Arauco War - Knowledge

2017:, who a couple of years before had expelled the Incas from Mapuche territory and dominated the northern lands of the Wallmapu. The Spanish and Mapuche hosts face each other in the Battle of Mapocho where Pedro de Valdivia is victorious. Michimalonco decides to make a tactical retreat to gather more contingent and expel the Spanish invaders with a surprise attack, but the Spanish find out about this accumulation of forces and decide to go where the Mapuche forces were accumulating for a surprise attack and the Battle of Chillox takes place where Michimalonco is defeated again. 41: 2458: 2392: 5962: 3686:

included a ban on Mapuche to carry weapons unless they were given permission by the Spanish. In 1608 Spain decided to repeal its ban on the slavery of indigenous people that was in effect from 1598 since the last rebellion and the Destruction of the Seven Cities. This repeal only applied to Mapuche who rebelled and was supported by the church under their rules at the time. However, this only made Mapuche slavery legal as it had already been happening, and now they began to be bought and sold among the Spanish.

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to continue for a much longer time. On the other side the Mapuche had used up local sources of food and were finding it difficult to maintain their large force. With the harvest season coming and with the news of their defeat in the Battle of Angol, they were nervous that their families might starve or their undefended homes might be attacked from Angol or Santiago. They raised their siege on April 1, and dispersed to their homes for the winter.

3439: 3089: 2768: 2295: 1992: 1867: 2054: 473: 464: 455: 446: 437: 428: 419: 410: 401: 392: 383: 368: 351: 342: 327: 159: 2500:, Villagra reorganized his forces, and that same year of 1554, he departed again for Arauco and reinforced the strongholds of Imperial and Valdivia, which allowed the garrisons and their Indian friends to make many raids on the surrounding Mapuche settlements, burning houses and fields and killing all they found. Resulting devastation produced a 1853:, which was unacceptable in the Catholic faith. This insistence on polygamy has been explained as Mapuche chiefs valuing it as a way to establish more alliances through marriage than monogamous marriage allows. Polygamy may also have been valued as important population strategy in war times when the Mapuche male population was unstable. 2445:. The Spanish garrison was unable to withstand the assault and retreated to Purén. Lautaro seized and burned the fort and prepared his army certain that the Spaniards would attempt to retake Tucapel. Valdivia, with a reduced force, mounted a counter-attack, but he was quickly surrounded and his army was massacred by the Mapuches in the 2548:. With the ravages of the recent epidemic and the needs of the campaign against the Spanish still occupying cities within Mapuche territory still going on, he was not able to draw many troops from the main Mapuche army for his campaign to the north. He had to rely on recruiting warriors among the people north of the 1812:, the Mapuches largely refused to serve the Spanish, setting the stage for the conflict. It has been conjectured that gold mining was already occurring in Mapuche lands south of the Inca Empire prior to the Spanish arrival and that this would have allowed the Spanish to rapidly identify places with gold. 3607:

as replacement for the deceased Loyola. He was an experienced military man with great prudence but with little aptitude for the crisis that he was called upon to face. This governor discovered the terrible state of the colony and asked urgently for reinforcements. Meanwhile, he tried to support those

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in 1585. Nangoniel returned to invest Arauco again, his cavalry (operating with the army for the first time) prevented the Spaniards from supplying the fort and they were forced to evacuate it. He next moved against the Santísima Trinidad but clashed with a division of Spanish troops under Francisco

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at the mouth of the Bay of Concepción. He ordered a party to land at Penco and reconstruct the fort of Concepción. A Mapuche army attempted to raze the fort but were defeated by artillery and gunfire. After his cavalry and horses arrived overland from Santiago, Mendoza began his advance to the south

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pursued by Lautaro's army. Only 38 Spaniards managed to escape by sea from this second destruction of the city. Following this victory in 1556, the Promauces sent a message to the Mapuche of Arauco promising food to support their army and warriors to join it in a war against the Spanish in Santiago.

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Despite this new victory, Lautaro was again unable to pursue the opportunity due to the celebrations and beliefs of his people. By the time he arrived at Concepción, it was already abandoned. After burning it, he could not continue the offensive with his remaining forces, and the campaign came to an

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The Mapuche uprising in 1655 was a series of uprisings by the Mapuche people against the Spanish in which the Mapuche people target forts in the Spanish controlled area in what is present day Galletué Lake. The uprising was in large part due to retaliation to the parliament of Boroa from 1651 which

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in February 1564. The Mapuche entered the city, sacking and burning it, crowding all its population within the walls of its fortress with its garrison under Pedro de Villagra. The siege lasted around two months until at the end of March two ships arrived and brought food that would permit the siege

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The Mapuches reconstructed the pucará near Los Infantes in January 1563, but Pedro de Villagra was sent again to destroy it. Once again the Mapuche rebuilt it, but this time with sections readily accessible to the cavalry. Despite suspicions of veteran Spaniards they attacked the location, and many

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to Arauco from May 20 to June 30, 1562. At the end of 1562, the Mapuches under a leader named Meuco, had fortified a pucará in the province of Mareguano, three leagues from the city of Los Infantes. Arias Pardo Maldonado destroyed the pucará but he did not gain a complete victory, since most of the

2730:, son of Cuyomanque, an important cacique in the Arauco region. Through his help and that of the grateful father, he was able to contact and bring most of the leaders of Arauco and Tucapel to submit to Spanish rule following the reconstruction of the fort in Arauco. Mendoza also founded the city of 2028:

valley and begin organizing the nascent colony. After a few months of settlement, Pedro de Valdivia gathers forces and goes directly to attack the fortress of Michimalonco in Paidahuén, leading to the battle of Paidahuén where the Mapuches are completely defeated and Michimalonco is taken prisoner.

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in a few days with some of his men and arrested him in Santiago when he arrived. Villagra then tried to reorganize the surviving disheartened troops of Vaca and Zurita in Santiago and take them south in October 1564. But he was delayed much longer, spending heavily from the impoverished provincial

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with the killing of the hated encomendero and corregidor of Cañete Pedro de Avendaño and two other Spaniards in July 1561 in the valley of Puren. Spanish punitive expeditions from Angol and La Imperial drove the insurgents into the refuge of the Lumaco marshes. However, the news of the killing was

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was designated the interim governor of Chile in 1557, and immediately sailed south from Peru, this time with a much stronger force than before: 600 soldiers, 6 pieces of artillery, and 1,000 horses. He landed in La Serena and had the rival contenders for the governorship, Francisco de Villagra and

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advanced southward to aid the remaining cities against the Mapuche army led by Caupolicán. Informed by his allies that the city of Santiago was now relatively unprotected, Lautaro evaded Villagra, letting him pass to the south while he marched again toward Santiago with a new army including allies

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at the foot of a wooded hill. However, its location was betrayed to Francisco de Villagra by local Indians previously abused by Lautaro. Villagra sent word to Juan Godíñez near Santiago to meet him as he hurried north. The Spanish forces met without Lautaro being alerted and made a surprise night

2215:. The night attack was defeated in a furious battle, the Spaniards suffered one killed and many wounds to men and especially their mounts. After a day treating their wounds they continued towards their rendezvous at the Bay of Concepción. There Valdivia began building a fort at what is now Penco. 2741:

relieved García Hurtado de Mendoza, replacing him as governor with the victor over Lautaro, Francisco de Villagra. Mendoza left Chile with the belief that he had overcome the Mapuche. He was one of the few governors who obtained a certain degree of success in the War. This success was due to the

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ordered Villagra to reconstruct Concepción, which was accomplished by Capitan Alvarado and 75 colonists. When he learned that it was being rebuilt, Lautaro again attacked Concepción with 4,000 warriors. Alvarado attempted to defeat Lautaro's army outside the city, but failed and fled to the city

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Despite his early successful campaign when he captured Alonso Diaz in 1584, he wanted to extend the conquest of Chile by building a series of forts which would protect each other, the cities, and their surrounding lands. They were also to hem in the Moluche and become the secure bases of future

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hurriedly reorganized their forces, reinforcing fort Imperial for its defence and abandoning Confines and Arauco in order to strengthen Concepción. However, Araucanian tradition dictated a lengthy victory celebration, which kept Lautaro from exploiting the weakness of the Spanish position as he

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Guzmán, Carmen Luz (2013). "Las cautivas de las Siete Ciudades: El cautiverio de mujeres hispanocriollas durante la Guerra de Arauco, en la perspectiva de cuatro cronistas (s. XVII)" [The captives of the Seven Cities: The captivity of hispanic-creole women during the Arauco's War, from the

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At Los Infantes the Mapuche blockade grew tighter as they moved closer and closer to the city, protected in their well-sited pucarás. Its commander, Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado, judged them too well-defended to attack until they started to build their third pucara close to the city. Then in the

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and there gather their strength and train a new generation of warriors for a future revolt. The Mapuche had learned to work iron, use Spanish weapons (including firearms and cannon), ride horses captured from their conquerors, and learned better strategies and tactics. The defeats inflicted by

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was proclaimed Toqui in his place the same day and began operations against Angol, breaking into the city, however he was repulsed by a counterattack. He followed this with a siege of Purén the following year. He drove off a relief force with his cavalry and offered the garrison terms but was

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arrived in Chile in 1583 and had to judge accusations against his predecessor, who had become extremely unpopular for the Tasa de Gamboa which had prohibited the payment of taxes by the Indians in the form of labor. Sotomayor later absolved Gamboa entirely but abolished the Tasa de Gamboa and

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fell into well-disguised pits. There the governor's son, Pedro de Villagra "el Mozo", and forty two other Spaniards died. This disastrous military defeat forced governor Francisco de Villagra to order the city of Cañete to be abandoned. News of the abandonment of Cañete spread the revolt.

