History of Chile - Knowledge

7309: 1220:. One of the most durable charters ever devised in Latin America, the Portalian constitution lasted until 1925. The constitution concentrated authority in the national government, more precisely, in the hands of the president, who was elected by a tiny minority. The chief executive could serve two consecutive five-year terms and then pick a successor. Although the Congress had significant budgetary powers, it was overshadowed by the president, who appointed provincial officials. The constitution also created an independent judiciary, guaranteed inheritance of estates by primogeniture, and installed Catholicism as the state religion. In short, it established an autocratic system under a republican veneer. 2268: 1341: 44: 2660: 1128:. He won plaudits for defeating royalists and founding schools, but civil strife continued. O'Higgins alienated liberals and provincials with his authoritarianism, conservatives and the church with his anticlericalism, and landowners with his proposed reforms of the land tenure system. His attempt to devise a constitution in 1818 that would legitimize his government failed, as did his effort to generate stable funding for the new administration. O'Higgins's dictatorial behavior aroused resistance in the provinces. This growing discontent was reflected in the continuing opposition of partisans of 1446: 617: 7673: 1242:, who served two terms (1831–1836, 1836–1841). President Prieto had four main accomplishments: implementation of the 1833 constitution, stabilization of government finances, defeat of provincial challenges to central authority, and victory over the Peru-Bolivia Confederation. During the presidencies of Prieto and his two successors, Chile modernized through the construction of ports, railroads, and telegraph lines, some built by United States entrepreneur William Wheelwright. These innovations facilitated the export-import trade as well as domestic commerce. 1884:

Marxism but fear over losing control of its investments. "By 1968, 20 percent of total U.S. foreign investment was tied up in Latin America...Mining companies had invested $ 1 billion over the previous fifty years in Chile's copper mining industry – the largest in the world – but they had sent $ 7.2 billion home." Part of the CIA's program involved a propaganda campaign that portrayed Allende as a would-be Soviet dictator. In fact, however, "the U.S.'s own intelligence reports showed that Allende posed no threat to democracy." Nevertheless, the

7386: 2383: 826: 1110: 1099: 7303: 6316: 1997: 1311: 2206:, simplified and reduced the corporate tax. Chile went ahead with privatizations, including public utilities plus the re-privatization of companies that had returned to the government during the 1982–1983 crisis. From 1984 to 1990, Chile's gross domestic product grew by an annual average of 5.9%, the fastest on the continent. Chile developed a good export economy, including the export of fruits and vegetables to the northern hemisphere when they were out of season, and commanded high prices. 1213:

military. Political and economic stability reinforced each other, as Portales encouraged economic growth through free trade and put government finances in order. Portales was an agnostic who said that he believed in the clergy but not in God. He realized the importance of the Roman Catholic Church as a bastion of loyalty, legitimacy, social control and stability, as had been the case in the colonial period. He repealed Liberal reforms that had threatened church privileges and properties.

1537: 2160: 1550:. Alessandri appealed to those who believed the social question should be addressed, to those worried by the decline in nitrate exports during World War I, and to those weary of presidents dominated by Congress. Promising "evolution to avoid revolution", he pioneered a new campaign style of appealing directly to the masses with florid oratory and charisma. After winning a seat in the Senate representing the mining north in 1915, he earned the sobriquet "Lion of Tarapacá." 569: 1246: 1035: 1392: 1726: 5029: 782: 2646: 398: 1802:, reorganization of the national economy into socialized, mixed, and private sectors, a foreign policy of "international solidarity" and national independence and a new institutional order (the "people's state" or "poder popular"), including the institution of a unicameral congress. Immediately after the election, the United States expressed its disapproval and raised a number of economic sanctions against Chile. 653:

their arsenal of clubs and bows and arrows. They became adept at raiding Spanish settlements and, albeit in declining numbers, managed to hold off the Spaniards and their descendants until the late 19th century. The Araucanians' valor inspired the Chileans to mythologize them as the nation's first national heroes, a status that did nothing, however, to elevate the wretched living standard of their descendants.

412: 3158:...y llegado al valle de Copiapó, lo que trabajé en hacer la guerra a los naturales e fuertes que les rompí y la guerra que hice por todos los valles adelante, hasta que llegué al valle de Mapocho, que es cien leguas de Copiapó, e fundé la cibdad de Sanctiago del Nuevo Extremo, a los veinte e cuatro de hebrero del año de mill quinientos e cuarenta e uno, formando Cabildo, Justicia e Regimiento. 1199: 922: 1703:, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had accomplished many noteworthy objectives, but he had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals. 811:). He organized an expedition that brought him to central Chile in 1537, but he found little of value to compare with the gold and silver of the Incas in Peru. Left with the impression that the inhabitants of the area were poor, he returned to Peru, later to be garotted following defeat by Hernando Pizarro in a Civil War. 2044:. At least 29,000 were imprisoned and tortured. According to the Latin American Institute on Mental Health and Human Rights (ILAS), "situations of extreme trauma" affected about 200,000 persons.; this figure includes individuals killed, tortured or exiled, and their immediate families. About 30,000 left the country. 1486:

of the armed forces, its respect for civil liberties, its expansion of suffrage and participation, and its gradual admission of new contenders, especially reformers, to the political arena. In particular, two young parties grew in importance – the Democrat Party, with roots among artisans and urban workers, and the

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intimidated or loyal peasant voters in the countryside, even though the population was becoming increasingly urban. The lackluster presidents and ineffectual administrations of the period did little to respond to the country's dependence on volatile nitrate exports, spiraling inflation, and massive urbanization.

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Among those favouring independence, conservatives fought with liberals over the degree to which French revolutionary ideas would be incorporated into the movement. After several efforts, Spanish troops from Peru took advantage of the internecine strife to reconquer Chile in 1814, when they reasserted

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in northern Chile, trapping 33 men 700 metres (2,300 ft) below ground. A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on

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Recognizing that U.S. intelligence forces were trying to destabilize his presidency through a variety of methods, the KGB offered financial assistance to the first democratically elected Marxist president. However, the reason behind the U.S. covert actions against Allende concerned not the spread of

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The Araucanians, a fragmented society of hunters, gatherers, and farmers, constituted the largest Native American group in Chile. Mobile people who engaged in trade and warfare with other indigenous groups lived in scattered family clusters and small villages. Although the Araucanians had no written

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and later copper. The wealth of raw materials led to an economic upturn, but also led to dependency, and even wars with neighboring states. Chile was governed during most of its first 150 years of independence by different forms of restricted government, where the electorate was carefully vetted and

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Alessandri soon discovered that his efforts to lead would be blocked by the conservative Congress. Like Balmaceda, he infuriated the legislators by going over their heads to appeal to the voters in the congressional elections of 1924. His reform legislation was finally rammed through Congress under

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However, particularly when the authoritarian regime of Augusto Pinochet is taken into consideration, some scholars have in recent years reevaluated the Parliamentary Republic of 1891–1925. Without denying its shortcomings, they have lauded its democratic stability. They have also hailed its control

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form of government, with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. By adopting a moderately liberal constitution in 1828, Pinto alienated both the federalists and the liberal factions. He also angered the old aristocracy by abolishing estates inherited by primogeniture (mayorazgo) and

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in which the Christian kingdoms retook Iberia from the Muslims). During this period, the harsh rule of the Spanish loyalists, who punished suspected rebels, drove more and more Chileans into the insurrectionary camp. More members of the Chilean elite were becoming convinced of the necessity of full

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settled in the fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile. Pre-Hispanic Chile was home to over a dozen different Amerindian societies. The current prevalent theories are that the initial arrival of humans to the continent took place either along the Pacific coast southwards in a

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took the responsibility to release him on medical grounds, and refused to extradite him to Spain. Thereafter, Pinochet returned to Chile in March 2000. Upon descending the plane on his wheelchair, he stood up and saluted the cheering crowd of supporters, including an army band playing his favorite

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funded opposition media, politicians, and organizations, helping to accelerate a campaign of domestic destabilization. By 1972, the economic progress of Allende's first year had been reversed, and the economy was in crisis. Political polarization increased, and large mobilizations of both pro- and

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As a dissident Liberal running for the presidency, Alessandri attracted support from the more reformist Radicals and Democrats and formed the so-called Liberal Alliance. He received strong backing from the middle and working classes as well as from the provincial elites. Students and intellectuals

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Scholars speculate that the total Araucanian population may have numbered 1.5 million at most when the Spaniards arrived in the 1530s; a century of European conquest and disease reduced that number by at least half. During the conquest, the Araucanians quickly added horses and European weaponry to

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briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, where they collected tribute from small groups of fishermen and oasis farmers but were not able to establish a strong cultural presence in the area. As the Spaniards would after them, the Incas encountered fierce resistance and so were

1828:, accompanied by major declines in inflation (down from 34.9% to 22.1%) and unemployment (down to 3.8%). Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, which had the effect of increasing consumer spending and redistributing income downward. Joint public-private 1481:

Political authority ran from local electoral bosses in the provinces through the congressional and executive branches, which reciprocated with payoffs from taxes on nitrate sales. Congressmen often won election by bribing voters in this clientelistic and corrupt system. Many politicians relied on

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to unite with Peru against Chile. These qualms exacerbated animosities toward Peru dating from the colonial period, now intensified by disputes over customs duties and loans. Chile also wanted to become the dominant South American military and commercial power along the Pacific. Santa Cruz united

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O'Higgins's opponents also disapproved of his diversion of Chilean resources to aid San Martín's liberation of Peru. O'Higgins insisted on supporting that campaign because he realized that Chilean independence would not be secure until the Spaniards were routed from the Andean core of the empire.

