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2383:). The king did this in anger because when he asked the monasteries in his domain for a Buddhist teacher to teach him Buddhism, the Buddhists did not send to him any learned scholar. Mahirakula cruel deed against the Buddhists triggered the king of Magadha to go to war with him. Mahirakula is defeated, forgiven but returns to power by assassinating the king of Kashmira and Gandhara. Xuanzang recites the hearsay stories he heard about Mahirakula's continued cruelty and destruction of 1600 stupas and monasteries. Xuanzang then describes the surviving monasteries in Sagala with hundreds of Buddhist monks, along with its three colossal stupas, each over 200 feet tall, two built by Ashoka.
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different subjects and use sharp words to argue. Each
Buddhist sect has different set of rules and regulations for their monks. The monks who cannot expound a single text must do the routine monastic duties (cleaning monastery and such). Those who can expound one Buddhist text flawlessly is exempt from such duties. Those who can recite two texts, get better quality rooms. Monks who can expound three Buddhist texts get attendants to serve them, while the few monks who can expound all four are provided with lay servants. Expounders of five texts have elephants for travel, while six texts entitles them to security retinue.
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2402:. Near this, states Xuanzang, are numerous small stupas and large Buddhist caves. Around this monastery in the Himalayan hills are "hundreds and thousands of stupas, built so closely together than their shadows touch one another" (Li Rongxi translation). From there, he visited Jalamdhara. It grows non-sticky rice and cereals, its forest are luxuriant, the region is lush with flowers and fruits. They have 50 monasteries with over 2000 monks studying Mahayana and Hinayana traditions of Buddhism. They also have
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2634:. The city has a great temple with decorated buildings. At the east of this great city two rivers meet forming a dune that is over ten li wide, and it is this place that wealthy people and kings such as Shiladitya come on pilgrimage from ancient times and give alms. It is called the Grand Place of Almsgiving. Numerous people gather here and bathe at the confluence of two rivers, some drown themselves, believing that this washes away their sins and that it will give them a better rebirth.
2112:). To its east are the "City of Svetavat temple" and the Aruna Mountain known for its frequent avalanches. His travelogue then describes several popular legends about a Naga king. He also describes miraculous events from a Buddhist stupa, such as raging flames bursting out of them leaving behind stream of pearls. The citizens here, states Xuanzang, worship pieces of Buddha's remains that were brought here in more ancient times. He mentions four stupas built in this area by king
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2101:, where the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism had come in vogue. It had over 100 monasteries with stupas. More than 6000 monks, mostly Mahayana, studied here. Along with these Buddhist monasteries, states his travelogue, there were over ten Deva temples (Hindu) with "heretical believers who go about naked and smear dust over their bodies", translates Li Rongxi. Furthermore, in the same capital region, there is a Hinayana monastery with 300 monks at the northern foothills.
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2422:(saints) live. He then headed south, into the country of Shatadru. Here, writes Xuanzang, people wear "gorgeous, extravagant" clothes, the climate is hot and citizens are honest and friendly by custom. It has ten monasteries, but ruined and with few monks. He visits the country of Pariyatra, where they have plenty of cattle and sheep, as well as a type of rice that they harvest in sixty days after planting. This region has eight ruined monasteries and ten
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2351:, this Rishi set out to "make inquiries into the way of learning" (Li Rongxi translation). He thoroughly studied all written and spoken language, words in ancient and his times, then created a treatise of one thousand stanzas. The heretics (Hindus) transmit this text orally from teacher to pupil, and it is this that makes the Brahmanas of this city "great scholars of high talent with knowledge of wide scope". They have an image of
3501:. Xuanzang, with a team of disciple translators, commenced translating the voluminous work in 660 CE, using all three versions to ensure the integrity of the source documentation. Xuanzang was being encouraged by a number of his disciple translators to render an abridged version. After a suite of dreams quickened his decision, Xuanzang determined to render an unabridged, complete volume, faithful to the original of 600 chapters.
2070:). There, state his travelogue is a colossal statue of standing Buddha, carved from a rock in the mountains, some one hundred and forty feet tall and decorated with gems. This valley has Buddhist monasteries, and also a colossal copper statue of the Buddha, that is over a hundred foot tall. He was told that it was cast in separate parts and then joined up together. To the east of a monastery in the Bamiyana valley was a
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2289:), and then into Kashmira. He was received by the king, and numerous monks from the Jayendra monastery. Kashmira is land with a very cold climate and is often calm without any wind. The region has lakes, grows plenty of flowers and fruit, saffron and medicinal herbs. Kashmira has over 100 monasteries and more than 5000 monks. The residents revere four large stupas that were built in ancient times by Ashoka.
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of the details in the surviving versions of
Xuanzang biography were invented or a paleographic confusion introduced an error, or the Persian-Turkish records are unreliable. The Japanese version is based on 8th to 10th-century translations of texts that ultimately came from Xuanzang's monastery, which unfortunately has added to the confusion. Most sources state that Xuanzang started his pilgrimage in 629 CE.
4278:, Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies, Vol 3, Issue 1, pp. 228–258, Quote: "Xuanzang's Datang Xiyu ji has been and is notoriously used for the reconstruction of South Asian history and the history of Buddhism in India. Very often Xuanzang's information is either dismissed because it does not corroborate or even contradicts the facts in Indian sources, or is used to overwrite these sources."
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2141:", equal to forty li, but varying between thirty and sixteen depending on the source. They divide day and night into kala, and substances into various divisions, all the way to a fineness that they call indivisible and emptiness. The country has three seasons: hot, cold, rainy according to some Buddhists; while others say it is four: three months each of spring, summer, monsoon, and autumn.
1925:). Here he met the king, a Buddhist along with his uncle Jnanachandra and precept Mokshagupta, who tried to persuade him to quit his journey and teach them Buddhist knowledge. He declined and they equipped him further for his travels with letters of introduction and valuables to serve as funds. Xuanzang observed that the country of Agni had more than ten monasteries following the
2852:. The country and its capital is sparsely populated. A fertile land, it produces a fragrant form of rice with extraordinary lustre. It regularly floods during the monsoon season, and during these months one can use a boat to travel. People are honest and simple here, and they revere Buddhism. Magadha has fifty monasteries and over ten thousand monks. It also has tens of
3469:, etc. found their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools. Xuanzang's closest and most eminent student was Kuiji (窺基) who became recognized as the first patriarch of the Faxiang school. Xuanzang's logic, as described by Kuiji, was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lacked the necessary background in
2441:, calling it a part of central India. This region is fertile, people love mangoes, they produce cloth and gold. The climate is hot, the people are genial and good by custom, they advocate learning and virtue, states Xuanzang. This country has over twenty monasteries with over two thousand monks studying Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism. Many
2821:, where says Xuanzang, people are honest and simple by custom. They study both orthodox Buddhist and heterodox non-Buddhist doctrines. The country of Vaishali has hundreds of monasteries, but only a few have monks and are in good condition. He describes the Svetapura monastery with lofty buildings and magnificent pavilions.
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manifestations". Crossing another 1000 li, he reached Darada valley – the old capital of
Udayana, with a 100 feet golden wood statue of Maitreya Boddhisattva. This statue, states his travelogue, was built by an artist who went three times into heaven to see how he looks and then carve the realistic image of him on earth.
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to south and long from east to west, he calls the Great Pure Lake. He describes supernatural monsters, fishes and dragons living in this lake. The
Xuanzang travelogues then rush through the names of many countries, stating that more details are provided in the return part of his journey, as he crosses into country of
5568:- In: 東アジアの宗教と文化 : 西脇常記教授退休記念論集 = Essays on East Asian religion and culture: Festschrift in honor of Nishiwaki Tsuneki on the occasion of his 65th birthday / クリスティアン・ウィッテルン, 石立善編集 = ed. by Christian Wittern und Shi Lishan. - 京都 : 西脇常記教授退休記念論集編集委員會; 京都大���人文科學研究所; Christian Wittern, 2007, pp. 35 - 73. See p. 35
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he slip away. They hurry towards a village. Near it, they meet a
Brahmana who is tilling his land. They tell him that robbers attacked them and their companions. The Brahmin goes to the village and beats a drum and blows a conch. About 80 men gather, and together they proceed to rescue the companions of Xuanzang.
2233:, one with nearly 2000 feet in diameter and a 25 layer wheel on the top. There is a large monastery near it. Gandhara has numerous holy Buddhist sites, and Xuanzang visited and worshipped all of them. He calls the stupas and the Buddha images in this region as "magnificent" and made with "perfect craftmanship".
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lineage. Three of his ancestors were also monarchs, and they were all known to the
Chinese monarchs as virtuous. Xuanzang then recites, at length, the story of prince Shiladitya and how he constructed both major monasteries and temples, feeding hundreds of Buddhist monks and hundreds of Hindu priests
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temples where heretics smear their bodies with ashes. The country of
Vilashana and Kapitha are south and southeast of Ahicchattra. Most people in Vilashana are non-Buddhists, and there are two monasteries here with three hundred Buddhist monks. In Kapitha, there are four monasteries teaching Hinayana
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Xuanzang also describes implausible events such as glowing rock footprints of Buddha, dragons, tales of Naga, a stupa in which is preserved the Buddha's eyeball as "large as a crabapple" and that is "brilliant and transparent" throughout, a white stone Buddha idol that worked miracles and "frequently
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The monasteries in these kingdoms are splendid, with four corner towers and halls with three tiers. They have strange looking figures at the joints, rafters, eaves and roof beams. The
Indians paint the walls, doors and windows with colors and pictures. People prefer to have home that look simple from
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Xuanzang states that India is a vast country over ninety thousand li in circuit, with seventy kingdoms, sea on three sides and snow mountains to its north. It is a land that is rich and moist, cultivation productive, vegetation luxuriant. He adds that it has its own ancient customs, such as measuring
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From
Jalambhara, Xuanzang travelled northeast through jagged peaks, deep valleys and dangerous trails into the Himalayan country of Kuluta. It is surrounded by mountains, and has abundant fruits, flowers and trees. It has twenty monasteries and over a thousand Buddhist monks studying mostly Mahayana
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Xuanzang includes a section on the differences between the
Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhist communities. There are eighteen sects in Buddhism, according to Xuanzang. They stand against each other, debate "various viewpoints, as vehemently as crashing waves". Though they share the same goal, they study
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of "Xuanzang" include Hyun Tsan, Hhuen Kwan, Hiuan Tsang, Hiouen Thsang, Hiuen Tsang, Hiuen Tsiang, Hsien-tsang, Hsyan-tsang, Hsuan Chwang, Huan Chwang, Hsuan Tsiang, Hwen Thsang, Hsüan Chwang, Hhüen Kwān, Xuan Cang, Xuan Zang, Shuen Shang, Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang. Hsüan, Hüan, Huan
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After crossing Ganges, he entered into the country of Matipura. Here, according to Xuanzang, half of the population is Buddhist and the other believe in heterodox religions. The climate is cooler and more temperate, its people are honest and esteem learning. The king of this country worships at the
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temples are also found in this country. He describes the ritual carrying and worship of the Buddha and Buddhist deities in this country with incense and flowers scattered in streets. He visits and praises the Govinda monastery in the Mathura country. Next he visits the country of Sthanesvara, which
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Xuanzang describes many events where he is helped by both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. For example, he describes leaving the city of Sakala and Narasimha, then passing with his companions through the Great Palasha forest. They get robbed and are walked towards some dry pond to be killed. A monk and
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After further similar introduction covering the diverse aspects of the Indian culture he observed, including fashion, hair styles, preference for being barefoot, ritual washing their hands after releasing bodily waste, cleaning teeth by chewing special tree twigs, taking baths before going to their
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The residents of India clean their floor and then smear it with a preparation of cow dung, followed by decorating it with flowers, unlike Chinese homes. Their children go to school at age seven, where they begin learning a number of treatises of the five knowledges – first grammar, second technical
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The kingdoms of India have numerous villages and cities. Their towns and cities have square walls, streets are winding and narrow, with shops lined along these roads. Wine is sold in shops on the side streets. Those whose profession is butchering, fishing, executioners, scavengers (people that kill
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mountain ranges). Here, observed Xuanzang, the wind is cold and "blows with a piercing vehemence" (Li Rongxi translation). Ferocious dragons live here and trouble the travellers particularly those who wear "reddish brown" color clothes. Thereafter, he crossed past a salty sea, one narrow from north
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Xuanzang writes of a dragon race and a region where water dragons metamorphose into horses to mate and create dragon-horses, also into men and mating with women nearby, creating dragon-men who could run as fast as the dragon-horses. These were men who will have massacred an entire city, leaving the
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Yet, one version by Huili, states that Xuanzang met Yabghu Qaghan, someone who died in 628 CE according to Persian and Turkish records. If this detail in Xuanzang's biography and Persian-Turkish records are true, then Xuanzang must have left before Qaghan's death, or in 627 CE. In other words, some
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The date when Xuanzang's pilgrimage started is not resolved in any of the texts that Xuanzang himself wrote. Further, he did not write his own biography or travelogue, rather he recited it to his fellow monks after his return from India. Three of his immediate collaborators wrote his biography, and
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After Kapilavastu, he went eastward to the country of Ramagrama (Rama). The region is sparsely populated, the towns and villages in a dilapidated condition. He mentions a stupa where a snake-dragon comes out of the pond to circumambulate it, as well as elephants pick flowers and come to scatter on
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River to its west, with flowery forests of brilliant colors, transparent waters and prosperous people. They are simple and honest by custom, states Xuanzang, with handsome and graceful features. They cherish arts and literature, speak lucidly. Half of the population is Buddhist, half heretics. The
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temples with numerous heretics. East of this region is the Ganges river with dark blue waters and strange creatures living in it, but these creatures do not harm people. The water of Ganges is sweet in taste, and the heretics believe it to contain the "water of blessedness", and that bathing in it
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There is some dispute over the Chinese character for Xuanzang's given name at birth. Historical records provide two different Chinese characters, 褘 and 禕; both are similar in writing except that the former has one more stroke than the latter. Their pronunciations in pinyin are also different: the
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river in the middle of it. These people are like those in Sthanesvara country. They believe in heretical ideas (Hindu) and are honest by nature, states Xuanzang. They cherish learning, arts and crafts, and cultivate wisdom, blessedness. In this country are five Buddhist monasteries, over thousand
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deity as its guardian. The monastery and the capital attracts repeated raids from the Turk chieftains who seek to loot these precious jewels. This monastery has a large bathing pot that looks dazzlingly brilliant and has a Buddha's tooth relic and Buddha's broom made of "kasa grass". Outside is a
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is the longest and most detailed account of the countries of Central and South Asia that has been bestowed upon posterity by a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim. While his main purpose was to obtain Buddhist books and to receive instruction on Buddhism while in India, he ended up doing much more. He has
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with many buildings and courtyards. Inside these buildings are "most wonderful, and exquisitely done decorative paintings", states Xuanzang. It is painted in gold, silver, pinkish blue, lustrous white and semitransparent pigments, with the Buddha's ornaments in the panel embedded with gems and
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Buddhism was in vogue. He crossed the countries of Samarkand, Mimohe, Kaputana, Kusanika, Bukhara, Betik, Horismika and Tukhara. These had cities near rivers or lakes, then vast regions with no inhabitants, little water or grass. He describes warring factions of Turk chieftains in control, with
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is the basis for all Chinese commentaries on the sutra, and recitations throughout China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. His style was, by Chinese standards, cumbersome and overly literal, and marked by scholarly innovations in terminology; usually, where another version by the earlier translator
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temple near the Ganges river. The heretics call it the "Gate of the Ganges". People from all five parts of India – east, north, west, south, central – come here crossing long distances on pilgrimage and to bathe at these gates. This place has numerous rest and almshouses, where the "isolated,
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While other rescued companions of his wail about the loss of all their property, Xuanzang reminds them that they should all be happy to be alive and not worry about the loss of property. The villagers help his companions and him by hosting them before the resume their journey. Yet, elsewhere,
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To Xuanzang, he entered India as he crossed the Black range and entered the country of Lampa. His travelogue presents India in fascicles separate from those for Central Asia. He, however, does not call it India, but the phonetic equivalent of what previously has been variously interpreted as
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In all these places, he mentions how the Buddha lived here in one of his previous lives (Jataka legends) and illustrated compassion-strength through his actions. There is a Buddhist temple northeast of Manglaur with the Avalokitesvara Bodhusattva image, one is noted for "its miraculous
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on festive days. He describes numerous monasteries in the southeast of its capital, along with large Buddhist temple made of stone and brocks, with a thirty feet tall Buddha statue. To the south of this is temple, states Xuanzang, is a Surya temple built from bluestone. Next to the
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Xuanzang obtained and translated 657 Sanskrit Buddhist works. He received the best education on Buddhism he could find throughout India. Much of this activity is detailed in the companion volume to Xiyu Ji, the Biography of Xuanzang written by Huili, entitled the Life of Xuanzang.