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as they explored the region, killing many with little loss to themselves. After spending over a week in the area and encountering increasing opposition, the Spanish marched toward the sea through the valleys of the Laja and Bío-Bío rivers, towards the coast at Penco. On the banks of the

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In 1564, Pedro de Villagra took measures to protect all the towns and forts he still held and gathered a field army in Concepción drawn from all these posts. He knew that one of the Mapuche objectives was to surround Concepcion and preparations were made to support a long

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gold pans, previously exploited by the Incas, but which since the expulsion of the Incas belonged to Michimalonco. With this, Michimalonco and his imprisoned men are released and Michimalonco allocates part of its vassals to the exploitation of the gold by the Spanish.

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marched over the rain soaked mountains and flooded rivers to Angol. The Mapuche destroyed the fort shortly after the garrison left and harassed their march. Regarding the abandonment of Arauco as a victory, it inspired the Mapuche north of the Bío-Bío River to revolt.

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Because he believed he had too few men to hold all the posts in Mapuche territory and still have a field army, the new governor Pedro de Villagra ordered the abandonment of Arauco in July 1563, taking off its artillery and noncombatants by sea while the garrison under

2592:. Captain Gudiñez returned victorious from this pursuit and put great fear into the Promaucaes by punishing them with destruction of their herds, fields, and houses and by cutting off some heads, as a lesson not to call upon the Mapuche army or give aid to them. 2092:

allies. After some victories against the Spanish advances, Pedro de Valdivia was forced to command his army himself and go to sustain the battle of Limarí, where the Mapuche-Diaguita hosts were defeated and Pedro de Valdivia sent Juan Bohón to found the City of

4783:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. IX (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. p. 483. 2559:

But when he entered the places subject to Santiago, he began taking reprisals against the Promaucaes who refused to join him, doing great damage and depopulating the land. The refugees fled to the city for aid and protection. In October 1556 he reached the

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Villagra rapidly took it and destroyed the Mapuche army holding it. Soon afterward Villagra ambushed Loble as he was bringing reinforcements, and unaware of the defeat he was surprised, defeated, and captured. Subsequently, Villagra established fort

4769:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. VIII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. 4797:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. X (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. 2604:, after a dispute over his actions with an allied leader named Chillan who accused Lautaro of acting like the Spaniards. He moved his remaining army over a league up river and again established a fortified camp on the Mataquito River amid a 3003:

who were observing the frontier with the Mapuche after the Mapuche had blocked their prior attempt to reinforce Concepción. During the seven months Villagra was in Santiago, the Mapuche north of the Bío-Bío had built a strong pucara on the

4811:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. II (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta del Ferrocarril. 5042:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XXIII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. 2986:

After the siege was raised, Villagra became aware of an effort to replace him as governor by Martin Ruiz de Gamboa, son-in-law of Rodrigo de Quiroga. Villagra tried to arrest Gamboa who fled overland to Santiago, but Villagra sailed to

5025:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XXII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. 2912:

contracted from drinking contaminated water. Finally they chose to retire and to raise the siege. Shortly afterward, Francisco de Villagra died in Concepcion on June 22, 1563, leaving his cousin Pedro de Villagra as interim governor.

4926:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XV (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Ercilla. 2600:

under Panigualgo. However Lautaro's mistreatment of the intimidated local Indians to extract provisions had created dissension among his allies. His allies separated from him after the army reached the Mataquito River at

3401:. Guanoalca directed his army against the new Spanish fort, but finding it too strongly held, diverted his attacks against Espíritu Santo and the fort of Santísima Trinidad on the opposite shore of the Bio Bio River. 3552:

directly by Philip II, who thought him the most likely candidate to finish the Arauco War. Loyola insisted in penetrating Mapuche territory with an army of soldiers coming directly from Panama. He established fort

2438:, because he had served as an auxiliary to the Spanish cavalry; his experiences with the Spanish gave him insight into the best methods for fighting the conquistadores. He created the first Mapuche cavalry corps. 2705:

After the death of Caupolicán, García Hurtado de Mendoza thought that they had subjugated the Mapuche. On the contrary, the manner of the death of Caupolicán inspired the Mapuches to continue the struggle with a

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Over the next few years, the Mapuche were able to destroy or force the abandonment of many cities and minor settlements including all the seven Spanish cities in Mapuche territory south of the Bio Bio River:

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with the conquest by Pedro de Valdivia of three forts that Michimalonco maintained in the Andean mountain range of the Aconcagua River, which causes the withdrawal of Michimalonco's forces towards the north.

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and Mapocho valleys to send their contingents and join Michimalonco, so that, just as he did with the Incas, he expels the Spanish from the Wallmapu. This action managed to gather around 16,000 warriors.

2423:. The Araucanians didn't offer any resistance to the conquistadors in their fort-building. In October 1553, the Quilacoya gold mine was opened and large numbers of Mapuche were forced to work in it. 2069:, with only a handful of Spaniards barely surviving. Then Michimalonco applied the “empty war” which consisted of not giving the Spaniards any type of food or supplies so that they could go back to 2742:

large numbers of experienced soldiers, equipment, and arms that he brought which were not available to the previous conquerors and because the Mapuche did not have a strategist to equal Lautaro.

3353:, to single combat to decide the fate of the fortress. The two leaders fought on horseback with lances, and Cadeguala fell, killed by his opponent. His army raised the siege, but after electing 2580:

over several days but were not able to take it and were forced away by flooding. However, with unfavourable losses and more Spaniards coming to Villagra's support, Lautaro retreated towards the

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After a large number of confrontations between the hosts of Valdivia and those of Michimalonco, at the end of 1543 the Spanish managed to finish controlling the valleys of Cachapoal, Maipo and

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After a time of exploitation of the gold, Trangolonco, Michimalonco's brother, revolted and defeat the Spaniards in Marga Marga and destroyed the Spanish settlement, then defeat the Spanish in

2159:. Realizing that it would be impossible to proceed in such hostile territory with so limited a force, Valdivia elected to return to Santiago after finding a site for a new city at what is now 5846: 5511: 2897:

When Francisco de Villagra heard the news of his son's death he became ill and left for Concepcion leaving his cousin, Pedro de Villagra, in charge of the campaign. The Mapuches, now under

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as the new toqui. With most of the nations' warriors dead or wounded and the population decimated by the effects of war, starvation, and disease, he decided to retreat into the marshes of

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them, but were unable to take them. Again Petegüelen offered peace to the Spaniards and Villagra accepted, but this peace was deceptive since the Mapuches needed to harvest their fields.

695: 2722:, constructed a fort that was to stop the forces of Mendoza from marching into Arauco and rebuilding a fort there. Mendoza advanced from Cañete and crushed another Mapuche army at the 2694:. Although he was able to escape immediately after this last battle when Spanish cavalry did not arrive in time to pursue, he was eventually betrayed and captured in the mountains by 2041:

and burned a ship under construction that was in the Bay, only a Spaniard and a slave escaped from the place. Trangolonco addresses as ambassador to all the indigenous chiefs of the

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places that were possible to defend. Nevertheless, things were soon out of his control despite everything done to stabilize the situation, and he sickened and asked for his relief.

2955:. Both defeats cut off the city and garrison of Concepción from outside aid by land. The defeated survivors had to retreat to Santiago and were in no condition to break through the 5660: 5650: 3009: 2088:

valley to cut off land communications between Chile and Peru for the Spanish. Michimalonco becomes strong in this sector with its Mapuche contingent added to the contingent of its

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pursued to the Maule River, cutting down stragglers and one of Lautaro's detachments was cut to pieces. Lautaro's army gave them the slip, but was forced to fall back beyond the

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On February 23, Pastene's fleet anchored in the bay, brought supplies and reinforcements, and provided materials to finish the fort. On March 1 Valdivia founded here the city of

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between the Spanish domains and the land of the independent Mapuche. From the 17th to the late 18th century a series of parliaments were held between royal governors and Mapuche

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arrested and sent to Peru and put his own men in control of the province. Sending his cavalry by land he sailed south in winter and landed in early June 1557 on the island of

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did not die at the hands of Mapuches. When the number of missing or dead reached 400 yanaconas and 10 Spaniards, the governor was convinced that he had been mistaken. In

2226:. This force was broken and routed despite the small size of the Spanish forces. Despite the resulting submission of the local tribes, Valdivia sent an emissary to the 772: 5030: 5013: 762: 710: 4917: 720: 675: 670: 605: 943: 660: 6558: 1804:(slave) labor from the densely populated nearby valleys. To serve the Spanish in gold mining was a deadly activity that killed many Mapuches. Lacking a tradition of 640: 2249:

that Pastene had discovered earlier, Valdivia left with two hundred soldiers in the direction of Fort Imperial. Once he had passed it on his way south, he ordered

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among the hostile Mapuche around those cities. Meanwhile, in the north during 1554, news of the victories of Lautauro led to uprisings by the previously subdued

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The Mapuches pretended peace, but secretly continued to prepare for a new revolt. Soon after the defeat at Quiapo, the surviving leaders gathered and elected

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In 1550, a new expedition was launched, consisting of a naval force under Pastene, and a land force of two hundred Spaniards mounted and foot and a number of

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In 1553, the Mapuches held a council at which, because of the growth of Spanish forces in their territory, they resolved to make war. They chose as their "

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Mapuches escaped. Elsewhere the corregidor of Cañete Juan Lazarte was killed at the gates of Cañete trying to recapture mounts stolen by thirty mapuches.

