238:
33:
438:
390:
56:
40:
72:
337:, being a larger ship was well defended against any eviction attempt and refused to follow William's demands. Williams did threaten to report it to Chilean authorities in Chiloé if he found it again. Later Chilean authorities sanctioned the Yates cousins forcing them to provide sea lion meat and dry shellfish free of charge to Chilean supply ships sailing to or from the strait of Magellan.
256:, independent Chile's head of state from 1817 to 1823, promoted the colonization of the strait in his correspondence with authorities. Chile's decision to send an expedition to the strait appears to be unrelated to O'Higgin's suggestions and was more of a direct response to an American citizen's request to be allowed to establish a tug boat service for
486:
took command of Fuerte Bulnes as governor in 1847. The winter of 1847 was harsh and the settlement's livestock was moved north to the valley of río del Carbón (lit. "River of the Coal") which provided a sheltered area with good grazing grounds. The soils of the place were more appropriate for sowing
660:
and granted a salary accordingly. He was promised modern weaponry for him and his men. In July 1866 Biguá signed a treaty with
Argentine authorities declaring Tehuelches Argentine nationals and "recognizing Argentine sovereignty up to the strait". The wider scheme considered the establishment of an
540:
and Ancud arriving to the strait in
February 1868. Swiss settlers were granted small land plots south of Punta Arenas in 1868, but these immigrants resettled soon in río del Carbón where conditions were better for agriculture. The first foreign immigrants to settle in Punta Arenas proper did so in
360:
went ashore in the strait on
September 21, 1843, and took formal possession of the strait raising the flag of Chile in a ceremony. A few days later the crew of a French ship went ashore near the Chileans promoting William's to complain about the use of the French flag on land. The French complied
500:
were left behind to care of Fuerte Bulnes. Punta Arenas developed rapidly, by mid-1849 it had reached or surpassed Fuerte Bulnes in population. Barter with ships allowed the settlers to be supplied with nails and tools necessary for the growing settlement. By
October 1851 the population of Punta
1296:
685:
in the strait. The final text established however only a prohibition against fortifications that may hinder free navigation in the strait. During negotiations there was also a
Chilean proposal to give Argentina part of easternmost northern shore of the strait to Argentina in exchange for Chile
169:
with the sole condition that these payments begin to arrive on time. However the
Spanish failure to settle the Strait of Magellan in the 1580s was so notorious that its precedent ruled out any attempt to settle the strait for centuries to come. At the start of the 19th century knowledge of the
665:
in the eastern part of strait. Argentines did eventually arrive by sea to San
Gregorio Bay in the mid-1860s, but did so without the supplies needed to establish a settlement. In a renewed attempt in 1869 Argentines built a hut thought to serve as an Argentine–Tehuelche trading post in the San
505:, an internal conflict involving Chilean soldiers and convicts, led to the ravaging and abandonment of the settlement. The abandoned settlement was further destroyed in January 1852 when Tehuelches sacked whatever of value that was left. To rebuild the settlement the Chilean government sent
145:
to settle and fortify the strait organized in metropolitan Spain. The venture ended in failure with settlers dying or fleeing the strait. The last known survivor was rescued by a passing ship in 1590. Proposals to settle the strait were raised again in
Spanish courts in 1671 in connection to
154:. In 1676 a rumour reached the Spanish court claiming that England was preparing an expedition to settle the Strait of Magellan. This was not the first rumour of a foreign settlement in Patagonia to reach the Spanish. A proposal to settle the strait was raised yet again in 1702 by the
381:
on the beaches of
Catalina Bay. A decision was made to establish the outpost at the port of San Felipe given its good harbour and abundance of wood, a resource that was scarce in sites further northeast. From October 12 to November 11 the expeditionaries built the fortress-settlement
523:
While the settlement's relations with
Tehuelches had been amicable in early October 1852 Philippi was assassinated by Tehuelches during an inland trip with his assistant and his interpreter. After this Chile appointed a new governor and changed the status of the strait from
600:
by a few large companies. The concentration of land ownership around the strait was denounced in various works in the late 19th and early 20th-century. Among the criticisms was that such distribution hindered the establishment of independent farmers in the area.