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The so-called Parliamentary Republic was not a true parliamentary system, in which the chief executive is elected by the legislature. It was, however, an unusual regime in presidentialist Latin America, for Congress really did overshadow the rather ceremonial office of the president and exerted

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dominated Chilean politics from the cabinet and behind the scenes from 1830 to 1837. He installed the "autocratic republic", which centralized authority in the national government. His political program enjoyed support from merchants, large landowners, foreign capitalists, the church, and the

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Although opposed by many liberals, O'Higgins angered the Roman Catholic Church with his liberal beliefs. He maintained Catholicism's status as the official state religion but tried to curb the church's political powers and to encourage religious tolerance as a means of attracting Protestant

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After O'Higgins went into exile in 1823, civil conflict continued, focusing mainly on the issues of anticlericalism and regionalism. Presidents and constitutions rose and fell quickly in the 1820s. The civil struggle's harmful effects on the economy, and particularly on exports, prompted

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Report (1975), publicly available documents have indicated that the CIA attempted to prevent Allende from taking office after he was elected in 1970; the CIA itself released documents in 2000 acknowledging this and that Pinochet was one of their favored alternatives to take power.

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except Chiloé (and Valdivia which was decades later reestablished as a fort), and the great river became the frontier line between Mapuche lands and the Spanish realm. North of that line cities grew up slowly, and Chilean lands eventually became an important source of food for the

818:, captain of the army, realizing the potential for expanding the Spanish empire southward, asked Pizarro's permission to invade and conquer the southern lands. With a couple of hundred men, he subdued the local inhabitants and founded the city of Santiago de Nueva Extremadura, now 2428:(signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos), the first Chinese free trade agreement with a Latin American nation; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007. In October 2006, Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand, 1147:

In the minds of most members of the Chilean elite, the bloodshed and chaos of the late 1820s were attributable to the shortcomings of liberalism and federalism, which had been dominant over conservatism for most of the period. The political camp became divided by supporters of

1003:, captained a rival faction that plunged the Criollos into civil war. For him and certain other members of the Chilean elite, the initiative for temporary self-rule quickly escalated into a campaign for permanent independence, although other Criollos remained loyal to Spain. 1453:

For many decades thereafter, historians derided the Parliamentary Republic as a quarrel-prone system that merely distributed spoils and clung to its laissez-faire policy while national problems mounted. The characterization is epitomized by an observation made by President

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composed of various nomadic tribes, who supported themselves through fishing and hunting (and who in Pacific/Pacific Coast immigration scenario would be descended partly from the most ancient settlers). No elaborate, centralized, sedentary civilization reigned supreme.

943:, and it was far from having unanimous support among Chileans, who became divided between independentists and royalists. What started as an elitist political movement against their colonial master, finally ended as a full-fledged civil war between pro-Independence 2252:

established that in 1988 there would be another plebiscite in which the voters would accept or reject a single candidate proposed by the Military Junta. Pinochet was, as expected, the candidate proposed, but was denied a second 8-year term by 54.5% of the vote.

1809:'s website reports that the agency aided three different Chilean opposition groups during that time period and "sought to instigate a coup to prevent Allende from taking office". The action plans to prevent Allende from coming to power were known as Track I and 1561:

A double military coup set off a period of great political instability that lasted until 1932. First military right-wingers opposing Alessandri seized power in September 1924, and then reformers in favor of the ousted president took charge in January 1925. The

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By 1973, Chilean society had grown highly polarized, between strong opponents and equally strong supporters of Salvador Allende and his government. Military actions and movements, separate from the civilian authority, began to manifest in the countryside. The

5402:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. IX (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. p. 483. 1164:, being the two last the main movements that prevailed and absorbed the rest. The abolition of slavery in 1823—long before most other countries in the Americas—was considered one of the Pipiolos' few lasting achievements. One Pipiolo leader from the south, 1461:

At the mercy of Congress, cabinets came and went frequently, although there was more stability and continuity in public administration than some historians have suggested. Chile also temporarily resolved its border disputes with Argentina with the

5388:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. VIII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. 5416:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. X (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. 5741:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XXIII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. 5439:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. II (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta del Ferrocarril. 1790:

and Frei's refusal to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende – on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers' party and could not make common cause with the oligarchs – Allende was chosen by a vote of 153 to 35.

5717:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XXII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. 2194:. In 1983 another five banks were nationalized and two banks had to be put under government supervision. The central bank took over foreign debts. Critics ridiculed the economic policy of the Chicago Boys as "Chicago way to socialism“. 1168:, rode in and out of the presidency several times (1823–1827, 1828, 1829, 1830) but could not sustain his authority. From May 1827 to September 1831, with the exception of brief interventions by Freire, the presidency was occupied by 2481:) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks. Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$ 15–30 billion, around 10 to 15 percent of Chile's real gross domestic product. 1876:, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response to Allende's socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. The combination of inflation and government-mandated price-fixing led to the rise of 5566:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XV (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Ercilla. 1919:

asserted that Chilean democracy had broken down and called for "redirecting government activity", to restore constitutional rule. Less than a month later, on September 11, 1973, the Chilean military deposed Allende, who

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By the early 20th century, both parties were winning increasing numbers of seats in Congress. The more leftist members of the Democrat Party became involved in the leadership of labor unions and broke off to launch the

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became Minister of Finance from 1985 to 1989, introducing a more pragmatic economic policy. He allowed the peso to float and reinstated restrictions on the movement of capital in and out of the country. He introduced

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The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the

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Although Valdivia found little gold in Chile he could see the agricultural richness of the land. He continued his explorations of the region west of the Andes and founded over a dozen towns and established the first

2630:.The Republican party won 22 out of the 51 seats, with right-wing parties winning another 11 seats, in the assembly tasked with drawing up Chile's new constitution. In December 2023, Chilean voters rejected in a 473:

Failure to address the economic and social increases and increasing political awareness of the less-affluent population, as well as indirect intervention and economic funding to the main political groups by the

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pressure from younger military officers, who were sick of the neglect of the armed forces, political infighting, social unrest, and galloping inflation, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress.

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In the 1870s, the church influence started to diminish slightly with the passing of several laws that took some old roles of the church into the State's hands such as the registry of births and marriages.

3078: 2573:, while 21.72 per cent rejected the change. Voter turnout was 51 per cent. A second vote was held on April 11, 2021, to select 155 Chileans who form the convention which will draft the new constitution. 633:

unable to exert control in the south. During their attempts at conquest in 1460 and again in 1491, the Incas established forts in the Central Valley of Chile, but they could not colonize the region. The

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Chile was the least wealthy realm of the Spanish Crown for most of its colonial history. Only in the 18th century did a steady economic and demographic growth begin, an effect of the reforms by Spain's

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The Spaniards never subjugated the Mapuche territories; various attempts at conquest, both by military and peaceful means, failed. The Great Uprising of 1598 swept all Spanish presence south of the

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initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and

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has been populated since at least 3000 BC. By the 16th century, Spanish invaders began to raid the region of present-day Chile, and the territory was a colony between 1540 and 1818, when it gained

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immigrants and traders. Like the church, the landed aristocracy felt threatened by O'Higgins, resenting his attempts to eliminate noble titles and, more important, to eliminate entailed estates.

5453:(Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile); a compendium of indicators, from macroeconomic aggregates to demographic trends and social policies, focused on economic and social history; 1068:

on April 5, 1818. San Martín then led his Argentine and Chilean followers north to liberate Peru; and fighting continued in Chile's southern provinces, the bastion of the royalists, until 1826.

966:. Depending on what terms one uses to define the end, the movement extended until 1821 (when the Spanish were expelled from mainland Chile) or 1826 (when the last Spanish troops surrendered and 6200: 2420:, expecting a boom in import and export of local produce and becoming a regional trade-hub. Continuing the coalition's free trade strategy, in August 2006 President Bachelet promulgated a 1786:. This procedure had previously been a near-formality, yet became quite fraught in 1970. After assurances of legality on Allende's part, the murder of the Army Commander-in-Chief, General 999:, an aristocrat then in his mid-twenties. The military-educated Carrera was a heavy-handed ruler who aroused widespread opposition. Another of the earliest advocates of full independence, 2040:. At least a thousand people were executed during the first six months of Pinochet in office, and at least two thousand more were killed during the next sixteen years, as reported by the 4643: 1635:

dictatorship. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years.

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On 11 March 2022, Gabriel Boric was sworn in as president to succeed outgoing President Sebastian Pinera. Out of 24 members of Gabriel Boric's female-majority Cabinet, 14 are women.

4706: 4612: 4522: 2308:" which could be proved and registered. Of course, the very nature of "disappearances" made such investigations very difficult. The same problem arose, several years later, with the 1631:

The longest lasting of the ten governments between 1924 and 1932 was that of General Carlos Ibáñez, who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a

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Despite such diversity, it is possible to classify the indigenous people into three major cultural groups: the northern people, who developed rich handicrafts and were influenced by

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postponed the date of the elections, while Chile was one of the hardest hit nations in the Americas as of May 2020. On October 25, 2020, Chileans voted 78.28 per cent in favor of a

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After his success Bulnes was elected president in 1841. He served two terms (1841–1846, 1846–1851). His administration concentrated on the occupation of the territory, especially

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in 1836 with a desire to expand control over Argentina and Chile. Portales got Congress to declare war on the Confederation. Portales was killed by traitors in 1837. The general

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The beginning of the Independence movement is traditionally dated as of September 18, 1810, when a national junta was established to govern Chile in the name of the deposed king

2051:, dissolved the national congress, banned union activities, prohibited strikes and collective bargaining, and erased the Allende administration's agrarian and economic reforms. 1442:

authority over the chief executive's cabinet appointees. In turn, Congress was dominated by the landed elites. This was the heyday of classic political and economic liberalism.

