2812:
6042:. Out of the eleven remains, four samples belonged to haplogroup H, two to haplogroup U, two to haplogroup V, and one each to the JT, U3, and D haplogroups. In comparison to the Cumans, modern Hungarian samples represent 15 haplogroups. All but one is a West Eurasian haplogroup , but all belong to the N lineage. Four haplogroups (H, V, U*, JT), present in the ancient samples, can also be found in the modern Hungarians, but only for haplogroups H and V were identical haplotypes found. Haplogroups U3 and D occur exclusively in the ancient group, and 11 haplogroups (HV, U4, U5, K, J, J1a, T, T1, T2, W, and F) occur only in the modern Hungarian population. Haplogroup frequency in the modern Hungarian population is similar to other European populations, although haplogroup F is almost absent in continental Europe; therefore the presence of this haplogroup in the modern Hungarian population can reflect some past contribution. "The results suggested that the Cumanians, as seen in the excavation at Csengele, were far from genetic homogeneity. Nevertheless, the grave artifacts are typical of the Cumanian steppe culture; and five of the six skeletons that were complete enough for anthropometric analysis appeared Asian rather than European (HorvĂĄth 1978, 2001), including two from the mitochondrial haplogroup H, which is typically European. It is interesting that the only skeleton for which anthropological examination indicated a partly European ancestry was that of the chieftain, whose haplotype is most frequently found in the Balkans."
6476:
6313:
6063:, and Turkic-speaking peoples who inhabited the regions north of the Black and Caspian Seas." The results from the Cuman samples were plotted on a graph with other Eurasian populations, showing the genetic distances between them. The Eurasian populations were divided into two distinct clusters. One cluster contained all the Eastern and Central Asian populations and can be divided into two subclusters; one subcluster includes mainly Eastern Asian populations (Buryat, Korean and Kirghiz Lowland populations), and the other subcluster harbors mainly Central Asian populations (Mongolian, Kazakh, Kirghiz Highland and Uyghur populations). The second cluster contained the European populations. Inside the second cluster, based on HVS I motifs, a clear structure was not detectable, but almost all European populations, including the modern Hungarians, assembled in one section with small distances between each other. Cumans were outside this section; they were found to be above the abscissa of the graphâthis is the population from the second cluster, which is closest to the East-Central Asian cluster. The modern Cumans of Csengele, Hungary are genetically nearest to the
5748:
5721:) from the Hungarian state, with the aim of forming a new independent Cuman state in Europe. The Cuman National Council declared the independence of KunsĂĄg, and elected its president Count Gedeon RĂĄday on 18 December. However, the council's efforts remained unsuccessful. In 1939, Cuman descendants organized celebrations for the 700th anniversary of their arrival in Hungary, where they emphasized their separate ethnic existence and identity with ceremonial speeches. In 1995, The Cuman Memorial Site was inaugurated as a tribute to the Cuman ancestors and the redemption of the former Nagykun District. In 2009, and subsequently 2012, a World Meeting of the Cumans was held in Karcag. During the first meeting, which lasted two weeks, academic conferences, historical exhibitions, publications, presentations of traditional and cultural festivals and lectures in relation to the Cumans were held. In the 2012 meeting, the minister for rural development, SĂĄndor Fazekas, mentioned how Cuman traditions are still kept alive, such as costumes, folk songs, and food.
1758:
three ways for to go into India. But by that way, he may not pass no great multitude of people, but if it be in winter. And that passage men clepe the
Derbend. The other way is for to go from the city of Turkestan by Persia, and by that way be many journeys by desert. And the third way is that cometh from Comania and then to go by the Great Sea and by the kingdom of Abchaz ... After that, the Comanians that were in servage in Egypt, felt themselves that they were of great power, they chose them a soldan amongst them, the which made him to be clept Melechsalan. And in his time entered into the country of the kings of France Saint Louis, and fought with him; and took him and imprisoned him; and this was slain by his own servants. And after, they chose another to be soldan, that they clept Tympieman; and he let deliver Saint Louis out of prison for a certain ransom. And after, one of these Comanians reigned, that hight Cachas, and slew Tympieman, for to be soldan; and made him be clept Melechmenes.
3821:
3549:
barons were hostile towards the Cumans. The
Hungarian barons noted that there were Cumans in the Mongol armies, but they did not realize that this was because they were conscripted into it and had no say in the matter. In particular the barons did not trust Köten, despite the fact that the Mongols had attacked his people for nearly 20 years. This chaos pushed Bela into a corner; feeling he needed to show his strength and keep the rebellious barons on his side, he ordered Köten to be placed under house arrest. This did not placate the barons and had an opposite effect of erroneously seeming to admit that the King harboured doubts about Köten, too. This angered the Cumans, who were far from happy about the actions taken against them, and who had done nothing to invite such actions and hated the Mongols. News arrived on 10 March that the Mongols had attacked the Hungarian defenses at the Carpathian passes. This prompted Bela to send a letter to Duke
4590:. Light felt tents with a frame consisting of wooden laths could be carried on top of wagons and easily be placed on the ground. The windows of the tents were "grilled" in such a way that it was difficult to see in but easy to see out. As the Cumans became more settled, they constructed forts for defence and settlement purposes. The CumanâKipchaks used dung for fires when firewood was not available. The Cumans had very strict rules (taboos) against theft, and thus would, without prohibition, loosen their horses, camels, and livestock (sheep, oxen) without shepherds or guards when they were stationary. The law of blood vengeance was common among the CumanâKipchaks. The Cuman calendar was atypical, as it showed neither specific Christian influences nor any trace of the ChineseâTurkic twelve-year animal cycle; it appeared to be an archaic system.
3862:
4515:, a type of neck ornament consisting of one or several metal strands attached to a ribbon or necklace and hung around the neck, and head dresses that were made of a series of silver rings on a solid, cylindrically shaped material that was fastened at the temples. The men shaved the top of their head, while the rest of the hair was plaited into several braids; they also had prominent moustaches. Other Cumans also wore their hair very long, without shaving the top. The women had their hair loose or braided with buns twisting at the side. Both men and women followed a tradition of braiding coloured ribbons into their hair. For footwear, Cuman men and women wore long leather or felt boots with support straps connected to their belt. Both men and women wore cloth or metal arm bands.
4538:
present king testified to the sergeant's good character. After these proceedings a huge mound was raised above the tomb. Cumans were buried in their warrior outfits. Wolves were greatly respected by the CumanâKipchaks, and they would sometimes howl along with them in commune. The personal bodyguard of the khan were called Bori (wolf in Turkic). Like other nomadic nations, the CumanâKipchaks initiated blood bonds (with the purpose of symbolically cementing a bond) by the drinking or mixing of each other's blood. Amongst the CumanâKipchaks ethnic names often became personal namesâthis was also practiced amongst the
Mongols. This practice involved naming newborns after the names of conquered tribes and people. Names such as 'Baskord' (from the
5943:
definitely
Cumanian-type costumes; the 12-spiked mace as a weapon; bone girdles; and associated pig bones. In view of the cultural objects and the historical data, the archeologists concluded that the burials were indeed Cumanian from the mid-13th century; hence some of the early settlers in Hungary were from that ethnic group. In 1999 the grave of a high-status Cumanian from the same period was discovered about 50 meters from the church of Csengele; this was the first anthropologically authenticated grave of a Cumanian chieftain in Hungary, and the contents are consistent with the ethnic identity of the excavated remains from the church burials. A separated area of the chieftain grave contained a complete skeleton of a horse.