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arrived from Lima in 1568 and recruited 100 new soldiers and gathered food in Santiago province and marched south to join the army near the mouth of the

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Crónica del Reino de Chile, escrita por el capitán Pedro Mariño de Lobera... reducido a nuevo método y estilo por el Padre Bartolomé de Escobar (1593)

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sought to diminish hostilities and end the war altogether by converting Mapuches to the Christian faith. They temporarily succeeded in enforcing the

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march over the hills of Caune, to the hill overlooking Lautaro's camp, on the shore of the Mataquito River. On April 29, at dawn Villagra began the

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treasury and contributions exacted from the cities of Chile with difficulty. He slowly refitted and enlarged his army over the winter and spring.

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with a surprise attack on the camp in which they killed Lautaro and obtained a decisive victory, destroying his army and dispersing his allies.

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With the goal of securing the lines of communication with the southern forts, Valdivia launched a third expedition which established forts at

6057: 5188: 4954:. Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España (in Spanish). Vol. XLVIII. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero. 4036: 3927:

Zavala C., José Manuel (2014). "The Spanish-Araucanian World of the Purén and Lumaco Valley in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". In

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Meanwhile, the caciques Millalelmu and Loble with 20,000 warriors from the area between the Itata and Bío-Bío rivers, settled down to the

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spread by the Mapuches and it initiated a new general rising greater than the previous ones. With Villagra's arrival also came its first

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with only the forces at his disposal. After reinforcement at Concepción in 1551, he organized another expedition to establish the fort

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as a base of operations against Santiago. Lautaro ambushed a first probe by a small Spanish force from Santiago. A larger force under

3783:(in Spanish). Instituto de Investigaciones Histórico-Culturales, Facultad de Filosofía y Educación, Universidad de Chile. p. 95. 2242:. He then returned to Concepción to prepare another expedition and await the reinforcements the Viceroy had promised to send by sea. 2908:

In April 1563, the Mapuche reestablished the siege of Arauco. This lasted 42 days with the Mapuches losing 500 warriors mostly from

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Hostilities resumed with the arrival of Francisco de Villagra to replace Mendoza. It began during the brief interim governorship of

2222:. On March 3 of that year, the fort was completed and was attacked nine days later by the largest force of Mapuches yet seen in the 1457: 1348: 5389: 1033: 4514: 4459: 4413: 4373: 3666:. The insurrection was a reaction against enslavement of the indigenous and caused an exodus of Spanish from areas south of the 1432: 5753: 3973: 3569:. Later, on 21 December 1598, Oñez de Loyola became the second governor of Chile to die in war with the Mapuches, surprised by 3541: 3284:, with new provisions to humanize the old system, in an attempt to avoid the excesses of the encomenderos against the Indians. 2754:

Mendoza had made the Mapuche a united people and one committed to renewing the war against the Spanish to secure independence.

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auxiliaries under Valdivia. They planned to reunite on the shores of the Bay of Concepción. The expedition advanced beyond the

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desired. It was only in February 1554 that he succeeded in putting together an army of 8,000 men, just in time to confront a

2449:. This was Pedro de Valdivia's last battle; he was captured and later killed in captivity when he refused to concede defeat. 2140:, which was later named in honor of the commander. Encountering severe storms further south, he then returned to Valparaiso. 1706:. The conflict began at first as a reaction to the Spanish conquerors attempting to establish cities and force Mapuches into 1504: 1467: 1343: 6414: 6252: 4963: 1591: 1574: 1499: 1058: 988: 556: 32: 2668:

Caupolicán led the Mapuche unsuccessfully resisting the advance of Hurtado de Mendoza by attacking him from ambush in the

2200:, they camped for two days between the river and a lake, where they were attacked on the second night by a large force of 3503: 3153: 2832: 2641: 2359: 1931: 1415: 1353: 1043: 4233:, Capítulo XX, says deaths were somewhat less around Valdivia because the Mapuche took refuge in the mountains. Lobera, 1831:

would have explained that he preferred to "die warring, than in a bad peace". Analysing the situation in the 1650s, the

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who attempted a siege of the fort at Arauco that failed, leading to his abdication of his office in favour of his son

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Map of the Araucanía from the 18th century, showing a large part of the territory in which the Arauco War was fought.

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to make agreements with the Mapuche in so called parliaments. This allowed the growth of commerce and increased the

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The Disaster of Curalaba became the beginning of a general uprising that resulted in a six-year struggle called the

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was established. After garrisoning these new places, Valdivia returned to his base at Concepción in 1552 where rich

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around Concepción. On the other hand, encouraged by these victories in the north, Illangulién resolved to destroy

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After his victories in the south and the messages promising support from the north, Lautaro planned an assault on

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to drive inland and establish a fort, with the goal of securing his eastern flank. To this end, Alderente reached

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Villagra left the city in mid-January 1565, with 110 Spaniards and gathered 800 Indian auxiliaries from their

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securing communications between Santiago and Concepcion. In 1585 he ordered the construction of forts around

2672:. After further fighting near the site of the ruined fortress of Tucapel, Mendoza built the fort and city of 1514: 1477: 1472: 1323: 1313: 1299: 1294: 1255: 1108: 1008: 953: 3489: 3216: 3139: 2818: 2345: 1917: 822: 794: 6583: 6189: 6145: 5992: 5943: 5798: 5690: 5680: 5675: 5501: 5098: 4788: 4774: 4760: 4660: 4065: 3655: 1544: 1534: 1509: 1304: 1038: 1018: 3317: 1245: 6472: 6397: 6326: 5838: 5783: 5584: 5506: 5349: 4935: 3747: 3586: 3456: 3350: 3106: 2785: 2312: 1884: 1554: 1529: 1213: 1003: 958: 274: 4792: 4778: 4764: 3325: 3071:

to take over the civil and military government of Chile, with the title of governor and he arrived from

2073:. The Spanish barely resisted and there were a series of skirmishes between Spanish and Mapuche forces. 6293: 6102: 6092: 6052: 5933: 5746: 3604: 3471: 3121: 3036: 2923: 2800: 2327: 1899: 1832: 1539: 1482: 1447: 1380: 1260: 837: 146: 83: 5624: 4699: 3357:

as toqui returned to successfully drive the poorly supplied Spanish from Purén and burned it in 1586.

6350: 5938: 5923: 1626: 1596: 1420: 1230: 1208: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1148: 1073: 993: 973: 296: 4982: 4510: 4455: 4409: 4369: 4153: 3859: 2719: 6563: 6477: 6167: 6027: 6017: 5685: 5629: 5594: 5589: 3735: 3730: 3649: 3249: 3191: 3068: 1793: 1653: 1519: 1442: 1390: 1279: 1168: 1163: 1098: 1063: 1048: 827: 817: 799: 5196: 4031: 3309: 3260: 3052: 3028: 2230:, asking for additional forces; he knew that it would not be possible to complete the conquest of 6316: 6042: 5982: 3976:[The Mapuche of Concepción and the Inca Frontier: Review of Early Sources and New Data]. 3833:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios Históricos de la Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins 3710: 3449: 3099: 2898: 2778: 2305: 2077: 2066: 1877: 1621: 1437: 1363: 1103: 386: 5695: 4225:

According to Vivar, Cap. CXXVI, up to two-thirds of the populations died between the famine and

3289: 2261:

there. Meanwhile, Valdivia's column advanced southwards and joined the reinforcements sent from

2250: 787: 6437: 6179: 6047: 5619: 5604: 5554: 5172: 4566:

Chile: Its History and Development, Natural Features, Products, Commerce and Present Conditions

4326: 4281: 4201: 3301: 2715: 2239: 2143:

Valdivia himself set out in 1546, with sixty horsemen plus guides and porters, and crossed the

1405: 1318: 1269: 1225: 978: 782: 318: 5154: 4996: 4867: 3390:

on April 9, 1587, he was defeated by the Spanish, losing 10 men and continued up the coast of

3005: 2979: 2486: 690: 615: 6367: 6288: 6157: 5961: 5854: 5739: 5700: 5670: 5549: 5516: 5227: 4742: 3898: 3846: 2956: 2902: 2596: 2482: 2266: 2117: 1631: 1385: 307: 211: 5034: 5017: 5000: 3974:"Los mapuche de Concepción y la frontera inca: revisión de fuentes tempranas y nuevos datos" 3600: 3554: 2726:. After the battle, Hurtado de Mendoza had most of the captured Mapuche executed, but saved 2020:

The resounding victory leaves Pedro de Valdivia confident, who decides to found the city of

6588: 6382: 6283: 6278: 6205: 6174: 6162: 5928: 5409: 3812: 3574: 2948: 2669: 2654: 1777: 1636: 1586: 1113: 650: 645: 5531: 5274: 5162: 5134: 4529:

Marmolejo, Historia..., Capítulo XLV, located just two leagues south of the city. Lobera,

4316: 4271: 4191: 4137: 3281: 2943:

in the Itata River valley who were coming with reinforcements from Santiago. In addition,

2695: 2164: 2133: 2129: 8: 6548: 6487: 6377: 6210: 6122: 6107: 5803: 5665: 5574: 5559: 5262: 3276: 3027:

Shortly after the end of the campaign Pedro de Villagra was replaced at the order of the

2650: 2610: 2478: 2152: 2058: 1836: 1773: 1723: 1601: 1375: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1198: 983: 921: 635: 590: 244: 4055: 3496: 3146: 2825: 2352: 1924: 40: 6457: 6409: 6387: 6372: 6336: 6140: 6117: 6097: 6032: 5970: 5814: 5364: 5257: 4710: 4553:, Tomo Segundo, Parte Tercera La Colonia desde 1561 hasta 1610, Capitulo Segundo Sec. 4 4546: 4237:, Capítulo LI, says the famine lasted from 1554 into 1555 and some Indians resorted to 3995: 3625: 3613: 3566: 3562: 3244: 3032: 2870: 2738: 2457: 2212: 2188: 2184: 2156: 2121: 1839:

was one of the reasons for constant state of war between the Spanish and the Mapuches.