596:. With this experience in being known all the best sheep-herding areas along the Strait had been leased or reserved by 1884. The leases were given on a 20-year basis. When the 20-years leases expired new auctions were held in 1903−1906 leading to further
198:
be established at the strait to support future traffic along the route. Chilean authorities were aware of the French interest in the strait but had no detailed information about French designs for the area. Chile never made any public complain to France.
702:
John and Henry Yates, the Yates cousins, were two English sea-farers who had been stranded at a young age in the fjords and channels of Patagonia when the ship they travelled caught fire. Subsequently, they decided to settle mingling with indigenous
409:
of the coal found on the beaches further north. The crew of Ancud failed to locate coal outcrops and sailed back to Fuerte Bulnes from where they sat sail to Chiloé on December 5. When leaving the sheltered waters of the channels and entering the
491:
incursions. In March 1848 half of Fuerte Bulnes was destroyed in a fire. Mardones took the occasion to move much of the settlement to the site of the small outpost further north. This move led in effect to the establishment of the modern city of
111:
was established further north in the strait and grew eventually to become the main settlement in the strait, a position it holds to this day. The Chilean settlement of the strait was crucial to establish its sovereignty claims in the area.
535:
issued a decree establishing that prospective settlers to the strait would have free tickets, a free plot of land and free education and healthcare for them and their sons and daughters. Responding to this 234 people embarked in
569:
Two major events that reshaped the economy and outlook of the colony occurred in the 1876–1884 period; these were a sheep farming boom and gold rush. In an attempt to promote the economic activity of the settlement governor
140:
in 1567. The Spanish are thought to have lacked incentives for further conquests south; the indigenous populations were sparse and did not engage in the sedentary agricultural life of the Spanish. In the 1580s there was
311:
there as a first stopover. The expeditionaries spent one month repairing Ancud and exploring the nearby area in a small boat they built on place. The Yates cousins provided the men with lodge, dry
1523:
Haberzettl, Torsten; Wille, Michael; Fey, Michael; Janssen, Stephanie; Lücke, Andreas; Mayr, Christoph; Ohlendorf, Christian; Schäbitz, Frank; Schleser, Gerhard H.; Zolistchka, Bernd (2006).
510:
487:
crops than those around Fuerte Bulnes and the climate less constant winds. A small outpost was established there to take care of the livestock and protect the colony from eventual
483:
639:
117:
32:
17:
740:[Versions of the strait of Magellan. The interoceanic passage from the first circumnavigation of the world to the conquest of the kingdom of Chile (1519-1520-1552)].
479:
was stationed in Fuerte Bulnes contributing to the charting and exploration of the strait. The garrison of Fuerte Bulnes was relieved in late 1845 when new soldiers arrived.
832:[Interactions between Spaniards of Chiloé and Chonos in the XVII and XVII centuries: Pedro and Francisco Delco, Ignacio and Cristóbal Talcapillán and Martín Olleta]
541:
1874. The most common nationalities of these early immigrants were Swiss, French, Spanish, German and Lithuanian. Early settlers made their living either by working in
472:
chief Santos Centurión where the latter recognised Chilean sovereignty. The treaty also declared that the Tehuelche would not be hindered to trade with the colony.
