1798:
defeated an
Argentine army sent to topple him. If, as Rosas himself claimed, the forces of the Argentine Confederation were not in a position to sustain operations in the North against the Bolivian armies, why was Rosas determined to war against the government of Santa Cruz? The obvious answer is that the Governor of Buenos Aires calculated that the Chilean forces were far superior to those of Santa Cruz, and that the alliance with the Chilean government would destroy the nest of anti-riot conspirators that Bolivia had become. For Chile, the war against the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation was decisive: commercial supremacy and the balance of power in the Pacific were discussed. For the Argentine Confederation, on the other hand, this war was more important for internal politics than economic and strategic. The economic damages suffered by the Rosas government because of Santa Cruz were relatively limited, the main one being the 40% tax on overseas merchandise brought into Bolivia from the Argentine provinces. These economic damages did not in themselves justify a war and in principle could be resolved peacefully. If Rosas finally decided in favor of the war, it was because of his implications against his internal enemies, and also because the eventual defeat of Santa Cruz would perhaps allow him to demand the restitution of the province of Tarija. But the latter concerned more the Northern provinces than Rosas himself and the Litoral provinces. Finally, and as a consequence of these considerations, Rosas resolved that it would be the northern provinces that, in defense of their immediate interests, would bear the brunt of the warlike actions.
813:
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569:
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and
Catamarca, is the one who must take the direction, agreeing with the respective Governors of the said Provinces, since the undersigned placed at an immense distance from them, without practical knowledge of the territory in which it must operate, nor the elements of action it can count on to make President Santa Cruz enter into his duty, is not in a position to present an operations plan, without exposing himself to making major mistakes.
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the morning and finished late in the evening. The
Chileans first took the PunyĂĄn and Pan de AzĂșcar hills, and later attacked the bulk of the Confederates on the river. In the end, Bulnes crushed Santa Cruz' army. The Confederates had over 2,400 casualties (mostly dead) and more than 1,600 soldiers were made prisoners, while the
2169:. The Chilean force occupied Lima at the end of October, 1838 but abandoned it on November 3 on hearing of the approach of a large Bolivian army under General Santa Cruz. The Chileans withdrew by land and sea toward Huacho. In the meantime, the principal citizens had met and called an open congress that proclaimed General
1726:
Santa Cruz agreed to everything but the dissolution. Chile responded by declaring war on
December 28, 1836. The international situation was not favorable to the Chilean interests. Marshal Santa Cruz and the Confederation had been diplomatically recognized by the principal world powers with interests in the region (
2274:
took place on
January 20, 1839. In this battle, the Confederates, under the command of Marshal Santa Cruz, waited for Bulnes' offensive well defended on the Pan de AzĂșcar and PunyĂĄn hills, near the town of Yungay, and the rest were deployed over the Ancash River bank. The battle started very early on
2266:
with the intention to cut the provisions and to strangle the
Chilean Expedition. After Buin, Santa Cruz was trying to finish off the Chilean Expedition in order to stabilize the internal situation in the country and to avoid any more uprisings against him. Here is where the boldness of General Bulnes
1887:
This murder, which was perceived as having been orchestrated by
Marshal Santa Cruz, turned the tide of Chilean public opinion against the Confederation. The government later had martial law revoked nationwide and the country rallied behind the government. The war became a holy cause, and Portales its
2386:
After the liberation of Lima in August 1838, by anti-confederation rebels supported by the
Chilean army commanded by General Bulnes, the government of General Gamarra was formed, which began the organization of the Peruvian army. At first, he only managed to gather 500 recruits, but with the passage
1578:
But that was just one of the reasons behind the war. On a deeper level, both countries were in a heated competition for the control of the commercial routes on the
Pacific; and for the Chileans especially, whose relations with independent Peru had already been strained by economic problems centering
2376:
In July 1838, 5,400 soldiers of the
Chilean Army commanded by General Bulnes sailed from Chile to Peru. Later they were joined that year by an auxiliary reinforcement of 800 Chilean soldiers. Then 2,000 recruits were organized in Chile, but they did not sail to Peru because the war was over. In the
2325:
Nonetheless, General Gamarra decided to pursue the war against Bolivia on his own. He was not against the idea of merging Peru and Bolivia into one political unity, but against the idea of this union being led by Bolivia. He invaded this country, but the Peruvian army was decisively defeated at the
2054:
was signed on November 17, 1837, and agreed to the devolution of all captured ships by Chile, the restoration of commercial relations between both nations, the withdrawal of all Chilean troops from Confederate territories and the payment by the Confederacy of the former Peruvian foreign debts with
1792:
On how to make effective the remedy of force in circumstances such as these, in which the Republic does not have, nor can it suddenly organize, a line army capable of imposing fear and respect on President Santa Cruz, HE Sr. Governor of the province of TucumĂĄn as protector of those of Salta, Jujuy
1607:
in Peru, the treaty was declared null and void on February 14, 1836. In the meantime, the Confederacy was already taking form. In order to force Chile to renegotiate, Peru raised its tariff on Chilean wheat from 12 cents to 3 pesos â an increase of 2,400%. Chile responded by raising the tariffs on
1546:
leaving the battlefield and mutinied in La Paz along with Bolivian reserve battalions. Also Colonel Guilarte, who had 700 soldiers in command, had abandoned his position and deserted without firing any shots. This battle caused the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, the exile of Santa
1725:
as plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty based on several points: the payments of the outstanding international debts owed by Peru to Chile, the limitation of the outstanding armies, commercial agreements, compensation to Chile for the Freire Expedition, and the dissolution of the Confederation.