2169:, near the source of Kabul river) as the territory of north India, one whose circuit is more than 1000 li and where all monasteries studied Mahayana Buddhism. They have tens of Deva temples (Hindu) which heretics (non-Buddhists) frequent. To its southeast is the country of (modern
2762:, where towns and villages are deserted and in a dilapidated condition. He describes a large brick temple with reclining Buddha. He describes many monuments and sites he was able to see where numerous legends of the Buddha played out, including the site where he was cremated.
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solitary and needy people get free food and medical service". North of this place is the country of Brahmapura, densely populated with prosperous and rich people. Colder in climate, here people are rude and violent by custom. This region has five Buddhist monasteries and ten
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Taking the monastic name Xuanzang, he was fully ordained as a monk in 622, at the age of twenty. The myriad contradictions and discrepancies in the Chinese translations at that time prompted Xuanzang to decide to go to India and study in the cradle of Buddhism. He knew about
1990:. Xuanzang describes more monasteries, such as the Eastern Cakuri monastery and Ascarya monastery, with Buddha's footprints and Buddha idols. According to Xuanzang's accounts, mystical light emanated from Buddha's footprints on "fast days". In the country of Baluka, the
3345:. Instead, he retired to a monastery and devoted his energy to translating Buddhist texts until his death in 664 CE. According to his biography, he returned with "over six hundred Mahayana and Hinayana texts, seven statues of the Buddha and more than a hundred
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living beings and deal with products derived from them) are not allowed to live inside the cities. The cities are built from bricks, while homes are either made mostly from bricks or from "wattled bamboo or wood". Cottages are thatched with straw and grass.
2645:. It produces abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and sugarcane. The citizens are bold, furious and dedicated to good deeds by custom. It has ten deserted and dilapidated Buddhist monasteries, attended by about three hundred monks. The country has fifty
2261:, Kasyapiya, Mahisasaka and Dharmagupta. These schools became unpopular, as the later form of Mahayana prospered. According to Xuanzang, these monasteries of early Buddhist schools are desolate and attract few monks. He then reached the city of Hi-lo and
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Moving further westward, Xuanzang met about two thousand Turkic robbers on horses. The robbers began fighting with each other on how to fairly divide the loot. After the loot had thus been lost, they dispersed. Xuanzang thereafter reached the country of
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school of Buddhism were composed. A few hundred li east of Ayodhya is the country of Ayamukha. Here too, states Xuanzang, people are honest and simple. They have five monasteries with over one thousand monks, mostly studying Hinayana. Near them are ten
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Xuanzang was known for his extensive but careful translations of Indian Buddhist texts to Chinese, which have enabled subsequent recoveries of lost Indian Buddhist texts from the translated Chinese copies. He is credited with writing or compiling the
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Xuanzang arrived in Taxila, after crossing a river with "poisonous dragons and evil animals". There, he visited a major Buddhist monastery of the Sautrantika school. From there, after covering some 2200 li, he passed through the country of Simhapura
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in 629–645 CE, his efforts to bring over 657 Indian texts to China, and his translations of some of these texts. He was only able to translate 75 distinct sections of a total of 1335 chapters, but his translations included some of the most important
2686:), describing it to be a country of over six thousand li in circuit. The capital city is desolate, states Xuanzang, though some residents still live here. There are over hundred monasteries in its capital city, many dilapidated, where monks study
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temples, worshipping in their temples, their alphabet that contains forty seven letters, the diversity of languages spoken, how harmonious and elegant they sound when they speak their languages, Xuanzang presents the various kingdoms of India.
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The stupa are deserted and in a dilapidated condition. The local Buddhists believe that the Buddha taught here while flying in the air, because were he to walk here, it caused many earthquakes. Nagarahara has a 300 feet high stupa built by
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this stupa, according to Xuanzang. There is a monastery near this special stupa, where monks study Hinayana. Some hundred li to the east is another colossal stupa in good condition, one built by Ashoka. Past this forest is the country of
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has wealthy but unkind citizens who show off their wealth. It has three Buddhist monasteries with over seven hundred monks, a lustrous and clean colossal stupa which witnesses "many divine manifestations". It also has well over hundred
2797:, he visits the country of Garjanapati, where he finds the Aviddhakarna monastery that is "very exquisitely" carved with decorative sculptures. It is lush with flowers, with reflections in the pond nearby. From there he heads north of
747:, is a notable source about Xuanzang, and also for scholarship on 7th-century India and Central Asia. His travelogue is a mix of the implausible, the hearsay and a firsthand account. Selections from it are used, and disputed, as a
674:
province of China. As a boy, he took to reading religious books, and studying the ideas therein with his father. Like his elder brother, he became a student of Buddhist studies at Jingtu monastery. Xuanzang was ordained as a
2959:. He describes Nalanda as a place with "azure pool winds around the monasteries, adorned with the full-blown cups of the blue lotus; the dazzling red flowers of the lovely kanaka hang here and there, and outside groves of
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He headed northeast, crossed Ganges river again, and this came to the country of Vishaka. He calls its people sincere and honest by custom, fond of learning. It has twenty monasteries and three thousand monks studying
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too built many Buddhist monasteries here. He also had treatises with 960,000 words written on copper plates and had them stored in a newly built great stupa. The Kashmira region has numerous monks well versed with the
2836:, near the Snow Mountains. It has many flowers and fruits, yaks and two-headed birds. The people here, says Xuanzang, are rude and disparaging by nature, but skilled in craftsmanship. Their Buddhist monasteries and
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temples and numerous non-Buddhists. In the capital, within the palace is a Buddhist temple with a Buddha statue made from sandalwood. This Buddha image "emits divine light" sometimes, states Xuanzang. He adds that
2038:
In the capital of the country of Bactra, states Xuanzang, is a monastery with a Buddha's idol decorated with jewels and its halls studded with rare precious substances. The Buddhist monastery also has an image of
718:
that had reached China. He was also concerned about the competing Buddhist theories in variant Chinese translations. He sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues.
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3818:
was released in 2016 as an official Chinese and Indian production. It was offered as candidate for Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards due to its camera work, but ultimately was not nominated.
2582:. It grows abundant amounts of cereals, is blessed with fruits and flowers. People are benign and dedicate themselves to arts and crafts. Ayodhya has over a hundred monasteries and three thousand monks studying
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temples. He also describes a Buddhist temple with painting of a prince riding on a white horse, as well many Buddhist monuments and legends about the Buddha's early life in this region, as well as those of the
9069:
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temples. Kapitha, states Xuanzang, has a "beautifully constructed monastery with many lofty and spacious buildings adoerned with exquisite carvings" (Li Rongxi translation). It has Buddha statue at the top,
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skills which he states includes arts, mechanics, yin-yang and the calendar, third medicine, fourth being logic, and fifth field of knowledge taught is inner knowledge along with theory of cause and effect.
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river to its west. The city is densely populated, with tightly packed homes in its lanes. The people are "enormously wealthy", mild and courteous by nature. Few here believe in Buddhism, most are heretics
1954:. This country of 1000 li by 600 li, had over one hundred monasteries with five thousand monks following the Sarvastivada school of Hinayana Buddhism, and studying its texts in "original Indian language".
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2567:) temple also made from bluestone. Both are profusely carved with sculptures. About 100 li to the southeast of Shiladitya's capital, states Xuanzang, is the Navadevakula city on the eastern bank of
2128:
Reconstructed route of Xuanzang over 629–645 CE through India. Along with Nalanda in Bihar, he visited locations that are now in Kashmir, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Bangladesh.
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on his way back to China. He arrived in the capital, Chang'an, on the seventh day of the first month of 645, 16 years after he left Chinese territory, and a great procession celebrated his return.
2741:. This country has no ruler, he states, and every city has its own lord. Well over a thousand monasteries were in this region, but most are dilapidated. Some three thousand monks continue to study
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garden with two 70 feet high pillars standing, but the monastery there is in ruins. One pillar has a wheel carved at its top, the other a bull. Xuanzang saw all the monuments associated with the
3947:
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South of Bactra is the country of Kacik, then the Great Snow Mountains with valleys "infested with gangs of brigands" (Li Rongxi translation). Crossing this pass, thereafter is the country of
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temples. This country has ten Buddhist monasteries left. There were many more before, states Xuanzang. These were destroyed few hundred years ago, during the rule of a king named Mahirakula (
2181:, with marvellous sculptures. Xuanzang paid homage by circling it. Both Lampaka and Nagarahara countries were independent with their own kings, but they have become a vassal of the Buddhist
1859:
from Daoxun and is also in Japanese and Korean texts. The 629 CE is found in Chinese and western versions. This confusion, though merely of two years, is of significance to western history.
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Xuanzang also recites the implausible tale of meeting a Brahmana who was 700 years old and had two associates, each over 100 years old, who had mastered all of the Vedas and the Buddhist
2312:. He calls them heretics (non-Buddhists). These heretics help him and his companions get new garments and food. He stayed with this implausibly old Brahmana for a month, and studied the
3410:
During Xuanzang's travels, he studied with many famous Buddhist masters, especially at the famous center of Buddhist learning at Nalanda. When he returned, he brought with him some 657
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river to its east. They produce abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and wheat, also gold, brass, iron and other metals. They do not believe in Buddhism, and pray in several hundred
738:. He departed from India with numerous Sanskrit texts on a caravan of twenty packhorses. His return was welcomed by Emperor Taizong in China, who encouraged him to write a travelogue.
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of this doctrine, "the fruit of seven centuries of Indian Buddhist thought." In this scripture, Xuanzang appears to a certain extent as the continuator of both Asanga and Vasubandhu.
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temples. Southeast of here, states Xuanzang, is the country of Ahicchattra with ten monasteries and a thousand monks belonging to the Sammitiya sect of Hinayana Buddhism. It has five
2786:). Some of these heretic followers go naked and smear their bodies with ash. On the west bank of Varana river near Baranasi, is a great stupa that is 100 feet tall and was built by
3907:
3434:, and he founded a school taking after that tradition in China. His 7th-century scholarship on Yogacara has a major influence on Chinese Buddhism, and then on East Asian Buddhism.
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temples touch each other, and people simultaneously believe in Buddhist and non-Buddhist doctrines. The country has two thousand monks who study Hinayana and Mahayana teachings.
3703:— have been very helpful in the recording of the archaeological history of Bengal. His account has also shed welcome light on the history of 7th century Bengal, especially the
4053:
2698:'s palace, then to its east the Great Dhamma Hall stupa, another stupa and a temple for the maternal aunt of the Buddha. Next to these, states Xuanzang, is the great stupa of
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there which was also attended by both the monarchs as well as several others from neighboring kingdoms, Buddhist monks, Hindus, and Jains. Emperor Harsha invited Xuanzang to
5947:
5643:
2790:. Before it is a standing green-stone pillar polished as smooth as a mirror, states Xuanzang. He describes many more stupas, pillars and monasteries in Baranasi country.
2249:, with many holy Buddhist sites. Xuanzang worshipped at these "great stupas and big monasteries". Thereafter he reached the country of Udayana, through which flowed the
2622:
river. It has luxuriant fruit trees and cereal crops, its people are kind and helpful. Most of them believe in heretical religions, and Prayaga has several hundreds of
1762:. According to traditional biographies, Xuanzang displayed a superb intelligence and earnestness, studied with his father, and amazed him by his careful observance of
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722:
At age 27, he began his seventeen-year overland journey to India. He defied his nation's ban on travel abroad, making his way through central Asian cities such as
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2714:
temple about the same size as the Buddha temple, both in good condition. Over sixty li to the northwest of Shravasti capital, he saw a series of stupas built by
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where ceremonies are performed by naked heretics who smear ash on their body. About 30 li (about 12 kilometers in 7th-century) southeast from these temples is
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He then describes several legends associated with Ashoka, along with several stupas and monasteries he found in good condition. For example, he describes the
5566:"Has Xuanzang really been in Mathurā?: Interpretatio Sinica or Interpretatio Occidentalia — How to Critically Read the Records of the Chinese Pilgrim."
2133:"Tianzhu" or "Shengdu" or "Xiandou". More recent scholarship suggests the closest pronunciation of the 7th-century term in his travelogues would be "Indu".
1126:
Another form of his official style was "Yuanzang", written 元奘. It is this form that accounts for such variants as Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang.
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2555:
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3426:. He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese. His strongest personal interest in Buddhism was in the field of
2710:
legends with the Buddha, though many of these were in dilapidated condition. He also saw a Buddhist temple 60 feet high with a seated Buddha image, and a
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On his return to China in 645 CE, Xuanzang was greeted with much honor but he refused all high civil appointments offered by the still-reigning emperor,
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food only that would be consistent with Mahayana Buddhist teachings. Therefore, the Buddhists in this country had stagnated in their Buddhist teachings.
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2889:. Within this monastery complex, states Xuanzang, there are three temples, the center one with a thirty foot tall Buddha idol, another has a statue of
2885:
about 300 li southeast of the Magadha capital. It has four courts, lofty terraces, multi-storied pavilions where thousands of monks continue to study
2433:
Xuanzang describes Ganges river with blue waters, who heretics believe carries "waters of blessedness", and in which a dip leads to expiation of sins.
5693:. Translated from the Chinese of Shaman (monk) Hwui Li. London. 1911. Reprint Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973. (a dated, abridged translation)
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2866:. One can see the very ancient foundations of Kusumapura. Later, when human life span reduced to "several thousand years", its name was changed to
2832:
temples and doctrines, states Xuanzang. It has over ten monasteries with less than a thousand Buddhist monks. He then travelled to the country of
2394:'s reign, peaches and pears plantations were imported into Chinabhukti, northern India. Further northeast, he visited a Buddhist monastery of the
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temples and stupas here, but several hundred such Buddhist and non-Buddhist monuments are in dilapidated and ruined condition, states Xuanzang.
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5959:
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3874:, Japan. In November 1965, the relics of Xuanzang were returned by the Japanese government to Taiwanese government and eventually enshrined in
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composed and under study at the major Buddhist monasteries of Matipura. This region has the city of Mayura, densely populated and with a great
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Xuanzang visited the country of Chinabhukti next, which he states got its name because a region west of the Yellow river was a vassal state of
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will come to an end in a distant future, therefore anyone who comes to this place feels sad and "sheds tears" (Li Rongxi translation).
1855:
Xuanzang started his pilgrimage to India in either 627 or 629 CE, according to two East Asian versions. The 627 CE version is found in
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2990:, who made available to Xuanzang and through him to the Sino-Japanese world the entire heritage of Buddhist Mahayana thought, and the
2332:. It is a great site of pilgrimage, where Indians from very far come with prayers. At the foot of this mountain is another temple for
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5521:. Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada dharma series. Sutra Translation Committee of the U.S. & Canada.
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and has visited the Vaikunta Perumal Temple and also said that Kanchi was a strong center of Buddhism. He continued travelling to
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Xuanzang describes Prayaga as a great city where Ganges and Yamuna meet, one where people ritually fast, bathe and give away alms.
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His elder brother was already a monk in a Buddhist monastery. Inspired, at a young age, Xuanzang expressed interest in becoming a
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1842:'s visit to India and, like him, sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues.
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2778:). The country has over thirty Buddhist monasteries with three thousand monks studying Hinayana. There are over one hundred
1726:). His family was noted for its erudition for generations, and Xuanzang was the youngest of four children. His ancestor was
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The force of his own study, translation, and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the
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Xuanzang describes thousands of monasteries and stupas in northwest India. Above: the ruins of Dharmarajika stupa, Taxila.
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that was over one thousand foot long. The people and the king of this valley serve the Buddhist monks, records Xuanzang.
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There was also a biography of Xuanzang written by the monk Huili (慧立). Both books were first translated into English by
3027:. One of them was the Vāśibhã Monastery, where he found over 700 Mahayana monks from all over Eastern India. He visited
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Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk (Xuanzang) who crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment
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Bhat, R. B. & Wu, C. (2014). Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2014.
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In Fascicle 6 of the travelogue manuscript, Xuanzang focuses on some of the holiest sites in Buddhism. He begins with
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temples. The Matipura country has ten monasteries and over eight hundred monks, mostly studying Hinayana. Over fifty
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emitted light". The travelogue states that Xuanzang went into a dark cave here where dangerous beings lived, recited
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river. It is surrounded by flowery wood, has three monasteries with five hundred monks, and a multi-tiered terraced
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texts. He observed that there were many viharas at Amaravati and some of them were deserted. He later proceeded to
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thus leaving three versions and with variant details. All three of these versions begin his pilgrimage in 629 CE.
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When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"
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Xuanzang visited Sravasti site (above), the place where the Buddha spent most of his time after enlightenment.
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outside, but is much decorated inside. They construct their homes such a way that they open towards the east.
1828:. Here the two brothers spent two or three years in further study in the monastery of Kong Hui, including the
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The Uygur-Turkic Biography of the Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Pilgrim Xuanzang: Ninth and Tenth Chapters
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3611:. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
2225:, and they include Narayanadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dharmatrata, Monaratha and Parshva. To the southeast of
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To the northeast of Varsha country, states Xuanzang, there is a lofty mountain with a bluish stone image of
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3566:, in 1884 and 1911 respectively. An English translation with copious notes by Thomas Watters was edited by
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statues are "carved from stone with the most exquisite craftsmanship". About thirty li to the east of this
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of 645 CE for events, names and texts he mentions. His text in turn provided the inspiration for the novel
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Jain, Sandhya & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books.
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2253:(now called Swat river). It had 1400 monasteries of five early Buddhist schools (of 18 sub-traditions) –
1241:
17:
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Kingdoms of Konkanapura, Maharashtra, Malawa, Valabhi, Gurjara, Ujjayani, Sindhu, Langala, Avanda, Varnu
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by Tripitaka Master Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty, translation, and explanation by Ronald Epstein (1986)
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2738:
2203:, and they became Buddhists. Thereafter they all burnt incense and worshipped the Buddha with flowers.
1212:
681:(novice monk) at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the
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Buddhism, and they have over a thousand monks. Along with these Buddhist institution, Kapitha has ten
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7000:
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2173:), with many Buddhist monasteries and five Deva temples. The number of monks here, however, are few.
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1934:
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714:'s visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the
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5324:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 259–268
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Rene Grousset. In the Footsteps of the Buddha. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971 p161
5211:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 229–249
5198:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 227–228
5185:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 207–208
5160:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 195–201
5144:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 190–192
5116:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 178–189
5088:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 171–177
5060:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 158–167
5044:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 151–157
5016:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 145–151
5000:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 139–142
4984:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 136–139
4971:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 132–136
4955:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 123–133
4937:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 121–124
4912:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 109–115
4886:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 103–108
4860:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 101–103
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4847:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 97–100
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relics." In celebration of Xuanzang's extraordinary achievement in translating the Buddhist texts,
2828:, he headed north and reached the country of Vriji. This country mostly venerates the non-Buddhist
1524:
1248:
143:
5272:"Xuanzang and the Three Types of Wisdom: Learning, Reasoning, and Cultivating in Yogācāra Thought"
4834:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 68–69
4792:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 83–87
4722:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 58–62
4704:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 55–57
4634:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 43–48
4612:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 41–44
4582:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 32–39
4554:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 25–32
4521:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 18–27
4505:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 17–18
4489:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 16–17
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30:
This article is about the historical Buddhist monk. For the fictional character based on him, see
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1834:. The abbot Zheng Shanguo allowed Xuanzang to study these advanced subjects though he was young.
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like his brother. After the death of his father in 611, he lived with his older brother Chen Su (
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He later travelled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to
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built stupa, with a twenty feet high pillar and lion image on its top. From there he walked to
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school with 300 monks. He describes another colossal stupa that is over 200 feet tall built by
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How to Create a Great Monastery: Xuanzang's Foundation Legend of Nālandā in Its Indian Context
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Though Xuanzang is mainly known for his translation work, he also wrote a few original works.
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trees offer the inhabitants their dense and protective shade" (translation of Rene Grousset).
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3007:, Xuanzang travelled through several kingdoms, including Iranaparvata, Champa, from there to
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5251:. In the Footsteps of the Buddha. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971. p159-161
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in Magadha. It is very ancient. When human life was "innumerable years" long, it was called
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2920:'s hill, Vipula hill, Pippala Cave, Bamboo temple and other monuments, Xuanzang arrived in
2300:, states Xuanzang. He stays in Kashmira for two years and studies the treatises with them.
1263:
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A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty
4384:
A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty
4363:
A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty
1734:. His great-grandfather Chen Qin (陳欽) served as the prefect of Shangdang (上黨; present-day
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4386:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley,
4365:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley,
4163:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley,
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Some five hundred li (~200 kilometer in 7th-century) to the southeast is the country of
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Xuanzang was born Chen Hui (or Chen Yi) on 6 April 602 in Chenhe Village, Goushi Town (
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677:
654:, scholar, traveler, and translator. He is known for the epoch-making contributions to
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carved into the rocks of Bamiyan region (above: 19th-century sketch, destroyed by the
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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for a long time but was moved to a newly built memorial hall in Nalanda in 2007. The
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Central Asia and India. This book was first translated into French by the Sinologist
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flowers with a 100 foot ancient stupa with collapsed foundation, originally built by
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1194:("Three Baskets"), and in some English-language fiction and English translations of
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preserved the records of the political and social aspects of the lands he visited.
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temples frequented by heretics (Hindus). This region has many caves where Buddhist
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2035:). He adds that the Hinayana Buddhist schools were followed in all these regions.
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Xuanzang was born on 6 April 602 in Chenliu, what is now Kaifeng municipality in
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4290:"Fact versus Fiction: From Record of the Western Regions to Journey to the West"
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3806:
3761:, and is protected on his journey by four powerful disciples. One of them, the
3758:
3586:
3216:
3182:
3178:
3099:
3087:
3008:
2871:
2719:
2551:
2086:
2032:
1967:
1431:
1426:
1110:
760:
715:
550:
469:
388:
381:
235:
9314:
9134:
3019:. There Xuanzang found 20 monasteries with over 3,000 monks studying both the
2939:
At Nalanda, he was in the company of several thousand monks. Xuanzang studied
9724:
9674:
9631:
9606:
9466:
9396:
9279:
9010:
8995:
8627:
8476:
7785:
7687:
7545:
7346:
7324:
7260:
6931:
6726:
6721:
6613:
6282:
6105:
6093:
5762:. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California.
4043:
4029:
3638:. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California.
3466:
3458:
3427:
3204:
where he witnessed the Emperor's generous distribution of gifts to the poor.
2683:
2655:
2521:
2286:
2109:
2104:
The citizens of this country, adds Xuanzang, fondly recall "King Kanishka of
2097:
Heading east and crossing the Black range, Xuanzang describes the country of
1979:
1514:
1504:
1481:
1416:
1401:
1253:
1191:
287:
8913:
7085:
7075:
6447:
3487:
became and remains an important milestone in all East Asian Buddhist sects.
2352:
2341:
2272:
9401:
9391:
9319:
9139:
9000:
8717:
8702:
8672:
8622:
8612:
8454:
8249:
7742:
7577:
7455:
7243:
7238:
7065:
6936:
6811:
6272:
4769:
4767:
4742:
4740:
4681:
4679:
3840:
3802:
3789:
3754:
3740:
3688:
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3414:
texts. With the emperor's support, he set up a large translation bureau in
3354:
2901:
2395:
2254:
2246:
1991:
1926:
1817:
1763:
1608:
1446:
1421:
1093:
764:
536:
455:
360:
221:
31:
9304:
7500:
7485:
7445:
7142:
6806:
6382:
2081:
41:"Hun Sang" redirects here. For the former prime minister of Cambodia, see
9611:
9521:
9371:
9169:
9159:
9059:
8687:
8516:
7657:
7642:
7425:
7233:
7161:
6941:
6771:
6673:
6520:
6392:
6163:
6157:
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5505:
See Eli Franco, "Xuanzang's proof of idealism." Horin 11 (2004): 199-212.
3719:
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3252:
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5288:
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4752:
4737:
4725:
4676:
3305:
3265:
3142:
3055:
2702:. About five li (~2 kilometers in 7th century) south of the city is the
1119:
in early Mandarin, which accounts for the archaic transliterations with
9189:
9030:
8980:
8950:
8632:
8590:
8466:
8272:
8197:
7811:
7795:
7757:
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6041:
5948:
Xuanzang Memorial, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara on Google Cultural Institute
5804:
4294:
Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage
3966:
3871:
3867:
3836:
3762:
3696:
3454:
3449:(613–696), become influential authors in their own right. Although the
3224:
3208:
3201:
3036:
3016:
2971:
2956:
2917:
2905:
2699:
2695:
2406:
temples where heretics smear their bodies with ashes (Shiva-Hinduism).
2380:
2250:
2019:
1987:
1921:
In 630 CE, he arrived in the kingdom of Agni (Yanqi, in a place called
1812:
In 618, the Sui Dynasty collapsed and Xuanzang and his brother fled to
1603:
1441:
1406:
1381:
1311:
266:
9324:
9020:
7652:
6648:
2975:
2725:
2363:
Kingdoms of Takka, Jalamdhara, Sthanesvara, Mathura, Matipura, Kapitha
1165:
635:
632:
624:
621:
9616:
9446:
9344:
9309:
9219:
9109:
9089:
9015:
9005:
8985:
8607:
8580:
7747:
7622:
7334:
7250:
7127:
7017:
6990:
6983:
6946:
6903:
6866:
6633:
6598:
6565:
6540:
6495:
3736:
3708:
3655:
3536:
3453:
school itself did not thrive for a long time, its theories regarding
3423:
2921:
2848:
In Fascicle 8 of the travelogue, Xuanzang begins with the country of
2734:
2707:
2679:
2673:
2297:
2214:. On its east, it is bordered by the Indus river, and its capital is
2023:
2011:
2007:
1719:
1466:
308:
117:
9601:
9511:
9386:
8380:
7216:
7070:
6836:
6618:
6487:
6479:
4405:
2487:
temples are frequented by the heretics here. Xuanzang describes the
710:, where Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about
9669:
9571:
9506:
9456:
9376:
9194:
9114:
8897:
8737:
8692:
8637:
8602:
8506:
8165:
7732:
7727:
7612:
7530:
7495:
7490:
7151:
7022:
7010:
6921:
6580:
6277:
6228:
6222:
6186:
6099:
6053:
6047:
5904:
The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing
4024:
3700:
3692:
3446:
3419:
3411:
3395:
3236:
3190:
3186:
3111:
3043:
and other regions, which Xuanzang calls as "domain of east India".
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
2952:
2948:
2870:. Towards the north of his royal city is a huge standing pillar of
2794:
2766:
2703:
2651:
2642:
2627:
2594:
temples. This is the country where some of the key shastras of the
2583:
2540:
2536:
2467:
2391:
2387:
2368:
2356:
2337:
2292:
2282:
2262:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2207:
2105:
1995:
1983:
1930:
1802:
1735:
1476:
1436:
1341:
1326:
1296:
1169:
664:
641:
329:
133:
9080:
Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)
7722:
7712:
7697:
7520:
7390:
6658:
5923:. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
5641:
Relic of famous Chinese monk moved to new memorial hall in N India
3518:
In 646, under the Emperor's request, Xuanzang completed his book,
2996:, Xuanzang's great philosophical treatise, is none other than the
2916:
After crossing the Maha river, visiting many stupas, monasteries,
2626:
temples. At the south of this great city here is a forest full of
2575:
temple that is "exquisitely constructed" (Li Rongxi translation).