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However, amid mounting discontent, troops from the northern and southern provinces forced O'Higgins to resign. Embittered, O'Higgins departed for Peru, where he died in 1842.

4442: 2875: 7308: 6224: 2611: 1568:(ruido de sables) incident of September 1924, provoked by discontent of young officers, mostly lieutenants from middle and working classes, lead to the establishment of the 1426: 5631: 1643: 3738: 2359: 2293:, received an absolute majority of votes (55%). President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period. In February 1991 Aylwin created the 1471: 553:

archaeological site, which predates the Clovis site by thousands of years. Specific early human settlement sites from the very early human habitation in Chile include the

7142: 4582: 1061:. San Martín considered the liberation of Chile a strategic stepping-stone to the emancipation of Peru, which he saw as the key to hemispheric victory over the Spanish. 5729: 5705: 959:. The struggle for independence was a war within the upper class, although the majority of troops on both sides consisted of conscripted mestizos and Native Americans. 5557: 3624: 1895:

In addition, Nixon gave instructions to make the Chilean economy scream, and international financial pressure restricted economic credit to Chile. Simultaneously, the

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to become the country's youngest ever leader, after the most polarizing election since democracy was restored, defeating right wing pinochetist and leader of the

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was elected president of Chile for a second term. He received 36% of the votes, the highest percentage among all 8 candidates. In the second round, Piñera faced

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In 2013, Bachelet, a Social Democrat, was elected again as president, seeking to make the structural changes claimed in recent years by the society relative to

1625: 4954: 2416:(comprising a free trade agreement and political and cultural agreements), in 2003, an extensive free trade agreement with the United States, and in 2004 with 4665: 2186:

with a surge in unemployment and a meltdown of the financial sector. 16 out of 50 financial institutions faced bankruptcy. In 1982 the two biggest banks were

1458:(1910–1915), reputedly made in reference to labor unrest: "There are only two kinds of problems: those that solve themselves and those that can't be solved." 6957: 6361: 7187: 4820: 3932: 1912: 605:

language, they did use a common tongue. Those in what became central Chile were more settled and more likely to use irrigation. Those in the south combined

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The military junta began to change during the late 1970s. Due to problems with Pinochet, Leigh was expelled from the junta in 1978 and replaced by General

889:. In that post, he obeyed the viceroy of Peru and, through him, the King of Spain and his bureaucracy. Responsible to the governor, town councils known as 7182: 1467: 1357: 505: 7212: 2500:

Despite good macroeconomic indicators, there was increased social dissatisfaction, focused on demands for better and fairer education, culminating in

1760:" (UP or "Unidad Popular") coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic Parties, along with dissident Christian Democrats, the 6927: 5959: 3043:). It has been interpreted later as "big foot" but the etymologyrefers to a literary character in a Spanish novel of the early 16th century (see text). 5673:

Crónica del Reino de Chile, escrita por el capitán Pedro Mariño de Lobera... reducido a nuevo método y estilo por el Padre Bartolomé de Escobar (1593)

3623:, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 123, edited by Peter Kornbluh, posted May 26, 2004. This particular dialogue can be found at 7282: 2179:

characterized by the absence of registration lists, on September 11, 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an 8-year term.

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with hunting. Of the three Araucanian groups, the one that mounted the fiercest resistance to the attempts at seizure of their territory were the

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was noted in polls as particularly divisive in Chile. In May 2023, the far-right Republican Party became first in Chilean Constitutional Council

2570: 7257: 5931: 1595:. They returned Alessandri to the presidency that March and enacted his promised reforms by decree. The latter re-assumed power in March, and a 1075:

was officially issued by Chile on February 12, 1818, and formally recognized by Spain in 1840, when full diplomatic relations were established.

6240: 4635: 1277: 192: 7097: 4279: 2542:, a television news anchor who represented Bachelet's New Majority (Nueva Mayoría) coalition. Piñera won the elections with 54% of the votes. 1974:. For instance, in 1976, the New York Times published 66 articles on human rights abuses in Chile and only 4 on Cambodia, where the communist 7417: 7247: 6411: 4729: 1662:

supported Ibáñez's candidacy, which had been announced on September 4. In order to preempt Ross's victory, the National Socialists mounted a

1617: 1227:. For the next forty years, Chile's armed forces would be distracted from meddling in politics by skirmishes and defensive operations on the 7122: 7237: 5603:. Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España (in Spanish). Vol. XLVIII. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero 4698: 4604: 4514: 3958: 3312: 2627: 2528: 2437: 289: 5880: 2401:

coalition has continued to dominate Chilean politics for last two decades. In January 2006 Chileans elected their first female president,

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Drake, Paul. "International Crises and Popular Movements in Latin America: Chile and Peru from the Great Depression to the Cold War," in

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later commented that the retired general's televised arrival had damaged the image of Chile, while thousands demonstrated against him.

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Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by persistently suppressing the

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dominance (1932–1952), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez to office for another 6 years.

1184:. After the defeat of his liberal army at the Battle of Lircay on April 17, 1830, Freire, like O'Higgins, went into exile in Peru. 43: 5044: 4318: 7262: 2516: 814:

After this initial excursion there was little interest from colonial authorities in further exploring modern-day Chile. However,

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Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on December 14, 1989. Christian Democrat

1775:. In the end, Allende received a plurality of the votes cast, getting 36% of the vote against Alessandri's 35% and Tomic's 28%. 7002: 6920: 6107: 5952: 3984: 2832: 2631: 2615: 2351: 948: 7207: 4552: 4258: 3181: 2973: 1554:

also rallied to his banner. At the same time, he reassured the landowners that social reforms would be limited to the cities.

7072: 6416: 6232: 4467: 4177: 3900: 3544: 3007: 1531: 1475: 1432: 940: 7167: 3800: 2797: 649:, which subsequently became the boundary between the Incan empire and the Mapuche lands until the arrival of the Spaniards. 6768: 6606: 5635: 4893: 4543: 4024:

Valdivia Ortiz de Zarate, Veronica (2003). "Terrorism and Political Violence during the Pinochet Years: Chile, 1973-1989".

3848: 2772: 2501: 2272: 2036:. The junta jailed, tortured, and executed thousands of Chileans. In October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by the 1659: 709: 312: 7277: 7127: 7107: 7057: 5589:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Chileno de Estudios Humanísticos (ICHEH) and Centro de Estudios Sociales (CESOC). 3271: 895:

administered local municipalities, the most important of which was Santiago, which was the seat of a Royal Appeals Court (

7326: 3597: 3580: 2944: 1889: 1737: 1720: 1685: 1072: 7672: 5895: 4410: 4369: 2622:

and strongly backed by President Boric. Prior to the dismissal of the proposed constitution the issue of constitutional

7172: 6466: 5671: 5254:

Chile and the United States, 1880–1962: The Emergence of Chile's Social Crisis and challenge to United States Diplomacy

5146: 3922: 3139: 2907: 2869: 2289: 1689: 541: 164: 4863: 1014:

The second period was characterized by the Spanish attempts to reimpose arbitrary rule during the period known as the

685:

to describe the native people whom his expedition thought to be giants. It is now believed the Patagons were actually

375: 7410: 6913: 6796: 5945: 5357: 5206: 5075: 4547: 4201: 4102: 3821: 3732: 3688: 3175: 2619: 1716: 1417:. Defeated, Balmaceda fled to Argentina's embassy, where he committed suicide. Jorge Montt became the new president. 256: 1642:

took place on September 5, 1938, in the midst of a heated three-way election campaign between the ultraconservative

1405:

was elected president. His economic policies visibly changed the existing liberal policies. He began to violate the

1027:

independence, regardless of who sat on the throne of Spain. As the leader of guerrilla raids against the Spaniards,

7147: 7067: 5084:

Antezana-Pernet, Corinne. "Peace in the World and Democracy at Home: The Chilean Women's Movement in the 1940s" in

4122: 2562: 2561:. On 15 November, most of the political parties represented in the National Congress signed an agreement to call a 3291: 3113: 7497: 7087: 6867: 6504: 6376: 6356: 6267: 6248: 6120: 6062: 4347: 2744: 2387: 2262: 1928:

was surrounded and bombed. Subsequently, rather than restore governmental authority to the civilian legislature,

1860:

fell during the administration's first year. However, these results were not sustainable and in 1972 the Chilean

1761: 1436: 1262: 513: 345: 307: 126: 7522: 7132: 7092: 5201:

Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America`s Struggle For Independence, 1810–1830". John Murray, London (2000).

3604:, Chile Documentation Project, National Security Archive, September 19, 2000. Accessed online November 26, 2006. 2485: 2267: 1125: 6569: 5594: 5059: 3660: 3644: 3062: 2585: 1959: 1782:, keeping with tradition, conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president 1064:

Chile won its formal independence when San Martín defeated the last large Spanish force on Chilean soil at the

1053:. Their combined army freed Chile with a daring assault over the Andes in 1817, defeating the Spaniards at the 705: 465:. The country's economic development was successively marked by the export of first agricultural produce, then 437: 266: 7385: 5571: 2704: 2018: 1987: 1580: 1409:

and slowly began to establish a dictatorship. Congress decided to depose Balmaceda, who refused to step down.

1353: 1281: 493: 284: 251: 7232: 7222: 6538: 6351: 5858: 5840: 2581: 1289: 1132:, who was executed by the Argentine regime in Mendoza in 1821, as were his two brothers three years earlier. 1028: 1016: 970:

was incorporated into the Chilean republic). The independence process is normally divided into three stages:

837:

that show to genius military and hero of the Arauco war after the arrival of the Spanish to Chilean territory

7272: 2504:

demanding more democratic and equitable institutions. Approval of Piñera's administration fell irrevocably.