461:
303:
on June 6. Puerto Americano was a sheltered cove where the Yates cousins had established a trading post. Being a friend of the cousins Chilean-British commander
464:
who had been appointed governor taking command of the colony from Manuel González Hidalgo. Soon however, Silva became unpopular in the garrison for his harsh
142:
1689:
737:
421:
whom they took on board. Unfavourable winds and the load the rescues added made progress north slower than usual. By arriving back to its point of origin in
738:"Versiones del Estrecho de Magallanes. El paso interoceánico desde la primera circunnavegación del mundo hasta la conquista del reino de Chile (1520-1552)"
132:
In the 1540s and 1550s several maritime and land expeditions into the strait were launched from the Spanish bases in Chile. Southward expansion by Spanish
329:
to be engaging in tobacco contraband with the Yates cousins Williams demanded it to leave by September 5. By one account his mean went as far as boarding
319:
had departed for the strait, she was back in port, yet again needing repairs. When entering Puerto Americano a second time the expeditionaries found that
260:
in the strait. Chilean authorities were supportive of the idea but sought first to establish a permanent Chilean outpost in the strait. As no ship of the
1150:
979:
674:
237:
121:
87:
830:"Interacciones entre españoles de Chiloé y Chonos en los siglos XVII y XVIII: Pedro y Francisco Delco, Ignacio y Cristóbal Talcapillán y Martín Olleta"
662:
365:
and its crew went on to explore the northern shore of the strait in search of a suitable site for establishing a permanent outpost. Reaching as far as
795:"Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes [Discovery and recognition of the territory: European navigators in the Strait of Magellan]"
914:"La sospecha de ingleses en el extremo sur de Chile, 1669–1683: Actitudes imperiales y locales como consecuencia de la expedición de John Narborough"
794:
1524:
916:[Suspicion of English at the southern end of Chile, 1669–1683: Imperial and local attitudes as a result of John Narborough's expedition].
1145:
1999:
374:
202:
Chilean officials also suspected the British of being interested in establishing a base in the strait. This suspicion was based in on the
1662:
1616:
980:"Reescribiendo la historia. Algunas reflexiones sobre el conocimiento y dominio del territorio nororiental de Magallanes (1870-1900)"
982:[Rewriting the history. Thoughts about the knowledge and domain of the northeastern territory of Magallanes (1870-1900)].
1722:
623:
In the 1910s the economy of Magallanes faced several challenges such as the decline in sea traffic as a result of the opening of
170:
conditions of the strait in Chile was almost nonexistent and if anything, it was thought of as an "uninhabitable wilderness".
1994:
1965:
397:
The first garrison and settlers of Fuerte Bulnes was a contingent of eleven persons, eight of them soldiers, two women and a
183:
1989:
1657:
913:
1297:
Explotación de guanacos, avestruces y lobos de mar: José Nogueira y las actividades económicas iniciales de Magallanes
1946:
1927:
1479:
1046:
580:
677:
Argentina accepted Chilean sovereignty over the strait, not before having Chile accept Argentine rule over eastern
158:
678:
645:
597:
584:
in 1876 bringing back sheep that were transferred to pioneer farmers. With these sheep Englishman Henry Reynard (
124:
Chilean sovereignty of the strait in 1881. The Magallanes territory was made a regular Chilean province in 1928.
151:
1480:"La participación de capitales británicos en el desarrollo económico del territorio de Magallanes (1880-1920)"
652:
in a bid to counter Chilean influence and establish an Argentine settlement in the strait. Biguá was declared
369:
before having to return in face of bad weather, the expeditionaries had a friendly encounter with indigenous
265:
242:
1774:
1595:
549:
or going on expeditions to trade with Tehuelches in the north. A few others also engaged in the hunting of
300:
207:
194:
and the navigational conditions in the Strait of Magellan. In a report the expedition recommended that a
1557:
1525:"Environmental change and fire history of southern Patagonia (Argentina) during the last five centuries"
609:
162:
532:
604:
In 1879 navy officer Ramón Serrano Montaner discovered gold in Sierra Boqueron across the strait in
1532:
561:
hides from Punta Arenas hunting and trade with Tehuelches appear to have peaked in the mid-1870s.
283:
learned about the expedition and was granted permission by the Chilean government to join it.
1984:
615:
In November 1877 a mutiny broke out in Punta Arenas, ending in the murder of numerous civilians.