1518:, notwithstanding the importance for the Rosas government of the war against Bolivia as an instrument of political cohesion at the level of the Argentine Confederation, Rosas had enemies and problems on many fronts, among which it is worth mentioning the intrigues of the unitary emigrants in the
1797:
Even though Chile and Argentina were acting against the same perceived threat, both countries went to war independently, due to the intense dislike between Portales and Rosas, and both countries continued to act separately throughout the whole course of the conflict. In 1837 Santa Cruz's forces
2298:
General Bulnes again assumed the initiative. After the defeat of the Confederate army at Yungay on January 20, the Chileans commenced a second push southward, occupying Lima for the second time in April. Santa Cruz had already fled to Ecuador, and both the war and the short-lived Peru-Bolivian
1806:
The Chilean government, in order to bolster its sagging standing with public opinion (which was opposed to a war they did not understand), imposed martial law and asked for (and obtained) extraordinary legislative powers from Congress. Early in 1837 a Court Martial Law was approved and given
1954:
after a long and arduous march, during which the Chileans were decimated by disease. But the invading army failed to find the local support that they had been led to believe they would encounter against the Confederate government. While Admiral Blanco Encalada was immersed in never-ending
1681:
The Freire Expedition had a secondary result. Portales decided to take the offensive and staged a surprise raid to prevent further interference by the Confederate government in Chilean internal affairs. He gave command of the small Chilean fleet to the Spanish sailor
2062:
with the fleet and the army in December, 1837, the scandal was gigantic. The Chilean government and the Chilean public opinion repudiated the treaty in indignation. Admiral Blanco Encalada as was thrown into jail and tried for high treason, together with his advisor
2188:
1566:
caused great alarm in the neighbouring countries. The potential power of this confederation aroused the opposition of Argentina and, above all, Chile, due not only to its size but also to the perceived threat that such a rich state signified for the area.
1514:. However, by not allying with Chile, he ended up being defeated by Chilean forces. On the other hand, the Argentine Confederation did not achieve any significant advance between 1837 and 1838, paralyzing its war front and losing some territories north of
2201:, where the French corsairs fighting on the Confederate side were defeated by Admiral Simpson's Chilean fleet. On that day the Chilean fleet, which was protecting the transports used to mobilize the invading Chilean army, were attacked in the port of
1941:
In the meantime, the Chilean government was preparing an expedition to put a quick end to the conflict. In September 1837 it sent a fleet carrying a Chilean expeditionary force of approximately 2,800 troops under the command of Admiral
2133:. Simpson attacked but Panizo managed to hold him off for several hours until able to escape under the cover of darkness. Both sides claimed victory, but the result was mostly a stalemate that did not affect the course of the war.
1526:. Due to the presence of these multiple conflicts, Rosas could not divert his attention or his resources in the war he had decided against Bolivia. Finally, Chilean-Peruvian forces of the so-called Restorative Army led by General
2243:
on January 6, 1839. Santa Cruz' vanguard engaged Bulnes' rearguard at the margins of the Santa River, under a heavy storm. The battle ended in a draw, as Bulnes resumed their march north, and Santa Cruz continued to pursue them.
2229:
was sunk, but not before the Chilean fleet had been badly battered. Nonetheless, the resounding defeat of the Confederate fleet at Casma by the smaller Chilean squadron left Chile in absolute control of the southeastern Pacific.
1215:
2338:.Subsequently, the Peruvian army carried out a counteroffensive, forcing the withdrawal of all Bolivian forces that occupied Peruvian territory. Later, both sides signed a peace in 1842, putting a final end to the war.
2306:
after assuming as president of Peru, officially declared the dissolution of the Confederation and of the North and South-Peruvian Republics, and the merging of these states back into one to be called again Peru.
2238:
Meanwhile, Santa Cruz failed to exploit the Chilean retreat fully, despite successes in several small skirmishes culminating in the first direct encounter between the bulk of both armies around the bridge of
1608:
Peruvian sugar by the same amount. The hostilities started to grow until the Mexican minister (ambassador) to Chile offered to mediate in the conflict. Open conflict was averted for the time being.
2322:
and finally to Europe, where he died. The Chilean troops left on October 19, 1839, after having achieved the goal of dissolving the Confederation and affirmed General Gamarra as President of Peru.
2157:
Although their advance was delayed by harassment from small groups of Confederate forces, the Chileans were finally able to lay siege to Lima. The first encounter between the two armies was the
2798:
1099:
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Surrounded and out-manoeuvered, and following an encounter at Paucarpata with an army under the command of Santa Cruz, Admiral Blanco Encalada was forced to sign a peace treaty. The
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1575:, was very concerned that the new Confederacy would break the regional balance of power and even be a threat to Chilean independence, and so became immediately its enemy.
1031:
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1503:
interests threatened. After some incidents, Chile and the Argentine Confederation declared war on the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, although both waged war separately.
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1884:, who was in charge of Portales, had him shot when he heard of the news, on June 6, 1837. Most of the conspirators were subsequently captured and executed.
1227:
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The first stage of the war was fought at sea. Both sides tried to take control of it from the very beginning. The Confederate fleet was composed of the
1506:
Chile since 1836 carried out the war with Peruvian dissidents who were enemies of Santa Cruz. During the war, one of Santa Cruz's subordinates, General
2225:. The battle lasted for several hours until the final repulse of the Confederate fleet. During the battle Blanchet was killed and the Confederate ship
929:
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negotiations with the local leaders, Marshal Santa Cruz quietly surrounded the city with his army and effectively blockaded the invading army inside.
1877:
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1788:
In a letter that he sent to Governor Heredia on January 10, 1837, Rosas acknowledged that he was not in a position to confront General Santa Cruz:
1773:, an ill-fated attempt to remove Rosas from power. Also, France took advantage of the Uruguayan Civil War and the Argentine Civil Wars, supporting
1550:
Historians have proposed different long-lasting effects of the war including the consolidation of the ideas of Peruvian and Chilean nationality.
1522:(Uruguay) and Chile, and the problem posed to the commercial interests of Buenos Aires by the conflict with France, which would soon lead to the
877:
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could be observed, when instead of retiring and looking for a more suitable position, turned around against Santa Cruz ready to attack.
20:
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Nonetheless, the involvement of Marshal Santa Cruz in Argentina's internal affairs by his continued support to the opponents of
2165:
on August 21, 1838. The Chilean army, under the command of General Bulnes, defeated the Confederate garrison loyal to General
1001:
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of the war he increased to 3,000 recruits. In the decisive battle of Yungay, only 800 to 1,000 Peruvians would participated.
2081:
After the treaty of Paucarpata had been repudiated, the Chilean government again dispatched its fleet, composed of 5 ships (
1864:, commander of the "Maipo" regiment, captured and imprisoned Portales while he was reviewing troops at the army barracks in
1628:. He managed to obtain a small subsidy from the Confederate government to equip a frigate and try to wrestle power from the
1587:. For the North-Peruvian landowners also, the Confederacy was viewed as a most serious threat to their economic interests.
1821:
1697:
on a goodwill visit, staged a silent attack on the night of August 21, 1836, managing to capture 3 confederate ships: the
2774:
2396:
The army that Orbegoso managed to gather in Lima was about 3,400 soldiers. It also had 500 soldiers who protected Callao.
1365:
1360:
1345:
1335:
1306:
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on the mistaken belief that public opinion opposed to the war would support him and topple the government. Rear Admiral
2802:
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1640:
on July 28, 1836, and became part of the Chilean fleet. In the meantime, Freire who had managed to capture the city of
1617:
1438:
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1833:
1604:
1499:, with Chile and the Argentine Confederation, as both distrusted this new and powerful political entity, seeing their
3089:
3084:
3079:
2931:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Revista Digital Universitaria del Colegio Militar de la NaciĂłn. Archived from
2788:
2780:
2083:
1691:
1189:
1138:
978:
941:
1571:, arguably the most important Chilean statesman of the 19th century, who at the time was the power behind president
456:
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1242:
168:
2932:
2879:(in Spanish). Vol. I (6 ed.). Lima, PerĂș: Ministerio de Guerra del PerĂș, Biblioteca Militar del Oficial.
3094:
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2017:
1559:
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812:
790:
622:
611:
600:
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552:
541:
530:
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284:
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2109:, to disrupt Peruvian commerce. On January 12, 1838, they met a Confederate squadron near the Peruvian port of
1595:
The direct conflict between the two countries started with a simple tariff disagreement. In January 1835, Gen.
661:
3099:
1511:
1416:
605:
359:
2807:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales. Archived from
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1427:
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Rosas se encamina hacia la guerra. Historia general de las Relaciones Exteriores de la RepĂșblica Argentina
2067:, who had refused to even return to Chile. Both were eventually acquitted, though Irisarri never returned.
1845:
1412:
1398:
1383:
1856:
Political and public opposition to war immediately affected the army, fresh still from the purges of the
1815:
of tyranny, and started a heated press campaign against him personally and the unpopular war in general.
861:
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1320:
1765:, which was threatened by Santa Cruz's forces. France supported Santa Cruz's war effort by imposing a
1674:
3139:
2908:(in Spanish). Vol. III (3 ed.). Santiago, Chile: Fondo HistĂłrico Presidente JoaquĂn Prieto.
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Las operaciones navales durante la guerra entre Chile y la ConfederaciĂłn PerĂș-Boliviana 1836-37-38
1861:
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La iniciaciĂłn de la repĂșblica: contribuciĂłn al estudio de la evoluciĂłn polĂtica y social del PerĂș
2675:
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La segunda campaña restauradora. De guia a Yungay. La iniciaciĂłn de la repĂșblica, Jorge Basadre
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on November 20, 1841, where General Gamarra himself was killed. The Bolivian army under General
2259:
1761:, moved this country to also declare war on May 9, 1837, in support of the northern province of
1718:
1563:
1535:
1488:
524:
124:
2868:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Santiago, Chile: Publicaciones Militares y Biblioteca del Oficial.
2427:
La Guerra Contra la ConfederaciĂłn Peruano â Boliviana (1837-1839). Revista Defensa y Seguridad
1943:
1917:
garrison, which they captured, liberating the prisoners there. Then they attacked the ports of
1873:
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416:
336:
92:
3134:
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1515:
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2693:[The presence of the Restoring Army in Peru (1837-1839), a historiographic vacuum].
2142:
2051:
1758:
1078:
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500:
76:
8:
2851:
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2331:
1599:, by then president of Peru, signed a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation with
1543:
1387:
1177:
1071:
375:
153:
88:
2327:
1762:
3031:
2980:
2929:"Guerra de la ConfederaciĂłn Argentina con la ConfederaciĂłn PerĂș - Boliviana 1835 -1839"
2823:
2714:
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1922:
1542:
who betrayed him before knowing the result of the battle. At the same time the general
535:
256:
187:
84:
2303:
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2170:
445:
117:
2784:
2736:
2718:
2691:"La presencia del EjĂ©rcito restaurador en PerĂș (1837-1839), un vacĂo historiogrĂĄfico"
1683:
511:
142:
72:
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394:
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1930:
1774:
1531:
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1405:
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590:
574:
558:
135:
48:
1807:
jurisdiction over all citizens for the duration of the war. The opposition to the
1722:
2198:
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1254:
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and ordered him to raid the Confederate fleet that was stationed in the port of
1644:
was defeated and captured himself, being sent this time to the prison-island of
1621:
489:
2674:
UNA APROXIMACIĂN HISTORIOGRĂFICA AL âCAUDILLOâ ANDRĂS DE SANTA CRUZ, Pol ColĂ s
2240:
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1519:
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1249:
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310:
16:
1836-39 conflict of Chile and Argentina against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation
3073:
2897:(in Spanish). Vol. II (3 ed.). Santiago, Chile: Biblioteca Militar.
2770:
2283:
1926:
1735:
1727:
1527:
1496:
755:
717:
650:
405:
299:
80:
2808:
2059:
1869:
1584:
1475:, formed in 1836 by Peruvian soldiers opposed to the confederation, and the
2276:
2263:
2146:
1972:
1782:
1778:
1770:
869:
744:
690:
1500:
2141:
By mid-1838 Chile had obtained naval superiority and dispatched General
2913:
2804:
Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina
2609:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEstado_Mayor_General_del_Ejército1997 (
2566:
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2547:
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2479:
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1918:
1876:, in charge of the defense, defeated him right outside the port at the
1017:
182:
Argentina negotiates the recovery of its lost territory with Bolivia,
2311:
1755:
1739:
1547:
Cruz, the restoration of Peru and Bolivia, among other consequences.
1538:
had been overthrown from the post of President of Bolivia by general
1274:
821:
131:
96:
2334:
then mounted an offensive managing to capture the Peruvian port of
1997:
1951:
1865:
347:
42:
2377:
decisive battle of Yungay there were between 4,000â4,467 Chileans.
2905:
Historia de Chile bajo el gobierno del General don JoaquĂn Prieto
2861:
2797:
2604:
2561:
2542:
2518:
2496:
2474:
2450:
2438:
2315:
1743:
164:
2310:
The Confederate defeat led to the exile of Santa Cruz, first to
1913:
and it put out to sea in November 1837. They first attacked the
1731:
1687:
1580:
294:
2058:
When Admiral Blanco Encalada returned rather ignominiously to
2335:
2319:
2202:
2110:
2030:
1947:
1641:
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administration. The adventure was a quick failure. The sloop
1600:
1468:
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685:
422:
411:
400:
389:
218:
213:
19:"Peru-Bolivian War" redirects here. For other conflicts, see
1669:
sails under Chilean flag after her capture in Callao by the
1661:
3021:"En el año del sesquicentenario del combate naval de Casma"
2970:"En el año del sesquicentenario del combate naval de Casma"
2162:
1625:
830:
750:
712:
656:
645:
634:
484:
473:
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451:
440:
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354:
251:
238:
226:
160:
2197:
On January 12, 1839, both fleets met in a naval battle at
1950:
in southern Peru in October, 1837, occupying the city of
1721:
tried to negotiate with Chile. The Chilean Congress sent
3030:. Viña del Mar, Chile: Revista de Marina. Archived from
2979:. Viña del Mar, Chile: Revista de Marina. Archived from
2187:
1487:, the Peru-Bolivia Confederation was created by General
2765:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de Los Tiempos.
3018:
2967:
2286:
was proclaimed as Grand Marshal of Ancash by General
28:
War between Argentina and PeruâBolivian Confederation
1510:, rebelled against him in 1838 to restore Peru with
2887:; Villaroel Carmona, Rafael; Lepe Orellana, Jaime;
1616:After the victory of the conservative party in the
1603:. When President Salaverry was replaced by General
147:Peruvian conservatives and Chilean Restorationists
2922:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Nacional.
2735:(in Spanish). Armada de Chile. 2018. p. 91.
2136:
1746:) had decided to remain neutral in the conflict.
3071:
2901:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2117:. The Confederate squadron was conformed by the
2926:
2850:, LibrerĂa y Editorial Juventud. Archived from
2592:
2580:
2415:
1749:
1467:, the alliance of the land and naval forces of
2492:
2490:
114:Dissolution of the PeruâBolivian Confederation
2679:
2641:
2152:
1896:
1717:Instead of immediately going to war, Marshal
1712:
1290:
885:
2912:
2828:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2598:
2555:
2536:
1801:
1463:) was a military confrontation waged by the
899:
2487:
2468:
2161:which took place right outside the city of
2055:Chile. The Chilean troops were reembarked.
1868:. Vidaurre immediately proceeded to attack
1827:Chilean Rear Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada
2872:
2862:Estado Mayor General del Ejército (1984).
2530:
2205:by the Confederate fleet, composed of the
1483:between 1836 and 1839. As a result of the
1297:
1283:
892:
878:
2708:
2514:
2512:
143:re-establishment of the Peruvian Republic
2779:(in Spanish). Vol. II. Lima, PerĂș:
2186:
2176:
2070:
1660:
2769:
2762:Historia de la Campaña del PerĂș en 1838
2629:
2617:
1958:
3072:
3019:Aguirre Vidaurre-Leal, Carlos (1989).
2968:Aguirre Vidaurre-Leal, Carlos (1989).
2836:
2758:
2635:
2623:
2605:Estado Mayor General del Ejército 1997
2562:Estado Mayor General del Ejército 1997
2543:Estado Mayor General del Ejército 1997
2519:Estado Mayor General del Ejército 1984
2509:
2497:Estado Mayor General del Ejército 1997
2475:Estado Mayor General del Ejército 1997
2462:
2456:
2451:Estado Mayor General del Ejército 1984
2439:Estado Mayor General del Ejército 1984
2432:
2279:had about 1,300 dead and 400 injured.
1839:Argentine General Juan Manuel de Rosas
1738:), while the possible Chilean allies (
1579:on the rivalry between their ports of
1524:French blockade of the RĂo de la Plata
1304:
805:(distributed throughout the territory)
2221:, under the command of French sailor
1936:
1278:
873:
2891:; Fuenzalida Helms, Eduardo (1997).
1648:. Later he was exiled to Australia.
1611:
2927:MusicĂł Aschiero, Ana MarĂa (2013).
2247:
1811:administration immediately accused
1620:, former Chilean president General
1530:, obtain a decisive victory in the
13:
2689:Serrano del Pozo, Gonzalo (2021).
2299:Confederation now came to an end.
2173:as Provisional President of Peru.
14:
3151:
2799:Cisneros, Andrés y Escudé, Carlos
2233:
1891:
1656:
120:and other Peruvian conservatives.
2902:Sotomayor Valdés, Ramón (1980).
2023:
2010:
1851:Peruvian General Agustin Gamarra
1844:
1832:
1820:
1690:. Garrido, who arrived with the
829:
811:
789:
760:
749:
738:
711:
684:
655:
644:
633:
621:
610:
599:
583:
567:
551:
540:
529:
518:
505:
494:
483:
472:
461:
450:
439:
428:
421:
410:
399:
388:
369:
353:
341:
330:
320:
309:
293:
278:
265:
250:
237:
225:
212:
41:
2846:(in Spanish). La Paz, Bolivia:
2752:
2725:
2710:10.4067/S0719-12432021000100095
2668:
2657:
2586:
2574:
2524:
2390:
2380:
2129:under the command of commander
2889:Fuente-Alba Poblete, J. Miguel
2865:Historia del Ejército de Chile
2444:
2421:
2409:
2370:
2137:Second campaign â Chilean army
1618:Chilean Civil War of 1829â1830
1:
2403:
1946:. The Chilean army landed at
1651:
1590:
1553:
1118:Second restoration expedition
2302:On August 25, 1839, General
2293:
1750:Argentine declaration of war
1636:was captured by the frigate
1558:The creation in 1836 of the
989:Confederate naval expedition
953:First restoration expedition
7:
2873:Dellepiane, Carlos (1977).
2840:Santa Cruz: El CĂłndor indio
2353:PeruâBolivian Confederation
2341:
1860:. On June 4, 1837, Coronel
1560:PeruâBolivian Confederation
1481:PeruâBolivian Confederation
285:PeruâBolivian Confederation
141:Peruvian reunification and
10:
3156:
2282:After the battle, General
2251:
2180:
2159:Battle of Portada de GuĂas
2153:Battle of Portada de GuĂas
2113:, on what is known as the
2102:Chilean frigate Monteagudo
2074:
1982:18 November 1837
1897:Confederate naval campaign
1713:Chilean declaration of war
1461:Guerra de la ConfederaciĂłn
1087:Roberto Simpson naval raid
917:Blanco Encalada naval raid
864:have been exiled from Peru
606:Francisco Burdett O'Connor
73:Coast and interior of Peru
47:Topographical plan of the
25:
18:
2894:Historia Militar de Chile
2876:Historia Militar del PerĂș
2038:
2003:
1993:
1978:
1968:
1802:Assassination of Portales
1316:
911:
859:
846:
718:Peruvian Restorative Army
667:
479:Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
381:
197:
55:
40:
35:
3090:Wars involving Argentina
3085:History of South America
3080:War of the Confederation
2885:Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto
2837:Crespo, Alfonso (1979).
2759:Bulnes, Gonzalo (1878).
2363:
2065:Antonio José de Irisarri
1573:JosĂ© JoaquĂn Prieto Vial
1485:Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
1473:Restoration Army of Peru
1453:War of the Confederation
1437:Huacanvelica and JunĂn (
925:Guayaquil and 1st Callao
903:War of the Confederation
36:War of the Confederation
26:Not to be confused with
2105:) under the command of
1675:Ălvaro Casanova Zenteno
1477:Argentine Confederation
1465:United Restoration Army
676:United Restoration Army
272:Argentine Confederation
186:later joins Bolivia by
109:Restorationist victory
3095:Wars involving Bolivia
3057:Cite journal requires
3006:Cite journal requires
2955:Cite journal requires
2194:
1944:Manuel Blanco Encalada
1874:Manuel Blanco Encalada
1858:civil war of 1829-1830
1795:
1678:
1622:RamĂłn Freire y Serrano
1540:José Miguel de Velasco
1460:
1042:RincĂłn de las Casillas
573:Juan José Panizo
417:Manuel Blanco Encalada
382:Commanders and leaders
2696:Cuadernos de historia
2262:occupied the town of
2190:
2177:Naval battle of Casma
2115:Naval Battle of Islay
2071:Naval battle of Islay
1862:José Antonio Vidaurre
1790:
1664:
1508:Luis José de Orbegoso
847:Casualties and losses
640:Luis José de Orbegoso
617:Luis José de Orbegoso
21:PeruvianâBolivian War
3100:Wars involving Chile
2593:MusicĂł Aschiero 2013
2581:MusicĂł Aschiero 2013
2416:MusicĂł Aschiero 2013
2143:Manuel Bulnes Prieto
2052:Treaty of Paucarpata
1964:Treaty of Paucarpata
1959:Treaty of Paucarpata
1759:Juan Manuel de Rosas
1719:Andrés de Santa Cruz
1564:Andrés de Santa Cruz
1536:Andrés de Santa Cruz
1489:Andrés de Santa Cruz
767:North Argentine Army
589:Anselmo Quiroz
525:Andrés de Santa Cruz
501:Juan Manuel de Rosas
457:Antonio de la Fuente
244:La Fuente government
125:Andrés de Santa Cruz
3105:Wars involving Peru
2783:, Fondo Editorial.