1880:

in rice, beans, sugar, and flour, and a "disappearance" of such basic commodities from supermarket shelves.

689:

with an average height of 1.80 m (~5′11″) compared to the 1.55 m (~5′1″) average for Spaniards of the time.

7689: 7602: 7562: 7403: 7047: 6543: 6499: 6346: 6297: 6152: 5577:

Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536–1575)

5407: 5393: 5379: 2440:(P4), also signed under Lagos' presidency. Regionally, she has signed bilateral free trade agreements with 2249: 2172: 1916: 1655: 1596: 1588: 1546:

By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president,

1217: 1093: 525: 370: 322: 261: 2591:. The center-left and center-right political conglomerates alternating power during the last 32 years (ex- 7684: 7457: 7027: 7017: 6826: 6751: 6680: 6192: 6137: 5575: 3496: 3346: 2714: 2694: 916: 462: 149: 52: 7360: 7302: 7292: 7242: 5411: 5397: 5383: 852:

people, who opposed European conquest and colonization until the 1880s; this resistance is known as the

7202: 7117: 7012: 6647: 6456: 6446: 6406: 6287: 6100: 3869: 3575: 3384:"Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973" 2719: 2684: 1779: 1587:

as interim government while waiting for Alessandri's return. The latter group was led by two colonels,

956: 886: 772: 365: 116: 7597: 7492: 7157: 3595:

CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile

1340: 1175:

In August 1828, Pinto's first year in office, Chile abandoned its short-lived federalist system for a

202: 7716: 7349: 7267: 7077: 6704: 6292: 6277: 5812: 3031:, 1524: "Il capitano generale nominò questi popoli Patagoni." The original word would probably be in 2934: 2689: 2071: 1921: 1089: 430: 360: 350: 225: 23: 7152: 5667: 5443: 5307: 7477: 7217: 7192: 6977: 6831: 6521: 6381: 6371: 6067: 5976: 5968: 5464: 4287: 4160:

Fischer, Karin (2009). "The Influence of Neoliberals in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet".

2777: 2767: 2762: 2724: 2488:

in 2010. On 5 August 2010, the access tunnel collapsed at the San José copper and gold mine in the

1967: 1753: 1741: 1511: 1495: 585: 169: 7512: 6987: 4051:

Petras, James; Vieux, Steve (July 1990). "The Chilean 'Economic Miracle': An Empirical Critique".

1402: 1395: 931:

The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by the usurpation of the Spanish throne by

7632: 7452: 7032: 6936: 6670: 6396: 6336: 2757: 2464: 2320: 2222: 2026: 2017:

by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class. A

1667: 1547: 1540: 1463: 1344:

Territorial losses of the Republic of Chile de jure (by law) according to Chilean historiography.

1304: 1293: 1249: 1169: 1050: 1043: 483: 5247:

Courage Tastes of Blood: The Mapuche Community of Nicolás Ailío and the Chilean State, 1906–2001

3954: 3486: 3304: 2477:, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing 2021:

overthrew Allende on September 11, 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace (

1368:, and a considerable fraction of the territory it had during colonial times. As a result of the 1257: 7472: 7462: 7437: 7365: 7162: 7037: 6791: 6533: 6401: 5886: 5864:

La guerra a muerte: memoria sobre las últimas campañas de la Independencia de Chile (1819–1824)

5177: 5089: 2355: 2238: 2033: 1971: 1825: 1639: 1507: 1414: 1223:

Portales also achieved his objectives by wielding dictatorial powers, censoring the press, and

1103: 963: 904: 535: 88: 58: 7507: 5868: 5850: 5681: 5137: 1380:(1879–1883), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third and acquired valuable 1153: 1129: 996: 7657: 7647: 7612: 7370: 7227: 7102: 7062: 7052: 6962: 6952: 6721: 6642: 6511: 6315: 6208: 6093: 5319:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta, Litografía i Encuadernación Barcelona. p. 550. 4493: 4076: 2554: 2535: 2474: 2456: 2391: 2324: 2079: 1937: 1757: 1692: 1674: 1647: 1487: 1334: 1193: 1149: 1000: 925: 531: 355: 187: 78: 7442: 5733: 5709: 5685: 5311: 1856:, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased sharply and 1445: 7587: 7567: 7547: 7467: 6736: 6637: 6632: 6559: 6528: 6516: 6282: 6039: 5984: 3453: 3428: 3403: 2665: 2421: 2305: 2230: 2022: 1991: 1933: 1925: 1816:

In the first year of Allende's term, the short-term economic results of Economics Minister

1794:

The Popular Unity platform included the nationalization of U.S. interests in Chile's major

1613: 1603: 1413:, among others, directed an armed conflict against Balmaceda, which soon extended into the 984: 932: 641:(c. 1471–1493) and his army. The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the 573: 159: 7592: 7542: 7197: 5876: 5830: 5652: 4216: 3613: 3383: 2588: 2346:

In 1998, Pinochet travelled to London for back surgery. But under orders of Spanish judge

1455: 8: 7582: 6992: 6841: 6731: 6564: 6476: 6461: 6157: 6050: 6029: 6019: 6004: 4374: 3706: 2679: 1869: 1799: 1712: 1700: 1651: 1054: 1039: 978: 879: 642: 638: 7252: 4985: 4923: 4789: 4759: 3518: 3236: 3207: 1602:

The new constitution gave increased powers to the presidency. Alessandri broke with the

7426: 6982: 6972: 6811: 6763: 6741: 6726: 6690: 6494: 6471: 6451: 6386: 6324: 6168: 6034: 6009: 5989: 5343: 5331: 5097:

Labor in Latin America: Comparative Essays on Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, and Colombia

4308: 4068: 3032: 2729: 2576:

On 19 December 2021, leftist candidate, the 35-year-old former student protest leader,

2558: 2539: 2508: 2340: 2336: 1745: 1579:

However, fears of a conservative restoration in progressive sectors of the army led to

1369: 1361: 1315: 1232: 1228: 1011:

on October 12. O'Higgins, Carrera and many of the Chilean rebels escaped to Argentina.

1008: 874: 834: 796: 792: 764: 697: 682: 486: 207: 154: 7112: 5092:, ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1994, pp. 166–186. 3270:. Washington, D.C.: Chile Documentation Project, The National Security Archive. 2000. 2347: 1288:

made important intellectual advances in this period, most notably the creation of the

1065: 799:

on November 1, 1520. However, the title of discoverer of Chile is usually assigned to

7652: 7642: 7577: 7557: 7552: 7537: 7007: 6997: 6967: 6947: 6821: 6758: 6657: 6591: 6583: 6430: 6272: 6176: 6014: 5994: 5862: 5844: 5826: 5620: 5476: 5353: 5262: 5202: 5130: 5071: 4843: 4197: 4173: 4098: 4072: 3728: 3684: 3656: 3135: 3058: 3022: 3003: 2903: 2865: 2709: 2566: 2402: 2382: 2363: 2214: 2213:. In the late 1980s, the government gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, 2198: 891: 857: 825: 819: 815: 804: 785: 768: 744: 713: 661: 616: 554: 327: 106: 5893: 5491: 4955:"El debate sobre el reconocimiento del "Estado plurinacional" divide a los chilenos" 3980: 2824: 1787: 1663: 1337:. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful. 1239: 7622: 7617: 7607: 7042: 7022: 6860: 6783: 6685: 6620: 6391: 6366: 6341: 6216: 5796: 5781: 5767: 5753: 5676:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 227–562. 5063: 4538: 4254: 4165: 4060: 3648: 3548: 3404:"CIA, Report of CIA Chilean Task Force Activities, 15 September to 3 November 1970" 3170: 2965: 2699: 2623: 2512: 2370:

military march tunes, which was awaiting him at the airport in Santiago. President

2242: 2210: 2037: 2000: 1955: 1947: 1929: 1783: 1772: 1730: 1678: 1621: 1599:

encapsulating his proposed reforms was ratified in a plebiscite in September 1925.

1515: 1499: 1327: 1270: 936: 800: 748: 724: 693: 686: 558: 497: 489: 317: 197: 7572: 7527: 7137: 5640:(in Spanish) (Universidad de Chile ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. 5580:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 75–224. 4463: 4006: 3890: 3086: 2801: 2531:) became public, threatening the credibility of the political and business class. 2226: 2074:. Economic reforms were drafted by a group of technocrats who became known as the 2013:

The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous

1109: 1098: 593: 7627: 6806: 6801: 6675: 6652: 6024: 5790:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 5785: 5771: 5757: 5598: 5561: 5547: 5533: 5519: 5505: 5434: 5347: 4526: 4223: 4080: 3866:"Chile: Reports: Truth Commissions: Library & Links: U.S. Institute of Peace" 3852: 3790: 3631: 3620: 3601: 2739: 2520: 2332: 2284: 2218: 2203: 2187: 2048: 1853: 1833: 1592: 1573: 1569: 1224: 1181: 861: 701: 83: 7502: 7447: 7375: 5835:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 1–74. 5776:(in Spanish). Vol. II. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 5147:"An overview of the Mapuche and Aztec military response to the Spanish Conquest" 3845: 2592: 1996: 1285: 1165: 740: 549:, or even trans-Pacific migration. These theories are backed by findings in the 7287: 6876: 6836: 6816: 6773: 6716: 6184: 5762:(in Spanish). Vol. I. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 5552:(in Spanish). Vol. I & II. Paris, France: Imprenta de E. Thunot y Cia. 5102: 4064: 3292:

http://www.glamorama.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,38035857_178048856_151840537,00.html