4687:, facing and shooting to the rear of the horse, then a feigned retreat and skilled ambush. To maintain this tactic to optimum efficiency, the Cumans kept a large number of reserve horses (10â12 remounts) to replace fatigued ones, so that a fresh horse was available at all times. The horsemen used oval shaped stirrups and employed a large bridle for their horses. Another important accessory was a small whip attached to the rider's wrist. Tribal banners were either made of cloth with tribal emblems or dyed horse hairâwith more tails signifying greater importance of the warrior or group. Some of the Cumans who moved west were influenced by Western heraldry, and they eventually displayed hybridized European-Cuman heraldry.
4575:
Empire hesitated to go to war with the CumanâKipchaks north of the Danube River; instead, like the
Hungarians, they chose to bribe them. Since Kwarizm had more important enemies, they hired the CumanâKipchaks for garrison duty. There were numerous ways the CumanâKipchaks could make a living as nomadic warriors. One could partake in questing and raiding with their tribe and subsequently keep the spoils. Another avenue was to seek employment as a mercenary in exchange for the guarantee of loot. One could serve in a garrison, although this caused those Cumans to eventually forget their light cavalry skills and become poor infantry. This was fully exploited when the Mongol army destroyed the CumanâKipchak garrison in
3841:
6301:
6413:
3737:
6241:
3801:, but as time went by they gradually gave up their nomadic way of life. The head of Cuman clans served the dual role of a military leader and a judge. The Cumans, having their own jurisdiction, were exempt from Hungarian jurisdiction and appealed to the king only in cases of unsettled disagreements. The Cumans paid 3000 gold bullions a year to the king, as well as other products and animals (since King BĂ©la IV). They had own priests and they were not paying port and custom dues. Cuman villages did not have landlords and thus no manors were established; this meant that the people of these villages bought off statute labour. The royal guard of the Hungarian kings were Cumans, called
3670:
6289:
5251:
4599:
6133:
2776:
6464:
6492:
5770:, "kuman") are not uncommon. Traces of the Cumans are the Bulgarian surnames Kunev or Kumanov (feminine Kuneva, Kumanova) and Asenov, its variants in North Macedonia Kunevski, Kumanovski (feminine Kumanovska); the Kazakh surname Kumanov; the widespread Hungarian surname Kun; the Hungarian surnames of Csertan, Csoreg, Kokscor, Karacs, Kekcse; the Hungarian surname of Kangurâa byname of one of the families of Karcag (the words Kangur and Karcag derive from Qongur and Qarsaq respectively, and occur as modern day clan names of the Kazakhsâthe Kipchak tribes Qongur and Qarsaq, as well as names used by the
4557:, a Franciscan traveler who visited the Mongols in 1253â55, provides another account of Cuman customs. He mentions that Cumans built statues for dead notables, facing east and holding a cup (these statues are not to be confused with the balbals, which represent the enemies that were killed by him). He also notes that for richer notables, the Cumans built tombs in the form of houses. Rubruk gives an eyewitness account of a man who had recently died: the Cumans had hung up sixteen horses' hides, in groups of four, between high poles, facing the four points of the compass. The mourners then also placed
372:
3858:
able to officially buy off their freedom by paying off more than 500,000 Rhenish florins and by arming and sending to camp 1000 cavalry. At the beginning of the 18th century, the
Cumanian territories were resettled by Hungarian-speaking descendants of the Cumans. In the middle of the 18th century they got their status by becoming free farmers and no longer serfs. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language, and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to PĂĄlĂłczi's estimation, originally 70â80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary. Other estimations are 180â200,000.
6277:
6253:
5778:âmentioned as Kongur-bay, lord of the Mongol Kalmyk people and the warrior Kongrolu); the Hungarian surname of Kapscog (from "Kipchak")âKapsog Tojasos Kovacs, a byname of Kovacs family, as well as the name of Eszenyi Kopscog of Hungary; and the Greek surname Asan. The names "Coman" in Romania and its derivatives, however, do not appear to have any connection to the medieval Cumans, as it was unrecorded until very recent times and the places with the highest frequency of such names has not produced any archaeological evidence of Cuman settlement.
4051:(r. 1280â1292), to the Bulgarian throne in 1280. Shishman was either a close relative or a brother of George Terter I. Shishman may have established his authority over the Vidin region as early as the 1270s, after the death of the previous ruler of that area, Jacob Svetoslav. Danilo, a Serbian archbishop, reported, "At that time in the land of the Bulgars a prince called Shishman emerged. He lived in the town of Vidin, and obtained the adjacent countries and much of the Bulgarian land." Some years after, Shishman invaded Serbia and got as far as
3251:
3167:
1375:
3757:
certain
Hungarian barons had a role in his murder, thus Ladislaus fell victim to his political enemies. The royal and ecclesiastical authorities incorporated, rather than excluded, the Cumans. The Cumans served as light cavalry in the royal army, an obligation since they were granted asylum. Being fierce and capable warriors (as noted by Istvan Vassary), they had an important role in the royal army. The king led them in numerous expeditions against neighbouring countries; most notably they played an important part in the
6361:
4012:, winning the battle. Afterwards, Dragutin took the throne and became king of Serbia. After King Stephen's death, his son, Ladislaus IV the Cuman, continued to support Dragutin, his brother-in-law. From 1270 onwards Cuman mercenaries and auxiliaries were present on both sides of the warring factions, sometimes ignoring the orders of the party they were fighting for, instead acting on their own and looting the countryside. The Cumans had also burned down ĆœiÄa, the former see of the archbishopric of the Serbian Church.
6385:
3312:, where he gave "numerous presents: horses, camels, buffaloes and girls. And he presented these gifts to them, and said the following, 'Today the Mongols took away our land and tomorrow they will come and take away yours'." The Cumans were ignored for almost a year, however, as the Rus' had suffered from their raids for decades. But when news reached Kiev that the Mongols were marching along the Dniester River, the Rus' responded. Mstislav of Galich then arranged a council of war in Kiev, which was attended by
6265:
3655:
3486:
4072:
3586:
6425:
6401:
3259:
5669:
5238:). Notably, all of these phenotypes can be traced to groups described in Chinese and Arab sources, that are assumed to have later merged in the CumanâKipchak confederation. Fair complexion, e.g. red hair and blue or green eyes, were already noted by the Chinese among the Qincha (Kipchak), while the Tiele (to whom the Qun belonged) were not described as foreign looking, i.e. they were likely East Asian in appearance. A dark complexion was attributed to the Pechenegs by
6325:
37:
6437:
6337:
3722:
5631:
3777:
settle and continued royal favors to them. The kings' main aim was to secure Cuman loyalty by various means, including intermarriage between the Cumans and the
Hungarian royal family. Ladislaus IV "the Cuman" (whose mother was Queen Elizabeth the Cuman) was particularly fond of the Cumans and abandoned Hungarian culture and dress for Cuman culture, dress, and hairstyle; he lived with his Cuman entourage and concubines, who were KĂŒpçeç, Mandola, and Ayduva.