1789: 1761: 1750: 1742: 1673: 1274: 1250: 1235: 715: 595: 512: 233: 16:

Conflict between Spanish settlers of Chile and indigenous peoples (16th–17th centuries)

6467: 6404: 6303: 6237: 6229: 6076: 5918: 5822: 5564: 5359: 5344: 5148: 5130: 4846: 4746: 4720: 4641: 4614: 4587: 4238: 4122: 4034:(1993). "Jesuitas, Franciscanos y Capuchinos italianos en la Araucanía (1600–1900)". 3999: 3936: 3794: 3629: 3565:

in May 1594. The fort was elevated to the rank of city in 1595 giving it the name of

3423: 3211: 2691: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2446: 2258: 2002: 1995: 1980: 1738: 1616: 1611: 1524: 1083: 705: 630: 610: 194: 4861: 4637:

Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective

2952: 2197: 1128: 6506: 6429: 6331: 6266: 6037: 6012: 5987: 5862: 5774: 5721: 5634: 5485: 5455: 5440: 5374: 5369: 5339: 5334: 5220: 5084: 5070: 5056: 4991:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 227–562. 4432: 4389: 4241:. Marmolejo says that in spring there was an "pestilencia" that the Mapuche called 3985: 3886: 3383: 3365: 2999:

as he marched south to the Maule River. There he linked up with 30 Spaniards under

2723: 2462: 2391: 2094: 2009:

Pedro de Valdivia conducted a nine-year campaign to secure central Chile (northern

1968: 1850: 1824: 1123: 911: 665: 532: 358: 285: 259: 170: 4968:(in Spanish) (Universidad de Chile ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. 4940:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 75–224. 3776: 3048: 3040: 3015: 2673: 2013:). Recently arrived Pedro de Valdivia in central Chile is confronted by the toqui 1788:

Initially, the key area of conflict that the Spanish attempted to secure south of

6452: 6447: 6321: 6298: 5599: 5541: 5384: 5093:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 5088: 5074: 5060: 4949: 4921: 4907: 4893: 4879: 4806: 4714: 4694: 4635: 4608: 4581: 4564: 4436: 4393: 4060: 3617: 3549: 3035:

as the temporary governor in 1565. Quiroga launched a new campaign, organized by

2968: 2662: 2657:, but again were defeated after hard fighting, and as a result their fortress at 2561: 2545: 2521: 2513: 2497: 2435: 2278: 2270: 2254: 2227: 2223: 2137: 2042: 1641: 1427: 1203: 685: 600: 354: 5139:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 1–74. 5079:(in Spanish). Vol. II. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 4827:"An overview of the Mapuche and Aztec military response to the Spanish Conquest" 4302: 3254: 3185: 3019:

in the region and was able to suppress the Mapuche revolt north of the Bio-Bio.

2085: 1849:(1612–1626) policy, but their conversion attempts foundered on Mapuche leaders' 110:, development of Mapuche–Spanish diplomacy and trade since the mid-17th century. 6522: 6482: 6462: 6419: 6362: 5830: 5465: 5329: 5065:(in Spanish). Vol. I. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 4820:(4th ed.). New York, NY: University of California Press. pp. 331–333. 4443:

It is not known if the leader called Chillan by Rosales was Lobera's Panigualgo

3890: 3752: 3313: 3265: 3195: 2996: 2528: 1797: 1606: 882: 524: 505: 313: 302: 291: 280: 269: 250: 239: 228: 217: 206: 189: 141: 133: 128: 4734: 3990: 3545: 2746: 2621: 2556:, who were now inspired by the previous successes of Lautaro to revolt again. 1972: 6542: 3637: 3633: 3596: 3391: 3321: 3056: 3044: 2947:

ambushed Spanish reinforcements coming from Angol to the south under captain

2707: 2681: 2677: 2645: 2549: 2420: 2065:

On September 11, 1541, Michimalonco attacked the Spanish and carried out the

2025: 1846: 1805: 1715: 1658: 1410: 1358: 1173: 850: 767: 376: 335: 199: 4975:

Spanish Policy in Colonial Chile: the Struggle for Social Justice, 1535–1700

4826: 4294: 3972:; Daniel M., Stewart; Payàs, Gertrudis; Medianero, Francisco Javier (2021). 3670:. After that, the Spanish tactics varied from a "defensive war" proposed by 3370: 3238: 3232: 2988: 2605: 2431: 2125: 449: 371: 6527: 6308: 6247: 6242: 6132: 3969: 3928: 3305: 2441:

With six thousand warriors under his command, Lautaro attacked the fort at

2014: 2006: 496: 330: 174: 62:

1546 – until the end of the 17th century; and sporadically the 18th century

4912:(in Spanish). Vol. IV. Paris, France: En casa del autor. p. 506. 3398: 2658: 476: 431: 5807: 5526: 5475: 5404: 5171:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: ARTEHISTORIA REVISTA DIGITAL. Archived from 4903: 4889: 4875: 4347:

Contemporary sources have various numbers in his army: 3,000 men, Vivar,

3667: 3417: 3405: 3206: 2711: 2601: 2589: 2581: 2553: 2274: 2180: 2144: 2098: 2046: 2030: 1979:

rivers. The beginning of the war comes with the campaigns of conquest of

1976: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1678: 4780:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. II (1626–1787)

3698: 2616: 1971:'s expedition and a large group of Mapuches, near the confluence of the 5460: 5299: 5284: 5036:

Historia Natural, Militar, Civil y Sagrada del Reino de Chile (Vol. II)

4766:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. I (1542–1626)

3558: 3463: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3397:

Sotomayor rebuilt Purén in 1589 and built a new fort on the heights of

3113: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2972: 2944: 2882: 2792: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2699: 2509: 2319: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1891: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1707: 1053: 404: 5414: 5019:

Historia Natural, Militar, Civil y Sagrada del Reino de Chile (Vol. I)

4261:

was caused by the cannibalism. Lobera makes no mention of an epidemic.

2901:, attacked on two fronts against the forts of Los Infantes and Arauco 2710:

in which there was no day that some yanaconas or once in a while some

2690:

within, but he was betrayed instead and was badly defeated by Captain

1757:

and the war devolved to sporadic pillaging carried out by both sides.

5445: 5309: 5304: 5008:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. pp. 1, 006. 4965:

Compendio historial del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Reino de Chile

4297:

led a small band of horsemen from Santiago in crushing the revolt in

3662:

rose up against the Spaniards and pushed back the forces of governor

3570: 3411: 3354: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3022: 2909: 2208: 2176: 1765: 1719: 1710:. It subsequently evolved over time into phases comprising drawn-out 467: 422: 395: 345: 166: 5399: 5168:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile (1558)

4093:"La poligamia pervive en las comunidades indígenas del sur de Chile" 3438: 3088: 2767: 2294: 2038: 1991: 1866: 6392: 5470: 5430: 5394: 3387: 3320:

directly across the Bio Bio River, and in the upper reaches of the

3221: 2875: 2686: 2584:

hoping to establish himself there. However, the Spanish cavalry of

2517: 2505: 2089: 2053: 2021: 2010: 1731: 1668: 519: 107: 5579: 5090:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1625–1655)

5076:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1554–1625)

5062:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1425–1553)

4438:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1554–1625)

4395:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1554–1625)

3329: 2452: 2412: 5731: 5480: 5450: 5243: 4866:(in Spanish). Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta del Comercio. pp. 4298: 3679: 3376: 3344:

Hernandez, where he was wounded and soon hunted down and killed.

3297: 3293: 3199: 2569: 2442: 2408: 2235: 2201: 2192: 2170: 2148: 1828: 1801: 1695: 1663: 440: 162: 151: 4533:, Libro segundo, Parte segunda, Capítulo XXIII, calls the place 2120:, to reconnoiter the southwestern coast of South America to the 1764:, this conflict cost the largest number of Spanish lives in the 5435: 4923:

Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reino de Chile Vol. II

4250: 3799:

Vida fronteriza en la Araucanía: el mito de la Guerra de Arauco

3781:

El estado en el derecho indiano: época de fundación (1492–1570)

3671: 3379: 3332:

he also raised another fort, where he placed a small garrison.

3060: 2750: 2632: 2501: 2105: 1842: 1727: 1694:

was a long-running conflict between colonial Spaniards and the

472: 463: 454: 445: 436: 427: 418: 409: 400: 391: 382: 367: 350: 341: 326: 158: 100:

Spanish invasion of Araucanía permanently reversed around 1600.

4898:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Paris, France: En casa del autor. 4719:(in Spanish). Vol. I–XVI. Santiago, Chile: Rafael Jover. 2665:, was left undefended and was captured soon after the battle. 5762: 5379: 5354: 5324: 5314: 4884:(in Spanish). Vol. II. Paris, France: En casa del autor. 4794:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. III

4322:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

4277:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

4197:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

4142:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

3675: 3621: 3186:

Campaigns during the governorship of Melchor Bravo de Saravia

2960: 2936: 2932: 2886: 2731: 2676:

and continued to the south. There he established the city of

2564:

in his northward march. There he built a fortified camp near

2473: 2427: 2416: 2219: 2205: 2160: 1986: 1754: 1711: 1703: 541: 502:

Local detachments and recruits from other regions (1557–1604)

458: 413: 87: 5153:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. pp. 3967: 3535: 2029:

To obtain its freedom, Michimalonco offers ownership of the

103:

Failure of the Spanish evangelization strategy in Araucanía.

5319: 4937:

Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año 1575

4665:

Descripcion Histórico Geografía del Reino de Chile, Tomo II

4562: 4484:

Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año 1575

3072: 2698:, sentenced to death by Alonso de Reinoso, and executed by 2565: 2532: 2262: 2245:

Leaving orders that the new troops should disembark on the

2070: 1737:

The Spaniards penetrated into Mapuche territory during the

1726:, and renewed Spanish attempts to secure lost territories. 5212: 5110:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real. Archived from 3828:"¿Un ejército profesional en Chile durante el siglo XVII?" 5049:

History of the Conquest of Mexico and History of the Peru

4850: 3375:

Meanwhile, Sotomayor had the distraction of an attack by

3239:

Campaigns of Rodrigo de Quiroga and Martín Ruiz de Gamboa

2552:

among subjugated Mapuche and the Promaucaes north of the

1815:

On the other hand, the Spanish, in particular those from

1796:. The Spanish designs for this region was to exploit the 3917:

Encina, Francisco, and Leopoldo Castedo, volume I, p. 36

3063:. Quiroga returned to find he was to be replaced by the 2757: 2191:. Along the way they had several battles with groups of 3428: 3349:

refused. He next challenged the commander of the fort,

3047:

in 1566. He accomplished the conquest of the island of

2539: 2430:" (wartime chief) an extraordinarily strong man called 2284: 1823:, came from an extremely violent society. According to 3954: 3952: 2878:

epidemic that ravaged the native population of Chile.

4579: 3658:

came on February 14, 1655, when Mapuche forces under

3595:

that eliminated all Spanish settlements south of the

2864: 2617:

Campaigns of Caupolicán and García Hurtado de Mendoza

2104:

In 1544, a naval expedition was sent, comprising the

4863:

Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile

4787: 4773: 4759: 2402: 3949: 3813:"La Guerra de Arauco (1550–1656) – Memoria Chilena" 3270: 3008:, blocking the road south to Concepción and in the 531:Mapuches, Pehuenches, Huilliches, Cuncos and other 5097: 4951:Desengaño y reparo de la guerra del Reino de Chile 4944: 4801: 3288:campaigns. In 1584, Sotomayor founded the fort of 3078: 3067:in August 1567. In September 1567, the king named 3023:War during the rule of the Real Audiencia of Chile 2649:of the Bio-Bio and another Mapuche army including 1783: 4930: 4916: 4709: 3903:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3877:insight of four chroniclers (17th century)]. 3801:(in Spanish). Editorial Andrés Bello. p. 35. 2916: 1967:, which occurred in 1536 between a detachment of 6559:Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish Empire 6540: 4981: 4958: 4509: 4454: 4408: 4368: 4006: 3335:Opposing these moves by Sotomayor was the Toqui 2653:attempted to stop them in the open field in the 2626:García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete 5143: 4909:Historia física y política de Chile (1749–1808) 4895:Historia física y política de Chile (1638–1716) 4881:Historia física y política de Chile (1564–1638) 4613:. American Indian Publishers, Inc. p. 92. 4030: 2453:Campaigns of Caupolicán and Lautaro (1554–1557) 2171:Founding of Concepción, Imperial, and Valdivia 1421:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 880: 5747: 5228: 4633: 4573: 4477: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4048: 1411:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63) 866: 557: 5029: 5012: 2132:, and made landings at what is now known as 4824: 4627: 4610:Dictionary of Indian Tribes of the Americas 4606: 4600: 4402: 4118: 4116: 4114: 3664:Francisco Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona 3643: 3580: 2631:After the death of Jerónimo de Alderete in 5754: 5740: 5643: 5235: 5221: 4977:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 4859: 4640:. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. 4556: 4503: 4079: 4037:Revista Complutense de Historia de América 3961: 3793: 1987:Campaigns of Pedro de Valdivia (1540–1553) 873: 859: 564: 550: 6554:History of the Captaincy General of Chile 4739:Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur 4015: 3989: 3926: 3920: 3871: 3869: 3536:Campaigns of Martín García Óñez de Loyola 3523:Learn how and when to remove this message 3173:Learn how and when to remove this message 2852:Learn how and when to remove this message 2379:Learn how and when to remove this message 1951:Learn how and when to remove this message 5129: 5087:(1878). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5073:(1878). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5059:(1877). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5046: 5002:Diccionario Biográfico Colonial de Chile 4985:(1960). Fr. Bartolomé de Escobar (ed.). 4860:Eyzaguirre, José Ignacio Víctor (1850). 4448: 4111: 3825: 3603:. The viceroy of Peru hastily appointed 2620: 2456: 2390: 2163:and that would become the first site of 2052: 1990: 1963:An antecedent of the Arauco War was the 5782: 5104:Hechos de Don García Hurtado de Mendoza 5101:(1616). Enrique Suárez Figaredo (ed.). 5083: 5069: 5055: 4833:from the original on September 30, 2008 4471: 4431: 4388: 4382: 4090: 4024: 3775: 3561:near the confluence of the Bio-Bio and 3059:there, and pacify its inhabitants, the 2734:not far from the old fort of Confines. 6541: 4995: 4791:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 4777:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 4763:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 4733: 4362: 3875: 3866: 2718:, the Mapuches under their new toqui, 1768:, which is why it became known as the 82:region and surrounding regions of the 5735: 5216: 5161: 4972: 2758:Second Great Mapuche Rebellion (1561) 1406:Caribbean and North America (1739–48) 854: 545: 6008:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits 4815: 4583:Historia general de España y América 4563:George Francis Scott Elliot (1907). 4351:, Cap. CXXVIII; 300 men, Marmolejo, 3693: 3461:adding citations to reliable sources 3432: 3429:Third Great Mapuche Rebellion (1598) 3192:Melchor Bravo de Saravia y Sotomayor 3111:adding citations to reliable sources 3082: 3069:Melchor Bravo de Saravia y Sotomayor 2790:adding citations to reliable sources 2761: 2540:Lautaro's campaigns against Santiago 2317:adding citations to reliable sources 2288: 2285:First Great Mapuche Rebellion (1553) 1889:adding citations to reliable sources 1860: 33:Spanish colonization of the Americas 5051:. New York, NY: The Modern Library. 5033:(1900). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 5016:(1900). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 4920:(1889). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 4902: 4888: 4874: 4845: 4634:James Mahoney (February 15, 2010). 3674:missionaries, and parliaments with 3630:Santa María Magdalena de Villa Rica 2732:San Andrés de Angol or Los Infantes 2084:In 1544 Michimalonco headed to the 1856: 907:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478) 13: 5761: 5615:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia 4056:"Misioneros y mapuche (1600–1818)" 2865:Campaigns of Francisco de Villagra 14: 6600: 6569:Spanish conquests in the Americas 5512:Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes 4667:, Capítulo LXXV, LXXVI and LXXVII 4569:. C. Scribner's sons. p. 96. 4315: 4270: 4190: 4091:Rausell, Fuencis (June 1, 2013). 3758:Coastal defence of colonial Chile 3618:Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia 2493:end as the warriors demobilized. 2472:After the defeat at Tucapel, the 2403:Lautaro and the Battle of Tucapel 2271:Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia 2061:in defending the city of Santiago 5960: 5716: 5715: 5283: 4586:. Ediciones Rialp. p. 437. 4355:, Cap. XXII; 8,000 men, Lobera, 3697: 3437: 3271:Campaigns of Alonso de Sotomayor 3087: 2881:The toqui of the Arauco region, 2766: 2578:attacked the fortress at Peteroa 2293: 1865: 471: 462: 453: 444: 435: 426: 417: 408: 399: 390: 381: 375: 366: 349: 340: 334: 325: 312: 301: 290: 279: 268: 249: 238: 227: 216: 205: 198: 188: 157: 140: 127: 39: 4673: 4654: 4607:Jan Onofrio (January 1, 1995). 4540: 4523: 4425: 4341: 4309: 4264: 4255:Revista chilena de infectología 4219: 4184: 4163: 4131: 3689: 3599:with the exception of those in 3593:Destruction of the Seven Cities 3448:needs additional citations for 3098:needs additional citations for 3079:Campaigns between 1568 and 1598 2963:before marching to Concepción. 2939:defeated the troops of captain 2777:needs additional citations for 2304:needs additional citations for 2124:. The expedition set sail from 1876:needs additional citations for 1784:Causes of its origin and length 1747:destruction of the Seven Cities 1129:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667) 4580:Luis Suárez Fernández (1984). 4420:... Said to be 10,000 men 3911: 3893:(inactive September 12, 2024). 3819: 3805: 3787: 3769: 2917:Campaigns of Pedro de Villagra 2680:and explored southward to the 2001:During the early phase of the 571: 1: 5522:Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche 5099:Suarez de Figueroa, Cristobal 4825:Cruz Farias, Eduardo (2002). 4808:Historia de Chile (1492–1717) 4789:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 4775:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 4761:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 4466:Fuerte de San Felipe de Rauco 3763: 1827:, 17th-century Mapuche chief 1698:people, mostly fought in the 536:Spanish and mestizo renegades 6190:Comptroller General of Chile 5502:Consejo de Todas las Tierras 5195:(in Spanish). Archived from 5047:Prescott, William H (1843). 4932:Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso de 4803:Córdoba y Figueroa, Pedro de 4700:Resources in other libraries 4661:Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche 4487:(in Spanish). Archived from 4479:Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso de 4325:(in Spanish). Archived from 4280:(in Spanish). Archived from 4245:and that the Spanish called 4200:(in Spanish). Archived from 4066:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3935:. Springer. pp. 55–73. 3544:, famous for his capture of 3542:Martín García Óñez de Loyola 3065:Real Audiencia of Concepción 3010:Second Battle of Reinohuelén 2220:Concepción del Nuevo Extremo 1749:led to the establishment of 1597:Dominican Republic (1863–65) 256:Martín García Óñez de Loyola 7: 6415:Water supply and sanitation 5610:Desert Campaign (1833–1834) 5585:Araucanization of Patagonia 5507:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco 5242: 4855:(in Spanish). Eswikisource. 4173:Capítulo XCVII; Marmolejo, 4146:Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo 4127:Carta 15 de octubre de 1550 3826:Guerrero, Cristián (2013). 3748:Araucanization of Patagonia 3741: 3587:Destruction of Seven Cities 2524:, but these were put down. 1851:staunch defense of polygamy 58:Historiographic divergence: 10: 6605: 4946:González de Nájera, Alonso 4516:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4461:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4415:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4375:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4158:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4021:Barros Arana 2000, p. 342. 3891:10.15691/07176864.2014.094 3728: 3647: 3622:San Andrés de Los Infantes 3584: 3308:enters the Bio Bio River, 3217:1570 Concepción earthquake 3037:Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado 3001:Pedro Hernández de Córdova 2924:Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado 2635:while returning to Chile, 1833:Real Audiencia of Santiago 1745:in 1598 and the following 1734:was common on both sides. 1453:Banda Oriental (1776–1777) 884:Spanish colonial campaigns 147:Captaincy General of Chile 84:Captaincy General of Chile 6500: 6428: 6358: 6349: 6274: 6265: 6228: 6198: 6131: 6088: 6084: 6075: 5978: 5969: 5958: 5906: 5791: 5773: 5713: 5540: 5494: 5423: 5292: 5281: 5250: 5145:Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín 4960:Jufré del Águila, Melchor 4918:Gómez de Vidaurre, Felipe 4818:The Epic of Latin America 4716:Historia Jeneral de Chile 4695:Resources in your library 4551:Historia General De Chile 4392:(1878). "B.II Ch. VIII". 4144:, Capítulo XCIV and XCV; 3991:10.29393/rh28-30mcjf50030 3958:Bengoa 2003, pp. 252–253. 3055:to establish the city of 2885:, with a local army laid 2637:García Hurtado de Mendoza 1716:slave-hunting expeditions 1505:Spanish America (1808–33) 1500:Río de la Plata (1806–07) 892: 581: 484: 297:Francisco Laso de la Vega 223:García Hurtado de Mendoza 181: 119: 49: 38: 30: 25: 4973:Korth, Eugene E (1968). 4741:(in Spanish). Santiago: 3736:Mapuche uprising of 1723 3731:1712 Huilliche rebellion 3650:Mapuche uprising of 1655 3644:Mapuche uprising of 1655 3581:Mapuche Uprising of 1598 3386:. When they anchored in 3326:San Jerónimo de Millapoa 3250:1575 Valdivia earthquake 2277:mines were found in the 1794:Cordillera de Nahuelbuta 1792:were the valleys around 1776:"), in reference to the 1674:Western Sahara (1973–76) 1602:Peru and Chile (1864–66) 1401:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 902:Canary Islands (1402–96) 5625:Occupation of Araucanía 4983:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 4511:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 4456:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 4410:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 4370:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 2951:, at a crossing of the 2265:, under the command of 2187:, to the shores of the 2116:, under the command of 2067:Destruction of Santiago 1458:North America (1779–83) 1376:North America (1702–13) 1214:Philippines (1599-1600) 1149:Philippines (1565–1898) 5620:Conquest of the Desert 5605:Camino de los chilenos 4435:(1878). "B.II Ch. X". 4154:Pedro Mariño de Lobera 4032:Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge 3933:The Teleoscopic Polity 3854:Cite journal requires 3351:Alonso García de Ramón 3312:near the mouth of the 3302:Santo Arbol de la Cruz 2975:was elected as Toqui. 2935:. After a brief fight 2720:Caupolicán the younger 2628: 2469: 2434:and as his vice toqui 2399: 2062: 1998: 812:18th century conflicts 319:Gabriel Cano de Aponte 275:Alonso García de Ramón 182:Commanders and leaders 6216:Investigations Police 5879:Presidential Republic 5855:Conservative Republic 5847:Republic Organization 5517:Mapuche football team 5193:Vi-E Educación al día 4816:Crow, John A (1992). 