1718:) and died on 5 February 664 in Yuhua Palace (玉華宮, in present-day
9684:
9646:
9636:
9451:
9416:
9406:
9381:
9084:
8642:
8585:
8570:
7717:
7707:
7682:
7557:
7552:
7510:
7480:
7412:
7378:
7265:
7206:
7201:
7055:
6958:
6796:
6746:
6533:
6359:
6216:
6198:
6192:
6111:
5792:
Chasing the Monk's Shadow: A Journey in the Footsteps of Xuanzang
5659:
Arai, Kiyomi. "Yakushiji offers peace of mind." (originally from
3859:
3852:
3848:
3832:
3450:
3438:
3404:
3228:
3212:
3174:
3091:
3004:
2944:
2933:
2929:
2849:
2765:
In Fascicle 7, Xuanzang describes five countries. He starts with
2638:
2615:
2579:
2527:
2454:
2438:
2372:
2325:
2242:
2186:
2124:
2090:
2028:
1825:
1821:
1798:
1770:
1723:
1711:
1509:
1486:
1461:
1396:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1331:
1181:
727:
695:
690:
686:
651:
393:
121:
94:
42:
9426:
7329:
7097:
5952:
5911:
Journey to the West: Dusty Roads, Stormy Seas, and Transcendence
3609:
Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang
3441:
school (法相宗) in East Asia. Some of Xuanzang's students, such as
3047:
Kingdoms of Kalinga, Multan, Andhra, Chola, Dravida and Malakuta
2210:– which some historic Chinese texts phonetically transcribed as
9699:
9689:
9641:
9626:
9591:
9461:
9441:
9436:
9329:
8722:
8707:
8543:
8405:
8385:
8160:
7822:
7702:
7692:
7627:
7255:
7211:
7196:
7186:
7156:
7080:
6963:
6731:
6603:
6347:
6342:
6210:
6134:
6070:
4047:
4034:
4019:
3965:
Statue of Xuanzang at Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery in
3827:
A skull relic purported to be that of Xuanzang was held in the
3680:
3663:
3524:, which has become one of the primary sources for the study of
3346:
3232:
3193:
3127:
3107:
3012:
2967:
2925:
2859:
2833:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2787:
2775:
2770:
2751:
2715:
2631:
2619:
2568:
2531:
2515:
2462:
2458:
2399:
2178:
2138:
2113:
2063:
1975:
1922:
1839:
1747:
1739:
1366:
1301:
1173:
1149:
1102:
711:
4054:
A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea
2844:
Kingdoms of Magadha, Iranaparvata, Champa, Kajangala, Kamarupa
2722:, one who lived for "twenty thousand" years, states Xuanzang.
9581:
9526:
9476:
9431:
9254:
9209:
9050:
8862:
8697:
8555:
8521:
8501:
8471:
8400:
7817:
7662:
7540:
7535:
7505:
7460:
7307:
7302:
7181:
6886:
6711:
6678:
6668:
6204:
6024:
5773:
Nattier, Jan. "The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?".
5336:"Xuan Zang stayed in Vijayawada to study Buddhist scriptures"
3953:
Statue of Xuanzang in front of Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an
3773:
3770:
3462:
3442:
3370:
3123:
3115:
2960:
2940:
2783:
2564:
2560:
2511:
2419:
2415:
2348:
2333:
2329:
2160:
2050:
2045:
1951:
1715:
1456:
1451:
1356:
1321:
1116:
in today's Mandarin, was previously pronounced as the h-like
731:
723:
671:
372:
163:
98:
61:
5775:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
5024:
5022:
4529:
4527:
4466:
4464:
4462:
2805:
temple. It has storied pavilions and terraces, the numerous
8732:
7525:
7191:
6688:
3809:
by Wu Changling (吳昌齡) about Xuanzang obtaining scriptures.
1982:. After a feast, Xuanzang continued west then southwest to
1887:
the Buddhist doctrine was imperfect and the scriptures were
1661:
1177:
1129:
Tang Monk (Tang Seng) is also transliterated /Thang Seng/.
4440:(2010), "Note sur la chronologie du voyage de Xuanzang."
4247:
2966:
According to Grousset, the founders of Mahayana idealism,
2522:
Kingdoms of Kanyakubja, Ayodhya, Prayaga, Kausambi, Visaka
1801:, supported by the Sui state. During this time he studied
8390:
6926:
5163:
5119:
5091:
5063:
5019:
4915:
4807:
4795:
4585:
4557:
4524:
4459:
3913:
Golden statue of Xuanzang. Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an
3835:
until 1956 when it was taken to Nalanda—allegedly by the
3757:
is the reincarnation of the Golden Cicada, a disciple of
1970:
before turning northwest to cross the Tian Shan and then
1897:
the Mahayana sutras would have not only been sprinkled at
1889:
incomplete. Having many doubts, I wish to go and find out
1190:"Sanzang" is the Chinese term for the Buddhist canon, or
1132:
Another of Xuanzang's standard aliases is Sanzang Fashi (
348:
334:
320:
1891:
the truth, and so I decided to travel to the West at the
1746:; his grandfather Chen Kang (陳康) was a professor in the
278:
5880:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
3855:
province also claims to have part of Xuanzang's skull.
3739:, and the legends that grew up around it, inspired the
3483:
as a commentary on these texts. His translation of the
2221:
This is the land of ancient sages and authors of Indic
1899:
Kapilavastu, but the sublime truth may also be known in
1754:. His father Chen Hui (陳惠) served as the magistrate of
4447:
2654:
is the place that Buddhists text predict is where the
2119:
4643:
3588:
On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D. Vol.1
1893:
risk of my life in order to seek for the teachings of
610:; 6 April 602 – 5 February 664), born
555:
541:
474:
460:
254:
240:
226:
6011:
5322:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5209:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5196:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5183:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5158:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5142:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5114:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5086:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5058:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5042:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5014:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4998:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4982:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4969:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4953:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4935:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4910:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4884:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4858:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4845:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4832:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4790:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4720:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4702:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4632:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4610:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4580:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4552:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4519:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4503:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4487:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4161:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
3636:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
3495:
Xuanzang returned to China with three copies of the
3422:), drawing students and collaborators from all over
2858:
According to Xuanzang, there is city south of river
2666:. Vishaka has numerous non-Buddhists and over fifty
2002:
From here, he crossed a desert, icy valleys and the
1885:
offerings. It is because I regretted, in my country,
726:
to India. He visited, among other places, the famed
5811:(retracing Xuanzang's journeys). Harper Perennial.
3765:, was a popular favorite and profoundly influenced
2955:school of Buddhism during his time at Nalanda with
2745:in many of these monasteries. This country has two
1883:
The purpose of my journey is not to obtain personal
299:
5456:
4357:
4355:
2674:Kingdoms of Sravasti Kushinagara, Baranasi, Nepala
1816:, which had been proclaimed as the capital of the
4248:Stephen Gosch; Peter Stearns (12 December 2007).
3490:
2737:, Xuanzang travelled southeast to the country of
2426:temples. The monks study Hinayana Buddhism here.
2371:, extending from the Indus river to its west and
9722:
9280:Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù)
9265:Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān)
4376:
3925:Xuanzang Memorial Hall in Nalanda, Bihar, India.
3574:, and published posthumously in London in 1905.
3086:Xuanzang turned southward and travelled towards
2578:About 600 li to the southeast is the country of
767:, around nine centuries after Xuanzang's death.
9275:Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng)
5846:. Westview Press, 1996. Revised and updated as
5428:"The Emperor's Preface to the Sacred Teachings"
4647:Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World
4352:
4330:London: Royal Asiatic Society. pp. xi–xii.
3390:
3130:and Pravata before returning to Nalanda again.
2236:
5542:
5540:
4327:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India 629–645 A.D.
3839:—and presented to India. The relic was in the
3788:series), and became well known in the West by
3711:, although at times he can be quite partisan.
2543:teachings. The heretics have over two hundred
2355:installed in reverence of him in this city of
1895:which I have not yet heard, so that the Dew of
1870:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
578:
8943:
8929:
6256:
5997:
5844:Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road
5839:. Reprint, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1973.
5751:The Life of Hsuan Tsang by Huili (Translated)
5627:
5625:
5463:. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–142.
4343:
4205:
3378:
3375:The Emperor's Preface to the Sacred Teachings
3364:
3358:
3255:mural depicting Xuanzang returning from India
1683:
1097:and Chuang are also found. The sound written
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
630:
619:
511:
497:
430:
416:
196:
27:7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar
7038:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
5976:Verses Delineating the Eight Consciousnesses
5152:
5150:
5136:
5134:
5108:
5106:
5080:
5078:
5052:
5050:
5008:
5006:
4992:
4990:
4963:
4961:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
3792:'s translation and later the cult TV series
3031:(present-day Assam and northeastern India),
2340:, which says Xuanzang was the birthplace of
1961:
1164:'Sanzang Dharma (or Law) Teacher'):
9270:Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng)
5916:
5549:
5537:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4784:
4782:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4696:
4694:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4574:
4572:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4513:
4511:
4497:
4495:
4481:
4479:
4323:
4287:
3858:Part of Xuanzang's remains were taken from
3679:His record of the places visited by him in
3548:There is also another original text called
1933:Buddhism, with two thousand monks who ate "
1159:
8971:Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó)
8936:
8922:
6263:
6249:
6004:
5990:
5972:, by Shaman (monk) Hwui Li (Hui Li) (沙门慧立)
5674:. 25 September 2008. Accessed 23 May 2009.
5622:
5460:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
4444:, Vol. 298, No. 1, pp. 157–168 (in French)
2161:Kingdom of Lampa, Nagarahara, and Gandhara
1690:
1676:
60:
5876:Yu, Anthony C. (ed. and trans.) (1980 ).
5715:. Feltham, Middlesex: Hamlyn Publishing.
5488:Religion and Biography in China and Tibet
5334:Rao, G. Venkataramana (3 November 2016).
5287:
5188:
5175:
5147:
5131:
5103:
5075:
5047:
5034:
5003:
4987:
4974:
4958:
4940:
4927:
4889:
4863:
4850:
3989:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
3211:, he returned to the imperial capital of
3102:. He stayed at Amaravati and studied the
2614:About 700 li southeast is the country of
2437:Xuangzang next arrived in the country of
2319:
5753:. Chinese Buddhist Association, Beijing.
5748:
5450:
5220:
5169:
5125:
5097:
5069:
5028:
4921:
4837:
4819:
4813:
4801:
4779:
4773:
4758:
4746:
4731:
4707:
4691:
4685:
4615:
4597:
4591:
4569:
4563:
4539:
4533:
4508:
4492:
4476:
4470:
4453:
4180:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
3654:
3535:Xuanzang also wrote a large treatise on
3394:
3246:
3227:mountain range, Xuanzang passed through
2986:. Thus Xuanzang had reached his teacher
2908:. Near the tree, he states there is the
2724:
2694:temples. He saw the decaying remains of
2605:
2428:
2344:and the author of "Sabda-vidya-sastra".
2271:
2123:
2080:
1200:, Xuanzang is addressed as "Tripitaka."
1187:, the implied meaning being "Buddhism".
734:, India where he studied with the monk,
8966:Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Guòqù Qīfó)
8225:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
5457:Garfield, J.L.; Westerhoff, J. (2015).
4243:
4241:
3584:
3215:where he was given a grand farewell by
2229:city is a 400-foot-high stupa built by
1789:), for five years at Jingtu Monastery (
1766:after one such study about that topic.
14:
9723:
9215:Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng)
8428:List of Buddhist architecture in China
5592:from the original on 21 September 2022
5525:from the original on 20 September 2021
5392:
5269:
3727:exists, Kumārajīva's is more popular.
3623:Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales
2782:temples, most dedicated to Mahesvara (
2057:
596:
350:
256:
8917:
6244:
5985:
5865:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
5777:Vol. 15 (2), p. 153-223. (1992)
5755:(a more recent, abridged translation)
5730:Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008.
5650:} China.com, Xinhua, 11 February 2007
5576:
5574:
5501:
5499:
5438:from the original on 24 February 2017
5346:from the original on 28 November 2016
4433:
4431:
4144:
1113:, which represents the s- or sh-like
9417:Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà)
9355:Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén)
9075:Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà)
5953:Details of Xuanzang's life and works
5906:, Education About Asia 11 (3), 24-33
5823:The Real Tripitaka, and Other Pieces
5514:
4238:
4181:Wriggins, Sally (27 November 2003).
4116:
4114:
4112:
3300:
3260:
3137:
3050:
2874:. There once were many monasteries,
741:This Chinese travelogue, titled the
9537:Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn)
9070:Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà)
5955:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5863:The Silk Road Journey with Xuanzang
5848:The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang
5743:Histoire de la vie de Hiouen-Thsang
5582:"Xuanzang's Translations and Works"
5374:Google Maps, retrieved 17 July 2016
5333:
4410:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4183:The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang
3596:. Reprint. Hesperides Press, 1996.
3353:ordered renowned Tang calligrapher
2514:statue at left of the entrance and
2165:Xuanzang describes Lampaka (modern
2120:Travel through India and South Asia
1974:on its northwest. He met the great
1944:
1269:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China
658:, the travelogue of his journey to
24:
9577:Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn)
9487:Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn)
9180:Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng)
9150:Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà)
8961:Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Wǔfāng Fó)
8215:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
5893:
5809:Ten Thousand Miles Without a Cloud
5571:
5496:
4428:
4406:"Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang) (602—664)"
4212:. Pearson Education. p. 563.
4132:from the original on 16 March 2023
4079:while the latter is pronounced as
4000:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3866:in 1942, and are now enshrined at
3683: — mainly Raktamrittika near
3336:
2530:, also called Kusumapura, has the
1999:"illness and pestilence" rampant.
1916:
1227:
706:, then under the peaceful rule of
699:(full monk) at the age of twenty.
25:
9882:
9567:Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn)
9285:Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng)
9185:Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng)
8976:Eighty-eight Buddhas (Bāshíbā Fó)
5941:
5831:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India
5745:, par Hui Li et Yen-Tsung, Paris.
4664:from the original on 7 March 2023
4416:from the original on 28 July 2018
4251:Premodern Travel in World History
4226:from the original on 7 March 2023
4109:
3901:, a fictional account of travels.
3895:An illustration of Xuanzang from
3776:and anime (including the popular
3625:, L'Imprimerie impériale, Paris.
3504:
2367:The country of Takka is south of
9532:Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn)
9517:Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn)
9240:Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng)
9160:Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà)
9155:Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn)
9105:Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà)
9049:
9001:Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó)
8896:
8886:
8885:
8443:Thai temple art and architecture
8188:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
6428:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
6294:
6281:
6271:
6012:Chinese travellers and explorers
4776:, pp. 67–71 with footnotes.
4761:, pp. 64–67 with footnotes.
4749:, pp. 63–65 with footnotes.
4734:, pp. 61–62 with footnotes.
4688:, pp. 57–59 with footnotes.
4185:. New York: Westview (Penguin).
4091:. (Both sources are in Chinese.)
3958:
3946:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3888:
3634:Li, Rongxi (translator) (1995).
3621:Julien, Stanislas, (1857/1858).
3591:. Royal Asiatic Society, London.
3304:
3264:
3141:
3054:
2044:vihara built ages ago, and many
1937:" with other foods, rather than
1168:being a Chinese translation for
6295:
5653:
5634:
5613:
5604:
5558:
5518:The Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra
5508:
5477:
5420:
5386:
5377:
5358:
5327:
5314:
5305:
5302:Watters II (1996), pp. 164-165.
5296:
5263:
5254:
5242:
5214:
5201:
4637:
4403:
4397:
4340:Christie 123, 126, 130, and 141
4334:
4296:. Rhythms Monthly. p. 62.
3749:, one of the great classics of
3554:Verses on the Structure of the
2450:temples and numerous heretics.
394:
373:
349:
335:
321:
300:
279:
9502:Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn)
9497:Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn)
9492:Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn)
9402:Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì)
9372:Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fúdǐng)
8433:Japanese Buddhist architecture
8235:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
7315:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
6506:Places where the Buddha stayed
5909:Weerawardane, Prasani (2009).
5861:Wriggins, Sally Hovey (2004).
5825:. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
5680:
4644:trans. by Samuel Beal (1994).
4317:
4281:
4268:
4199:
4174:
4068:
3672:Records of the Western Regions
3521:Records of the Western Regions
3511:Records of the Western Regions
3491:The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra
3373:stones, collectively known as
1794:
1786:
1778:
1750:(Imperial Academy) during the
1707:
1581:Buddhist architecture in China
1154:
1145:
1137:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
744:Records of the Western Regions
631:
620:
556:
542:
512:
498:
475:
461:
431:
417:
255:
241:
227:
197:
13:
1:
9776:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
9522:Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn)
9190:Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng)
9120:Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà)
9085:Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà)
8448:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
5700:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
5687:Beal, Samuel, trans. (1911).
5228:. Kosei. pp. 47, 53–54.
4254:. Routledge. pp. 89–92.
4098:
3735:Xuanzang's journey along the
3730:
3363:) and inscriber Wan Wenshao (
1845:
1730:(104–186), a minister of the
1710:), Luozhou (near present-day
1647:Buddhist Association of China
1203:
693:, where he was ordained as a
66:Painting of Xuanzang. Japan,
9751:Chinese scholars of Buddhism
9230:Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng)
9220:Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng)
9145:Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà)
9140:Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà)
9110:Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà)
8205:Buddhism and the Roman world
8181:Decline of Buddhism in India
8176:History of Buddhism in India
6276: Topics in
5770:(a recent, full translation)
5270:Jannel, Romaric (May 2022).
4103:
3753:. The fictional counterpart
3391:Chinese Buddhism (influence)
2893:, the third has a statue of
2475:causes sins to be expiated.
2245:, he arrived in the city of
2237:Kingdom of Udayana, Kashmira
1781:), later known as Zhangjie (
650:, was a 7th-century Chinese
7:
9841:7th-century Chinese writers
9786:Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
9557:Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn)
9350:Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng)
9245:Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng)
9095:Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà)
9011:Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó)
7403:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
7143:
5828:Watters, Thomas (1904–05).
5758:Li, Rongxi, trans. (1995).
5696:Bernstein, Richard (2001).
4324:Rhys Davids, T. W. (1904).
4292:. In Wang Chichhung (ed.).
3973:
3577:
3181:, who was an ally of Kumar
2932:. He stayed and studied at
1871:Travel through Central Asia
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
10:
9887:
9741:7th-century Buddhist monks
9225:Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng)
9200:Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng)
9135:Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà)
8981:Śākyamuni (Shìjiāmóuní Fó)
8353:The unanswerable questions
5741:Julien, Stanislas (1853).
5711:Christie, Anthony (1968).
5404:Princeton University Press
4010:Chinese Translation Theory
3881:
3829:Temple of Great Compassion
3508:
2895:Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva
2769:, stating the country has
2690:. The country has hundred
2682:(present-day northeastern
2200:Srimaladevi Simhanadasutra
1820:, and thence southward to
40:
29:
9801:Translators from Sanskrit
9791:Explorers of Central Asia
9695:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
9665:
9590:
9475:
9467:Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié)
9253:
9205:Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn)
9168:
9100:Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà)
9058:
9047:
8996:Bhaisajyaguru (Yàoshī Fó)
8949:
8944:Chinese Buddhist pantheon
8881:
8833:
8748:
8663:
8438:Buddhist temples in Korea
8361:
8263:
8146:
7843:
7771:
7598:
7471:
7411:
7046:
7001:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
6912:
6904:Three planes of existence
6852:
6697:
6589:
6519:
6511:Buddha in world religions
6373:
6318:
6290:
6173:
6144:
6127:
6080:
6063:
6034:
6017:
5913:, biblioasia 5 (2), 14-18
5515:To, L.; Li, S.K. (1995).
5365:Xuanzang Pilgrimage Route
4349:Wriggins 1996, pp. 7, 193
3822:
3650:
3539:Buddhist philosophy, the
3379:
3365:
3359:
3219:. Travelling through the
3173:Xuanzang was welcomed to
2410:Buddhism. It has fifteen
1962:Baluka and other kingdoms
1911:(Translator: Li Yung-hsi)
730:University in modern day
605:
586:
579:
572:
567:
549:
535:
528:
523:
519:
505:
491:
486:
468:
454:
447:
442:
438:
424:
410:
405:
387:
380:
366:
359:
342:
328:
314:
307:
293:
286:
272:
265:
248:
234:
220:
213:
208:
204:
190:
185:
181:
176:
154:
149:
139:
129:
106:
80:
75:
59:
52:
34:. For the 2016 film, see
9746:Tang dynasty translators
9572:Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn)
9360:Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng)
9345:Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén)
9325:Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng)
9235:Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng)
9195:Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng)
9031:Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó)
8986:Vairocana (Pílúzhēnǎ Fó)
8220:Persecution of Buddhists
7441:Four stages of awakening
6822:Three marks of existence
6408:Physical characteristics
5970:The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang
5850:. Westview Press, 2003.
5690:The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang
5665:Buddhist Channel Website
5646:20 February 2007 at the
4650:. Motilal Banarasidass.
4075:former is pronounced as
4061:
4005:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
3585:Watters, Thomas (1904).
3498:Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra
3126:; from there he went to
1935:three kinds of pure meat
1850:
1249:Buddhism in Central Asia
772:
493:Traditional Chinese
412:Traditional Chinese
9846:7th-century translators
9831:Emperor Taizong of Tang
9766:Historiography of India
9552:Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn)
9547:Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn)
9527:Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn)
9512:Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn)
9462:Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén)
9365:Narayana (Nàluóyántiān)
9310:Saraswati (Biàncáitiān)
9210:Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng)
9090:Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà)
9036:Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó)
7583:Ten principal disciples
6466:(aunt, adoptive mother)
5878:The Journey to the West
5842:Wriggins, Sally Hovey.
5821:Waley, Arthur (1952).
5784:29 October 2013 at the
5370:24 October 2016 at the
4438:Étienne de la Vaissière
4126:Encyclopedia Britannica
3995:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
3939:Great Wild Goose Pagoda
3385:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
3351:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
3343:Emperor Taizong of Tang
2563:temple is a Mahesvara (
2550:The current monarch is
2470:, and over one hundred
1966:Further west he passed
708:Emperor Taizong of Tang
580:ह्वे॒न् साङ्, मोक्षदेवः
507:Simplified Chinese
426:Simplified Chinese
9816:Chinese travel writers
9806:Translators to Chinese
9562:Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn)
9542:Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn)
9457:Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā)
9258:諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén)
9016:Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó)
8293:Buddhism and democracy
7806:Tibetan Buddhist canon
7801:Chinese Buddhist canon
7033:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
7028:Early Buddhist schools
5555:Wriggins 1996, pg. 207
5311:Li (1996), pp. 298-299
4206:Upinder Singh (2008).
3864:Imperial Japanese Army
3666:
3407:
3399:Statue of Xuanzang at
3256:
3179:Emperor Harshavardhana
3177:at the request of the
2982:and whose student was
2730:
2611:
2590:. Its capital has ten
2466:monks mostly studying
2461:river to its east and
2434:
2320:The memorial of Pāṇini
2277:
2241:Heading north towards
2129:
2094:
1904:
1831:Abhidharma-kośa Śāstra
1807:early Buddhist schools
1558:Chinese Buddhist canon
1259:Silk Road transmission
1233:
9871:7th-century travelers
9836:Linguists of Sanskrit
9781:Sui dynasty Buddhists
9595:高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī)
9507:Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn)
9407:Thunder god (Léigōng)
9026:Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó)
8303:Eight Consciousnesses
6413:Life of Buddha in art
5837:Royal Asiatic Society
5790:Saran, Mishi (2005).
5749:Yung-hsi, Li (1959).
5631:Nattier 1992, pg. 188
5546:Wriggins 1996, pg.206
5432:Vincent's Calligraphy
3658:
3607:Beal, Samuel (1884).
3556:Eight Consciousnesses
3398:
3250:
3110:, the capital of the
2728:
2637:Five hundred li from
2609:
2535:Buddhists study both
2518:statue to the right.
2432:
2390:. From there, during
2328:. She is the wife of
2275:
2127:
2084:
1901:the eastern country.
1875:
1231:
640:), also known by his
9821:Writers from Luoyang
9756:Buddhist translators
9582:Budai (Bùdài Luóhàn)
9377:Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān)
9340:Marici (Mólìzhītiān)
9305:Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān)
9115:Maitreya (Mílè Púsa)
9021:Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó)
8991:Amitābha (Āmítuó Fó)
8780:East Asian religions
8210:Buddhism in the West
7781:Early Buddhist texts
7396:Four Right Exertions
6862:Ten spiritual realms
6355:Noble Eightfold Path
5966:on 13 February 2005.
5917:Kahar Barat (2000).
5670:8 March 2011 at the
5399:Relics of the Buddha
4288:Cao Shibang (2006).
3937:Statue of Xuanzang.
3428:Yogācāra (瑜伽行派), or
3189:, to attend a great
1986:, capital of modern
1264:Dunhuang manuscripts
9851:Chinese translators
9811:Pilgrimage accounts
9771:Journey to the West
9447:Gandharva (Gāntàpó)
9300:Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān)
9125:Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà)
9041:Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó)
9006:Akshobhya (Āchù Fó)
8903:Religion portal
8650:Temple of the Tooth
8529:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
7568:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
7061:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
6844:Two truths doctrine
6664:Mahapajapati Gotamī
6464:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5289:10.3390/rel13060486
4015:Chinese exploration
3898:Journey to the West
3862:by soldiers of the
3805:, there was also a
3746:Journey to the West
3718:His version of the
2910:Mahabodhi monastery
2883:Tiladhaka monastery
2801:and visits a large
2108:" (2nd-century CE,
2085:Xuanzang describes
2058:Kingdom of Bamiyana
2054:(Buddhist saints).
1805:as well as various
1732:Eastern Han dynasty
1540:Humanistic Buddhism
1197:Journey to the West
1142:traditional Chinese
756:Journey to the West
144:East Asian Yogācāra
9861:Explorers of Nepal
9796:Explorers of India
9612:Bodhidharma (Dámó)
9452:Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō)
9442:Garuda (Jiālóuluó)
9387:Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ)
9255:Deities and Demons
9130:Tara (Duōluó Púsà)
8825:Western philosophy
8423:Dzong architecture
8245:Vipassana movement
8240:Buddhist modernism
7668:Emperor Wen of Sui
7436:Pratyekabuddhayāna
7369:Threefold Training
7171:Vipassana movement
6887:Hungry Ghost realm
6707:Avidyā (Ignorance)
6654:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
6403:Great Renunciation
6398:Eight Great Events
6280:
5794:. Penguin Books.
5726:Gordon, Stewart.
5564:Deeg, Max (2007).
5320:Li Rongxi (1996),
5207:Li Rongxi (1996),
5194:Li Rongxi (1996),
5181:Li Rongxi (1996),
5156:Li Rongxi (1996),
5140:Li Rongxi (1996),
5112:Li Rongxi (1996),
5084:Li Rongxi (1996),
5056:Li Rongxi (1996),
5040:Li Rongxi (1996),
5012:Li Rongxi (1996),
4996:Li Rongxi (1996),
4980:Li Rongxi (1996),
4967:Li Rongxi (1996),
4951:Li Rongxi (1996),
4933:Li Rongxi (1996),
4908:Li Rongxi (1996),
4882:Li Rongxi (1996),
4856:Li Rongxi (1996),
4843:Li Rongxi (1996),
4830:Li Rongxi (1996),
4788:Li Rongxi (1996),
4718:Li Rongxi (1996),
4700:Li Rongxi (1996),
4630:Li Rongxi (1996),
4608:Li Rongxi (1996),
4578:Li Rongxi (1996),
4550:Li Rongxi (1996),
4517:Li Rongxi (1996),
4501:Li Rongxi (1996),
4485:Li Rongxi (1996),
4382:Li Rongxi (1995),
4361:Li Rongxi (1995),
4159:Li Rongxi (1996),
4128:. 1 January 2023.
3751:Chinese literature
3691:and its environs,
3667:
3445:(窺基, 632–682) and
3430:Consciousness-only
3408:
3316:. You can help by
3276:. You can help by
3257:
3153:. You can help by
3066:. You can help by
2930:Nalanda University
2731:
2641:is the country of
2618:, on the banks of
2612:
2435:
2278:
2130:
2095:
2066:(a part of modern
1958:place deserted.".
1878:Purpose of journey
1629:White Horse Temple
1234:
1134:simplified Chinese
1086:Tang Dynasty Monk
750:terminus ante quem
600:, or Hsüen Tsang,
9866:Chinese Buddhists
9856:Explorers of Asia
9826:Yogacara scholars
9761:Chinese explorers
9718:
9717:
9710:Religion in China
9705:Chinese mythology
9382:Sudhana (Shàncái)
9320:Chandra (Yuètiān)
9295:Indra (Dìshìtiān)
8954:佛 (Fó)/如來 (Rúlái)
8911:
8910:
8549:Om mani padme hum
8255:Women in Buddhism
8171:Buddhist councils
8041:Western countries
7829:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
7590:Shaolin Monastery
7167:Samatha-vipassanā
6777:Pratītyasamutpāda
6581:Metteyya/Maitreya
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6451:
6328:Four Noble Truths
6238:
6237:
5930:978-0-933070-46-2
5886:978-0-226-97150-6
5800:978-0-14-306439-8
5713:Chinese Mythology
5470:978-0-19-023129-3
5413:978-0-691-11764-5
5383:Wriggins 186-188.
5235:978-4-333-01893-2
5172:, pp. 98–99.
5128:, pp. 97–98.
5100:, pp. 96–97.
5072:, pp. 93–95.
5031:, pp. 90–92.
4924:, pp. 79–81.
4816:, pp. 74–75.
4804:, pp. 73–74.
4594:, pp. 55–66.
4566:, pp. 53–55.
4536:, pp. 36–48.
4473:, pp. 36–43.
4442:Journal Asiatique
4274:Max Deeg (2020),
4169:978-1-886439-02-3
3769:and contemporary
3602:978-1-4067-1387-9
3369:) to install two
3334:
3333:
3294:
3293:
3171:
3170:
3104:Abhidhammapitakam
3084:
3083:
2887:Mahayana Buddhism
2743:Hinayana Buddhism
2688:Hinayana Buddhism
2664:Hinayana Buddhism
2588:Mahayana Buddhism
2314:Madhyamika sastra
2310:Madhyamika sastra
2293:Emperor Kanishika
2285:), of Urasa (now
2183:Kingdom of Kapisa
2137:its distance as "
1857:Guang hongming ji
1700:
1699:
1535:Esoteric Buddhism
1232:Chinese: "Buddha"
1162:
1090:
1089:
1055:Hyeonjang-samjang
590:
589:
563:
562:
530:Standard Mandarin
482:
481:
449:Standard Mandarin
401:
400:
316:Yale Romanization
215:Standard Mandarin
172:
171:
16:(Redirected from
9878:
9330:Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ)
9290:Brahma (Fàntiān)
9053:
8938:
8931:
8924:
8915:
8914:
8901:
8900:
8889:
8888:
8728:Sacred languages
8576:Maya Devi Temple
8539:Mahabodhi Temple
8343:Secular Buddhism
8308:Engaged Buddhism
7148:
6996:Tibetan Buddhism
6947:Vietnamese Thiền
6546:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
6497:
6489:
6481:
6473:
6465:
6457:
6449:
6298:
6297:
6285:
6275:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6152:Rabban Bar Sauma
6006:
5999:
5992:
5983:
5982:
5968:Chinese text of
5967:
5962:. Archived from
5960:"大慈恩寺三藏法师传 (全文)"
5934:
5902:Sen, T. (2006).
5754:
5675:
5657:
5651:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5620:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5586:www.acmuller.net
5578:
5569:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5494:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5375:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5331:
5325:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5222:Nakamura, Hajime
5218:
5212:
5205:
5199:
5192:
5186:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5154:
5145:
5138:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5082:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5054:
5045:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5017:
5010:
5001:
4994:
4985:
4978:
4972:
4965:
4956:
4949:
4938:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4906:
4887:
4880:
4861:
4854:
4848:
4841:
4835:
4828:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4786:
4777:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4716:
4705:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4641:
4635:
4628:
4613:
4606:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4576:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4548:
4537:
4531:
4522:
4515:
4506:
4499:
4490:
4483:
4474:
4468:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4401:
4395:
4380:
4374:
4359:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4285:
4279:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4245:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4178:
4172:
4157:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4118:
4092:
4072:
3982:Cheng Weishi Lun
3962:
3950:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3892:
3845:Wenshu Monastery
3592:
3568:T.W. Rhys Davids
3550:Bashi guiju song
3542:Cheng Weishi Lun
3530:Stanislas Julien
3480:Cheng Weishi Lun
3401:Longmen Grottoes
3382:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3329:
3326:
3308:
3301:
3289:
3286:
3268:
3261:
3166:
3163:
3145:
3138:
3079:
3076:
3058:
3051:
3015:(in present-day
2993:Cheng Weishi Lun
2891:Tara Bodhisattva
2388:Emperor Kanishka
2251:Subhavastu river
2231:Emperor Kanishka
2087:colossal Buddhas
2072:Reclining Buddha
1945:Kingdom of Kuchi
1912:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1756:Jiangling County
1709:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1624:Tiantai Mountain
1563:Taishō Tripiṭaka
1412:Hongzhi Zhengjue
1221:Chinese Buddhism
1208:
1207:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1139:
1076:Tripiṭaka Master
1073:Tripiṭaka Master
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
921:
914:
907:
905:Xuánzàng Sānzàng
900:
893:
879:
878:
872:
871:
865:
864:
858:
857:
851:
850:
837:
836:
830:
829:
823:
822:
816:
815:
809:
808:
789:Xuanzang Sanzang
777:
776:
656:Chinese Buddhism
639:
638:
628:
627:
609:
599:
582:
581:
559:
558:
545:
544:
521:
520:
515:
514:
501:
500:
478:
477:
464:
463:
440:
439:
434:
433:
420:
419:
397:
396:
376:
375:
355:
354:
353:
338:
337:
324:
323:
303:
302:
282:
281:
261:
260:
259:
244:
243:
230:
229:
206:
205:
200:
199:
174:
173:
113:
90:
88:
64:
50:
49:
21:
9886:
9885:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9721:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9661:
9594:
9586:
9479:
9471:
9432:Asura (Āxiūluō)
9412:Skanda (Wéituó)
9335:Yama (Yán Wáng)
9257:
9249:
9172:
9164:
9062:
9054:
9045:
8953:
8945:
8942:
8912:
8907:
8895:
8877:
8829:
8744:
8659:
8396:Ordination hall
8357:
8259:
8230:Buddhist crisis
8142:
7839:
7791:Mahayana sutras
7767:
7763:Thích Nhất Hạnh
7594:
7467:
7407:
7357:Bodhisattva vow
7042:
6908:
6848:
6807:Taṇhā (Craving)
6742:Five hindrances
6693:
6585:
6515:
6369:
6314:
6286:
6269:
6239:
6234:
6207:(fl. 1385–1429)
6169:
6166:(fl. 1311–1350)
6140:
6123:
6076:
6059:
6044:(164 BC–113 BC)
6030:
6027:(255 BC–210 BC)
6013:
6010:
5958:
5944:
5931:
5896:
5894:Further reading
5891:
5786:Wayback Machine
5683:
5678:
5672:Wayback Machine
5661:Yomiuri Shimbun
5658:
5654:
5648:Wayback Machine
5639:
5635:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5580:
5579:
5572:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5497:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5406:. p. 188.
5391:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5372:Wayback Machine
5363:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5332:
5328:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5219:
5215:
5206:
5202:
5193:
5189:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5155:
5148:
5139:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5111:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5083:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5055:
5048:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5004:
4995:
4988:
4979:
4975:
4966:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4907:
4890:
4881:
4864:
4855:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4829:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4658:
4642:
4638:
4629:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4549:
4540:
4532:
4525:
4516:
4509:
4500:
4493:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4436:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4404:Lee, Der Huey.
4402:
4398:
4381:
4377:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4286:
4282:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4246:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4179:
4175:
4158:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4120:
4119:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4040:Xuanzang Temple
3976:
3969:
3963:
3954:
3951:
3942:
3935:
3926:
3923:
3914:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3876:Xuanzang Temple
3825:
3767:Chinese culture
3733:
3660:Xuanzang Temple
3653:
3648:
3580:
3513:
3507:
3493:
3393:
3339:
3337:Return to China
3330:
3324:
3321:
3314:needs expansion
3290:
3284:
3281:
3274:needs expansion
3251:Eighth century
3207:After visiting
3167:
3161:
3158:
3151:needs expansion
3136:
3096:Amaravati Stupa
3080:
3074:
3071:
3064:needs expansion
3049:
2846:
2720:Kashyapa Buddha
2676:
2526:The country of
2524:
2453:The country of
2365:
2322:
2239:
2163:
2122:
2060:
1964:
1947:
1919:
1917:Kingdom of Agni
1914:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1873:
1853:
1848:
1696:
1667:
1666:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1244:
1206:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1058:Hyeonjang-daesa
997:
992:
987:
971:
966:
961:
953:
943:
938:
934:T'ang San-tsang
927:
885:
843:
801:
775:
168:
160:
159:
125:
115:
111:
102:
92:
86:
84:
71:
70:(14th century).
68:Kamakura period
55:
46:
39:
36:Xuanzang (film)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9884:
9874:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9598:
9596:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9483:
9481:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9437:Yaksha (Yèchà)
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9368:
9367:
9362:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9315:Surya (Rìtiān)
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9261:
9259:
9251:
9250:
9248:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9176:
9174:
9166:
9165:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9066:
9064:
9056:
9055:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8957:
8955:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8940:
8933:
8926:
8918:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8893:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8839:
8837:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8760:
8754:
8752:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8669:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8463:
8462:
8460:Greco-Buddhist
8452:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8411:Burmese pagoda
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8367:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8269:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8193:Greco-Buddhism
8190:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8152:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8126:United Kingdom
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8071:Czech Republic
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8002:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7950:
7945:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7837:
7835:Abhidharmadīpa
7832:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7777:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7753:B. R. Ambedkar
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7673:Songtsen Gampo
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7604:
7602:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7477:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7417:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7352:Eight precepts
7349:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7231:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7140:
7130:
7125:
7123:Five Strengths
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7063:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7044:
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7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
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6910:
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6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6864:
6858:
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6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6840:
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6834:
6829:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6762:Mental factors
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6703:
6701:
6695:
6694:
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6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6614:Mahamoggallāna
6611:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6529:Avalokiteśvara
6525:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6493:
6485:
6477:
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6405:
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6260:
6253:
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6226:
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6214:
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6177:
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6171:
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6155:
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6139:
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6097:
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6029:
6028:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5973:
5956:
5950:
5943:
5942:External links
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5929:
5914:
5907:
5900:
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5709:
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5676:
5652:
5633:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5570:
5557:
5548:
5536:
5507:
5495:
5484:Benjamin Penny
5476:
5469:
5449:
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5412:
5385:
5376:
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5313:
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4302:
4280:
4267:
4260:
4237:
4218:
4198:
4192:978-0813365992
4191:
4173:
4171:, pp. xiii-xiv
4143:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4060:
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3917:
3915:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3824:
3821:
3759:Gautama Buddha
3732:
3729:
3707:kingdom under
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3632:
3619:
3605:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3509:Main article:
3506:
3505:Original works
3503:
3492:
3489:
3392:
3389:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3325:September 2021
3311:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3285:September 2021
3271:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3244:
3243:Return journey
3217:Emperor Harsha
3183:Bhaskaravarman
3169:
3168:
3162:September 2021
3148:
3146:
3135:
3132:
3100:Nagarjunakonda
3082:
3081:
3075:September 2021
3061:
3059:
3048:
3045:
3009:Pundravardhana
2978:, who trained
2872:Emperor Ashoka
2854:deva' temples.
2845:
2842:
2675:
2672:
2556:Bais Kshatriya
2552:Harshavardhana
2523:
2520:
2400:Emperor Ashoka
2364:
2361:
2321:
2318:
2238:
2235:
2162:
2159:
2121:
2118:
2059:
2056:
1963:
1960:
1946:
1943:
1918:
1915:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1698:
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1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Hanshan Deqing
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:Śubhakarasiṃha
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
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1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
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1245:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1224:
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1217:
1216:
1205:
1202:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1079:
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1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
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1047:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
994:
989:
984:
981:
977:
976:
973:
968:
963:
958:
955:
949:
948:
945:
940:
935:
932:
929:
923:
922:
915:
912:Xuánzàng Dàshī
908:
901:
894:
887:
881:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
839:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
797:
796:
793:
792:Xuanzang Dashi
790:
787:
784:
781:
774:
771:
716:Buddhist texts
588:
587:
584:
583:
576:
570:
569:
565:
564:
561:
560:
553:
547:
546:
539:
533:
532:
526:
525:
524:Transcriptions
517:
516:
509:
503:
502:
495:
489:
488:
484:
483:
480:
479:
472:
466:
465:
458:
452:
451:
445:
444:
443:Transcriptions
436:
435:
428:
422:
421:
414:
408:
407:
403:
402:
399:
398:
391:
389:Middle Chinese
385:
384:
382:Middle Chinese
378:
377:
370:
364:
363:
357:
356:
346:
340:
339:
332:
326:
325:
318:
312:
311:
309:Yue: Cantonese
305:
304:
297:
291:
290:
284:
283:
276:
270:
269:
263:
262:
252:
246:
245:
238:
232:
231:
224:
218:
217:
211:
210:
209:Transcriptions
202:
201:
194:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
170:
169:
167:
166:
157:
156:
155:
152:
151:
150:Senior posting
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
116:
114:(aged 61)
110:5 February 664
108:
104:
103:
93:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
65:
57:
56:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9883:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9726:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
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9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
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9618:
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9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
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9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
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9448:
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9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9397:Ziwei Emperor
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
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9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
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9341:
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9328:
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9323:
9321:
9318:
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9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
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9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
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9268:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9256:
9252:
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9238:
9236:
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9228:
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9223:
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9218:
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9213:
9211:
9208:
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9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9173:明王 (Míngwáng)
9171:
9167:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
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9128:
9126:
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9113:
9111:
9108:
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9101:
9098:
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9078:
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9073:
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9068:
9067:
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9061:
9057:
9052:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
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8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8939:
8934:
8932:
8927:
8925:
8920:
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8916:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8892:
8884:
8883:
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8866:
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8859:
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8840:
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8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8774:
8771:
8769:
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8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
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8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
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8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8665:Miscellaneous
8662:
8656:
8655:Vegetarianism
8653:
8651:
8648:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8620:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
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8527:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8499:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8477:Buddha in art
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8262:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8131:United States
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8042:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7958:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7688:Padmasambhava
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7600:Major figures
7597:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7547:
7546:Western tulku
7544:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7347:Five precepts
7345:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7325:Dhamma vicaya
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7093:Buddhābhiṣeka
7091:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6737:Enlightenment
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6727:Dhamma theory
6725:
6723:
6722:Buddha-nature
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6561:Samantabhadra
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6266:
6261:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6213:(fl. 14th c.)
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6116:
6114:(fl. 751–762)
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6056:(1st century)
6055:
6052:
6050:(1st century)
6049:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6007:
6002:
6000:
5995:
5993:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5871:0-8133-6599-6
5868:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5856:0-8133-6599-6
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5818:
5817:0-00-712974-2
5814:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5768:1-886439-00-1
5765:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5736:0-306-81556-7
5733:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5706:0-375-40009-5
5703:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5637:
5628:
5626:
5616:
5607:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5561:
5552:
5543:
5541:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5511:
5502:
5500:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5380:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5361:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5308:
5299:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5257:
5250:
5249:René Grousset
5245:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5226:Gotama Buddha
5223:
5217:
5210:
5204:
5197:
5191:
5184:
5178:
5171:
5170:Yung-hsi 1959
5166:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5127:
5126:Yung-hsi 1959
5122:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5099:
5098:Yung-hsi 1959
5094:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5071:
5070:Yung-hsi 1959
5066:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5043:
5037:
5030:
5029:Yung-hsi 1959
5025:
5023:
5015:
5009:
5007:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4983:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4936:
4930:
4923:
4922:Yung-hsi 1959
4918:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4815:
4814:Yung-hsi 1959
4810:
4803:
4802:Yung-hsi 1959
4798:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4774:Yung-hsi 1959
4770:
4768:
4760:
4759:Yung-hsi 1959
4755:
4748:
4747:Yung-hsi 1959
4743:
4741:
4733:
4732:Yung-hsi 1959
4728:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4686:Yung-hsi 1959
4682:
4680:
4663:
4659:
4657:9788120811072
4653:
4649:
4648:
4640:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4593:
4592:Yung-hsi 1959
4588:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4565:
4564:Yung-hsi 1959
4560:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4535:
4534:Yung-hsi 1959
4530:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4472:
4471:Yung-hsi 1959
4467:
4465:
4463:
4456:, p. 28.
4455:
4454:Yung-hsi 1959
4450:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4392:1-886439-00-1
4389:
4385:
4379:
4372:
4371:1-886439-00-1
4368:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4346:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4305:
4303:9789868141988
4299:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4263:
4261:9781134583706
4257:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4242:
4225:
4221:
4219:9788131716779
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:Nantou County
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3645:
3644:1-886439-02-8
3641:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3459:consciousness
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3418:(present-day
3417:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3376:
3372:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3328:
3319:
3315:
3312:This section
3310:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3275:
3272:This section
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3253:Dunhuang cave
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3149:This section
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:to visit the
3089:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3062:This section
3060:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
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2924:(present-day
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2813:temple is an
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2100:
2092:
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2017:
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2009:
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1742:) during the
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1482:Nan Huai-Chin
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1417:Dahui Zonggao
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1402:Daman Hongren
1400:
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1281:Major figures
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1254:Dharmaguptaka
1252:
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1094:romanizations
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685:, he went to
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652:Buddhist monk
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637:
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623:
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568:Sanskrit name
566:
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531:
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63:
58:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
9652:Emperor Ming
9621:
9392:Puti Shushen
9170:Wisdom Kings
9060:Bodhisattvas
8843:Bodhisattvas
8763:Christianity
8758:Baháʼí Faith
8623:Dharmachakra
8613:Prayer wheel
8603:Prayer beads
8371:Architecture
8250:969 Movement
8034:Saudi Arabia
8012:Central Asia
8005:South Africa
7827:
7810:
7743:Panchen Lama
7677:
7648:Buddhapālita
7244:Satipatthana
7239:Mindful Yoga
7152:Recollection
7066:Brahmavihara
6937:Japanese Zen
6932:Chinese Chan
6892:Animal realm
6699:Key concepts
6521:Bodhisattvas
6333:Three Jewels
6120:(fl. 7th c.)
6087:
5969:
5964:the original
5919:
5877:
5862:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5830:
5822:
5808:
5791:
5774:
5759:
5750:
5727:
5712:
5697:
5689:
5655:
5636:
5615:
5606:
5596:27 September
5594:. Retrieved
5585:
5560:
5551:
5529:20 September
5527:. Retrieved
5517:
5510:
5487:
5479:
5459:
5452:
5440:. Retrieved
5431:
5422:
5398:
5394:Strong, J.S.
5388:
5379:
5360:
5348:. Retrieved
5339:
5329:
5321:
5316:
5307:
5298:
5279:
5275:
5265:
5256:
5244:
5225:
5216:
5208:
5203:
5195:
5190:
5182:
5177:
5165:
5157:
5141:
5121:
5113:
5093:
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5013:
4997:
4981:
4976:
4968:
4952:
4934:
4929:
4917:
4909:
4883:
4857:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4831:
4809:
4797:
4789:
4754:
4727:
4719:
4701:
4666:. Retrieved
4646:
4639:
4631:
4609:
4587:
4579:
4559:
4551:
4518:
4502:
4486:
4449:
4418:. Retrieved
4409:
4399:
4383:
4378:
4362:
4345:
4336:
4326:
4319:
4307:. Retrieved
4293:
4283:
4275:
4270:
4250:
4228:. Retrieved
4208:
4201:
4182:
4176:
4160:
4134:. Retrieved
4080:
4076:
4070:
4052:
3987:
3980:
3896:
3857:
3841:Patna Museum
3826:
3813:
3811:
3803:Yuan Dynasty
3800:
3793:
3790:Arthur Waley
3783:
3777:
3755:Tang Sanzang
3744:
3734:
3717:
3713:
3689:Pundranagara
3685:Karnasuvarna
3678:
3670:
3668:
3635:
3622:
3608:
3587:
3572:S.W. Bushell
3561:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3496:
3494:
3478:
3475:
3471:Indian logic
3436:
3429:
3409:
3377:in Chinese (
3374:
3355:Chu Suiliang
3340:
3322:
3318:adding to it
3313:
3282:
3278:adding to it
3273:
3206:
3172:
3159:
3155:adding to it
3150:
3103:
3085:
3072:
3068:adding to it
3063:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2965:
2938:
2915:
2899:
2880:
2875:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2806:
2792:
2779:
2764:
2756:
2746:
2732:
2711:
2691:
2677:
2667:
2660:
2646:
2636:
2623:
2613:
2600:
2591:
2577:
2572:
2549:
2544:
2525:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2423:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2396:Sarvastivada
2385:
2376:
2366:
2347:Inspired by
2346:
2342:Rishi Pāṇini
2323:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2259:Mahāsāṃghika
2255:Sarvastivada
2247:Pushkalavati
2240:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2175:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2103:
2096:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2006:(which link
2001:
1992:Sarvastivada
1965:
1956:
1948:
1927:Sarvastivada
1920:
1908:
1905:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1836:
1829:
1818:Tang dynasty
1811:
1768:
1764:filial piety
1701:
1657:Martial arts
1609:Mount Jiuhua
1593:Sacred Sites
1575:Architecture
1447:Miyun Yuanwu
1316:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1155:Sānzàngfǎshī
1153:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1106:
1098:
1092:Less common
1091:
1081:Great Master
1071:Tang Dynasty
1052:Dang-samjang
1032:Genjō-daishi
975:Tong4 Zang1
954:(Cantonese)
898:Táng Sānzàng
786:Tang Sanzang
769:
765:Ming dynasty
754:
748:
742:
740:
721:
701:
694:
676:
669:
667:scriptures.
647:
615:
611:
592:
591:
537:Hanyu Pinyin
456:Hanyu Pinyin
361:Southern Min
295:Romanization
274:Romanization
222:Hanyu Pinyin
186:Chinese name
47:
32:Tang Sanzang
9480:羅漢 (Luóhàn)
9427:Nāga (Lóng)
9422:Deva (Tiān)
8688:Dharma talk
8517:Asalha Puja
8313:Eschatology
8116:Switzerland
8096:New Zealand
8024:Middle East
7933:Philippines
7853:Afghanistan
7658:Bodhidharma
7643:Buddhaghosa
7563:Householder
7473:Monasticism
7426:Bodhisattva
7281:Prostration
7234:Mindfulness
7162:Anapanasati
7145:Kammaṭṭhāna
6942:Korean Seon
6882:Asura realm
6877:Human realm
6817:Ten Fetters
6772:Parinirvana
6674:Uppalavanna
6639:Mahākaccana
6624:Mahākassapa
6556:Kṣitigarbha
6551:Ākāśagarbha
6448:Suddhodāna
6393:Four sights
6320:Foundations
6231:(1587–1641)
6225:(1412–1433)
6219:(1409–1451)
6201:(1385–1436)
6195:(1380–1460)
6189:(1371–1435)
6183:(1365–1457)
6164:Wang Dayuan
6158:Zhou Daguan
6154:(1220–1294)
6137:(1207–1299)
6118:Wang Xuance
5681:Works cited
5442:24 February
5350:28 November
4420:11 February
4394:, pp. 13-17
4373:, pp. 12-15
3779:Dragon Ball
3720:Heart Sutra
3669:Xuanzang's
3564:Samuel Beal
3485:Heart Sutra
3297:Other sites
3221:Khyber Pass
3198:Kumbha Mela
2918:Rishi Vyasa
2868:Pataliputra
2760:Kushinagara
2739:Kapilavastu
2596:Sautrantika
2185:found near
2076:Parinirvana
2068:Afghanistan
2041:Vaishravana
2004:Pamir range
1760:Sui dynasty
1758:during the
1752:Northern Qi
1744:Eastern Wei
1614:Mount Putuo
1599:Mount Wutai
1472:Yang Wenhui
1392:Bodhidharma
1387:Amoghavajra
1307:Dharmakṣema
1025:Genjō-sanzō
1001:Đường Tăng
996:Huyền Trang
991:Huyền Trang
983:Huyền Trang
980:Vietnamese
970:Jyun4 Zong6
967:Saam1 Zong6
965:Jyun4 Zong6
960:Tong4 Saam1
957:Jyun4 Zong6
947:T'ang Seng
942:Hsüan-tsang
937:Hsüan-tsang
931:Hsüan-tsang
928:(Mandarin)
886:(Mandarin)
800:Traditional
763:during the
761:Wu Cheng'en
759:written by
683:Sui dynasty
645:Dharma name
322:Yùhn-chohng
242:Hsüan-tsang
112:(664-02-05)
91:6 April 602
18:Hieun Tsang
9736:664 deaths
9731:602 births
9725:Categories
9657:Emperor Wu
9607:Moggallāna
8805:Psychology
8785:Gnosticism
8773:Comparison
8768:Influences
8750:Comparison
8633:Bhavacakra
8591:Kushinagar
8566:Pilgrimage
8512:Māgha Pūjā
8467:Bodhi Tree
8283:Buddhology
8273:Abhidharma
8265:Philosophy
8198:Menander I
8066:Costa Rica
8017:Uzbekistan
7858:Bangladesh
7812:Dhammapada
7796:Pali Canon
7758:Ajahn Chah
7738:Dalai Lama
7638:Kumārajīva
7633:Vasubandhu
7608:The Buddha
7516:Zen master
7451:Sakadagami
7431:Buddhahood
7362:Pratimokṣa
7177:Shikantaza
7133:Meditation
7108:Deity yoga
6979:Madhyamaka
6872:Deva realm
6767:Mindstream
6717:Bodhicitta
6629:Aṅgulimāla
6496:Devadatta
6472:Yaśodharā
6375:The Buddha
6365:Middle Way
6181:Chen Cheng
6042:Zhang Qian
5805:Sun Shuyun
5721:0600006379
5282:(6): 486.
4309:2 February
4122:"Xuanzang"
4099:References
3967:Bangladesh
3878:, Taiwan.
3868:Yakushi-ji
3837:Dalai Lama
3812:The movie
3731:In fiction
3725:Kumārajīva
3699: and
3697:Tamralipti
3455:perception
3383:), at the
3225:Uparisyena
3213:Kanyakubja
3175:Kanyakubja
3128:Mulasthana
3088:Andhradesa
3037:Tamralipti
3017:Bangladesh
2988:Silabhadra
2984:Silabhadra
2980:Dharmapala
2972:Vasubandhu
2957:Silabhadra
2951:, and the
2906:Bodhi tree
2900:He visits
2864:Kusumapura
2700:Angulimala
2696:Prasenajit
2528:Kanyākubja
2381:Mihirakula
2316:with him.
2227:Purusapura
2216:Purusapura
2212:Qiantuowei
2020:Uparisyena
1994:school of
1988:Uzbekistan
1939:vegetarian
1929:school of
1846:Pilgrimage
1604:Mount Emei
1499:Traditions
1442:Ouyi Zhixu
1407:Mazu Daoyi
1382:Vajrabodhi
1312:Paramartha
1292:Kumārajīva
1204:Early life
1111:Wade–Giles
1061:Dangseung
926:Wade–Giles
842:Simplified
795:Tang Seng
736:Śīlabhadra
551:Wade–Giles
470:Wade–Giles
395:ɣwen-dzáng
374:Hiân-tsòng
301:Hian-tsong
236:Wade–Giles
9680:Pure Land
9617:An Shigao
9063:菩薩 (Púsà)
8873:Festivals
8853:Buddhists
8815:Theosophy
8618:Symbolism
8608:Hama yumi
8581:Bodh Gaya
8348:Socialism
8323:Evolution
8298:Economics
8136:Venezuela
8051:Australia
8046:Argentina
7970:Sri Lanka
7965:Singapore
7883:Indonesia
7845:Countries
7786:Tripiṭaka
7748:Ajahn Mun
7623:Nagarjuna
7618:Aśvaghoṣa
7501:Anagārika
7496:Śrāmaṇerī
7491:Śrāmaṇera
7486:Bhikkhunī
7446:Sotāpanna
7335:Passaddhi
7276:Offerings
7251:Nekkhamma
7128:Iddhipada
7048:Practices
7018:Theravada
6991:Vajrayana
6984:Yogachara
6954:Pure Land
6867:Six Paths
6854:Cosmology
6634:Anuruddha
6609:Sāriputta
6599:Kaundinya
6591:Disciples
6566:Vajrapāṇi
6418:Footprint
6383:Tathāgata
6108:(730–790)
6102:(688–763)
6096:(635–713)
6090:(602–664)
6073:(337–422)
5888:(fiction)
5619:Beal 1911
5610:Beal 1884
5340:The Hindu
5276:Religions
4668:16 August
4230:7 October
4104:Citations
3737:Silk Road
3709:Shashanka
3532:in 1857.
3424:East Asia
2922:Rajagriha
2735:Shravasti
2708:Shravasti
2680:Shravasti
2670:temples.
2603:temples.
2547:temples.
2349:Mahesvara
2334:Mahesvara
2330:Mahesvara
2326:Bhimadevi
2298:Tripitaka
2171:Nangarhar
2093:in 2001).
2074:entering
2012:Karakoram
2008:Tian Shan
1720:Tongchuan
1520:Pure Land
1467:Hsuan Hua
1372:Chengguan
1287:Lokakṣema
1192:Tripiṭaka
1049:Hyeonjang
1006:Japanese
986:Đường Tam
972:Daai6 Si1
939:San-tsang
919:Táng Sēng
678:śrāmaṇera
648:Mokṣadeva
476:Ch'en Hui
336:Jyun-zong
118:Tongchuan
87:602-04-06
9700:Tantrism
9670:Mahayana
9637:Shàn Dào
9622:Xuánzàng
8891:Category
8820:Violence
8790:Hinduism
8738:Sanskrit
8693:Hinayana
8678:Amitābha
8638:Swastika
8507:Uposatha
8497:Holidays
8482:Calendar
8328:Humanism
8166:Kanishka
8156:Timeline
7980:Thailand
7948:Kalmykia
7943:Buryatia
7928:Pakistan
7913:Mongolia
7908:Maldives
7903:Malaysia
7868:Cambodia
7733:Shamarpa
7728:Nichiren
7678:Xuanzang
7613:Nagasena
7531:Rinpoche
7261:Pāramitā
7103:Devotion
7023:Navayana
7011:Dzogchen
6974:Nichiren
6922:Mahayana
6914:Branches
6792:Saṅkhāra
6541:Mañjuśrī
6498:(cousin)
6490:(cousin)
6458:(mother)
6450:(father)
6438:Miracles
6388:Birthday
6305:Glossary
6278:Buddhism
6229:Xu Xiake
6223:Hong Bao
6187:Zheng He
6160:(1270-?)
6100:Jianzhen
6088:Xuanzang
6054:Gan Ying
6048:Ban Chao
5835:London,
5807:(2003).
5782:Archived
5668:Archived
5644:Archived
5590:Archived
5523:Archived
5486:(2002),
5436:Archived
5396:(2007).
5368:Archived
5344:Archived
5224:(2000).
4662:Archived
4414:Archived
4224:Archived
4130:Archived
4025:Song Yun
3974:See also
3941:, Xi'an.
3815:Xuanzang
3771:Japanese
3701:Harikela
3693:Samatata
3594:Volume 2
3578:Editions
3537:Yogacara
3526:medieval
3447:Wŏnch'ŭk
3416:Chang'an
3412:Sanskrit
3237:Dunhuang
3191:Buddhist
3187:Kamarupa
3112:Pallavas
3033:Samatata
3029:Kamarupa
3025:Mahayana
3023:and the
3021:Hinayana
2974:trained
2953:Yogacara
2949:Sanskrit
2913:jewels.
2904:and the
2826:Vaishali
2819:Vaishali
2811:Narayana
2803:Narayana
2795:Baranasi
2767:Baranasi
2704:Jetavana
2652:Kausambi
2643:Kausambi
2628:champaka
2584:Hinayana
2541:Hinayana
2537:Mahayana
2468:Hinayana
2392:Kanishka
2369:Kashmira
2357:Salatura
2338:Salatura
2283:Kalabagh
2263:Manglaur
2208:Gandhara
2187:Bamiyana
2106:Gandhara
2064:Bamiyana
2031:(modern
2024:Himalaya
2022:and the
1996:Hinayana
1984:Tashkent
1980:Göktürks
1931:Hinayana
1909:Xuanzang
1814:Chang'an
1803:Mahayana
1736:Changzhi
1728:Chen Shi
1619:Mount Lu
1477:Yin Shun
1437:Zhu Hong
1327:Woncheuk
1317:Xuanzang
1297:Sengzhao
1213:a series
1211:Part of
1170:Sanskrit
1083:Xuanzang
1078:Xuanzang
1066:Meaning
1018:Tō-Sanzō
993:Tam Tạng
952:Jyutping
891:Xuánzàng
844:Chinese
802:Chinese
783:Xuanzang
704:Chang'an
665:Mahayana
642:Sanskrit
612:Chen Hui
593:Xuanzang
574:Sanskrit
462:Chén Huī
406:Chen Hui
330:Jyutping
280:Yeu-tsaõ
228:Xuánzàng
177:Xuanzang
158:Students
134:Buddhism
130:Religion
76:Personal
54:Xuanzang
9685:Tiantai
8951:Buddhas
8868:Temples
8848:Buddhas
8810:Science
8800:Judaism
8795:Jainism
8713:Lineage
8673:Abhijñā
8643:Thangka
8586:Sarnath
8571:Lumbini
8492:Funeral
8487:Cuisine
8363:Culture
8338:Reality
8288:Creator
8278:Atomism
8148:History
8121:Ukraine
8081:Germany
8000:Senegal
7990:Vietnam
7918:Myanmar
7718:Shinran
7708:Karmapa
7683:Shandao
7653:Dignāga
7578:Śrāvaka
7558:Donchee
7553:Kappiya
7511:Sayadaw
7481:Bhikkhu
7456:Anāgāmi
7413:Nirvana
7379:Samadhi
7266:Paritta
7207:Tonglen
7202:Mandala
7157:Smarana
7138:Mantras
7086:Upekkha
7056:Bhavana
7006:Shingon
6959:Tiantai
6812:Tathātā
6802:Śūnyatā
6797:Skandha
6787:Saṃsāra
6782:Rebirth
6757:Kleshas
6747:Indriya
6649:Subhūti
6534:Guanyin
6488:Ānanda
6480:Rāhula
6360:Nirvana
6300:Outline
6217:Yishiha
6199:Fei Xin
6193:Ma Huan
6112:Du Huan
3882:Gallery
3860:Nanjing
3853:Sichuan
3849:Chengdu
3833:Tianjin
3801:In the
3785:Saiyuki
3552:八識規矩頌 (
3467:rebirth
3451:Faxiang
3439:Faxiang
3405:Luoyang
3229:Kashgar
3223:of the
3094:at the
3092:viharas
3041:Kalinga
3005:Nalanda
2976:Dignaga
2945:grammar
2934:Nalanda
2850:Magadha
2639:Prayaga
2616:Prayaga
2580:Ayodhya
2489:sastras
2455:Srughna
2439:Mathura
2373:Vipasha
2243:Kashmir
2223:sastras
2167:Laghman
2099:Kapishi
2091:Taliban
1978:of the
1826:Sichuan
1822:Chengdu
1799:Luoyang
1791:Chinese
1783:Chinese
1775:Chinese
1724:Shaanxi
1712:Luoyang
1704:Chinese
1652:Cuisine
1641:Culture
1510:Tiantai
1487:Nenghai
1462:Hsu Yun
1397:Huineng
1362:Zhanran
1352:Shandao
1347:Daochuo
1342:Tanluan
1337:Huiyuan
1332:Daoxuan
1242:History
1182:Prakrit
1046:Korean
944:Ta-shih
728:Nalanda
691:Sichuan
687:Chengdu
616:Chen Yi
602:Chinese
557:Ch'en I
543:Chén Yī
487:Chen Yi
192:Chinese
124:, China
122:Shaanxi
101:, China
95:Luoyang
43:Hun Sen
9690:Huayan
9647:Jìgōng
9642:Huìguǒ
9632:Yìjìng
9627:Fǎxiǎn
9602:Ānanda
9592:Sangha
9477:Arhats
8863:Sutras
8858:Suttas
8723:Siddhi
8708:Koliya
8683:Brahmā
8598:Poetry
8544:Mantra
8534:Kasaya
8406:Pagoda
8386:Kyaung
8381:Vihāra
8376:Temple
8318:Ethics
8161:Ashoka
8111:Sweden
8106:Poland
8101:Norway
8091:Mexico
8076:France
8061:Canada
8056:Brazil
7995:Africa
7975:Taiwan
7938:Russia
7863:Bhutan
7823:Vinaya
7703:Naropa
7693:Saraha
7628:Asanga
7384:Prajñā
7293:Refuge
7256:Nianfo
7217:Tertön
7212:Tantra
7197:Ganana
7187:Tukdam
7113:Dhyāna
7081:Mudita
7076:Karuṇā
6969:Risshū
6964:Huayan
6897:Naraka
6837:Anattā
6832:Dukkha
6827:Anicca
6732:Dharma
6684:Channa
6619:Ānanda
6604:Assaji
6571:Skanda
6474:(wife)
6443:Family
6423:Relics
6348:Sangha
6343:Dharma
6338:Buddha
6211:Lin Nu
6135:Jakuen
6106:Wukong
6094:Yijing
6071:Faxian
5927:
5884:
5869:
5854:
5815:
5798:
5766:
5734:
5719:
5704:
5492:p. 110
5467:
5410:
5232:
4654:
4390:
4369:
4300:
4258:
4216:
4189:
4167:
4136:22 May
4083:. See
4048:Taiwan
4035:Hyecho
4030:Yijing
4020:Faxian
3823:Relics
3795:Monkey
3763:monkey
3743:novel
3681:Bengal
3664:Taiwan
3651:Legacy
3642:
3617:Vol. 2
3613:Vol. 1
3600:
3347:sarira
3235:, and
3233:Khotan
3209:Prayag
3202:Prayag
3194:Sangha
3120:Ajanta
3108:Kanchi
3013:Sylhet
2968:Asanga
2928:) and
2926:Rajgir
2860:Ganges
2834:Nepala
2824:After
2815:Ashoka
2799:Ganges
2793:After
2788:Ashoka
2776:Hindus
2771:Ganges
2754:clan.
2752:Shakya
2716:Ashoka
2632:Ashoka
2620:Yamuna
2569:Ganges
2532:Ganges
2516:Brahma
2463:Yamuna
2459:Ganges
2420:Rishis
2416:arhats
2353:Pāṇini
2287:Hazara
2179:Ashoka
2139:yojana
2114:Ashoka
2051:arhats
2046:stupas
2029:Bactra
2016:Kunlun
1976:Khagan
1972:Tokmak
1923:Turpan
1840:Faxian
1793::
1785::
1777::
1748:Taixue
1740:Shanxi
1706::
1530:Sanlun
1525:Weishi
1515:Huayan
1427:Zongmi
1367:Fazang
1302:Jizang
1185:Dhamma
1174:Dharma
1152::
1150:pinyin
1144::
1136::
1103:pinyin
998:Đại Sư
884:Pinyin
724:Khotan
712:Faxian
696:bhikṣu
604::
368:Tâi-lô
140:School
8835:Lists
8703:Kalpa
8698:Iddhi
8561:Music
8556:Mudra
8522:Vassa
8502:Vesak
8472:Budai
8418:Candi
8401:Stupa
8333:Logic
8086:Italy
7985:Tibet
7923:Nepal
7893:Korea
7888:Japan
7878:India
7873:China
7818:Sutra
7773:Texts
7723:Dōgen
7713:Hōnen
7698:Atiśa
7663:Zhiyi
7573:Achar
7541:Tulku
7536:Geshe
7521:Rōshi
7506:Ajahn
7461:Arhat
7421:Bodhi
7391:Vīrya
7308:Sacca
7303:Satya
7298:Sādhu
7286:Music
7229:Merit
7222:Terma
7182:Zazen
7118:Faith
7071:Mettā
6752:Karma
6712:Bardo
6679:Asita
6669:Khema
6659:Upāli
6644:Nanda
6482:(son)
6456:Māyā
6433:Films
6310:Index
6205:Fu An
6025:Xu Fu
4062:Notes
3774:manga
3705:Gauda
3630:Vol.2
3627:Vol.1
3463:Karma
3443:Kuiji
3420:Xi'an
3380:雁塔聖教序
3371:stele
3124:Malwa
3116:Nasik
3003:From
2998:Summa
2961:mango
2941:logic
2784:Shiva
2733:From
2565:Shiva
2561:Surya
2512:Indra
2033:Balkh
1952:Kuchi
1851:Dates
1797:) in
1716:Henan
1552:Texts
1457:Tanxu
1452:Taixu
1422:Linji
1357:Zhiyi
1322:Kuiji
1176:" or
1011:Genjō
962:Zong6
780:Names
773:Names
732:Bihar
672:Henan
660:India
288:Hakka
164:Kuiji
99:Henan
9675:Chan
8733:Pāḷi
8718:Māra
8628:Flag
8029:Iran
7953:Tuva
7898:Laos
7526:Lama
7374:Śīla
7342:Śīla
7330:Pīti
7320:Sati
7271:Puja
7192:Koan
7098:Dāna
6689:Yasa
6576:Tārā
6174:Ming
6145:Yuan
6128:Song
6081:Tang
5925:ISBN
5882:ISBN
5867:ISBN
5852:ISBN
5813:ISBN
5796:ISBN
5764:ISBN
5732:ISBN
5717:ISBN
5702:ISBN
5598:2022
5531:2021
5465:ISBN
5444:2017
5408:ISBN
5352:2016
5230:ISBN
4670:2019
4652:ISBN
4422:2020
4388:ISBN
4367:ISBN
4311:2014
4298:ISBN
4256:ISBN
4232:2020
4214:ISBN
4187:ISBN
4165:ISBN
4138:2023
4089:here
4087:and
4085:here
3872:Nara
3807:play
3782:and
3741:Ming
3640:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3570:and
3432:(唯識)
3098:and
3011:and
2970:and
2902:Gaya
2876:deva
2838:deva
2830:deva
2807:deva
2780:deva
2747:deva
2718:for
2712:deva
2692:deva
2668:deva
2647:deva
2624:deva
2601:deva
2592:deva
2586:and
2573:deva
2545:deva
2539:and
2507:deva
2502:deva
2498:deva
2493:deva
2485:deva
2481:deva
2472:deva
2457:has
2448:deva
2443:deva
2424:deva
2418:and
2412:deva
2404:deva
2377:deva
1968:Aksu
1662:Diyu
1505:Chan
1178:Pali
1161:lit.
1146:三藏法師
1138:三藏法师
1105:and
1039:Tōsō
988:Tạng
870:玄奘大师
863:玄奘三藏
828:玄奘大師
821:玄奘三藏
107:Died
81:Born
8455:Art
8391:Wat
6927:Zen
6064:Jin
6035:Han
6018:Qin
5779:PDF
5663:).
5284:doi
4077:Huī
3870:in
3847:in
3662:in
3559:).
3366:萬文韶
3360:褚遂良
3320:.
3280:.
3200:in
3185:of
3157:.
3070:.
1795:淨土寺
1708:緱氏鎮
1109:in
1101:in
856:唐三藏
814:唐三藏
689:in
344:IPA
250:IPA
9727::
7957:ru
5624:^
5588:.
5584:.
5573:^
5539:^
5498:^
5490:,
5434:.
5430:.
5402:.
5342:.
5338:.
5280:13
5278:.
5274:.
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5021:^
5005:^
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4960:^
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4891:^
4865:^
4821:^
4781:^
4766:^
4739:^
4709:^
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4678:^
4660:.
4617:^
4599:^
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4526:^
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4430:^
4412:.
4408:.
4354:^
4240:^
4222:.
4146:^
4124:.
4111:^
4081:Yī
4046:,
4042:,
3851:,
3831:,
3798:.
3695:,
3687:,
3615:,
3545:.
3473:.
3465:,
3461:,
3457:,
3403:,
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2936:.
2897:.
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2265:.
2257:,
2218:.
2189:.
2116:.
2018:,
2014:,
2010:,
1824:,
1809:.
1787:長捷
1779:陳素
1738:,
1722:,
1714:,
1215:on
1158:;
1148:;
1140:;
1123:.
1107:hs
877:唐僧
849:玄奘
835:唐僧
807:玄奘
629:/
614:/
607:玄奘
513:陈祎
499:陳禕
432:陈袆
418:陳褘
267:Wu
198:玄奘
120:,
97:,
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8930:t
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636:禕
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622:陳
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