506:
312:
280:
155:
592:) made the first successful attempt at mass sheep farming in the Straits of Magellan in 1877 on
203:
1585:
1432:
571:
1683:
608:. In the following years gold mining campments were set up in the area by pioneers. A proper
593:
321:
253:
775:
612:
started in 1884 and ended in the 1900s contributing to the economic growth of Punta Arenas.
272:
137:
1541:
712:
304:
667:
8:
1908:
546:
465:
187:
1545:
1299:. Bajo la Lupa, Subdirección de Investigación, Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural
1764:
838:
771:
653:
502:
99:
829:
681:. During the negotiations Argentina also attempted to establish a prohibition against
1961:
1942:
1923:
1042:
644:
The strait was also claimed by Argentina. Asperities were for a while subdued by the
406:
366:
191:
78:
1675:
1635:
998:
932:
756:
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1671:
1630:
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993:
927:
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605:
585:
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550:
488:
469:
370:
296:
1769:
1590:
1553:
1437:
799:
147:
1904:
1705:
1653:
1475:
975:
657:
480:
458:
398:
341:
218:
179:
1723:
Sentidos Coloniales I. El Oro y la Vida Salvaje en Tierra del Fuego, 1880–1914
348:. Once the Ancud was repaired a second time it sat sail for the strait again.
1978:
1958:
The desert and the dream: A study of Welsh colonization in Chubut 1865 – 1915
909:
825:
682:
453:, to Fuerte Bulnes departed in January 1844 from the port of Ancud. On board
442:
411:
383:
222:
195:
104:
62:
554:
537:
704:
624:
542:
525:
497:
493:
378:
361:
with the demand and stopped using the flag. After declaring possession the
261:
166:
133:
108:
46:
1899:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Buenos Aires: Editorial Francisco de Aguirre.
401:. Having named army officer Manuel González Hidalgo as the first governor
630:
The territory of Magallanes was made a regular Chilean province in 1928.
1727:
1621:
1484:
984:
918:
742:
248:
used to established a permanent Chilean presence in the strait in 1843.
211:
344:
and used it to send men back to Chiloé to obtain repair material for
257:
226:
113:
221:
a British base in strait would be beneficial for the contact of the
1617:"Remates de tierras fiscales en el territorio de Magallanes (1903)"
1458:
1456:
648:. However, in the 1860s Argentina recruited local Tehuelche chief
186:
would attempt to settle the strait. The 1837 French expedition of
558:
315:
meat and dry firewood. On August 4, two weeks after the repaired
276:
1658:"La minería aurífera en la región austral americana (1869-1950)"
1146:"La desconocida historia de la goleta Ancud en Puerto Americano"
437:
389:
1453:
640:
East Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Strait of Magellan Dispute
509:
as new governor. Philippi arrived in Punta Arenas on board of
291:
On its first attempt to reach the strait in the winter of 1843
118:
East Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Strait of Magellan Dispute
426:
1745:
1733:
666:
Gregorio Bay. This attempt was thwarted by Chilean governor
173:
286:
116:
complained diplomatically this act in 1847, as part of the
1823:
1821:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
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1326:
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1245:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1213:
1211:
627:
in 1914 and the establishing of customs in Punta Arenas.
501:
Arenas had grown to 436. In November of the same year the
1619:[Auction of fiscal lands in Magallan Territory].
1522:
1018:
1016:
889:
887:
885:
217:
and the reports originating from them. In the opinion of
91:
Location of Chilean settlements established in the 1840s.
1850:
1848:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1262:
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1171:
1169:
1078:
1076:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
393:
Modern view Fuerte Bulnes as reconstructed in the 1940s.
1941:(A Replica ed.). The Iowa State University Press.
1833:
1818:
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1787:
1504:
1391:
1368:
1356:
1323:
1242:
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1208:
1013:
947:
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325:
had arrived to trade with the Yates cousins. Deeming
1872:
1860:
1845:
1712:. 1973. Editorial Francisco de Aguirre S.A. pp. 55–65
1406:
1344:
1302:
1272:
1257:
1189:
1166:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1073:
1052:
405:
left the nascent colony on November 13 to search for
1920:
The Spanish Lake. Volume 1 of Pacific since Magellan
417:
discovered the survivors of the wrecked French ship
777:
La leyenda de los Césares. Su origen y su evolución
351:
1688:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
729:
557:. As measured in the export of rhea feathers and
429:on December 5 the expedition had come to an end.
340:William's men borrowed and repaired the cousin's
1976:
904:
902:
1765:"La economía ovejera en Magallanes (1876-1930)"
1757:
1648:
1646:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
824:
670:who oversaw the dismantling of the structure.
1894:
1751:
1739:
1652:
1474:
1462:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1033:
1031:
974:
449:The first resupply expedition, this time with
18:Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan
1614:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
899:
165:would itself finance the settlement with the
1643:
1468:
959:
820:
818:
618:
564:
518:
468:. Governor Silva signed a treaty with local
1701:
1699:
1418:
1144:Moreno, Mario Isidro (September 27, 2019).
1028:
711:. John Yates was a relative of the wife of
432:
1124:
136:in Chile halted after the conquest of the
1634:
1608:
997:
931:
908:
815:
755:
545:, engaging in small-scale gold mining in
178:In Chile, there were suspicions that the
174:French and British interest in the strait
103:began in 1843 when an expedition founded
71:
1955:
1903:
1839:
1827:
1812:
1793:
1696:
1586:"Colonización de Magallanes (1843-1943)"
1580:
1578:
1510:
1400:
1385:
1362:
1338:
1251:
1236:
1219:
1022:
953:
893:
876:
864:
436:
388:
287:Repairs and incident at Puerto Americano
236:
1936:
1918:Spate, Oskar Hermann Khristian (2004).
1878:
1866:
1854:
1710:Crónica de las Tierras del Canal Beagle
1412:
1350:
1317:
1283:
1266:
1202:
1183:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1067:
770:
14:
1977:
1960:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
1516:
1143:
787:
295:was badly battered by storms reaching
1917:
1913:(in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello.
1575:
735:
264:was available for the expedition the
55:
1715:
1041:, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1989,
120:, and once the dispute was settled,
39:
2000:Settlement schemes in South America
1939:A history of the Chilean boundaries
1910:Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes
528:to a "territory of colonization".
232:
24:
783:(in Spanish). Santiago: Cervantes.
633:
531:To stimulate settlement President
25:
2011:
1895:Braun Menéndez, Armando (1972) .
1433:"Llegada de colonos a Magallanes"
686:keeping all of Tierra del Fuego.
1615:Sasso Fuentes, Marcello (2006).
301:fjords and channels of Patagonia
70:
54:
38:
31:
1676:10.4067/S0717-71942003003600009
1636:10.4067/S0718-22442006000100010
1289:
999:10.4067/S0718-22442016000200001
933:10.4067/S0718-22442016000100002
757:10.4067/S0718-22442020000300029
696:
598:concentration of land ownership
352:Ancud in the Strait of Magellan
764:
13:
1:
722:
445:, 70 km south of Punta Arenas
161:. In this last proposal, the
127:
1995:History of Magallanes Region
1775:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1596:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1554:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.05.029
689:
377:and discovered fragments of
107:. In 1848 the settlement of
7:
1990:History of Tierra del Fuego
1937:Talbott, Robert D. (1974).
646:1856 Argentina–Chile treaty
610:gold rush around the strait
484:José de los Santos Mardones
275:for the purpose. In Chiloé
159:Francisco Ibáñez de Peralta
10:
2016:
1897:El Motin de los Artilleros
1888:
637:
163:Captaincy General of Chile
619:Post-boom era (1906–1928)
565:Economic boom (1876–1906)
519:Territory of colonization
1721:Bascopé Julio, Joaquín.
1533:Quaternary International
736:Pérez, Ezequiel (2020).
433:Penal colony (1843–1852)
98:Chilean takeover of the
1956:Williams, Glyn (1975).
910:Urbina C., María Ximena
826:Urbina Carrasco, Ximena
679:Tierra del Fuego Island
675:Boundary Treaty of 1881
507:Bernhard Eunom Philippi
333:to force her to leave.
281:Bernhard Eunom Philippi
252:While in exile in Peru
1678:(inactive 2024-09-19).
1039:The Strait of Magellan
589:
446:
394:
249:
210:(1831–1836) voyage of
1706:Martinic Beros, Mateo
1654:Martinic Beros, Mateo
1476:Martinic Beros, Mateo
976:Martinic Beros, Mateo
661:Argentine outpost in
515:on August 18, 1852.
440:
392:
240:
190:surveyed the area of
1295:Mayorga, M. (2019).
713:John Williams Wilson
305:John Williams Wilson
88:class=notpageimage|
1752:Braun Menéndez 1972
1740:Braun Menéndez 1972
1546:2006QuInt.158...72H
1463:Braun Menéndez 1972
772:Latcham, Ricardo E.
750:(especial): 29–44.
572:Diego Dublé Almeyda
547:Brunswick Peninsula
152:expedition to Chile
122:formally recognised
1049:, pages 22 and ff.
654:lieutenant colonel
533:José Joaquín Pérez
503:Mutiny of Cambiazo
496:. Convicts of the
475:From 1845 onwards
447:
395:
356:The whole crew of
254:Bernardo O'Higgins
250:
138:Chiloé Archipelago
100:Strait of Magellan
1967:978-0-7083-0579-9
1151:La Prensa Austral
668:Óscar Viel y Toro
574:travelled to the
367:Primera Angostura
192:Puerto del Hambre
156:Governor of Chile
79:Primera Angostura
16:(Redirected from
2007:
1971:
1952:
1933:
1914:
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1556:. Archived from
1529:
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1508:
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1501:
1499:
1497:
1472:
1466:
1465:, p. 15–16.
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874:
868:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
835:
822:
813:
812:
810:
808:
791:
785:
784:
782:
768:
762:
761:
759:
733:
716:
700:
663:San Gregorio Bay
606:Tierra del Fuego
576:Falkland Islands
297:Puerto Americano
233:Ancud expedition
206:(1826–1830) and
188:Dumont D'Urville
74:
73:
58:
57:
42:
41:
35:
21:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1949:
1930:
1922:. ANU E Press.
1905:Martinic, Mateo
1891:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1770:Memoria Chilena
1763:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1697:
1681:
1680:
1651:
1644:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1591:Memoria Chilena
1584:
1583:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1563:on 3 March 2016
1560:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1438:Memoria Chilena
1431:
1430:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1324:
1316:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1201:
1190:
1182:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1142:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1053:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1004:
1002:
973:
960:
952:
948:
938:
936:
907:
900:
892:
883:
875:
871:
863:
859:
849:
847:
833:
823:
816:
806:
804:
800:Memoria Chilena
793:
792:
788:
780:
769:
765:
734:
730:
725:
720:
719:
701:
697:
692:
642:
636:
634:Argentine claim
621:
590:Enrique Reynard
567:
521:
435:
354:
289:
241:Replica of the
235:
176:
148:John Narborough
143:a major attempt
130:
94:
93:
92:
90:
84:
83:
82:
81:
75:
67:
66:
65:
59:
51:
50:
49:
43:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:1840s in Chile
1973:
1972:
1966:
1953:
1947:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1901:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1844:
1842:, p. 144.
1832:
1830:, p. 143.
1817:
1815:, p. 142.
1798:
1796:, p. 141.
1786:
1773:(in Spanish),
1756:
1744:
1732:
1714:
1695:
1666:(in Spanish).
1642:
1629:(1): 157–160.
1625:(in Spanish).
1607:
1594:(in Spanish).
1574:
1515:
1513:, p. 146.
1503:
1488:(in Spanish).
1467:
1452:
1417:
1405:
1403:, p. 140.
1390:
1388:, p. 139.
1367:
1365:, p. 138.
1355:
1343:
1341:, p. 137.
1322:
1301:
1288:
1271:
1256:
1254:, p. 136.
1241:
1239:, p. 135.
1224:
1222:, p. 134.
1207:
1188:
1165:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1072:
1051:
1027:
1012:
988:(in Spanish).
958:
956:, p. 119.
946:
922:(in Spanish).
898:
896:, p. 122.
881:
879:, p. 118.
869:
867:, p. 111.
857:
842:(in Spanish).
814:
786:
763:
746:(in Spanish).
727:
726:
724:
721:
718:
717:
694:
693:
691:
688:
683:fortifications
658:Argentine Army
650:Casimiro Biguá
638:Main article:
635:
632:
620:
617:
566:
563:
520:
517:
481:Sergeant major
459:Sergeant major
434:
431:
399:maritime pilot
353:
350:
288:
285:
234:
231:
219:Robert FitzRoy
175:
172:
134:conquistadores
129:
126:
86:
85:
77:
76:
69:
68:
61:
60:
53:
52:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2012:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1948:0-8138-0305-5
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1929:9781920942168
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1881:, p. 99.
1880:
1875:
1869:, p. 98.
1868:
1863:
1857:, p. 97.
1856:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1840:Martinic 1977
1836:
1829:
1828:Martinic 1977
1824:
1822:
1814:
1813:Martinic 1977
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1794:Martinic 1977
1790:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1754:, p. 60.
1753:
1748:
1742:, p. 37.
1741:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1511:Martinic 1977
1507:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1415:, p. 87.
1414:
1409:
1402:
1401:Martinic 1977
1397:
1395:
1387:
1386:Martinic 1977
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1363:Martinic 1977
1359:
1353:, p. 86.
1352:
1347:
1340:
1339:Martinic 1977
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1320:, p. 85.
1319:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1286:, p. 84.
1285:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1269:, p. 83.
1268:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:Martinic 1977
1248:
1246:
1238:
1237:Martinic 1977
1233:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1220:Martinic 1977
1216:
1214:
1212:
1205:, p. 82.
1204:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1186:, p. 81.
1185:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1121:, p. 80.
1120:
1115:
1109:, p. 78.
1108:
1103:
1097:, p. 76.
1096:
1091:
1085:, p. 75.
1084:
1079:
1077:
1070:, p. 77.
1069:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1047:0-7923-0181-1
1044:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1025:, p. 21.
1024:
1023:Williams 1975
1019:
1017:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
977:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
955:
954:Martinic 1977
950:
934:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
911:
905:
903:
895:
894:Martinic 1977
890:
888:
886:
878:
877:Martinic 1977
873:
866:
865:Martinic 1977
861:
845:
841:
840:
831:
827:
821:
819:
802:
801:
796:
790:
779:
778:
773:
767:
758:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
732:
728:
714:
710:
706:
699:
695:
687:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
641:
631:
628:
626:
616:
613:
611:
607:
602:
599:
595:
594:Isabel Island
591:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
534:
529:
527:
516:
514:
513:
508:
504:
499:
495:
490:
485:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
444:
443:Fuerte Bulnes
439:
430:
428:
427:namesake port
424:
420:
416:
413:
412:Gulf of Penas
408:
404:
400:
391:
387:
385:
384:Fuerte Bulnes
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
349:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
307:had directed
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
271:was built in
270:
269:
263:
259:
255:
247:
246:
239:
230:
228:
224:
223:British Isles
220:
216:
215:
209:
205:
200:
197:
196:French colony
193:
189:
185:
181:
171:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
144:
139:
135:
125:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
105:Fuerte Bulnes
102:
101:
89:
80:
64:
63:Fuerte Bulnes
48:
34:
27:
19:
1957:
1938:
1919:
1909:
1896:
1879:Talbott 1974
1874:
1867:Talbott 1974
1862:
1855:Talbott 1974
1835:
1789:
1778:, retrieved
1768:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1709:
1684:cite journal
1667:
1661:
1626:
1620:
1610:
1599:. Retrieved
1589:
1565:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1540:(1): 72–82.
1537:
1531:
1518:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1489:
1483:
1470:
1443:. Retrieved
1441:(in Spanish)
1436:
1413:Talbott 1974
1408:
1358:
1351:Talbott 1974
1346:
1318:Talbott 1974
1291:
1284:Talbott 1974
1267:Talbott 1974
1203:Talbott 1974
1184:Talbott 1974
1156:. Retrieved
1154:(in Spanish)
1149:
1119:Talbott 1974
1114:
1107:Talbott 1974
1102:
1095:Talbott 1974
1090:
1083:Talbott 1974
1068:Talbott 1974
1038:
1003:. Retrieved
989:
983:
949:
939:December 22,
937:. Retrieved
926:(1): 15–40.
923:
917:
872:
860:
850:December 21,
848:. Retrieved
846:(1): 103–114
843:
837:
805:. Retrieved
803:(in Spanish)
798:
789:
776:
766:
747:
741:
731:
698:
672:
643:
629:
625:Panama Canal
622:
614:
603:
579:
568:
555:feral cattle
543:horticulture
530:
526:penal colony
522:
511:
498:penal colony
494:Punta Arenas
476:
474:
454:
450:
448:
441:Location of
422:
418:
414:
402:
396:
379:mineral coal
362:
357:
355:
345:
339:
334:
330:
326:
320:
316:
308:
292:
290:
267:
262:Chilean Navy
251:
244:
213:
201:
177:
167:Real Situado
131:
109:Punta Arenas
97:
95:
47:Punta Arenas
26:
1567:25 December
1496:25 December
992:(2): 5–36.
807:October 20,
512:Infatigable
462:Pedro Silva
279:naturalist
1979:Categories
1728:Magallania
1622:Magallania
1601:2020-04-05
1485:Magallania
985:Magallania
919:Magallania
743:Magallania
723:References
709:Huilliches
538:Valparaíso
466:discipline
407:the source
375:Pecket Bay
335:Enterprise
331:Enterprise
327:Enterprise
322:Enterprise
258:steamships
128:Background
1492:: 299–321
1445:August 7,
690:Footnotes
673:With the
581:Chacabuco
489:Tehuelche
470:Tehuelche
371:Tehuelche
266:schooner
243:schooner
227:Australia
114:Argentina
1907:(1977).
1780:June 30,
1663:Historia
1656:(2003).
1478:(2002).
1158:June 30,
1005:5 August
978:(2016).
912:(2016).
839:Chungara
828:(2016).
774:(1929).
455:Voladora
451:Voladora
313:sea lion
277:Prussian
1889:Sources
1542:Bibcode
656:of the
586:Spanish
578:aboard
559:guanaco
419:Fleuris
342:chalupa
299:in the
180:British
1964:
1945:
1926:
1045:
705:Chonos
273:Chiloé
214:Beagle
208:second
184:French
1561:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
834:(PDF)
781:(PDF)
551:rheas
477:Ancud
457:came
423:Ancud
415:Ancud
403:Ancud
363:Ancud
358:Ancud
346:Ancud
317:Ancud
309:Ancud
293:Ancud
268:Ancud
245:Ancud
225:with
204:first
1962:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1782:2013
1690:link
1569:2013
1498:2013
1447:2023
1160:2021
1043:ISBN
1007:2023
941:2019
852:2019
809:2019
707:and
553:and
212:HMS
96:The
1672:doi
1631:doi
1550:doi
1538:158
994:doi
928:doi
752:doi
425:'s
373:at
182:or
150:'s
1981::
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1951:.
1932:.
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1552::
1544::
1500:.
1449:.
1162:.
1009:.
996::
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930::
854:.
811:.
760:.
754::
715:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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