4491:on September 24, 2015 4177:Capítulo XI; Lobera, 3968:Zavala, José Manuel; 3879:Intus-Legere Historia 3638:San Felipe de Araucan 3605:Francisco de Quiñónez 3261:Martín Ruiz de Gamboa 3053:Martín Ruiz de Gamboa 2674:Cañete de la Frontera 2624: 2597:Francisco de Villagra 2520:in the valley of the 2512:in the valley of the 2483:Francisco de Villagra 2481:under the command of 2460: 2394: 2269:. There, the city of 2267:Francisco de Villagra 2147:and were attacked by 2118:Juan Bautista Pastene 2056: 1994: 1965:Battle of Reynogüelén 1679:Western Sahara (1975) 1632:Philippines (1896–98) 1587:Cochinchina (1858–62) 1488:Caribbean (1796–1802) 1349:Lake Maracaibo (1669) 1285:Philippines (1638-46) 1159:Philippines (1567–72) 1014:El Salvador (1524–39) 1009:Guatemala (1524–1697) 969:Puerto Rico (1511–29) 499:companies (1546–1557) 308:Pedro Porter Casanate 212:Francisco de Villagra 68:1550–1656 (106 years) 65:1550–1662 (112 years) 6579:Wars involving Spain 6574:Wars involving Chile 6185:Constitutional Court 6063:World Heritage Sites 5895:Democracy Transition 5495:Extant organizations 4997:Medina, José Toribio 4257:). Vivar claims the 4012:Bengoa 2003, p. 261. 3575:Disaster of Curalaba 3457:improve this article 3290:San Fabián de Conueo 3107:improve this article 3039:, who reconstructed 2949:Juan Perez de Zurita 2786:improve this article 2670:Battle of Millarapue 2655:Battle of Lagunillas 2642:Francisco de Aguirre 2313:improve this article 2251:Jerónimo de Alderete 2238:on the banks of the 2097:at the mouth of the 1885:improve this article 1724:punitive expeditions 1359:New Mexico (1680–92) 6584:Viceroyalty of Peru 6253:Ministry of Defence 5560:Battle of the Maule 5365:Rüxafe (silverwork) 5189:"Pedro de Valdivia" 4711:Barros Arana, Diego 3978:Revista de Historia 3656:last major uprising 3634:San Mateo de Osorno 3548:, was appointed as 3540:In September 1592, 3277:Alonso de Sotomayor 3006:Perquilauquén River 2980:Siege of Concepción 2611:Battle of Mataquito 2487:Battle of Marihueñu 2479:punitive expedition 2247:Tierras de Valdivia 2153:Battle of Quilacura 1837:slavery of Mapuches 1592:Morocco (1859–1860) 1582:Balanguingui (1848) 1550:Venezuela (1811–23) 1515:Argentina (1810–18) 1029:Yucatán (1527–1697) 1004:Chiapas (1523–1695) 245:Alonso de Sotomayor 6327:Telecommunications 5163:Vivar, Jerónimo de 5131:Valdivia, Pedro de 5117:on October 2, 2008 5031:Pérez García, José 5014:Pérez García, José 4847:Ercilla, Alonso de 4547:Diego Barros Arana 4317:Vivar, Jerónimo de 4272:Vivar, Jerónimo de 4192:Vivar, Jerónimo de 3795:Villalobos, Sergio 3709:. You can help by 3614:Santa Cruz de Coya 3601:Chiloé Archipelago 3567:Santa Cruz de Coya 3555:Santa Cruz de Oñez 3318:Santísima Trinidad 3245:Rodrigo de Quiroga 3043:, and repopulated 3033:Rodrigo de Quiroga 2871:Rodrigo de Quiroga 2737:In February 1561, 2629: 2568:in a place called 2470: 2400: 2213:Battle of Andalien 2122:Strait of Magellan 2063: 1999: 1743:Battle of Curalaba 1728:Abduction of women 1637:Puerto Rico (1898) 1607:Puerto Rico (1868) 1565:Colombia (1819–20) 1560:Colombia (1815–16) 1540:El Salvador (1811) 1525:Paraguay (1810–11) 1468:New Granada (1781) 1438:Philippines (1762) 1344:Porto Bello (1668) 1314:Philippines (1646) 1270:Philippines (1630) 1226:Philippines (1602) 1209:Puerto Rico (1598) 1199:Philippines (1596) 1194:Puerto Rico (1595) 1189:Cambodia (1593–97) 1069:Colombia (1537–40) 1019:Honduras (1524–39) 984:Mexico (1519–1821) 513:Indian auxiliaries 234:Rodrigo de Quiroga 6536: 6535: 6496: 6495: 6345: 6344: 6261: 6260: 6224: 6223: 6113:Political parties 6103:Foreign relations 6093:National Congress 6071: 6070: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5871:Parliamentary Era 5815:Spanish Discovery 5729: 5728: 5709: 5708: 5686:Las Canoas (1793) 5532:Weichán Auka Mapu 5199:on March 27, 2009 5085:Rosales, Diego de 5071:Rosales, Diego de 5057:Rosales, Diego de 4752:978-956-8303-02-0 4681:Library resources 4647:978-1-139-48388-9 4620:978-0-937862-28-5 4593:978-84-321-2104-3 4433:Rosales, Diego de 4390:Rosales, Diego de 4204:on April 28, 2012 4138:Jerónimo de Vivar 4123:Pedro de Valdivia 3942:978-3-319-03128-6 3727: 3726: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3507: 3424:Pedro de Viscarra 3282:Tasa de Santillán 3280:reinstituted the 3212:Battle of Catirai 3183: 3182: 3175: 3157: 2941:Francisco de Vaca 2862: 2861: 2854: 2836: 2696:Pedro de Avendaño 2692:Alonso de Reinoso 2661:, the gateway to 2595:In January 1557, 2574:Pedro de Villagra 2467:Historia de Chile 2447:Battle of Tucapel 2389: 2388: 2381: 2363: 2003:Conquest of Chile 1996:Pedro de Valdivia 1981:Pedro de Valdivia 1961: 1960: 1953: 1935: 1778:Eighty Years' War 1739:conquest of Chile 1687: 1686: 1669:Morocco (1957–58) 1664:Morocco (1920–26) 1659:Morocco (1911–12) 1622:Morocco (1893–94) 1570:Ecuador (1820–22) 1510:Bolivia (1809–25) 1443:Chile (1766–1767) 1391:Chile (1723–1726) 1324:Hispaniola (1655) 1231:Insulindia (1603) 1184:Insulindia (1585) 1179:Insulindia (1582) 1089:Chile (1546–1662) 979:Algeria (1517–18) 846: 845: 540: 539: 195:Pedro de Valdivia 115: 114: 106:Stabilization of 6596: 6516: 6509: 6356: 6355: 6312: 6272: 6271: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6081: 5976: 5975: 5964: 5899: 5891: 5883: 5875: 5867: 5863:Liberal Republic 5859: 5851: 5843: 5835: 5827: 5823:Spanish Conquest 5819: 5811: 5789: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5719: 5718: 5641: 5640: 5635:Mapuche conflict 5565:Spanish invasion 5287: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5158: 5150:Diego de Almagro 5140: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5094: 5080: 5066: 5052: 5043: 5041: 5026: 5024: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4978: 4969: 4955: 4941: 4927: 4913: 4899: 4885: 4871: 4856: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4821: 4812: 4798: 4784: 4770: 4756: 4730: 4668: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4560: 4554: 4544: 4538: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4513:(1960). "XVII". 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4366: 4360: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4291: 4289: 4268: 4262: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4188: 4182: 4167: 4161: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4088: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3993: 3970:Dillehay, Tom D. 3965: 3959: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3902: 3894: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3773: 3722: 3719: 3701: 3694: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3465: 3441: 3433: 3384:Thomas Cavendish 3178: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3115: 3091: 3083: 2857: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2794: 2770: 2762: 2724:Battle of Quiapo 2463:Alonso de Ovalle 2384: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2321: 2297: 2289: 2257:and established 2151:warriors in the 2130:bay of San Pedro 1969:Diego de Almagro 1956: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1893: 1869: 1861: 1857:Spanish conquest 1825:Diego de Rosales 1808:like the Andean 1760:In the words of 1751:a clear frontier 1575:Mexico (1821–29) 1530:Mexico (1810–21) 1433:Nicaragua (1762) 1084:Halmahera (1545) 1054:Brazil (1534-36) 989:Mexico (1519–21) 887: 885: 875: 868: 861: 852: 851: 576: 566: 559: 552: 543: 542: 475: 466: 457: 448: 439: 430: 421: 412: 403: 394: 385: 379: 370: 363: 353: 344: 338: 329: 317: 316: 306: 305: 295: 294: 286:Alonso de Ribera 284: 283: 273: 272: 264: 254: 253: 243: 242: 232: 231: 221: 220: 210: 209: 202: 193: 192: 177:and other groups 161: 145: 144: 132: 131: 51: 50: 43: 23: 22: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6564:Mapuche history 6539: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6492: 6478:Public holidays 6443:Beauty pageants 6424: 6341: 6310: 6257: 6220: 6194: 6175:Law enforcement 6127: 6067: 6028:Natural regions 5965: 5948: 5902: 5897: 5889: 5887:Pinochet Regime 5881: 5873: 5865: 5857: 5849: 5841: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5801: 5769: 5760: 5730: 5725: 5705: 5639: 5600:Guerra a muerte 5536: 5490: 5419: 5288: 5279: 5246: 5241: 5211: 5202: 5200: 5187: 5178: 5176: 5175:on May 26, 2008 5120: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5039: 5022: 5005: 4836: 4834: 4753: 4727: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4671: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4561: 4557: 4545: 4541: 4528: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4453: 4449: 4430: 4426: 4407: 4403: 4387: 4383: 4372:(1960). "LIV". 4367: 4363: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4329:on May 24, 2008 4314: 4310: 4287: 4285: 4284:on May 24, 2008 4269: 4265: 4251:epidemic typhus 4247:dolor de cabeza 4224: 4220: 4207: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4181:Capítulo XXXIII 4168: 4164: 4160:, Capítulo XXXI 4136: 4132: 4121: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4089: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4061:Memoria Chilena 4054: 4053: 4049: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3896: 3895: 3874: 3867: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3792: 3788: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3744: 3733: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3707:needs expansion 3692: 3652: 3646: 3589: 3583: 3550:Captain General 3538: 3529: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3466: 3464: 3454: 3442: 3431: 3273: 3241: 3235:or Alonso Diaz 3227:Battle of Purén 3188: 3179: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3116: 3114: 3104: 3092: 3081: 3029:Viceroy of Peru 3025: 2969:Battle of Angol 2919: 2867: 2858: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2795: 2793: 2783: 2771: 2760: 2619: 2562:Mataquito River 2542: 2522:Aconcagua River 2514:Mataquito River 2455: 2405: 2385: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2322: 2320: 2310: 2298: 2287: 2279:Quilacoya River 2255:Lake Villarrica 2228:Viceroy of Peru 2224:Battle of Penco 2173: 1989: 1957: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1894: 1892: 1882: 1870: 1859: 1800:of gold using 1798:placer deposits 1786: 1770:Flandes indiano 1688: 1683: 1555:Chile (1812–27) 1416:Portugal (1762) 1309:Valdivia (1643) 1246:Petén (1618–97) 888: 883: 881: 879: 849: 848: 847: 842: 809: 773:Las Cangrejeras 577: 572: 570: 535: 492: 491:Spanish forces: 479: 470: 461: 452: 443: 434: 425: 416: 407: 398: 389: 380: 365: 359: 348: 339: 321: 311: 310: 300: 299: 289: 288: 278: 277: 267: 266: 260: 248: 247: 237: 236: 226: 225: 215: 214: 204: 203: 187: 139: 126: 91: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6602: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6518: 6517: 6510: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6317:Stock Exchange 6314: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6023:National parks 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6003:Extreme points 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5898:(1990–Present) 5892: 5884: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5795: 5793: 5786: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5759: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5736: 5727: 5726: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5701:Coz Coz (1907) 5698: 5693: 5691:Tapihue (1825) 5688: 5683: 5681:Negrete (1793) 5678: 5676:Negrete (1726) 5673: 5671:Malloco (1671) 5668: 5663: 5661:Quillín (1647) 5658: 5656:Quillín (1641) 5653: 5651:Paicaví (1612) 5647: 5645: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5424:Related groups 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5210: 5209: 5185: 5159: 5141: 5127: 5095: 5081: 5067: 5053: 5044: 5027: 5010: 4993: 4979: 4970: 4956: 4942: 4928: 4914: 4900: 4886: 4872: 4857: 4843: 4822: 4813: 4799: 4785: 4771: 4757: 4751: 4731: 4725: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4653: 4646: 4626: 4619: 4599: 4592: 4572: 4555: 4539: 4522: 4502: 4470: 4464:(in Spanish). 4458:(1960). "XI". 4447: 4441:(in Spanish). 4424: 4418:(in Spanish). 4412:(1960). "LV". 4401: 4381: 4361: 4340: 4308: 4263: 4249:identified as 4218: 4183: 4162: 4130: 4110: 4097:La Información 4078: 4064:(in Spanish). 4047: 4040:(in Spanish). 4023: 4014: 4005: 3984:(2): 138–168. 3980:(in Spanish). 3960: 3948: 3941: 3919: 3910: 3881:(in Spanish). 