2734: 2489: 2413: 2234: 2183: 2055: 1873: 1817: 1810: 1768: 1209: 1202: 952: 944: 606: 546: 466: 416: 111: 5283:

Battling for Hearts and Minds: Memory Struggles in Pinochet's Chile, 1973–1988

4169: 3594: 3344: 3334:"A Draconian Cure for Chile's Economic Ills?". BusinessWeek. January 12, 1976. 3267: 1310: 951:

Criollos, who supported the continued allegiance to and permanence within the

7710: 7662: 7637: 7482: 7318: 5899: 5180:, ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1994, 109–140. 5040: 5035: 2577: 2371: 2328: 2309: 2298: 2217:, and association, to include trade union and political activity. Due to the 2191: 2063: 2041: 2014: 1885: 1821: 1608: 1584: 1266: 1176: 728: 5924: 5230:

Spanish Policy in Colonial Chile: the Struggle for Social Justice, 1535–1700

5150: 5106:

By Reason or Force: Chile and the Balancing Power of South America 1830–1905

5053:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–160. 4575:"Chile's once and future president, Michelle Bachelet, wins runoff election" 2405:, of the Socialist Party. She was sworn in on March 11, 2006, extending the 1824:

were unambiguously favorable: 12% industrial growth and an 8.6% increase in

712:

archipelago. The Argentine politico-economic Patagonic Region includes the

672:, who were considered giants by Spaniards during Magellan's voyage of 1520. 7487: 6905: 6881: 6662: 6601: 6596: 6486: 5937: 5651:. Washington, D.C.: United States National Security Council. Archived from 5291:

Out of the Ashes: The Life, Death and Transfiguration of Democracy in Chile

4033: 3057:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores S.A. p. 29. 2651: 2455:

After 20 years, Chile went in a new direction with the win of center-right

2159: 2075: 2059: 1877: 1857: 1829: 1406: 1300: 972: 732: 589: 509: 402: 144: 5538:(in Spanish). Vol. IV. Paris, France: En casa del autor. p. 506. 5222:

La Frontera: Forests and Ecological Conflict in Chile's Frontier Territory

4821:"Chile cierra la campaña de las elecciones más polarizadas de su historia" 4339: 1908:

was a failed military coup d'état attempted against Allende in June 1973.

577: 7532: 7517: 6161: 5885:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: ARTEHISTORIA REVISTA DIGITAL. Archived from 5543: 5529: 5515: 5501: 2596: 2417: 1975: 1564: 1410: 1384:

deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence.

1256:

Prieto and his adviser, Portales, feared the efforts of Bolivian general

1022: 736: 646: 629: 568: 550: 73: 5458: 5399:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. II (1626–1787)

5338:(in Spanish). Vol. I–IV. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta del Ferrocarril. 4118: 1536: 5735:

Historia Natural, Militar, Civil y Sagrada del Reino de Chile (Vol. II)

5385:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. I (1542–1626)

5068:

The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World

4636:"Fire kills three in ransacked Chile supermarket as protests intensify" 3653:

The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World

3109: 2674: 2524: 2366: 2176: 1905: 1245: 1114: 853: 844: 776: 669: 121: 7395: 5711:

Historia Natural, Militar, Civil y Sagrada del Reino de Chile (Vol. I)

5693:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. pp. 1, 006. 4959: 4864:"Gabriel Boric, 36, sworn in as president to herald new era for Chile" 3927: 3678: 3547:. Washington, D.C.: Hinchey Report. September 18, 2000. Archived from 2493: 2163:

Chilean (orange) and average Latin American (blue) rates of growth of

1391: 1034: 5922: 5637:

Compendio historial del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Reino de Chile

5374:(in Spanish) (5th ed.). Santiago, Chile: Editorial del Pacífico. 4037: 3491: 2634:

a proposed new constitution drafted by a conservative-led committee.

2429: 2082:

professors. Under these new policies, the rate of inflation dropped:

2007: 1978:

killed some 1.5 million people of 7.5 million people in the country.

1865: 1725: 1365: 1161: 752: 657: 597: 562: 5882:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile (1558)

5471:(in Spanish). Vol. I–XX. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Nascimento. 5425:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Santiago, Chile: Empresa Editora Zig-Zag. 5000:"Chile voters reject conservative constitution in second referendum" 4119:"Country Study of Chile: Authoritarianism Defeated by Its Own Rules" 2565:

in April 2020 regarding the creation of a new Constitution. But the

2025:), Allende committed suicide. A military government, led by General 1832:

projects helped reduce unemployment. Much of the banking sector was

1292:. But political tensions, including a liberal rebellion, led to the 967: 781: 645:

was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the

6892: 6746: 5136:(4th ed.). New York: University of California Press. pp. 4894:"Chile's president-elect names progressive, majority-women cabinet" 4699:"One month on: Protests in Chile persist despite gov't concessions" 4343: 4313: 3895: 3795: 2599:) ended up in fourth and fifth place of the presidential election. 2449: 1696: 1157: 991:

Chile's first experiment with self-government, the "Patria Vieja" (

720: 665: 588:; the Araucanian culture, who inhabited the area between the river 479: 5787:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1625–1655)

5773:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1554–1625)

5759:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1425–1553)

5034:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

3579:(in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. August 17, 2003. Archived from 2287:, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the 1900:

anti-government groups became frequent, often leading to clashes.

1506:– POS) in 1912. The founder of the POS and its best-known leader, 1118: 6085: 4924:"Chile constitution: Voters overwhelmingly reject radical change" 4790:"Leftist Gabriel Boric to become Chile's youngest ever president" 4670: 4435:"New Chilean President Sworn In, Faces Reconstruction Challenges" 3625:

TELCON: September 16, 1973, 11:50 a.m. Kissinger Talking to Nixon

2545: 2478: 2313: 1845: 1749: 1381: 1377: 1349: 849: 830: 758: 677: 634: 621: 610: 5816: 5195:

Marxism and democracy in Chile: From 1932 to the fall of Allende

5108:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1965. 2938: 2358:

principle. Pinochet tried to defend himself by referring to the

2047:

The four-man junta headed by General Augusto Pinochet abolished

1892:

in Chile, in order to quickly destabilize Allende's government.

1620:. However, social discontents were also crushed, leading to the 5563:

Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reino de Chile Vol. II

5451:

Chile 1810–2010. La República en Cifras. Historical Statistics.

2441: 2433: 2301:

on human rights violations committed during the military rule.

2067: 1795: 1778:

Despite pressure from the government of the United States, the

5524:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Paris, France: En casa del autor. 5352:(in Spanish). Vol. I–XVI. Santiago, Chile: Rafael Jover. 3519:"Equipo Nizkor – CIA Activities in Chile – September 18, 2000" 2343:, by a very tight score of fewer than 200,000 votes (51,32%). 2312:, released in 2004 and which counted almost 30,000 victims of 947:

who sought political and economic independence from Spain and

6116: 5510:(in Spanish). Vol. II. Paris, France: En casa del autor. 5413:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. III

4986:"Chile constitution: Far-right party biggest in new assembly" 4280:"Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election" 4194:

Politics, policies, and economic development in Latin America

4095:

Politics, policies, and economic development in Latin America

3822:"JURIST | School of Law | University of Pittsburgh" 2425: 1849: 1231:, although some units got embroiled in domestic conflicts in 866: 692:

The Argentine portion of Patagonia includes the provinces of

458: 5849:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. pp. 4121:. Washington, D.C.: US Library of Congress. March 31, 1994. 1798:

mines, the advancement of workers' rights, deepening of the

1198: 719:

The Chilean part of Patagonia embraces the southern part of

5867:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Nacional. pp. 5423:

Resumen de la Historia de Chile de Francisco Antonio Encina

3237:"Chile – Arturo Alessandri's Reformist Presidency, 1920–25" 2445: 1841: 1837: 1666:

that was intended to take down the rightwing government of

1490:, representing urban middle sectors and provincial elites. 1373: 921: 624:

were the original inhabitants of central and southern Chile

5894:

World Wide Web Virtual Library History Central Catalogue.

4237:"Man in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile" 3053:

Fondebrider, Jorge (2003). "chapter 1 (Ámbitos y voces)".

2229:, member of the junta since 1973 and representants of the 1083: 870:(war chief), but the European conquest was well underway. 5480: 4283: 4113: 4111: 2937:(1616). "Segunda Parte: Libro VII Cap. 18, 19 & 20". 2164: 1963: 1943: 1896: 1806: 1427:

History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)

939:. The Chilean War of Independence was part of the larger 475: 4023: 3679:

Alejandra Marchevsky, Jeanne Theoharis (10 April 2006).

3487:"How 'weak' Allende was left out in the cold by the KGB" 2610:

On 4 September 2022, voters rejected overwhelmingly the

2362:, an argument rejected by the British justice. However, 1117:. The painting depicts a woman being kidnapped during a 907:

dynasty and a more stable situation along the frontier.

848:. The greatest resistance to Spanish rule came from the 5496:(in Spanish). Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta del Comercio. 5118: 4255:"Chile elects new leader Late president's son wins big" 4217:

http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/87.88sp/Chile9755.htm

2412:

In 2002 Chile signed an association agreement with the

2078:

because many of them had been trained or influenced by

1946:

involvement in the coup is documented. As early as the

5058: 4145:

Monetarism and Liberalization: the Chilean Experiment.

4108: 3923:"El campo de concentración de Pinochet cumple 70 años" 3643: 1872:

that had begun in 1967 peaked in 1972, exacerbated by

1296:. In the end the conservatives defeated the liberals. 739:, also the fiords and islands south to the regions of 5113:

Ideas and Politics of Chilean Independence, 1808–1833

4605:"Sebastián Piñera wins Chile's presidential election" 2555:

violent protests about costs of living and inequality

2484:

Chile achieved global recognition for the successful

1124:

From 1817 to 1823, Bernardo O'Higgins ruled Chile as

516:

and initiate a succession of democratic governments.