2348:Chincha Islands War
1965:
557:Jean Blanchet
547:José Trinidad Morån
360:Orbegoso government
232:Peruvian dissidents
205:United Restoration:
154:Iquicha War of 1839
93:MĂĄs a Tierra island
89:Argentine Northwest
2914:Uribe Orrego, Luis
2453:, pp. 217â218
2358:War of the Pacific
2195:
1963:
1937:Chilean expedition
1679:
1308:Civil wars in Peru
662:Francisco de Vidal
536:Otto Philipp Braun
257:Gamarra government
188:self-determination
134:in Peru after the
3125:Conflicts in 1838
3120:Conflicts in 1837
3115:Conflicts in 1836
2742:978-956-8797-10-2
2733:Escuadra Nacional
2048:
2047:
1684:Victorino Garrido
1673:. Oilpainting of
1612:Freire Expedition
1491:, which caused a
1448:
1447:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
868:
867:
806:
782:
776:
731:
725:
705:
699:
512:Alejandro Heredia
193:
192:
159:Tensions between
152:Beginning of the
3147:
3140:1830s in Bolivia
3066:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3025:
3015:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2974:
2964:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2923:
2909:
2898:
2880:
2869:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2794:
2766:
2747:
2746:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2686:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2328:Battle of IngavĂ
2272:Battle of Yungay
2254:Battle of Yungay
2248:Battle of Yungay
2131:Juan José Panizo
2091:, the corvettes
2029:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1989:
1987:
1966:
1962:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1775:Fructuoso Rivera
1597:Felipe Salaverry
1532:battle of Yungay
1512:a new government
1377:Other conflicts:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1246:
1224:
1212:
1193:
1181:
1164:
1146:Portada de GuĂas
1142:
1110:
1075:
1005:
982:
945:
933:
914:
913:
906:
904:
894:
887:
880:
871:
870:
834:
833:
818:Confederate Navy
816:
815:
804:
796:Confederate Army
794:
793:
780:
774:
765:
764:
754:
753:
743:
742:
729:
723:
716:
715:
703:
697:
689:
688:
660:
659:
649:
648:
638:
637:
628:SebastiĂĄn Ăgreda
626:
625:
615:
614:
604:
603:
595:
588:
587:
579:
572:
571:
563:
556:
555:
545:
544:
534:
533:
523:
522:
510:
509:
499:
498:
488:
487:
477:
476:
466:
465:
455:
454:
444:
443:
433:
432:
426:
425:
415:
414:
404:
403:
393:
392:
374:
373:
372:
358:
357:
346:
345:
344:
335:
334:
333:
324:
314:
313:
298:
297:
283:
282:
270:
269:
255:
254:
242:
241:
230:
229:
217:
216:
136:Battle of Yungay
77:Southern Bolivia
57:
56:
49:Battle of Yungay
45:
33:
32:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3130:1836 in Bolivia
3110:1830s conflicts
3070:
3069:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3023:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2972:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2854:
2843:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2791:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2531:Dellepiane 1977
2529:
2525:
2517:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2344:
2304:AgustĂn Gamarra
2296:
2256:
2250:
2236:
2192:Battle of Casma
2185:
2183:Battle of Casma
2179:
2155:
2139:
2107:Roberto Simpson
2079:
2077:Battle of Islay
2073:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2009:
1985:
1983:
1961:
1939:
1899:
1894:
1882:Santiago FlorĂn
1878:Battle of Baron
1852:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1828:
1825:
1804:
1752:
1715:
1659:
1654:
1646:Robinson Crusoe
1614:
1593:
1556:
1449:
1444:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1273:
1268:
1240:
1218:
1206:
1187:
1175:
1158:
1136:
1104:
1069:
1018:Argentine Front
999:
976:
939:
927:
907:
902:
900:
898:
836:
828:
826:
824:
810:
799:
788:
769:
759:
758:
748:
747:
737:
710:
683:
654:
653:
643:
642:
632:
631:
620:
619:
609:
608:
598:
597:
591:
582:
581:
575:
566:
565:
559:
550:
549:
539:
538:
528:
527:
517:
504:
503:
493:
492:
482:
481:
471:
470:
460:
459:
449:
448:
446:AgustĂn Gamarra
438:
437:
427:
420:
419:
409:
408:
398:
397:
387:
370:
368:
367:
363:
352:
351:
342:
340:
339:
331:
329:
328:
326:Unitarian Party
319:
308:
307:
292:
291:
287:
277:
264:
249:
236:
224:
221:
211:
207:
178:
130:Persecution of
118:AgustĂn Gamarra
100:
46:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3068:
3067:
3059:|journal=
3026:(in Spanish).
3016:
3008:|journal=
2975:(in Spanish).
2965:
2957:|journal=
2924:
2910:
2899:
2881:
2870:
2859:
2857:on 2009-03-25.
2834:
2795:
2789:
2771:Basadre, Jorge
2767:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2724:
2703:(54): 95â117.
2699:(in Spanish).
2678:
2667:
2656:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2597:
2585:
2583:, pp. 3â4
2573:
2554:
2535:
2523:
2508:
2486:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2420:
2418:, pp. 5â6
2407:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2389:
2379:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2332:José Balliviån
2295:
2292:
2252:Main article:
2249:
2246:
2235:
2234:Battle of Buin
2232:
2181:Main article:
2178:
2175:
2154:
2151:
2138:
2135:
2075:Main article:
2072:
2069:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2020:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1957:
1938:
1935:
1915:Juan FernĂĄndez
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:First campaign
1890:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1803:
1800:
1767:naval blockade
1751:
1748:
1714:
1711:
1658:
1657:Raid on Callao
1655:
1653:
1650:
1624:was exiled to
1613:
1610:
1592:
1589:
1569:Diego Portales
1555:
1552:
1544:José Balliviån
1534:in 1839 while
1520:Banda Oriental
1493:power struggle
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1424:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1238:Llaclla Bridge
1235:
1230:
1225:
1213:
1199:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1165:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
997:Juan FernĂĄndez
991:
990:
986:
985:
984:
983:
969:
964:
956:
955:
949:
948:
947:
946:
934:
919:
918:
912:
909:
908:
897:
896:
889:
882:
874:
866:
865:
857:
856:
853:
849:
848:
844:
843:
842:
841:
835:Orbegoso Army:
808:
807:
785:
784:
783:
777:
735:
734:
733:
732:
726:
708:
707:
706:
700:
670:
669:
665:
664:
514:
468:RamĂłn Castilla
395:JoaquĂn Prieto
384:
383:
379:
378:
316:United Kingdom
274:
263:
262:
261:
260:
247:
222:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
190:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
157:
150:
139:
128:
121:
106:
102:
101:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3152:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3051:
3037:on 2019-05-14
3033:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3000:
2986:on 2019-05-14
2982:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2949:
2935:on 2019-05-12
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2811:on 2013-04-03
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2790:9972-46-196-3
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2638:, p. 207
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2533:, p. 330
2532:
2527:
2521:, p. 225
2520:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2465:, p. 108
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2441:, p. 208
2440:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:Manuel Bulnes
2280:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2223:Jean Blanchet
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:ConfederaciĂłn
1904:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:United States
1733:
1729:
1728:Great Britain
1724:
1723:Mariano Egaña
1720:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1605:Luis Orbegoso
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:Manuel Bulnes
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:South America
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:ConfederaciĂłn
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:Lake Acambuco
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Santa BĂĄrbara
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
994:
993:
992:
988:
987:
980:
975:
974:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
957:
954:
951:
950:
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
923:
922:
921:
920:
916:
915:
910:
905:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
875:
872:
863:
858:
854:
851:
850:
845:
840:3,900 approx.
839:
838:
837:
832:
825:
823:
819:
814:
802:
801:
800:
797:
792:
786:
778:
772:
771:
770:
768:
763:
757:
756:Peruvian Navy
752:
746:
741:
727:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
701:
695:
694:
692:
687:
682:
681:
680:
679:
677:
672:
671:
666:
663:
658:
652:
651:Domingo Nieto
647:
641:
636:
630:
629:
624:
618:
613:
607:
602:
596:
594:
586:
580:
578:
570:
564:
562:
554:
548:
543:
537:
532:
526:
521:
515:
513:
508:
502:
497:
491:
486:
480:
475:
469:
464:
458:
453:
447:
442:
436:
435:Carlos GarcĂa
431:
424:
418:
413:
407:
406:Manuel Bulnes
402:
396:
391:
386:
385:
380:
377:
366:
365:Supported by:
361:
356:
350:
349:
348:Pipiolo Party
338:
327:
323:
317:
312:
305:
301:
296:
290:
289:Supported by:
286:
281:
275:
273:
268:
258:
253:
248:
245:
240:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
220:
215:
210:
209:
208:
206:
202:
201:
196:
189:
185:
181:
176:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
104:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:Chilean coast
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
34:
29:
22:
3135:1836 in Peru
3050:cite journal
3039:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3027:
2999:cite journal
2988:. Retrieved
2981:the original
2976:
2948:cite journal
2937:. Retrieved
2933:the original
2918:
2904:
2893:
2875:
2864:
2852:the original
2839:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2803:
2775:
2761:
2753:Bibliography
2732:
2727:
2700:
2694:
2670:
2659:
2631:
2626:, p. 46
2619:
2607:, p. 15
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:, p. 39
2557:
2545:, p. 31
2538:
2526:
2499:, p. 40
2477:, p. 35
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2423:
2411:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2324:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2281:
2277:Chilean army
2269:
2257:
2237:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2156:
2147:Chilean army
2140:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2057:
2049:
2018:PeruâBolivia
1973:Peace treaty
1940:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1855:
1805:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:Manuel Oribe
1779:Juan Lavalle
1771:Buenos Aires
1753:
1716:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1680:
1670:
1666:
1637:
1633:
1615:
1594:
1577:
1557:
1549:
1505:
1501:geopolitical
1495:in southern
1479:against the
1452:
1450:
1376:
1375:
1330:
1202:
1132:
1100:
972:
901:
862:confederates
827:
809:
787:
745:Chilean Navy
736:
728:3,000-4,000
702:5,000-8,200
691:Chilean Army
674:
673:
592:
576:
560:
516:
490:Juan BuendĂa
364:
318:(diplomatic)
288:
276:
204:
203:
198:Belligerents
116:declared by
108:
2636:Bulnes 1878
2624:Bulnes 1878
2595:, p. 3
2463:Bulnes 1878
2004:Signatories
1923:San Antonio
1785:and Rosas.