3865: 3856:|journal= 3818: 3804: 3786: 3777:Góngora, Mario 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3753:Chichimeca War 3750: 3743: 3740: 3725: 3724: 3704: 3702: 3691: 3688: 3648:Main article: 3645: 3642: 3585:Main article: 3582: 3579: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3445: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3314:Tavolevo River 3310:Espíritu Santo 3272: 3269: 3266:Tasa de Gamboa 3240: 3237: 3196:Tavolevo River 3187: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3095: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3024: 3021: 2997:repartimientos 2953:Andalién River 2918: 2915: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2774: 2772: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2618: 2615: 2541: 2538: 2529:Real Audiencia 2454: 2451: 2404: 2401: 2395:Caupolican by 2387: 2386: 2301: 2299: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2240:Imperial River 2198:Andalién River 2172: 2169: 2128:, entered the 2059:Inés de Suárez 2005:, the Spanish 1988: 1985: 1959: 1958: 1873: 1871: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1785: 1782: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1654:Morocco (1909) 1650: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1627:Cuba (1895–98) 1624: 1619: 1617:Cuba (1879–80) 1614: 1612:Cuba (1868–78) 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1545:Uruguay (1811) 1542: 1537: 1535:Peru (1811–24) 1532: 1527: 1522: 1520:Florida (1810) 1517: 1512: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1478:Algiers (1784) 1475: 1473:Algiers (1783) 1470: 1465: 1463:Peru (1780–82) 1460: 1455: 1450: 1448:Algiers (1775) 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1386:Bahamas (1720) 1383: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1364:Morocco (1689) 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1339:Jamaica (1658) 1336: 1334:Jamaica (1657) 1331: 1329:Jamaica (1655) 1326: 1321: 1319:Tortuga (1654) 1316: 1311: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1241:Morocco (1614) 1238: 1236:Tunisia (1605) 1233: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1169:Tunisia (1574) 1166: 1164:Tunisia (1573) 1161: 1156: 1154:Florida (1565) 1151: 1146: 1144:Morocco (1564) 1141: 1139:Morocco (1563) 1136: 1134:Algeria (1563) 1131: 1126: 1124:Tunisia (1560) 1121: 1119:Algeria (1558) 1116: 1114:Algeria (1556) 1111: 1109:Algeria (1555) 1106: 1101: 1099:Tunisia (1550) 1096: 1094:Algeria (1547) 1091: 1086: 1081: 1079:Algeria (1543) 1076: 1074:Algeria (1541) 1071: 1066: 1064:Tunisia (1535) 1061: 1059:Algeria (1535) 1056: 1051: 1049:Tunisia (1534) 1046: 1044:Peru (1532–72) 1041: 1039:Algeria (1531) 1036: 1034:Algeria (1529) 1031: 1026: 1024:Morocco (1525) 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 999:Tunisia (1520) 996: 994:Algeria (1519) 991: 986: 981: 976: 974:Algeria (1516) 971: 966: 964:Tunisia (1510) 961: 959:Tripoli (1510) 956: 954:Algeria (1510) 951: 949:Algeria (1509) 946: 944:Morocco (1508) 941: 939:Algeria (1507) 936: 934:Algeria (1505) 930: 929: 925: 924: 922:Melilla (1497) 919: 917:Algeria (1497) 914: 909: 904: 898: 897: 893: 890: 889: 878: 877: 870: 863: 855: 844: 843: 841: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 814: 813: 808: 807: 802: 797: 792: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 754: 753: 749: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 691:3rd Concepción 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 626:2nd Concepción 623: 621:1st Concepción 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 587: 586: 582: 579: 578: 569: 568: 561: 554: 546: 538: 537: 529: 528: 527: 525:Indios reyunos 522: 510: 509: 506:Army of Arauco 503: 500: 487: 486: 482: 481: 323: 184: 183: 179: 178: 155: 150: 149: 134:Spanish Empire 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 111: 104: 101: 97: 93: 92: 78: 76: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 63: 55: 47: 46: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6601: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199:Public safety 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6180:Supreme Court 6178: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5893: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5853: 5848: 5845: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5724: 5723: 5712: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696:Toltén (1869) 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:1881 uprising 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:1766 uprising 5593: 5591: 5590:1723 uprising 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5555:Inca invasion 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5113: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4726:9780598482358 4722: 4718: 4717: 4713:(1884–1902). 4712: 4708: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4603: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4568: 4567: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4519:(in Spanish). 4518: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4398:(in Spanish). 4397: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4378:(in Spanish). 4377: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4319:. "CXXVIII". 4318: 4312: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4274:. "CXXVIII". 4273: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4229:. Marmolejo, 4228: 4222: 4215: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3955: 3953: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929:Dillehay, Tom 3923: 3914: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3870: 3861: 3848: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3721: 3712: 3708: 3705:This section 3703: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597:Bio-Bio River 3594: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3527: 3524: 3516: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3474: – 3473: 3469: 3468:Find sources: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3446:This section 3444: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3392:South America 3389: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3322:Culenco River 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3278: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3177: 3174: 3166: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3124: – 3123: 3119: 3118:Find sources: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3096:This section 3094: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3016:San Ildefonso 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2856: 2853: 2845: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2803: – 2802: 2798: 2797:Find sources: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2775:This section 2773: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708:guerrilla war 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2682:Gulf of Ancud 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2646:La Quiriquina 2643: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2550:Bio Bio River 2547: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527:In 1555, the 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2464: 2461:Picture from 2459: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2398: 2397:Nicanor Plaza 2393: 2383: 2380: 2372: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2330: – 2329: 2325: 2324:Find sources: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2302:This section 2300: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2189:Bío-Bío River 2186: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157:Bío-Bío River 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1955: 1952: 1944: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: – 1901: 1897: 1896:Find sources: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1874:This section 1872: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1847:Defensive War 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:Bío Bío River 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1381:Chiloé (1712) 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354:Panama (1671) 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1300:Taiwan (1642) 1298: 1296: 1295:Taiwan (1641) 1293: 1291: 1290:Brazil (1640) 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1280:Brazil (1638) 1278: 1276: 1275:Brazil (1631) 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1256:Taiwan (1626) 1254: 1252: 1251:Brazil (1625) 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1174:Brunei (1578) 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 927: 926: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 912:Guinea (1478) 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 895: 894: 891: 886: 876: 871: 869: 864: 862: 857: 856: 853: 839: 838:1792 uprising 836: 834: 833:1769 uprising 831: 829: 828:1766 uprising 826: 824: 823:2nd Río Bueno 821: 819: 818:1723 uprising 816: 815: 811: 810: 806: 803: 801: 800:1655 uprising 798: 796: 795:1st Río Bueno 793: 791: 790: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 768:Defensive War 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 751: 750: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 721:1598 uprising 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 671:1562 uprising 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 606:1553 uprising 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 584: 583: 580: 575: 567: 562: 560: 555: 553: 548: 547: 544: 534: 530: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 516: 514: 508:(1604 onward) 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 494: 493: 489: 488: 483: 478: 474: 469: 465: 460: 456: 451: 447: 442: 438: 433: 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Retrieved 5197:the original 5192: 5179:February 28, 5177:. Retrieved 5173:the original 5167: 5149: 5135: 5121:September 1, 5119:. Retrieved 5112:the original 5103: 5089: 5075: 5061: 5048: 5035: 5018: 5001: 4987: 4974: 4964: 4950: 4936: 4922: 4908: 4904:Gay, Claudio 4894: 4890:Gay, Claudio 4880: 4876:Gay, Claudio 4862: 4851: 4835:. Retrieved 4817: 4807: 4793: 4779: 4765: 4738: 4735:Bengoa, José 4715: 4685: 4674:Bibliography 4664: 4656: 4636: 4629: 4609: 4602: 4582: 4575: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4515: 4505: 4493:. Retrieved 4489:the original 4483: 4473: 4465: 4460: 4450: 4442: 4437: 4427: 4419: 4414: 4404: 4394: 4384: 4374: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4327:the original 4321: 4311: 4303:Lontué River 4293: 4286:. Retrieved 4282:the original 4276: 4266: 4258: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4213: 4206:. Retrieved 4202:the original 4196: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4157: 4152:Capítulo X; 4149: 4141: 4133: 4126: 4101:. 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"CXVI". 4044:: 109–147. 3837:August 24, 3764:References 3729:See also: 3559:Rele River 3483:newspapers 3371:Fort Livén 3304:where the 3233:Paineñamcu 3133:newspapers 3051:, sending 2989:Valparaíso 2973:Paillataru 2957:investment 2945:Millalelmo 2883:Millalelmo 2812:newspapers 2739:Phillip II 2728:Peteguelén 2700:impalement 2510:Promaucaes 2432:Caupolicán 2339:newspapers 2185:Laja River 2165:Concepción 2134:Concepción 2126:Valparaíso 1911:newspapers 1741:until the 1702:region of 1692:Arauco War 1261:St. Kitts 746:Villarrica 651:Millarapue 646:Lagunillas 574:Arauco War 497:Conquerors 480:and others 450:Butapichón 405:Millalelmo 372:Caupolicán 322:and others 171:Huilliches 167:Pehuenches 26:Arauco War 6468:Mythology 6410:Squatting 6388:Languages 6373:Education 6337:Transport 6294:Companies 6238:Air Force 6118:President 6098:Elections 6053:Volcanoes 6033:Provinces 5971:Geography 5486:Tehuelche 5456:Pehuenche 5446:Mapochoes 5441:Huilliche 5345:Mythology 5310:Chemamull 5305:Butalmapu 5275:Tsesungún 5258:Huilliche 4743:Catalonia 4535:Levocatal 4000:245861173 3571:Pelantaro 3422:Governor 3412:Paillaeco 3399:Marihueñu 3355:Guanoalca 3346:Cadeguala 3341:Nangoniel 3337:Cayancaru 3275:Governor 3259:Governor 3243:Governor 3190:Governor 3075:in 1568. 2910:dysentery 2903:investing 2659:Andalicán 2651:Galvarino 2232:Araucanía 2209:Ainavillo 2155:near the 2110:San Pedro 2095:La Serena 2078:Aconcagua 2043:Cachapoal 1772:("Indian 1766:New World 1762:Philip II 1720:pillaging 1708:servitude 1700:Araucanía 763:2nd Purén 711:1st Purén 701:Tolmillán 656:Cayucupil 636:Mataquito 616:Marihueñu 591:Quilacura 520:Yanaconas 477:Curiñancu 468:Vilumilla 432:Anganamón 423:Pelantaru 396:Galvarino 346:Ainavillo 108:frontiers 80:Araucanía 6523:Category 6405:Religion 6304:Forestry 6230:Military 6168:Intersex 6077:Politics 5939:Maritime 5924:Economic 5919:Banditry 5907:By topic 5831:Colonial 5784:Timeline 5767:articles 5722:Category 5471:Picunche 5431:Boroanos 5410:Wenufoye 5395:Weichafe 5375:Textiles 5370:Religion 5350:Polygamy 5340:Military 5335:Medicine 5251:Language 5165:(1987). 5147:(1889). 5133:(1960). 4999:(1906). 4962:(1897). 4948:(1866). 4934:(1960). 4906:(1848). 4892:(1847). 4878:(1845). 4831:Archived 4805:(1862). 4737:(2003). 4481:. 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