5493:

Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile

5406: 5392: 5378: 5241:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3345:

Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities.

3178:, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, January 2008 2641: 2602: 1981: 1049:

In exile in Argentina, O'Higgins joined forces with

4819:Montes, Federico Rivas Molina, Rocío (2021-11-19). 4760:"Jubilation as Chile votes to rewrite constitution" 4730:"Chile celebrates decision to rewrite constitution" 3202: 3200: 3198: 1767:Allende had two main competitors in the election — 1654:, and the newly formed Popular Alliance candidate, 1468:

Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina

1358:

Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina

1216:The "Portalian State" was institutionalized by the 5619: 5600:Desengaño y reparo de la guerra del Reino de Chile 5593: 5469:Historia de Chile: desde la prehistoria hasta 1891 5429: 5261: 5232:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 5129: 3704:"The Soviet struggle for Third World domination". 2256: 1449:Picture of the 1915 presidential election in Chile 791:The first European to sight Chilean territory was 5570: 5556: 5342: 3614:The Kissinger Telcons: Kissinger Telcons on Chile 2470:On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 M 1144:conservatives to seize national control in 1830. 7708: 5666: 5630: 5197:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 3855:Pinochet's rule: Repression and economic success 3454:"CIA, Operating Guidance Cable on Coup Plotting" 3195: 2295:National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation 1420: 1057:on February 12 and marking the beginning of the 1020:of 1814–1817 ("Reconquest": the term echoes the 5857: 5839: 5794: 5535:Historia física y política de Chile (1749–1808) 5521:Historia física y política de Chile (1638–1716) 5507:Historia física y política de Chile (1564–1638) 3079:"Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR)" 2902:. Langenscheidt Publishing Group. p. 381. 2271:"No" supporters celebrate their victory in the 1932:exploited his role as Commander of the Army to 1525: 1187: 807:'s partner, and he received the Southern area ( 596:, and lived primarily off agriculture; and the 7348: 5584: 4155: 4153: 3720: 3110:"Chile – Conquest and Colonization, 1535–1810" 759:European conquest and colonization (1540–1810) 7411: 7334: 6921: 6101: 5953: 5648:Operation Guide for the Conspiration in Chile 5336:Historia Jeneral de la Independencia de Chile 4727: 3846:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/63821.stm 3674: 3672: 3587: 3571:"Admite hija de Allende suicidio de su padre" 3268:"Chile: 16,000 Secret Documents Declassified" 3231: 3229: 2861:Historia del pueblo mapuche: (siglo XIX y XX) 2409:coalition governance for another four years. 2331:, who won the presidency in an unprecedented 2032:The first years of the regime were marked by 1078: 438: 6935: 6074:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 5967: 5728: 5704: 5644: 5330: 5169:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1978. 5123:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 5115:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1967. 4848:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4721: 4696: 3028:Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo 2438:Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership 2241:was burnt alive in what became known as the 1764:(MAPU), and the Independent Popular Action. 1583:, which ended with the establishment of the 1314:Map showing changes of territory due to the 1038:Chilean and Argentinean troops going to the 899:) from 1609 until the end of colonial rule. 5923:Latin American Network Information Center. 5463: 5214:Crisis in Allende's Chile: New Perspectives 5144: 5099:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1986. 4150: 4147:University of Chicago Press, 1991, S. xvii. 4050: 3429:"CIA, Cable Transmissions on Coup Plotting" 3208:"Chile – PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC, 1891–1925" 3052: 2070:as well as government welfare programs and 2054:The junta embarked on a radical program of 910: 519: 7418: 7404: 7341: 7327: 6928: 6914: 6108: 6094: 5960: 5946: 5489: 5449:Díaz, J.; Lüders. R. y Wagner, G. (2016). 5306: 5167:Socialism and Populism in Chile, 1932–1952 4531: 4143:Sebastián Edwards, Alejandra Cox Edwards: 3669: 3226: 2933: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2461:Chilean presidential election of 2009–2010 2278: 2010:had risen 600% under Allende's presidency. 1936:and to establish himself at the head of a 1748:of votes in a three-way contest. He was a 1321: 885:Valdivia became the first governor of the 545:rather rapid expansion long preceding the 445: 431: 5934:(book by Chilean historian Luis Galdames) 5119:Collier, Simon; William F. Sater (1994). 4398: 4396: 4234: 3721:Cardoso, Eliana A.; Helwege, Ann (1995). 2316:, among testimonies from 35,000 persons. 496:and the military dictatorship of General 5825: 5784:(1878). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5770:(1878). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5756:(1877). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5687:Diccionario Biográfico Colonial de Chile 5670:(1960). Fr. Bartolomé de Escobar (ed.). 5490:Eyzaguirre, José Ignacio Víctor (1850). 5239:Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism 5188:. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 5039: 4515:More Quakes Shake Chile’s Infrastructure 4370:"Bachelet Sworn In As Chile's President" 3134: 3016: 2927: 2800:. US Department of State. Archived from 2381: 2266: 2158: 1995: 1890:organized and inserted secret operatives 1724: 1535: 1444: 1390: 1360:confirming Chilean sovereignty over the 1339: 1309: 1244: 1197: 1108: 1097: 1033: 1031:became a national symbol of resistance. 920: 824: 780: 615: 567: 482:, led to a political polarization under 7425: 6136: 5780: 5766: 5752: 5617: 5420: 5211: 5192: 4633: 4235:Christian, Shirley (16 December 1989). 4159: 3563: 3148:from the original on September 24, 2015 2846: 2233:, resigned in 1985 and was replaced by 1084:Constitutional organization (1818–1833) 675:The name Patagonia comes from the word 7709: 5680: 5410:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 5396:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 5382:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 5366: 5288: 5272: 5256:. University of Notre Dame Press 1963. 4952: 4818: 4581:. Associated Press. 15 December 2013. 4393: 3961:from the original on 23 September 2015 3637: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3243:from the original on 23 September 2015 3214:from the original on 23 September 2015 2895: 2857: 2377: 2297:, which released in February 1991 the 2221:("slit throats case"), in which three 1836:. Many enterprises within the copper, 1706: 941:Spanish American independence movement 193:Colonization of the Strait of Magellan 7399: 7322: 6909: 6896: 6089: 5941: 5927:. USA: University of Texas at Austin. 5875: 5285:. Durham: Duke University Press 2006. 5259: 5249:. Durham: Duke University Press 2005. 5227: 5224:. Durham: Duke University Press 2014. 5183: 4934:from the original on 5 September 2022 4800:from the original on 20 December 2021 4740:from the original on 12 February 2021 4585:from the original on 16 December 2013 4492:. The Australia Times. Archived from 4470:from the original on 29 November 2022 3987:from the original on 25 February 2015 3499:from the original on January 23, 2023 3479: 3315:from the original on December 9, 2017 3163: 2997: 2822: 2319:In December 1993, Christian Democrat 510:deep market-oriented economic reforms 6897: 6362:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits 5811: 5549:Historia de la Independencia Chilena 5293:. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway. 5127: 4904:from the original on 25 January 2022 4770:from the original on 2 November 2020 4678:from the original on 21 October 2019 4646:from the original on 20 October 2019 4555:from the original on 21 January 2017 4544:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs 4367: 4340:"Chile elects first woman president" 3903:from the original on 9 December 2018 3741:from the original on 23 January 2023 3634:. Accessed online November 26, 2006. 3381: 2993: 2991: 2976:from the original on 21 January 2017 2889: 2816: 2773:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2304:This report counted 2,279 cases of " 2029:, took over control of the country. 1660:National Socialist Movement of Chile 1299:The last conservative president was 1238:The Portalian president was General 708:, as well as the eastern portion of 668:was composed of many tribes, mainly 5732:(1900). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 5708:(1900). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 5560:(1889). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 5542: 5528: 5514: 5500: 5475: 5313:Descubrimiento i conquista de Chile 5236: 4615:from the original on 16 August 2022 4125:from the original on August 5, 2011 3774: 3655:. UK: Basic Books. pp. 69–85. 3255: 1721:United States intervention in Chile 13: 6115: 5446:in the Spanish-language Knowledge. 5268:. New York: The Macmillan Company. 5264:The Revolutions in Spanish America 5014: 4874:from the original on 12 March 2022 4709:from the original on 17 March 2020 4634:Larsson, Naomi (20 October 2019). 4309:"Thousands march against Pinochet" 4286:. January 16, 2000. Archived from 4007:"Chile torture victims win payout" 3495:. London, UK. September 19, 2005. 3302: 3141:Carta a sus apoderados en la corte 3116:from the original on 5 August 2011 2798:"Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973" 2557:, resulting in Piñera declaring a 2497:live television around the world. 1472:1902 General Treaty of Arbitration 1269:defeated the Confederation in the 1172:, Freire's former vice president. 540:About 10,000 years ago, migrating 14: 7728: 5916: 5184:Drake, Paul; et al. (1994). 4728:Bill Chappell (26 October 2020). 4697:Sandra Cuffe (19 November 2019). 4548:United States Department of State 4464:"Billionaire wins Chile election" 3935:from the original on 29 July 2012 3762:El Último dia de Salvador Allende 3176:United States Department of State 2998:Jarpa, Francisco Fantini (2007). 2988: 2603:Gabriel Boric presidency (2022- ) 1982:Military dictatorship (1973–1990) 1717:Chilean nationalization of copper 1532:Presidential Republic (1925–1973) 1474:, though not without engaging in 1433:Argentine–Chilean naval arms race 512:. In 1990, Chile made a peaceful 7671: 7384: 7307: 7301: 6314: 5748:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5724:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5700:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5585:González Camus, Ignacio (1988). 5326:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5027: 3931:. Madrid, Spain. 12 April 2009. 3759: 3525:from the original on 13 May 2008 3390:from the original on 7 June 2006 3085:. March 23, 2021. Archived from 2658: 2644: 2323:, the son of previous president 1752:physician and member of Chile's 1364:, but conceding all of oriental 1180:caused a public uproar with his 613:, meaning "people of the land." 410: 396: 42: 5216:. New York: Praeger Publishers. 4992: 4978: 4967:from the original on 2022-09-23 4946: 4916: 4886: 4856: 4831:from the original on 2021-12-24 4812: 4782: 4752: 4690: 4658: 4627: 4597: 4567: 4508: 4490:"US ready to help Chile: Obama" 4482: 4456: 4445:from the original on 2022-11-29 4427: 4382:from the original on 2017-07-01 4361: 4350:from the original on 2013-11-09 4332: 4321:from the original on 2004-05-26 4301: 4272: 4261:from the original on 2008-05-26 4247: 4228: 4207: 4186: 4137: 4087: 4044: 4017: 3999: 3973: 3947: 3915: 3899:. London, UK. 10 January 2001. 3883: 3858: 3839: 3828:from the original on 2009-05-08 3814: 3803:from the original on 2008-02-26 3783: 3768: 3753: 3714: 3697: 3607: 3537: 3511: 3466:from the original on 2022-10-09 3441:from the original on 2022-10-09 3416:from the original on 2022-10-09 3375: 3363:from the original on 2022-10-09 3338: 3327: 3296: 3285: 3274:from the original on 2015-03-02 3184:from the original on 2017-01-21 3128: 3102: 3093: 3071: 2947:from the original on 2019-11-16 2916:from the original on 2023-01-23 2878:from the original on 2023-01-23 2835:from the original on 2011-06-10 2745:Constitutional history of Chile 2618:, which was put forward by the 2386:Five presidents of Chile since 2263:Chilean transition to democracy 2257:Transition to democracy (1990–) 2182:In 1982–1983 Chile witnessed a 1762:Popular Unitary Action Movement 1437:South American dreadnought race 735:and the Archaeological site of 492:. This in turn resulted in the 127:Destruction of the Seven Cities 4368:Reel, Monte (March 12, 2006). 3046: 2958: 2790: 1624:in March 1925 followed by the 1: 5645:Karamessines, Thomas (1970). 5457:; Data can be obtained from: 5436:Historia de Chile (1492–1717) 5408:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 5394:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 5380:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 5299: 5145:Cruz Farias, Eduardo (2002). 5121:A History of Chile: 1808–1994 5019: 4317:. London, UK. March 4, 2000. 3891:"Finding Chile's disappeared" 3791:"Flashback: Caravan of Death" 3039:) or the Spanish of his men ( 2864:(in Spanish). Lom Ediciones. 2783: 2549:and Constitutional Referendum 2463:, defeating former President 2390:(1990–2022), celebrating the 1970:launched a campaign known as 1576:and the exile of Alessandri. 1421:Parliamentary era (1891–1925) 747:, including the west side of 6544:Comptroller General of Chile 5898:(in Spanish). Archived from 5612:History of Chile (1425–1655) 5572:Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso de 5431:Córdoba y Figueroa, Pedro de 4953:Montes, Rocío (2022-08-31). 3305:"The KGB in the Third World" 1917:Chamber of Deputies of Chile 1526:Presidential era (1925–1973) 1476:an expensive naval arms race 1218:Chilean Constitution of 1833 1188:Conservative Era (1830–1861) 1094:Chilean Constitution of 1833 526:Prehispanic history of Chile 7: 6769:Water supply and sanitation 5821:(in Spanish). Eswikisource. 5626:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 5587:El dia en que murio Allende 5485:(in Spanish). Eswikisource. 3777:Chile: La memoria prohibida 3000:Patagonia chilena: historia 2715:Timeline of Chilean history 2705:Occupation of the Araucanía 2695:List of presidents of Chile 2637: 2580:, won Chile's presidential 2553:In October 2019 there were 2486:rescue of 33 trapped miners 2225:members were assassinated, 2197:After the economic crisis, 1915:", on August 22, 1973, the 1670:and place Ibáñez in power. 1354:Occupation of the Araucanía 1263:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1073:declaration of independence 1042:(February 12, 1817) led by 917:Chilean War of Independence 10: 7733: 7350:Supreme Directors of Chile 5622:A History of Latin America 5595:González de Nájera, Alonso 5421:Castedo, Leopoldo (1954). 5174:Latin America in the 1940s 5086:Latin America in the 1940s 4525:November 14, 2014, at the 4162:The Road from Mont Pèlerin 4065:10.1177/089692059001700203 3630:November 28, 2006, at the 2823:Hogan, C. Michael (2008). 2720:U.S. intervention in Chile 2685:COVID-19 pandemic in Chile 2360:State Immunity Act of 1978 2260: 1985: 1738:1970 presidential election 1710: 1686:1964 presidential election 1681:succeeded Ibáñez in 1958. 1529: 1520:Partido Comunista de Chile 1430: 1424: 1325: 1208:Although never president, 1191: 1087: 1079:Republican era (1818–1891) 957:Captaincy General of Chile 914: 887:Captaincy General of Chile 773:Captaincy General of Chile 762: 607:slash-and-burn agriculture 529: 523: 7680: 7669: 7433: 7382: 7356: 7299: 6943: 6903: 6854: 6782: 6712: 6703: 6628: 6619: 6582: 6552: 6485: 6442: 6438: 6429: 6332: 6323: 6312: 6260: 6145: 6127: 6048: 5975: 5859:Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín 5841:Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín 5632:Jufré del Águila, Melchor 5558:Gómez de Vidaurre, Felipe 5465:Encina, Francisco Antonio 5349:Historia Jeneral de Chile 5277:. US: Palgrave Macmillan. 5132:The Epic of Latin America 4170:10.4159/9780674054264-010 3683:. NYU Press. p. 87. 3545:"CIA Activities in Chile" 3055:Versiones de la Patagonia 2690:Economic history of Chile 2620:constitutional convention 2616:constitutional referendum 2519:, and definitely end the 2190:to prevent an even worse 1822:expansive monetary policy 1504:Partido Obrero Socialista 1356:. In 1881, it signed the 1294:Chilean Civil War of 1851 1090:Chilean Civil War of 1829 995:, 1810–1814), was led by 504:was responsible for many 6937:Royal Governors of Chile 5969:History of South America 5896:"WWW-VL: History: Chile" 5797:"Background Note: Chile" 5618:Herring, Hubert (1968). 5228:Korth, Eugene E (1968). 4539:"Background Note: Chile" 3981:"Under the Dictatorship" 3347:"Covert Action in Chile" 3171:"Background Note: Chile" 2970:U.S. Department of State 2896:Minnis, Natalie (2002). 2778:History of Easter Island 2768:History of South America 2763:History of Latin America 2725:War of the Confederation 2586:Chilean Republican Party 1988:1973 Chilean coup d'état 1968:Intelligence Directorate 1924:to avoid capture as the 1922:shot himself in the head 1742:Salvador Allende Gossens 1644:Gustavo Ross Santa María 1512:Communist Party of Chile 1496:Socialist Workers' Party 1261:Peru and Bolivia in the 1250:Fiestas Patrias of Chile 911:Independence (1810–1818) 822:, on February 12, 1541. 637:fought against the Sapa 572:"Tulor" settlement near 520:Early history (pre-1540) 470:controlled by an elite. 170:War of the Confederation 7133:Henríquez de Villalobos 5668:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 5308:Amunátegui, Miguel Luis 5273:Rector, John L (2005). 5193:Faundez, Julio (1988). 5055:(See pp. 153–160.) 5050:Encyclopædia Britannica 3724:Latin America's Economy 2758:History of the Americas 2388:Transition to democracy 2321:Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle 2279:Aylwin, Frei, and Lagos 2034:human rights violations 2027:Augusto Pinochet Ugarte 1668:Arturo Alessandri Palma 1656:Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1589:Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1581:another coup in January 1548:Arturo Alessandri Palma 1541:Arturo Alessandri Palma 1464:Puna de Atacama Lawsuit 1322:Liberal era (1861–1891) 1170:Francisco Antonio Pinto 856:. Valdivia died at the 514:transition to democracy 506:human rights violations 463:independence from Spain 308:Transition to democracy 203:Occupation of Araucanía 5372:La Guerra del Pacífico 5289:Whelan, James (1989). 5260:Prago, Albert (1970). 5186:Chile: A Country Study 5095:Bergquist, Charles W. 4404:"Cronograma Electoral" 4196:. Hoover Press, 1984, 4097:. Hoover Press, 1984, 4026:Radical History Review 3035:'s native Portuguese ( 2394: 2356:universal jurisdiction 2275: 2245:("Burnt Alive case"). 