1692:brigantine
1562:by Marshal
1241: [
1219: [
1207: [
1188: [
1176: [
1159: [
1137: [
1105: [
1070: [
1000: [
977: [
940: [
937:San Lorenzo
928: [
177:Territorial
3074:Categories
3041:2019-08-21
2990:2019-08-21
2939:2019-08-21
2815:2020-07-27
2404:References
2318:, then to
2260:Santa Cruz
2227:Arequipeño
2215:Arequipeño
2145:heading a
2097:ValparaĂso
2089:Arequipeño
2060:ValparaĂso
1986:1837-11-18
1919:Talcahuano
1880:. Captain
1870:ValparaĂso
1703:Arequipeño
1699:Santa Cruz
1652:Escalation
1638:Monteagudo
1591:Tariff war
1585:ValparaĂso
1554:Background
1203:Arequipeño
1197:4th Callao
1151:3rd Callao
1127:2nd Callao
1079:Montenegro
1062:El Pajonal
1009:Talcahuano
967:Paucarpata
822:privateers
2824:cite book
2719:238047546
2312:Guayaquil
2294:Aftermath
2039:Languages
1740:Argentina
1707:Peruviana
1667:Peruviana
1432:1867â1868
1417:1921â1922
1392:1896â1897
1384:1825â1828
1366:1894â1895
1361:1884â1885
1346:1856â1858
1341:1854â1855
1336:1843â1844
1331:1836â1839
1326:1835â1836
1057:San Diego
1027:Humahuaca
973:Peruviana
730:(1838â39)
704:(1838â39)
259:(1838â39)
132:Bolivians
123:Exile of
97:Guayaquil
63:1836â1839
2916:(1891).
2801:(1999).
2773:(2002).
2342:See also
2258:Marshal
2211:Mexicana
2167:Orbegoso
2127:Fundador
2119:Socabaya
2099:and the
2093:Libertad
1998:Arequipa
1994:Location
1952:Arequipa
1911:Congreso
1903:Socabaya
1888:martyr.
1866:Quillota
1813:Portales
1781:against
1756:caudillo
1734:and the
1634:Orbegoso
1471:and the
1411:Loreto (
1404:Huaraz (
1382:Huanta (
1233:ChiquiĂĄn
1156:Matucana
1133:Socabaya
1052:Zapatera
773:300â400
668:Strength
304:blockade
302:(during
68:Location
2316:Ecuador
2288:Gamarra
2171:Gamarra
2084:Aquiles
2043:Spanish
1984: (
1931:Caldera
1763:TucumĂĄn
1744:Ecuador
1694:Aquiles
1671:Aquiles
1457:Spanish
1216:Samanco
1037:Vicuñay
855:Unknown
852:Unknown
803:12,000
593:†
577:†
561:†
376:Iquicha
337:Uruguay
179:changes
165:Bolivia
2787:
2739:
2717:
2264:Yungay
2207:Esmond
2028:
2015:
1979:Signed
1927:Huasco
1809:Prieto
1732:France
1688:Callao
1630:Prieto
1581:Callao
1426:Puno (
1397:Lima (
1260:Yungay
1228:Cañete
1185:Sierpe
962:Cobija
781:(1838)
779:3,500
775:(1837)
724:(1837)
698:(1837)
696:2,898
362:(1838)
300:France
246:(1837)
184:Tarija
167:until
105:Result
81:Cobija
51:, 1839
3035:(PDF)
3024:(PDF)
2984:(PDF)
2973:(PDF)
2855:(PDF)
2844:(PDF)
2781:UNMSM
2715:S2CID
2364:Notes
2336:Arica
2320:Chile
2314:, in
2203:Casma
2199:Casma
2123:JunĂn
2111:Islay
2031:Chile
1948:Islay
1769:over
1642:Ancud
1601:Chile
1516:Jujuy
1469:Chile
1371:1980â
1255:Casma
1245:]
1223:]
1211:]
1192:]
1180:]
1173:Pisco
1168:Piura
1163:]
1141:]
1109:]
1095:Islay
1074:]
1067:Iruya
1004:]
981:]
944:]
932:]
860:Many
219:Chile
99:coast
3063:help
3012:help
2961:help
2848:UMSA
2830:link
2785:ISBN
2737:ISBN
2611:help
2568:help
2549:help
2503:help
2481:help
2270:The
2241:Buin
2219:Peru
2217:and
2163:Lima
2125:and
2095:and
2087:and
1969:Type
1929:and
1909:and
1777:and
1742:and
1705:and
1665:The
1626:Lima
1583:and
1451:The
1439:1965
1428:1815
1421:1932
1413:1896
1406:1885
1399:1872
1388:1839
1356:1867
1351:1865
1321:1834
1250:Buin
820:and
722:402
169:1841
163:and
161:Peru
95:and
60:Date
2705:doi
145:by
3076::
3054::
3052:}}
3048:{{
3028:II
3003::
3001:}}
2997:{{
2952::
2950:}}
2946:{{
2826:}}
2822:{{
2713:.
2701:54
2681:^
2643:^
2511:^
2489:^
2290:.
2213:,
2209:,
2149:.
2121:,
1933:.
1925:,
1921:,
1905:,
1730:,
1709:.
1701:,
1459::
1430:,
1419:,
1415:,
1390:,
1386:,
1243:es
1221:es
1209:es
1190:es
1178:es
1161:es
1139:es
1107:es
1072:es
1002:es
979:es
942:es
930:es
693::
91:,
87:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
3065:)
3061:(
3044:.
3014:)
3010:(
2993:.
2977:I
2963:)
2959:(
2942:.
2832:)
2818:.
2793:.
2745:.
2721:.
2707::
2613:)
2570:)
2551:)
2505:)
2483:)
1988:)
1677:.
1455:(
1441:)
1434:)
1423:)
1408:)
1401:)
1394:)
1298:e
1291:t
1284:v
893:e
886:t
879:v
798::
678::
306:)
156:.
149:.
138:.
127:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
