734:2017 4689:2014 4634:ISBN 4596:ISBN 4557:2006 4501:ISBN 4483:2006 4441:2006 4407:2006 4351:2006 4285:ISBN 4226:ISBN 4144:ISBN 4121:ISBN 4102:2006 4032:The 3978:and 3825:and 3796:Peru 3780:and 3731:The 3690:and 3680:CJNG 3387:and 3372:and 3349:and 3171:FARC 3095:and 2986:FARC 2935:and 2933:FARC 2882:Meta 2876:and 2819:Meta 2759:The 2707:M-19 2684:the 2670:Meta 2597:Huks 2526:and 2520:Cuba 2506:FARC 2473:and 2426:FARC 2175:and 2152:Cuba 2134:and 2115:lit. 2100:The 1406:FARC 1321:FARC 1303:Navy 1298:Army 1261:ELN: 1193:FARC 825:PIRA 718:Cuba 656:MAQL 643:MOEC 630:M-19 617:CGSB 591:FARC 479:CJNG 378:ACCU 313:and 220:Peru 137:and 116:Date 13747:Art 12943:AAA 12938:AUC 12733:ETA 12682:ERP 12652:M19 12601:EPL 12591:ELN 11317:hdl 11307:doi 10537:doi 9788:VOA 7671:doi 7473:hdl 7463:doi 6897:doi 5582:", 5571:, " 4281:287 4171:279 3976:DEA 3960:DEA 3778:ELN 3774:EPL 3535:. 3241:'. 3017:AUC 2994:EPL 2990:ELN 2982:AUC 2937:ELN 2929:AUC 2793:DAS 2674:ELN 2589:CIA 2530:of 2493:R. 2487:AUC 2428:). 2393:As 1418:ELN 1373:AUC 1331:EPL 1326:ELN 1146:AGC 1059:AUC 813:ETA 790:FBL 688:PRT 675:ERG 662:ERC 604:ERP 545:ELN 503:BLO 434:MAS 366:AAA 360:AUC 15027:: 12171:. 12141:. 12117:. 12075:. 12047:. 11967:. 11901:. 11874:. 11855:. 11835:. 11811:. 11774:. 11746:. 11656:. 11640:. 11612:. 11592:. 11572:. 11542:. 11512:. 11485:. 11466:. 11442:. 11416:27 11414:. 11395:23 11393:. 11373:. 11352:. 11325:. 11315:. 11303:45 11301:. 11297:. 10933:. 10864:^ 10780:. 10776:. 10744:. 10718:. 10714:. 10688:. 10684:. 10663:. 10607:. 10605:69 10531:. 10527:. 10498:. 10466:. 10448:: 10444:. 10288:. 10276:^ 10227:. 10223:. 10197:. 10156:^ 10134:. 10104:. 10069:84 10067:. 10040:^ 9992:^ 9929:^ 9909:^ 9881:^ 9856:. 9812:. 9786:. 9768:. 9756:^ 9746:. 9727:. 9716:^ 9706:. 9681:. 9598:. 9568:. 9486:. 9408:. 9143:. 9117:. 9113:. 9049:. 9045:. 9018:. 9014:. 8708:. 8678:. 8648:. 8637:^ 8615:. 8589:. 8585:. 8525:. 8326:, 8212:^ 8183:^ 8117:. 7931:^ 7919:^ 7880:^ 7837:. 7677:. 7481:. 7471:. 7459:45 7457:. 7453:. 7396:. 7338:. 7307:. 7277:. 7174:. 7168:. 7118:. 7114:. 7087:. 7083:. 6942:. 6913:. 6905:. 6887:. 6871:^ 6849:. 6819:. 6793:. 6766:. 6762:. 6743:. 6680:. 6667:^ 6643:. 6632:^ 6603:^ 6586:. 6504:. 6467:^ 6445:. 6434:^ 6413:^ 6392:. 6361:^ 6332:^ 6310:. 6293:. 6283:. 6281:57 6250:. 6230:^ 6220:. 6149:^ 6140:. 6130:. 6128:54 6110:^ 6037:. 6033:. 6013:. 6009:. 5985:. 5945:. 5941:. 5866:. 5836:. 5823:^ 5802:. 5796:. 5767:. 5763:. 5736:. 5717:^ 5681:. 5651:. 5625:. 5540:. 5481:^ 5437:. 5396:. 5375:. 5330:. 5275:. 5271:. 5207:. 5139:. 5109:. 5097:^ 5053:^ 5024:^ 4832:. 4806:. 4750:. 4706:. 4572:. 4548:. 4466:. 4424:. 4390:. 4337:. 4319:28 4317:. 4313:. 4283:. 4247:. 4196:39 4194:. 4190:. 4169:. 4165:. 4085:. 3948:. 3841:, 3817:, 3776:, 3706:. 3698:, 3678:, 3674:, 3670:, 3267:, 3263:, 3162:. 3065:. 2988:, 2943:. 2906:, 2880:, 2872:, 2817:, 2668:, 2635:. 2607:. 2581:. 2542:. 2348:. 2276:. 2150:, 2112:, 2108:: 1710:JM 1393:: 1358:: 14895:e 14888:t 14881:v 14019:e 14012:t 14005:v 13108:) 13104:( 13022:e 13015:t 13008:v 12767:: 12231:e 12224:t 12217:v 12187:. 12157:. 12133:. 12109:. 12091:. 12066:. 12032:. 12009:. 11993:. 11978:. 11956:. 11933:. 11890:. 11866:. 11847:. 11827:. 11798:. 11762:. 11735:. 11674:. 11624:. 11604:. 11584:. 11561:. 11528:. 11501:. 11477:. 11458:. 11427:. 11405:. 11364:. 11333:. 11319:: 11309:: 11263:. 11243:. 11215:. 11187:. 11166:. 11142:. 11121:. 11093:. 11072:. 11051:. 11030:. 11009:. 10975:. 10949:. 10919:. 10893:. 10858:. 10832:. 10818:. 10792:. 10762:. 10730:. 10700:. 10668:. 10624:. 10539:: 10533:6 10512:. 10484:. 10430:. 10404:. 10378:. 10352:. 10326:. 10300:. 10251:6 10239:. 10209:. 10179:. 10150:. 10120:. 10086:. 10052:. 10034:. 10019:. 10004:. 9986:. 9971:. 9956:. 9941:. 9923:. 9903:. 9875:. 9860:. 9839:. 9824:. 9798:. 9772:. 9750:. 9731:. 9692:. 9666:. 9640:. 9614:. 9584:. 9554:. 9528:. 9502:. 9450:. 9424:. 9393:. 9367:. 9341:. 9315:. 9289:. 9263:. 9237:. 9211:. 9185:. 9159:. 9129:. 9098:. 9061:. 9030:. 8999:. 8973:. 8947:. 8921:. 8894:. 8868:. 8842:. 8802:. 8776:. 8750:. 8724:. 8694:. 8664:. 8631:. 8601:. 8567:. 8541:. 8510:. 8456:. 8430:. 8404:. 8377:. 8355:. 8305:. 8279:. 8235:. 8206:. 8159:. 8133:. 8103:. 8077:. 8051:. 8025:. 7999:. 7904:. 7847:. 7816:. 7791:. 7765:. 7739:. 7713:. 7687:. 7673:: 7652:. 7625:. 7599:. 7573:. 7541:. 7515:. 7489:. 7475:: 7465:: 7438:. 7412:. 7382:. 7356:. 7323:. 7293:. 7263:. 7237:. 7211:. 7185:. 7130:. 7099:. 7068:. 7042:. 7016:. 6984:. 6958:. 6928:. 6899:: 6865:. 6835:. 6805:. 6778:. 6728:. 6696:. 6661:. 6626:. 6597:. 6571:. 6516:. 6490:. 6461:. 6407:. 6355:. 6326:. 6260:. 6206:. 6174:. 6104:. 6069:. 6049:. 6025:. 6001:. 5977:. 5957:. 5932:. 5904:. 5878:. 5852:. 5817:. 5779:. 5748:. 5711:. 5667:. 5637:. 5611:. 5556:. 5526:. 5475:. 5449:. 5408:. 5379:. 5360:. 5334:. 5287:. 5256:. 5177:. 5151:. 5125:. 5091:. 5047:. 5018:. 4992:. 4966:. 4922:. 4896:. 4870:. 4844:. 4818:. 4792:. 4766:. 4736:. 4710:. 4691:. 4642:. 4604:. 4559:. 4509:. 4485:. 4443:. 4409:. 4353:. 4293:. 4234:. 4152:. 4129:. 4104:. 4036:( 3867:. 3542:) 3538:( 2714:( 2104:( 2089:e 2082:t 2075:v 1479:e 1472:t 1465:v 1408:, 1384:: 1375:: 1195:: 1164:: 1148:: 1061:: 98:. 89:. 80:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.