4715:
his master, and they do not stop going by night or by day. And they ride so hard that they cover in one day and one night fully six days' journey or seven or eight. And while they are on the way they will not seize anything or carry it along, before their return, but when they are returning, then they seize plunder and make captives and take anything they can get. Nor do they go armed, except that they wear a garment of sheepskin and carry bows and arrows.
5693:, who died in 1770. During the 1740s, when Cuman was no longer spoken, a Cuman version of the Lord's Prayer suddenly surfaced. It was taught in schools in Greater Cumania and Little Cumania until the mid-20th century, in turn becoming a cornerstone of Cuman identity. In the 20th century enthusiastic self-styled Cumans collected 'Cuman folklore', which consisted of elements such as a traditional Cuman dance, Cuman characteristics such as pride and staunch
5815:. Although the PalĂłcs were similar to the Hungarians in origins and culture, they were considered distinct groups by the Turks. The first written record of the word "palĂłc" as the name of a people appears in the MezĆkövesd register in 1784. Some scholars believe there is also no connection between the Cumans and the Dutch surnames Kooman(s), Koman(s), Koeman(s), (De) Cooman(s) and Coman(s), used particularly in the Flemish area and the Dutch county of
8441:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 276 "The attempts, on philological grounds, to link the Quman-Qun-SĂąrĂź and QıpÄaqs, while possible, seem somewhat forced. Corroborating historical data are needed. If the TĂŒrkmen attacked by the SĂąrĂź are the OÄuz, the case for the identification of the SĂąrĂź with the QıpÄaqs is strengthened on geographical grounds. If the TĂŒrkmen in question are Qarluqs, however, then we are not compelled to view the SĂąrĂź as QıpÄaqs."
6229:
7444:
6373:
4534:(c. 1224âc. 1317), mentions that when the Cumans and Byzantines made an alliance, the Cumans made a dog pass between both sides and cut it with a sword, obliging the Byzantines to do the same; the Cumans said that both they and the Byzantines should be cut in pieces if they failed each other. Joinville described a Cuman noble's funeral: he was buried seated on a chair whilst his best horse and best sergeant were placed beside him alive.
3470:
6169:
4257:
6449:
6145:
6193:
6181:
6157:
5957:
6349:
4095:. The cultural heritage of those CumanâKipchaks who remained was transferred to the Mongols, whose Ă©lite adopted many of the traits, customs, and language of the Cumans and Kipchaks; the Cumans, Kipchaks, and Mongols finally became assimilated through intermarriage and became the Golden Horde. Those Cumans, with the Turko-Mongols, adopted Islam in the second half of the 13th and the first half of the 14th century.
3558:
5569:
4519:
3554:
suspicion of the Cumans, they were the only ones who seemed willing to fight the
Mongols, the memory of the fate that had befallen them on the steppes still being fresh in their minds. By this time Bela had lost control of his army and many towns were destroyed. Soon thereafter Frederick arrived, and, wishing to harm the country's defense (in revenge to Bela), he stirred up further feelings against the Cumans.
6051:
language and became members of a tribal confederation. According to legends, Cumanians frequently carried off women from raided territories. So the maternal lineages of a large part of the group would reflect the maternal lineage of those populations that had geographic connection with
Cumanians during their migrations. Nevertheless, the Asian mitochondrial haplotype in sample Cu26 may still reflect the
2328:
6205:
3332:
The army of the alliance of the Rus' and Cumans numbered around 80,000. When the alliance reached Pereyaslavl, they were met by a Mongol envoy that tried to persuade them not to fight. This as well as a second attempt by the Mongols failed; the alliance then crossed the Dnieper River and marched eastward for nine days pursuing a small Mongol contingent, unknowingly being led by a false retreat. The
6217:
4475:
2796:
2714:
3240:
3190:, resulting in victory over Byzantium and the restoration of Bulgaria's independence in 1185. IstvĂĄn VĂĄsĂĄry states that without the active participation of the Cumans, the Vlakho-Bulgarian rebels could never have gained the upper hand over the Byzantines, and ultimately without the military support of the Cumans, the process of Bulgarian restoration could never have been realized.
3059:
7819:
4122:, in plundering the Byzantine Balkan provinces. Subsequent to this, the Cumans gave aid to Tatos, the chief of Distra. In 1091 there was a disagreement in plunder shares between the Cumans and Pechenegs, which resulted in a breach between the two peoples; this contributed to the Cumans (led by Togortok/Tugorkan and Boniak, who had repeatedly raided Kievan Rus') joining
2623:(MaTlUqa), which is called White Cumania, it is 50 miles. White Cumania is a large inhabited city ... Indeed, in this fifth part of the seventh section there is the northern part of the land of Russia and the northern part of the land of Cumania ... In this sixth part there is a description of the land of Inner Cumania and parts of the land of Bulgaria."
5701:, the KiskunsĂĄg is almost entirely Roman Catholic, whereas in NagykunsĂĄg, Protestants do outnumber Catholics, but only narrowly.) This ethnic consciousness was linked to the legal privileges attached to the Cumans' territory. Their 19th-century biographer, GyĂĄrfĂĄs IstvĂĄn, in 1870 was of the opinion that they originally spoke Hungarian, together with the
3702:) in the years of 1272â1277. A struggle took place between her and the noble opposition, which led to her imprisonment by the rebels; but supporters freed her in 1274. During her reign, gifts of precious clothes, land, and other objects were given to the Cumans with the intent to ensure their continued support, and in particular during the
3032:. In 1114, the Cumans launched an invasion, from the western Romanian Plain, into the Byzantine Balkans once more. This was followed up by another incursion in 1123/1124. In 1135, the Cumans again invaded the Kingdom of Poland. During the second and third crusades, in 1147 and 1189, crusaders were attacked by Cumans, who were allied to the
2460:) were possibly induced into the Kimek union or took over said union and absorbed the Kimek. As a result, the Kipchaks presumably replaced the Kimeks as the union's dominant group, while the Quns gained ascendancy over the westernmost tribes and became Quman (though difficulties remain with the Qun-Cuman link and how Qun became Cuman, e.g.
3110:, preceding the Mongol invasion, Khan Konchek was successful in creating a more cohesive force out of the many Cuman groupsâhe united the western and eastern CumanâKipchak tribes. Khan Konchek also changed the old Cuman system of government whereby rulership went to the most senior tribal leader; he instead passed it on to his son Koten.
8837:, 1935), Russian historian A. A. Vasiliev concluded in this matter, "The liberating movement of the second half of the 12th century in the Balkans was originated and vigorously prosecuted by the Wallachians, ancestors of the Romanians of today; it was joined by the Bulgarians, and to some extent by the Cumans from beyond the Danube."
11062:
4868:
system (mentioned by the historian GyĂĄrfĂĄs), which could have been a runic script. The supposition that the Cumans had a runic script is also suggested by the academic Hakan Aydemir, who mentioned a buckle with runic writing from a Cuman grave There was also some Khazar Jewish linguistic influence upon the Cumansâthe Cuman words
4672:, a knife and a comb. They also wore elaborate masks in battle, shaped like and worn over the face. The Cuman Mamluks in Egypt were, in general, more heavily armed than Mongol warriors, sometimes having body armour and carrying a bow and arrow, axe, club, sword, dagger, mace, shield, and a lance. The Cuman Mamluks rode on larger
3710:, when both sides tried to gain Cuman support. During this conflict, in 1264, BĂ©la sent Cuman troops commanded by the chieftain Menk to fight his son Stephen. Elizabeth married Stephen V; they were parents of six children. Their son, Ladislaus IV became the king of Hungary while her other son, Andrew of Hungary, became Duke of
4055:. After failing to capture Ćœdrelo, he returned to Vidin, which was subsequently attacked and devastated by King Milutin. However, Milutin replaced him on his throne on the basis that he would become Shishman's ally. In fact, the alliance was strengthened by Shishman marrying the daughter of the Serbian grand
6475:
4507:
brim (if made of felt) or a fur trim around the base (if made of leather). The brim of the hat formed a sharp angle at the front and upturned on the rear and at the sides. Women wore a large variety of head dresses and also wore conical hats but with a felt top and a cloth veil extending down the back.
2811:
5618:
As the Mongols pushed westward and devastated their state, most of the Cumans fled to Hungary, as well as the Second Bulgarian Empire since they were major military allies. The Cuman participation in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185 and thereafter brought about basic changes in the
5270:
As the Cumans ceased to have a state of their own, they were gradually absorbed into Eurasian populations (certain families in Hungary, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Turkey, Romania, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Tatars in Crimea). The Cumans in Dobruja were assimilated into Bulgarian and Romanian people. Traces
5158:
ravaged the Chernihiv and Kyiv areas. His daughter married prince Vladimir Igorevich of Putivl (Igor's son). It is hypothesized that Konchek was with the Cumans who helped Riurik Rostislavovich seizure and sack of Kiev in 1202. Khan Konchek is credited with certain technological advancements, such as
4714:
Each one has at least ten or twelve horses, and they have them so well-trained that they follow them wherever they want to take them, and they mount first on one and then on another. When they are on a raid, each horse has a bag hung on his nose, in which his fodder is put, and he feeds as he follows
4537:
Prior to this the sergeant was given a large sum of money by the Cuman leaders for the purpose of handing it back to them when they too would come into the afterlife. The Cuman khan also gave a letter of recommendation to the sergeant, which was addressed to the first king of the Cumans, in which the
3523:
in 1211, with the purpose of ensuring security of the southeastern borders of his kingdom against the Cumans. The Teutonic Knights campaigned against the Cumans, on behalf of King Andrew, during the years of 1221â1225. However, the Teutonic Knights failed to defeat the Cumans and began to establish a
6013:
The ethnic origins of the Cumans are uncertain. According to some contemporary sources, the Cumans were reported to have had blond hair, fair skin and blue eyes (which set them apart from other groups and later puzzled historians), however, craniometric and genetic data, as well as contemporary art,
5157:
in their struggle for control with the other Rus' princes. Along with Khan Kobiak/Kobek, Khan Konchak was routed on the Khorol River in 1184 during an assault on Kievan Rus'. In 1185, he defeated the army of Ihor Sviatoslavych, who was taken as a prisoner. Later, Konchak laid siege to Pereiaslav and
4574:
For many years before the Mongol invasion, the CumanâKipchaks were in ambiguous relationships with their neighbours (often through marital and martial alliances), the Kwarizmians, Byzantines, Georgians, and the Rus'; at a given time they could be at peace with one, at war with another. The Byzantine
4570:
calls (the region stretching) from the river Don as far as the Azov Sea and the Danube, Alania. And this land stretches from the Danube as far as the Don, the borderline of Asia and Europe; one can reach there in two months with quick riding as the Tatars ride.... and this country which extends from
4506:
The women also wore caftans, as well as pants, dresses, and tunics shorter than those worn by men, sometimes split along the front, back, and sides. Clothes were commonly coloured deep crimson for decoration. Cuman men wore distinguishing conical felt or leather hats, pointed at the top with a broad
4410:
and the Hungarians in doing so. Over the course of time feudalism would take over the traditional social structure of the Cumans, and this led to the changing of identity from kinship to territory-based. Some of the Cumans eventually settled and led sedentary lives involved in agriculture and crafts
4397:
The Rus' grouped the CumanâKipchaks into two categories: the Non Wild Polvciansâ'civilized' Cumans of the western part of the CumanâKipchak confederation who had friendly relations with Kievan Rus'âand the Wild Polvcians âwho formed the eastern part of the confederation and who had hostile relations
3857:
became a market town, due to the permission to organize fairs. During this time, it had bought off its borders as its own property for 43,200 Rhenish florins. On May 6, 1745, due to the cooperation between the Cumans and Jasz people, as well as their material strength of their communities, they were
3776:
Hungarian kings relied on the Cumans to counterbalance the growing independent power of the nobility. Royal policy towards the Cumans was determined by their military and political importance. The Hungarian kings continuously hoped to use Cuman military support, the main reason for the invitation to
3548:
Around December 1240, news came that the Mongols were advancing towards Hungary. King Bela then installed front line defenses at the Carpathian Mountains, after which he returned to Buda and called a council of war and ordered unity against the Mongols. The opposite happened, however, as many of the
3481:
They became one of the important Turkic groups in Desht-i Kipchak region. After Kipchak unity was destroyed by the Mongol attack in 1239, one branch of the Cumans migrated to the Balkans, and another branch went down to the Anatolia. They later came into contact with Georgians, Hungarians and Turks.
2953:
and a Cuman army under Togortok/Tugorkan and Boniak. Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were again slain. Some of the Pechenegs fled to Hungary, as the Cumans themselves would do a few decades later. In 1091/1092 the Cumans, under Kopulch, raided Transylvania and Hungary, moving to
10676:
Tatars were mercenaries in the Mongol armies that arrived in Eastern Europe in the 1240s. After the Ottomans took the Crimean Khanate there, other regions were subject to the Golden Horde Mongol Khanate. As subjects of the Mongol state, they were called Tatars. Tatar is a wrong term, we should call
5942:
In the Hungarian village of Csengele, on the borders of what is still called Kiskunsag ("Little Cumania"), an archeological excavation in 1975 revealed the ruins of a medieval church with 38 burials. Several burials had all the characteristics of a Cumanian group: richly jeweled, non-Hungarian, and
3608:
With this departure of its only ally and most efficient and reliable military force, Hungary was now further weakened to attack, and a month later it was destroyed by the Mongols. After the invasion, King BĂ©la IV, now penniless and humiliated after the confiscation of his treasury and loss of three
5585:
on the territory of the khanate) became dominant, and Islam acquired the status of a state religion throughout the Peninsula. By a preponderance Cumanian population of the Crimea acquired the name "Tatars", the Islamic religion and Turkic language, and the process of consolidating the multi-ethnic
4372:
The fundamental unit of Cuman society was the family, made up of blood relatives. A group of families formed a clan, led by a chief; a group of clans formed a tribe, led by a khan. A typical Cuman clan was named after an object, animal, or a leader of the clan. The names of the leaders of clans or
3331:
The princes promised support to Khan Koten's Cumans and an alliance between the Rus' and Cumans was formed. It was decided that the Rus' and Cumans would move east to seek and destroy any Mongols they found. The Rus' princes then began mustering their armies and moved towards the rendezvous point.
2598:
The vast territory of the CumanâKipchak realm consisted of loosely connected tribal units that represented a dominant military force but were never politically united by a strong central power; the khans acted on their own initiative. The CumanâKipchaks never established a state, instead forming a
4364:
and were armed with composite bows and arrows. They prayed to the first animal they saw in the morning. Like the Bulgars, the Cumans were known to drink blood from their horse (they would cut a vein) when they ran out of water far from an available source. Their traditional diet consisted of soup
4355:
described the Cumans as nomadic warriors who raised horses, sheep, goats, camels, and cattle. They moved north with their herds in summer and returned south in winter. Some of the Cumans led a semi-settled life and took part in trading and farming, as well as blacksmithing, furriery, shoe making,
4280:
and were armed with composite bows and arrows. They prayed to the first animal they saw in the morning. Like the Bulgars, the Cumans were known to drink blood from their horse (they would cut a vein) when they ran out of water far from an available source. Their traditional diet consisted of soup
4268:
described the Cumans as nomadic warriors who raised horses, sheep, goats, camels, and cattle. They moved north with their herds in summer and returned south in winter. Some of the Cumans led a semi-settled life and took part in trading and farming, as well as blacksmithing, furriery, shoe making,
4007:
of Serbia. King UroĆĄ had promised both his son and King Stephen that he would make Dragutin king during his own lifetime; but he later declined this. Dragutin, in disappointment, requested aid from King Stephen, who said he would lend his Hungarian and Cuman troops. Subsequently, Dragutin set out
3581:
on 17 March 1241. When news of this outrage reached the Cuman camp there was an eruption of "Vesuvian intensity". In revenge for this victimization they slaughtered a vast number of Hungarians. The Cumans then left for the Balkans and the Second Bulgarian Empire, going on a rampage of destruction
3553:
asking for help. Frederick had previously wanted Bela's throne, but Bela responded by amassing a vast army and marching to the gates of Vienna, which forced Frederick to step back. On 14 March, news had arrived that the Carpathian defense forces were defeated by the Mongols. Ironically, given the
2618:
Robert Wolff states that it was discipline and cohesion that permitted the CumanâKipchaks to conquer such a vast territory. Al-IdrÄ«sÄ« states that Cumania got its name from the city of Cumania; he wrote, "From the city of Khazaria to the city of Kirait is 25 miles. From there to Cumanie, which has
5218:
The looks of a typical Cuman are a matter of debate. This is because in spite of their Eastern origins, several sources point at them being white, blue-eyed, and blond. It is important to elaborate, however, that the full range of available data sketches a more complex picture. While the written
4859:
of the Middle Ages, designed to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cumans. It consisted of a LatinâPersianâCuman glossary, grammar observations, lists of consumer goods and Cuman riddles. The first copy was written in the monastery of St. John near Saray. A later copy (1330â1340) is
4210:
to the regency in 1258, after the consultation of Latin mercenaries, the Cumans present at the court offered their opinion on the matter in "good Greek". This is indicative of the Cumans spending considerable time in the company of Greek speakers. The importance of this Cuman group came from its
2395:. Despite this, it is possible that certain tribes forming a part of the CumanâKipchak conglomerate were of Mongolic origin. Golden considers the Ălberli to have originally been Mongolic-speaking and argues that they were pushed westwards as a result of socio-political changes among the Khitans.
1757:
is one of the great kingdoms in the world, but it is not all inhabited. For at one of the parts there is so great cold that no man may dwell there; and in another part there is so great heat that no man may endure it ... And the principal city of Comania is clept Sarak , that is one of the
4867:
The Cumans' language was a form of Kipchak Turkic and was, until the 14th century, a lingua franca over much of the Eurasian steppes. A number of CumanâKipchakâArabic grammar glossaries appeared in Mamluk lands in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is supposed that the Cumans had their own writing
4863:
The Interpreter's Book consists of 110 pages; pages 1â63 contain alphabetically arranged verbs in Latin, Persian and Cuman. The Missionaries' Book contains vocabulary listings, grammatical notes, Cuman riddles, religious texts and some Italian verses. The Cuman riddles are the oldest documented
4701:
They fought in their habitual manner, learnt from their fathers. They would attack, shoot their arrows and begin to fight with spears. Before long they would turn their attack into flight and induce their enemy to pursue them. Then they would show their faces instead of their backs, like birds
3852:
The Cumanians' settlements were destroyed during the Turkish wars in the 16th and 17th centuries; more Cumans than Hungarians were killed. Around 1702, Cuman and Jasz privileges were lost. The court sold all three districts to the Teutonic Knights, though the lordship of these three regions was
3756:
By the 15th century, the Cumans were permanently settled in Hungary, in villages whose structure corresponded to that of the local population, and they were Christianized. The Cumans did not always ally with the Hungarian kingsâthey assassinated Ladislaus IV; however, other sources suggest that
3693:
As the Cumans came into the kingdom, the Hungarian nobility suspected that the king intended to use the Cumans to strengthen his royal power at their expense. During the following centuries, the Cumans in Hungary were granted rights and privileges, the extent of which depended on the prevailing
3343:
Due to confusion and mistakes, and the superb military tactics and fighting-qualities of the Mongols, the Rus' and Cumans were defeated. In the chaos the Cumans managed to retreat, but the Rus' failed to regroup and were crushed. The Cumans were allied at Kalka River with Wallach warriors named
1931:
As stated above, it is unknown whether the name Kipchak referred only to the Kipchaks proper, or to the Cumans as well. The two tribes eventually fused, lived together and probably exchanged weaponry, culture and languages; the Cumans encompassed the western half of the confederation, while the
6050:
with other populations rather than the ultimate genetic origins of the founders of Cuman culture. The study further mentioned, "This may be the result of the habits of the Cumanian nomads. Horsemen of the steppes formed a political unit that was independent from their maternal descent or their
4314:
and some to the Phrygia and Bithynia. When the Ottomans conquered the lands they lived in, these Cumans intermixed with the Turkmen and were assimilated among Turks. It is thought that some of the Cumans who settled in Western Anatolia during the reign of are the ancestors of a part of a
4035:
for help. Dragutin battled the brothers again, this time with King Milutin's help as well as support from King Ladislaus IV (Cuman troops), and defeated them. After this King Ladislaus continued negotiations with Darman and Kudelin, but this had failed so he sent Transylvanian and Cuman troops
3576:
After crushing defeats and facing complete collapse, the Hungarians engaged in a suicidal betrayal of the Cumans, the people that had done the most in repelling the Mongols. Some of the barons went to Köten's house with the intent of killing him as scapegoat or handing him over to the Mongols,
4462:
The Cumans tolerated all religions, and Islam and Christianity spread quickly among them. As they were close to the Kievan Rus' principalities, Cuman khans and important families began to slavicize their namesâfor example, Yaroslav Tomzakovych, Hlib Tyriievych, Yurii Konchakovych, and Danylo
3544:
of the Mongols then ordered Bela to stop giving refuge to the Cumans and made a particular point that if attacked the Cumans could easily run away, for they were skilled horseman, but not so for the Hungarians, who were a sedentary nation and had no such luxury. Bela rejected this ultimatum.
5226:
The genetic material is mixed, albeit that European matrilineal DNA predominates (see also below). Unlike the written sources, paintings and miniatures from between the 12th and 14th century (close in time to the settlement of Cumans to Central Europe) tend to support the picture of a mixed
4490:
The Cumans were reported to be handsome people with blond hair, fair skin and blue eyes, and attractive women. Cuman women had a high reputation for their beauty amongst the Russian aristocracy. Robert de Clari reported that the Cumans often wore a sleeveless sheepskin vest, usually worn in
4860:
thought to have been written in a Franciscan friary. Later, different sections of the codex, such as the Interpreter's Book (which was for commercial, merchant use) and the Missionaries' Book (which contains sermons, psalms and other religious texts along with Cuman riddles) were combined.
3694:
political situation. Some of these rights survived until the end of the 19th century, although the Cumans had long since assimilated with Hungarians. The Cumans were different in every way to the local population of Hungaryâtheir appearance, attire, and hairstyle set them apart. In 1270,
4376:
The CumanâKipchak tribes formed sub-confederations governed by charismatic ruling housesâthey acted independently of each other and had opposing policies. The territory controlled distinguished each Cuman tribe: the "seashore" Cuman tribes lived in the steppes between the mouths of the
1593:
Most other Turkic-speaking people (as well as most Muslim sources) called the Cumans some variant of "Qipchaqs", while Armenians called them "Xartesk'ns". Qumans were primarily used by Byzantine authors (and a few Arab sources), while the name used in Rus' tended to be "Polovtsian".
9767:
WOLF, Robert Lee, âThe Latın Empire Of Constantinople 1204-1261â, A History Of The Crusaders, Volume II Later Crusades (1189-1311), General ed. Kenneth M. Setton, ed. By. Robert Lee Wolf and Harry W. Hazard, The Unıversıty Of Wısconsın Press, Madıson, Milwaukee and London, 1969, s.
3051:, and helped make Georgia the most powerful kingdom of the region (they were referred to as naqivchaqari). After the death of the warlike Monomakh in 1125, Cumans returned to the steppe along the Rus' borders. Fighting resumed in 1128; Rus' sources mention that Sevinch, son of Khan
2909:
in 1099 and seized the royal treasury. In 1109, Monomakh launched another raid against the Cumans and captured "1000 tents". In 1111, 1113, and 1116, further raids were launched against the Cumans and resulted in the liberation and incorporation of more Pecheneg and Oghuz tribes.
3500:. This event, which was one of the most important military reforms of David's against the Seljuk invaders, took place when a high-level Georgian delegation visited the Cuman headquarters. To strengthen this alliance with the nomads, David married with Cuman King Atrak's daughter
2689:, which Ibn al-Air viewed as the "city of the Qifjaq from which (flow) their material possessions. It is on the Khazar Sea. Ships come to it bearing clothes. The Qifjiqs buy from them and sell them slaves. Burtas furs, beaver, squirrels..." Due to their political dominance, the
5705:
population. Despite this mistake, he has the best overview on the subject concerning details of material used. Cuman influence is also present in the modern Hungarian language in the form of loanwords, particularly in the areas of horse-breeding, eating, hunting and fighting.
11234:
Bogacsi-Szabo, Erika; Kalmar, Tibor; Csanyi, Bernadett; Tomory, Gyongyver; Czibula, Agnes; et al. (October 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA of Ancient Cumanians: Culturally Asian Steppe Nomadic Immigrants with Substantially More Western Eurasian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages".
10454:
Bogacsi-Szabo, Erika; Kalmar, Tibor; Csanyi, Bernadett; Tomory, Gyongyver; Czibula, Agnes; et al. (October 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA of Ancient Cumanians: Culturally Asian Steppe Nomadic Immigrants with Substantially More Western Eurasian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages".
3387:
ended and the CumanâKipchak confederation ceased to exist as a political entity, with the remaining Cuman tribes being dispersed, either becoming subjects and mixing with their Mongol conquerors, as part of what was to be known as the Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) and
5790:
dialect, which means 'carve', 'notch', as well as the words 'urk/uruk' (meaning 'lasso', 'noose'), 'dszepu (meaning 'wool') and 'korhany' (meaning 'small mountain', 'hill') are of CumanâKipchak origin. Additionally, the Cumans could have also had some connection with
4571:
the Danube to the Tanais was all inhabited by the Chapcat Comans, and even further from the Don to the Volga, which rivers are at a distance of ten days' journey...And in the territory between these two rivers where we continued our way, the Cuman Kipchaks lived."
6037:
One of these haplogroups belongs to the M lineage (haplogroup D) and is characteristic of Eastern Asia, but this is the second most frequent haplogroup in southern Siberia too. All the other haplogroups (H, V, U, U3, and JT) are West Eurasian, belonging to the
10701:
Today, those who carry Tatar name partially dislike it. Scholars and intelligentsia in the Kazan Tatarstan Republic don't like this name. It is also true that Tatarstan is not Tatar. This name needs to be changed, Crimean Tatars also say this. This is a wrong
3647:(the Borchol clan was also active around Rus'; they were also a tribe of the Golden Horde mentioned as Burcoylu); Csertan, who settled in Little Cumania; Olas, who settled in Greater Cumania; Iloncsuk, who settled in Little Cumania; Kor, who settled in the
3998:
Cuman involvement in Serbia first occurred as a result of marital ties between Serbia and Hungary. King Stephen V of Hungary gave his daughter, Catherine (whose mother was Queen Elizabeth the Cuman, daughter of the Cuman chieftain Seyhan) in marriage to
4454:
River Basin; they were also inhabitted by other peoples besides the Cumans. Due to the practice of Cuman towns being named after their khans, town names changed over timeâthe town of Sharukan appears as Osenev, Sharuk, and Cheshuev. Rock figures called
5219:
sources predominantly emphasize a fair complexion (e.g. Adam of Bremen referring to them as "the blond ones") the craniometric and genetic data, as well as contemporary art, support the image of a people highly heterogenous in appearance. Skulls with
2764:. After the Cuman victory, they repeatedly invaded Kievan Rus', devastating the land and taking captives, who became either their slaves or were sold at markets in the south. The most vulnerable regions were the Principality of Pereyaslavl, the
2743:
reached an agreement with them thus avoiding a military confrontation. In 1061, however, the Cumans, under the chieftain Sokal, invaded and devastated the Pereyaslavl principality; this began a war that would go on for 175 years. In 1068 at the
4706:, they would stop turning back again. Then they would draw their swords, release an appalling roar, and fall upon the Romans quicker than a thought. They would seize and massacre those who fought bravely and those who behaved cowardly alike."
7425:
5200:
continued for nearly 100 years. The last representative of this The Cuman Family, which was later assimilated into Byzantine Culture was also named Syrgiannés, just like the first member of the family. Syrgiannés, who was the governor of
8483:
Akhmetova, Zhanculu et al. "Kipchak Ethnonyms in the 'Tale of Bygone Years'" in International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 06, 2020. p. 1193 quote: "But the Kumans represent only one small western part of the
5580:
By the end of the 15th century, the main prerequisites that led to the formation of an independent Crimean Tatar ethnic group were created: the political dominance of the Crimean Khanate was established in Crimea, the Turkic languages
2456:, if the Ćari whom the Quns had defeated were to be identified as Kipchaks, or whether they simply represent the western mass of largely Kipchak-Turkic speaking tribes. The Quns and Ćari (whom CzeglĂ©dy (1949:47-48,50) identifies with
6787:
In another account, Köten had already realised the barons' intention, so he had killed himself and his wives. The barons then cut off their heads and threw them onto the streets outside the house in an act of brutality that had dire
4463:
Kobiakovych. Ukrainian princely families were often connected by marriage with Cuman khans, lessening wars and conflicts. Sometimes the princes and khans waged joint campaigns; for example, in 1221 they attacked the trading town of
3348:
river in modern Romania and Moldova. During the second Mongol invasion of Eastern Europe in 1237â1240 the Cumans were defeated again; at this time groups of Cumans went to live with the Volga Bulgars, who had not been attacked yet.
2408:, where he notes that "(the sixth iqlim) begins where the meridian shadow of the equinox is seven, six-tenths, and one-sixth of one-tenth of a foot. Its end exceeds its beginning by only one foot. It begins in the homeland of the
5785:
and Romanian culture in Moldavia, due to the Hungarians in Moldavia socializing and mingling with the Cumans between the 14th and 15th centuries. Hakan Aydemir, a Turkic linguist, states that the 'ir' of the CeangÄi/Csangos and
4031:(Kipchak Khanate) against the Hungarians and Serbs. Subsequently, Dragutin attacked the brothers but failed to defeat them. After this attack the brothers hired Cuman and Tatar mercenaries. Dragutin in turn went to his brother,
3714:. By 1262, Stephen V had taken the title of 'Dominus Cumanorum' and became the Cumans' highest judge. After his enthronement, the Cumans came directly under the power of the king of Hungary and the title of 'Dominus Cumanorum' (
4164:(1081â1118) and were one of the most important elements of the Byzantine army until the mid-14th century. They served as light cavalry (horse-archers) and as standing troops; those in the central army were collectively called
3536:, who in turn vowed to convert his 40,000 families to Christianity. King BĂ©la hoped to use the new subjects as auxiliary troops against the Mongols, who were already threatening Hungary. The Cumans were joined by the Iranian
1551:(who lived in the 1st century AD), mentions "a fortress, the name of which is Cumania, erected for the purpose of preventing the passage of the innumerable tribes that lay beyond" while describing the "Gates of Caucasus" (
6312:
4168:. Other Cumans lived a more dangerous life as highlanders on the fringes of the empire, possibly being involved in a mixture of agriculture and transhumance, acting as a buffer between Nicaean farmers and Turkic nomads.
3128:. The dynamic pattern of attacks and counterattacks between the Rus' and the Cumans indicates that both rarely, if ever, were able to attain the unity needed to deal a fatal blow. The Cuman attacks on the Rus' often had
11059:
4393:
Valley. D. A. Rasovskii notes five separate independent Cuman groups: the central Asiatic, the Volga-Yayik (or Ural), the Donets-Don (between the Volga and the Dnieper), the lower course of the Dnieper, and the Danube.
4309:
who wanted to prevent Cumans invasion of Byzantine lands and to benefit from their military capabilities invited Cumans in Byzantine service. He settled some of them in Thrace and Macedonia, and some in Anatolia to the
4530:, says that when the Hungarian prince married the Cuman princess, ten Cumans swore over a dog cut in half with a sword that they would defend the Kingdom of Hungary. The Christian writer and historian of the crusades,
3609:
of his border areas, begged the Cumans to return to Hungary and help rebuild the country. In return for their military service, BĂ©la invited the Cumans to settle in areas of the Great Plain between the Danube and the
4211:
tendency to foster assimilation (Hellenization) and, through time, the social advancement of its members. An example of this influential group was Sytzigan (known as Syrgiannes after baptism), who before 1290 became
3193:
The Cuman participation in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185 and thereafter brought about basic changes in the political and ethnic sphere of Bulgaria and the Balkans. The Cumans were allies in the
5188:, also served in the imperial palace and rose to high positions in time. As a matter of fact, SyrgiannĂ©s (Sytzigan: SıçÄan: Rat), who was the son of one of the Cuman begs, was baptized and married a woman from the
10183:
Rockhill, W. W., The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253â55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine. London: Hakluyt Society.
5209:, was the elder emperor II. After participating in the struggles between Andronikos and his grandson that started in 1320, he fell out of favor and led a dull life until he was killed by the emperor's men in 1334.
3099:. This Chernigov-Cuman alliance suffered a disastrous defeat in 1180; Elrut, Konchek's brother died in battle. In 1177, a Cuman army that was allied with Ryazan sacked six cities that belonged to the Berendei and
2507:) was in the sphere of that confederation. Members of the confederation undoubtedly also were the ancestors of the present Kumandy and Teleuts, which is evidenced by their language that like the language of the
5688:
The Cuman language disappeared from Hungary in the 17th or 18th century, possibly following the Turkish occupation. The last person who was able to speak some Cumanian on a decaying level was IstvĂĄn VarrĂł from
4864:
material of Turkic riddles and constitute Turkic folklore. Some of the riddles have almost identical modern equivalents (for example Kazakh). The Codex Cumanicus is composed of several CumanâKipchak dialects.
4118:. The Cumans, who did not receive their pay, later defected to the Seljuks. In 1086 Cumans devastated Byzantine settlements in the Balkans. Later the Cumans joined the Pechenegs and the former Hungarian king,
5819:. They believe these surnames are medieval and were used in the meaning of 'merchant'. However, other scholars believe the Coumans surname found in the Low Countries and France has its origins in the Cumans.
4510:
This veil only covered the back neck and not the hair or face; another source states that it did cover the hair and that sometimes one or two braids were visible. Women wore a variety of jewellery, such as
3780:
There were clashes between the Hungarians and Cumans in 1280 and 1282. The first involved the king convincing the Cumans not to leave the country, yet a small group still moved to Wallachia. The second was
4373:
tribes sometimes ended in "apa/aba". Cuman names were descriptive and represented a personal trait or an idea. Clans lived together in movable settlements named 'Cuman towers' by Kievan Rus' chroniclers.
6491:
10286:
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Vol. 58, No. 3, Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Mediaeval History of the Eurasian Steppe: Szeged, Hungary May 11â16, 2004: Part III (2005), pp.
5141:. He united the tribes of the eastern Cumans in the later half of the 12th century, after which in the 1170s and 1180s he launched a number of particularly destructive attacks on the settlements in the
10444:
Oshanin, L.V. 1964. Anthropological Composition of the Population of Central Asia, and the Ethnogenesis of its Peoples (trans. V.M. Maurin, ed. H. Field). Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology.
3364:
could not tame them, as he had often been able to do earlier; the only possibility left for him was to let them march through Bulgaria in a southerly direction. They proceeded through Thrace as far as
6844:
4027:
or Bulgarian nobles of Cuman origin. This move to independence had angered Ladislaus IV as well as Dragutin, who wanted to crush the rebellion. Darman and Kudelin were supported by the Tatars of the
3079:
took Kiev with the help of a Cuman army under the Cuman prince Chemgura. By 1160 Cuman raids into Rus' had become an annual event. These attacks put pressure on Rus' and affected trade routes to the
5078:, a son of Sharukan and a brother of Syrchan. In 1111 he, along with his brother, withdrew to the Lower Don region after losing a battle against the Ruthenians. There Atrak's horde joined the local
1940:
tribes known collectively as Kangars) encompassed the eastern half. This confederation and their living together may have made it difficult for historians to write exclusively about either nation.
1336:
5744:
dogs. The Komondor breed has been declared one of Hungary's national treasures, to be preserved and protected from modification. The name Komondor derives from Koman-dor, meaning "Cuman dog".
2674:
constituted an important element and were closely associated with the Khwarazmian royal house via marital alliances. The Cumans were also active in commerce with traders from Central Asia to
4157:. Most of these Cumans enrolled in the army and soon afterwards were baptized. Vatatzes' policy towards the Cumans was distinguished by its enormous scale and relatively successful outcome.
6714:, founder of the Delhi sultanate, was a Cuman; redeemed from slavery by Afghan shakh Mahmud Ghuri, he became his governor in Delhi and proclaimed independence after the death of his patron.
5031:
1741:
said of Cumania: "This wilderness is green and grassy with no trees, nor hills, high or low ... there is no means of travelling in this desert except in wagons." The Persian historian
10532:
Lee, J. Y., & Kuang, S. (2017). A comparative analysis of Chinese historical sources and Y-DNA studies with regard to the early and medieval turkic peoples. Inner Asia, 19(2), 197-239.
4702:
cutting through the air, and would fight face to face with their assailants and struggle even more bravely. This they would do several times, and when they gained the upper hand over the
5747:
10405:
4962:/Sharagan (also known as Sharukan the Elder), grand father of Konchak. He was another Polovotsian khan who was victorious against the Ruthenian army of Yaroslavichi at the Alta river (
4411:
such as leather and iron working and weapon making. Others became merchants and traded from their towns along the ancient trade routes to regions such as the Orient, Middle East, and
3114:, prince of the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk, attacked the Cumans in the vicinity of the Kayala river in 1185 but was defeated; this battle was immortalized in the Rus' epic poem
2391:
Golden surmised that these Quns might have sprung "from that same conglomeration of Mongolic peoples from which the Qitañ sprang"; however, Golden later suggested that the Quns were
10937:
A. Gergely AndrĂĄs: Kun etnoregionĂĄlis kisvĂĄrosi sajĂĄtossĂĄgok? MTA POLITIKAI TUDOMĂNYOK INTĂZETE, ETNOREGIONĂLIS KUTATĂKĂZPONT, MTA PTI EtnoregionĂĄlis KutatĂłközpont MunkafĂŒzetek 4. (
7745:
5927:(1223â1242). Roman Kovalev states that this story can further be seen as a mechanism for the preservation of a collective memory broadly reflecting a sense of Cuman identity in the
3718:) had passed to the count palatine, who was the highest official after the king. The Cumans had their own representatives and were exempt from the jurisdiction of county officials.
6300:
4253:' (a Byzantine form of feudalism based on government assignment of revenue-yielding property to prominent individuals in return for military service) some time before 1184. Culture
2615:
in the east. This was possibly due to their facing no prolonged threat before the Mongol invasion, and it may have either prolonged their existence or quickened their destruction.
8280:
Minorsky, V. (1942), Sharaf al-Zaman Tahir MarvazÄ« on China, the Turks and India. Arabic text (circa A.D. 1120) with an English translation and commentary. London. 1, pp. 242â243.
6059:. However, by the time the Cumanians left the Trans-Carpathian steppes and settled in Hungary, they had acquired several more westerly genetic elements, probably from the Slavic,
10916:
6882:, Volume 24, Issue 2 (April 1949), 179. "Thereafter, the influx of Pechenegs and Cumans turned Bulgaria into a battleground between Byzantium and these Turkish tribes ..."
3017:
and laid siege on PrzemyĆl, which prompted David Igorevich, an ally of Volodar Rostislavich, to persuade the Cumans, under Khan Boniak and Altunopa, to attack the Hungarians.
4986:); however, already in August of the same year the collective Ruthenian army led by Svyatoslav carried out a devastating defeat to the Cuman Horde forcing Sharukan to flee.
4526:
When the CumanâKipchaks swore oaths, it was done with swords in the hands that touched the body of a dog cut in two. The Italian Franciscan friar, traveler, and historian,
5916:, focused on his birth and early years in Desht-i-Kipchak ("Steppe of the Kipchaks"/Cumania), as well as enslavement and subsequent travels to Bulgaria and the Near East.
4880:(meaning Sabbath). These Hebrew influences in the language may have resulted from contact or intermarriage between Khazars and some of the Cumans in the mid-11th century.
2886:, but they were defeated later by the combined forces of Rus principalities led by Monomakh and were forced out of the Rus' borders to the Caucasus. In these battles some
1329:
5242:, who did not specify, however, if their features are European or Asian. The Kipchak, Qun and Pechenegs all assimilated into the CumanâKipchak confederation, eventually.
1943:
The Kipchaks' folk-etymology posited that their name meant 'hollow tree'; according to them, inside a hollow tree, their original human ancestress gave birth to her son.
1620:
means "pale, sallow, cream coloured", "pale yellow", or "yellowish grey". While it is normally assumed that the name referred to the Cumans' hair, Imre Baskiâa prominent
10352:
7396:
3024:
mentions that "rarely did Hungarians suffer such slaughter as in this battle." In 1104 the Cumans were allied with Prince Volodar. In 1106, the Cumans advanced into the
2997:
were passing through the empire, Byzantium offered the Cumans prestige titles and gifts in order to appease them; subsequently good relations ensued. From 1097 to 1099,
5001:
10583:
Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies Balkan Studies Library, Roumen Daskalov, Alexander Vezenkov, Publisher BRILL, 2015,
4206:
In contrast to their light cavalry counterparts, Cuman standing troops appear as a distinct group only once, albeit very significantly. During the election of Emperor
1855:(ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČĐžÌĐč). Blonde individuals likely existed among the Kipchaks, yet anthropologically speaking the majority of Turkic peoples had East Asian admixture and generally
5008:
in 1107. Bonyak was last mentioned in 1167 when he was defeated by Oleg of Siveria. Bonyak was a leader of the Cuman tribe Burchevichi that resided in steppes of the
10956:
10051:
8652:
1690:. However, Istvån Våsåry rejected Györffy's hypothesis and contended that "the Hungarian name of the Cumans must go back to one of their self-appellations, i.e. to
4563:
for the dead man to consume. Other graves had plenty of stones statues placed around them (balbals), with four tall ones placed to face the points of the compass.
3451:, who had once served as regent of the empire in Baldwin's absence. When Narjot died in 1241, his wife became a nun. Jonas died that same year and was buried in a
9940:
8712:
4047:, became the ruler of Vidin. He was perhaps granted the position of despot of Vidin soon after the accession of another Bulgarian noble of Cuman origin, the Tsar
2376:"Qun" people came from the northern Chinese bordersâ"the land of Qitay" (possibly during a part of a migration from further east). After leaving the lands of the
1322:
10656:
6412:
10603:"CÄ°HAN YALVAR, ANADOLU'DA SON TĂRK Ä°SKĂNI: Ä°ZNