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This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their
820:
In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of
Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian
321:
168:
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literally commanded the army from his deathbed (1621). Hetmans were not paid by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's
183:
145:– captain. Since hetman as a title first appeared in Czechia in the 15th century, assuming it stems from a Turkic language, it is possible it was introduced to Czechs by the
199:
518:
455:
239:. Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title, as were all the titles in the
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158:
1842:
1630:
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270:. The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies.
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1792:
175:
1685:
899:. As supreme military commanders and lawmakers (by administrative decree), they had very broad powers, although they were elected.
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1817:
1797:
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1703:
1837:
1787:
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The title was revived in
Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1920. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported
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781:
244:
209:
1812:
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1612:
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From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, so most hetmans served for life.
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The military reform of 1776 curtailed the powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the
1035:"They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman." —
1617:
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600:
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since the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the
1822:
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375:
68:
17:
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The Khotyn
Campaign of 1621: Polish, Lithuanian and Cossack Armies versus Might of the Ottoman Empire
290:
1729:
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1585:
1316:
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in 1764. The last Hetman of the
Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was
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31:
1832:
1807:
1690:
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They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman.
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933:
774:
365:
1827:
1708:
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1016:, hetmans were second in rank in the army, after the ruling prince, who held the position of
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882:
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445:
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8:
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1242:
956:
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553:
508:
350:
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1324:
921:, Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack hetmans) became known as Left-bank Cossacks (of the
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has often been used figuratively to mean 'commander' or simply 'leader'. Examples:
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137:(literally 'father of horsemen'), however it could also come from the German
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646:
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1185:. Century of the Soldier. Vol. 107. Helion and Company. p. 209.
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236:
278:(a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of its own,
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965:. This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new
1749:
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712:
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108:
44:
27:
Historical political and military title in
Central and Eastern Europe
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1520:
1502:
838:
732:
478:
313:
95:
from the 16th to 18th centuries. Throughout much of the history of
1643:
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722:
717:
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84:
71:, historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a
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80:
38:
1742:
1323:
702:
972:
1560:
834:
At the end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the
103:, hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern
247:. At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans – a
1289:. New York/London: D. Appleton–Century Company. p.
1206:
Plokhy, Serhii (November 2001). "A Hetman Sent by God".
1255:
https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf
969:, of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic.
127:borrowing, most likely stemming via Czech from the
152:
1209:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine
1152:Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition
1108:"The Cossacks: A super-ethnos in Russia's ribs".
1774:
1229:. Princeton University Press. 1993. p. 14.
995:is today the term for the elected governor of a
932:, the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by
193:wearing a traditional costume of Polish magnates
1150:Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice, eds. (2011).
890:
842:
61:
1149:
955:, establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by
1354:
775:
159:Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1247:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
297:Hetmans of the Cossack Hetmanate and Ukraine
138:
1000:
990:
861:. In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the
1666:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
1368:
1361:
1347:
1178:
947:overthrew the radical socialist Ukrainian
782:
768:
1686:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
973:Hetmans of Bohemia, Romania, and Moldavia
274:army commanders at any time. In 1648 the
208:, one of the most powerful people in the
43:
1843:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
14:
1775:
1205:
1342:
1334:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.
1279:
1269:. European Commission. April 3, 2024.
885:, a hetman was the head of the whole
940:, who reigned from 1751 until 1764.
259:each for both Poland and Lithuania.
24:
25:
1854:
1793:Military organization of Cossacks
1681:Marshal of the Russian Federation
1304:
328:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
107:, the title is used for regional
1310:
813:
798:
320:
231:) dates from 1505. The title of
198:
182:
167:
235:was given to the leader of the
153:Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania
1293:– via Internet Archive.
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1259:
1216:
1199:
1172:
1143:
1118:
1101:
245:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
241:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
89:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
62:
13:
1:
1223:"The early history of Kiev".
1094:
1023:
830:Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks
114:
7:
1818:Military ranks of Lithuania
1798:Military history of Ukraine
1581:First marshal of the empire
1067:
1008:For much of the history of
953:Ukrainian People's Republic
925:) and Right-bank Cossacks.
891:
843:
176:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
75:or imperial marshal in the
10:
1859:
1179:Paradowski, Micha (2023).
877:. From 1648, the start of
871:Реєстрове козацьке військо
827:
807:Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnytsky
156:
69:Central and Eastern Europe
67:is a political title from
36:
29:
1838:Military ranks of Belarus
1788:Military ranks of Ukraine
1545:
1538:
1408:
1401:
1376:
1235:10.1515/9781400851515-004
870:
291:Third Partition of Poland
1813:Military ranks of Poland
1730:Supreme Allied Commander
1661:Marshal of the air force
1586:General of the Air Force
1014:Principality of Moldavia
959:, who claimed the title
93:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
37:Not to be confused with
1444:Domestic of the Schools
1331:Encyclopædia Britannica
1156:Oxford University Press
1056:in Polish and coded as
989:(15th century) onward,
863:Registered Cossack Army
576:Colonisation of Siberia
32:Hetman (disambiguation)
1803:Ukrainian noble titles
1691:Field marshal (Uganda)
1370:Highest military ranks
1237:(inactive 2024-06-23).
1001:
991:
967:Directorate of Ukraine
934:Catherine II of Russia
228:
139:
57:
1591:General of the Armies
264:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
229:hetman wielki koronny
191:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
47:
1597:Generalfeldmarschall
1550:Admiral of the fleet
1319:at Wikimedia Commons
1114:. December 21, 1996.
586:Pugachev's Rebellion
466:Other Cossack groups
54:Marcello Bacciarelli
30:For other uses, see
1555:Admiral of the Navy
1439:Constable of France
1130:Cossackweb.narod.ru
1050:Queen (chess piece)
919:Treaty of Andrusovo
902:After the split of
667:Yermak Timofeyevich
539:Registered Cossacks
48:Grand Crown Hetman
1212:. Oxford Academic.
1062:algebraic notation
957:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
879:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
859:Zaporizhian hetman
662:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
622:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
601:Cossacks in the SS
286:for independence.
284:Ukrainian struggle
280:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
221:Grand Crown Hetman
58:
50:Jan Amor Tarnowski
1823:Lithuanian titles
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1676:Marshal of Poland
1534:
1533:
1315:Media related to
962:Hetman of Ukraine
938:Kyrylo Rozumovsky
923:Cossack Hetmanate
897:Cossack Hetmanate
895:and heads of the
855:Christof Kosynsky
805:Ukrainian Hetman
792:
791:
642:Yemelyan Pugachev
632:Petro Sahaidachny
596:De-Cossackization
581:Bulavin Rebellion
219:The Polish title
77:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
1850:
1656:Marshal of Italy
1543:
1542:
1474:Magister militum
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1405:
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1356:
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1339:
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1327:
1314:
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617:Petro Doroshenko
609:Notable Cossacks
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459:
451:Irkutsk Cossacks
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276:Zaporizhian Host
268:chain of command
206:Janusz Radziwiłł
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64:
21:
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1724:Reichsmarschall
1671:Marshal of Peru
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1158:. p. 669.
1154:(12 ed.).
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1111:The Economist
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1074:Acting hetman
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908:Dnieper River
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892:Hetmanshchyna
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672:Ivan Vyhovsky
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657:Andrei Shkuro
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73:field marshal
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1828:Czech titles
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1450:Dux bellorum
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1388:Flag officer
1329:
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1281:Gorky, Maxim
1275:
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1133:. Retrieved
1129:
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997:Czech region
987:Hussite Wars
977:Used by the
976:
960:
949:Central Rada
942:
927:
910:by the 1667
901:
875:Commonwealth
850:
841:were titled
833:
821:Commonwealth
692:
647:Stepan Razin
326:
288:
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261:
256:
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249:Great Hetman
248:
232:
220:
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210:Commonwealth
132:
120:
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60:
59:
1695:Yugoslavia
1568:Dayuanshuai
1393:Air officer
1037:Maxim Gorky
836:Zaporizhian
637:Ivan Mazepa
559:Khmelnytsky
517: [
454: [
446:Zaporozhian
237:Polish Army
212:at the time
1777:Categories
1575:Dai-gensui
1481:Megas doux
1467:Ispahsalar
1426:Autokrator
1095:References
1052:is called
1024:Other uses
906:along the
652:Ivan Sirko
416:Semirechye
18:Hetmanship
1750:Yuanshuai
1492:Rigsmarsk
1487:Polemarch
1461:Imperator
1433:Beylerbey
1267:"Czechia"
1243:cite book
985:from the
873:) of the
867:Ukrainian
713:Oseledets
591:Communism
571:Hetmanate
554:Nalyvaiko
544:Uprisings
474:Albazinan
366:Black Sea
351:Astrakhan
255:(deputy)
141:Hauptmann
119:The term
115:Etymology
109:governors
1736:Taewonsu
1521:Sparapet
1503:Serasker
1283:(1906).
1126:"Ataman"
1068:See also
1012:and the
951:and its
883:uprising
839:Cossacks
733:Stanitsa
549:Kosiński
494:Nekrasov
421:Siberian
406:Orenburg
376:Caucasus
314:Cossacks
306:a series
304:Part of
293:(1795).
243:and the
101:Moldavia
99:and the
91:and the
1783:Hetmans
1757:Marshal
1709:Marshal
1650:Mareşal
1644:Marshal
1618:Marshal
1516:Spahbed
1402:Ancient
1317:Hetmans
1135:July 6,
1060:in the
1018:voivode
1010:Romania
992:hejtman
983:Bohemia
928:In the
916:Russian
904:Ukraine
738:Shashka
723:Plastun
718:Papakhi
698:Kontusz
530:History
509:Turkish
499:Persian
479:Bashkir
189:Hetman
174:Hetman
97:Romania
85:Bohemia
1717:Mushir
1539:Modern
1526:Hetman
1510:Shōgun
1497:Sardar
1420:Ataman
1286:Mother
1189:
1162:
1084:Bulawa
1079:Ataman
1054:hetman
1045:(1906)
1042:Mother
1029:Hetman
979:Czechs
912:Polish
851:Hetman
743:Szabla
728:Yesaul
708:Sotnia
693:Hetman
688:Ataman
489:Jewish
484:Danube
436:Ussuri
396:Greben
381:Danube
361:Baikal
257:Hetman
233:Hetman
225:Polish
147:Cumans
134:ataman
131:title
129:Turkic
125:Polish
123:was a
121:hetman
81:Czechs
63:Hetman
56:, 1781
39:Hitman
1743:Wonsu
703:Kurin
521:]
504:Tatar
458:]
441:Volga
426:Terek
401:Kuban
253:Field
1561:Aluf
1249:link
1226:Kiev
1187:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1137:2012
1002:kraj
945:coup
431:Ural
391:Free
356:Azov
346:Amur
251:and
1291:372
1231:doi
1005:).
981:in
881:'s
849:or
411:Red
386:Don
371:Buh
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1241:{{
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1039:,
1020:.
889:—
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751:ru
519:ru
456:ru
308:on
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111:.
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1168:.
1139:.
1058:H
999:(
914:–
865:(
783:e
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223:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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