2239:Carmen Gloria Quintana 2184:severe economic crisis 2168: 2003: 1733: 1640:Seguro Obrero Massacre 1543: 1519: 1508:Luis Emilio Recabarren 1503: 1450: 1415:1891 Chilean Civil War 1398: 1345: 1318: 1290:University of Santiago 1278:the Strait of Magellan 1253: 1225:manipulating elections 1205: 1121: 1106: 1104:Johann Moritz Rugendas 1046: 928: 838: 788: 625: 581: 536:Incas in Central Chile 231:Parliamentary Republic 226:1891 Chilean Civil War 7273:Rodríguez Ballesteros 7168:Sánchez de la Barreda 6570:Investigations Police 6233:Presidential Republic 6209:Conservative Republic 6201:Republic Organization 5813:Vega, Garcilaso de la 5795:US State Department. 5212:Kaufman, Edy (1988). 5128:Crow, John A (1992). 4164:. pp. 305–346 . 3409:. November 18, 1970. 2935:De la Vega, Garcilaso 2858:Bengoa, Jose (2000). 2534:On 17 December 2017, 2392:Bicentennial of Chile 2385: 2325:Eduardo Frei Montalva 2270: 2162: 2080:University of Chicago 1999: 1986:Further information: 1728: 1711:Further information: 1693:Eduardo Frei Montalva 1673:During the period of 1539: 1448: 1403:José Manuel Balmaceda 1396:José Manuel Balmaceda 1394: 1343: 1335:Roman Catholic Church 1313: 1248: 1201: 1194:Conservative Republic 1112: 1102:Chilean patriots, by 1101: 1037: 924: 828: 784: 763:Further information: 660:located south of the 619: 571: 532:Origin of the Mapuche 290:Military dictatorship 257:Presidential Republic 188:Conservative Republic 165:Civil war (1829–1830) 79:Origin of the Mapuche 7608:Alessandri Rodriguez 7073:Fernández de Córdoba 6539:Constitutional Court 6417:World Heritage Sites 6249:Democracy Transition 5682:Medina, José Toribio 5275:The History of Chile 4930:. 5 September 2022. 4796:. 20 December 2021. 4611:. 17 December 2017. 4551:. 16 December 2011. 3583:on October 14, 2012. 3459:. October 16, 1970. 3434:. October 18, 1970. 3138:(October 15, 1550). 2804:on 11 September 2009 2666:Latin America portal 2517:same sex civil union 2422:free trade agreement 2023:Palacio de La Moneda 1992:Chile under Pinochet 1604:classical liberalism 1258:Andrés de Santa Cruz 727:in Lake Llanquihue, 714:Province of La Pampa 574:San Pedro de Atacama 376:Chilean coups d'état 220:Parliamentary period 7523:Errázuriz Echaurren 7427:Presidents of Chile 6607:Ministry of Defence 5902:on 29 February 2008 5444:Cronología de Chile 5344:Barros Arana, Diego 5332:Barros Arana, Diego 5252:Pike, Frederick B. 5245:Mallon, Florencia. 5070:. UK: Basic Books. 5060:Andrew, Christopher 5006:. 17 December 2023. 4900:. 21 January 2022. 4766:. 26 October 2020. 4674:. 20 October 2019. 4466:. 17 January 2010. 4375:The Washington Post 4346:. 12 January 2006. 4013:. 29 November 2004. 3710:. January 15, 2006. 3707:The Washington Post 3645:Andrew, Christopher 3551:on October 20, 2009 3002:. Patagonia Media. 2680:Chincha Islands War 2563:national referendum 2378:Bachelet and Piñera 1926:Presidential Palace 1870:economic depression 1800:Chilean land reform 1713:Chile under Allende 1707:Popular Unity years 1652:Pedro Aguirre Cerda 1510:, also founded the 1055:Battle of Chacabuco 1040:Battle of Chacabuco 997:José Miguel Carrera 880:Viceroyalty of Peru 829:Picture "The young 643:Battle of the Maule 639:Tupac Inca Yupanqui 500:, whose subsequent 346:Agriculture history 262:Radical governments 246:Presidential period 150:War of Independence 7233:Álvarez de Acevedo 7223:Álvarez de Acevedo 7033:Merlo de la Fuente 6958:Hurtado de Mendoza 6681:Telecommunications 5877:Vivar, Jerónimo de 5827:Valdivia, Pedro de 5818:Comentarios reales 5730:Pérez García, José 5706:Pérez García, José 5477:Ercilla, Alonso de 4241:The New York Times 4222:2010-07-07 at the 4192:Robert G. Wesson: 4093:Robert G. Wesson: 4053:Critical Sociology 3851:2010-09-13 at the 3775:Ahumada, Eugenio. 3619:2007-09-12 at the 3600:2006-11-28 at the 3136:Valdivia, Pedro de 3089:on April 14, 2010. 2940:Comentarios reales 2730:War of the Pacific 2559:state of emergency 2540:Alejandro Guillier 2395: 2341:Alliance for Chile 2276: 2169: 2004: 1960:Christopher Andrew 1756:, who headed the " 1734: 1690:Christian Democrat 1626:La Coruña massacre 1544: 1451: 1399: 1370:War of the Pacific 1362:Strait of Magellan 1346: 1319: 1316:War of the Pacific 1305:Jose Joaquin Perez 1254: 1206: 1122: 1107: 1051:José de San Martín 1047: 1044:José de San Martín 1009:Battle of Rancagua 1001:Bernardo O'Higgins 929: 926:Bernardo O'Higgins 864:, a young Mapuche 839: 835:Pedro Subercaseaux 797:Strait of Magellan 795:, who crossed the 793:Ferdinand Magellan 789: 765:Discovery of Chile 626: 598:Patagonian culture 592:and the island of 586:pre-Incan cultures 582: 576:, a Pre-Columbian 417:History portal 381:Political scandals 267:Allende and UP era 208:War of the Pacific 7704: 7703: 7698: 7697: 7498:Errázuriz Zañartu 7393: 7392: 7316: 7315: 6890: 6889: 6850: 6849: 6699: 6698: 6615: 6614: 6578: 6577: 6467:Political parties 6457:Foreign relations 6447:National Congress 6425: 6424: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6225:Parliamentary Era 6169:Spanish Discovery 6083: 6082: 6055:other territories 5782:Rosales, Diego de 5768:Rosales, Diego de 5754:Rosales, Diego de 5220:Klubock, Thomas. 4870:. 11 March 2022. 4519:Contract Magazine 4179:978-0-674-05426-4 4034:Project MUSE 3799:. July 25, 2000. 3382:Kornbluh, Peter. 3023:Antonio Pigafetta 3009:978-956-310-774-6 2829:Megalithic Portal 2710:Politics of Chile 2589:José Antonio Kast 2567:COVID-19 pandemic 2403:Michelle Bachelet 2364:UK Home Secretary 2237:. The next year, 2157: 2156: 1954:According to the 1934:seize total power 1805:In addition, the 1697:absolute majority 1522:– PCCh) in 1922. 1456:Ramón Barros Luco 1284:. The Venezuelan 1229:southern frontier 1160:and conservative 858:Battle of Tucapel 820:Santiago de Chile 816:Pedro de Valdivia 805:Francisco Pizarro 786:Pedro de Valdivia 769:Conquest of Chile 662:Calle-Calle River 555:Cueva del Milodon 478:, as part of the 457:The territory of 455: 454: 328:Politics of Chile 182:Republican period 117:Captaincy General 7724: 7717:History of Chile 7675: 7603:Ibáñez del Campo 7578:Alessandri Palma 7563:Ibáñez del Campo 7553:Alessandri Palma 7420: 7413: 7406: 7397: 7396: 7388: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7320: 7319: 7311: 7305: 7178:Manso de Velasco 7128:González Montero 7108:González Montero 6978:Bravo de Saravia 6930: 6923: 6916: 6907: 6906: 6898:History of Chile 6894: 6893: 6870: 6863: 6710: 6709: 6666: 6626: 6625: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6330: 6329: 6318: 6253: 6245: 6237: 6229: 6221: 6217:Liberal Republic 6213: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6177:Spanish Conquest 6173: 6165: 6143: 6142: 6134: 6133: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6087: 6086: 6075: 6063:Falkland Islands 5977:Sovereign states 5962: 5955: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5932:History of Chile 5928: 5925:"Chile: History" 5911: 5909: 5907: 5890: 5872: 5854: 5846:Diego de Almagro 5836: 5822: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5791: 5777: 5763: 5749: 5747: 5740: 5725: 5723: 5716: 5701: 5699: 5692: 5677: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5641: 5627: 5625: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5590: 5581: 5567: 5553: 5539: 5525: 5511: 5497: 5486: 5472: 5455:more information 5440: 5426: 5417: 5403: 5389: 5375: 5363: 5339: 5327: 5325: 5318: 5294: 5281:Stern, Steve J. 5278: 5269: 5267: 5242: 5237:Lovemen, Brian. 5233: 5217: 5198: 5189: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5149:. Archived from 5141: 5135: 5124: 5111:Collier, Simon. 5081: 5064:Vasili Mitrokhin 5054: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5008: 5007: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4535: 4529: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4496:on 27 April 2011 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4439:www.spglobal.com 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4415: 4409:. 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Almagro was 760: 757: 547:Clovis culture 524:Main article: 521: 518: 502:17-year regime 453: 452: 450: 449: 442: 435: 427: 424: 423: 421: 420: 406: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 366:Mining history 363: 358: 353: 348: 342: 340:Related topics 339: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 287: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 228: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 138: 137: 134: 133: 130: 129: 124: 119: 114: 112:Colonial Chile 109: 103: 101:Colonial times 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 91: 89:Incas in Chile 86: 84:Early Mapuches 81: 76: 70: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59:Years in Chile 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7729: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7674: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 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5052: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5036:public domain 5025: 5024: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4988:. 8 May 2023. 4987: 4981: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4845: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4640:The Telegraph 4637: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4416:on 2011-06-17 4412: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4202:0-8179-8062-8 4199: 4195: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4154: 4146: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4103:0-8179-8062-8 4100: 4096: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 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MIT Press. 3726: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3692: 3690:0-8147-5710-3 3686: 3682: 3675: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3482: 3462: 3455: 3451: 3437: 3430: 3426: 3412: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3288: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2753: 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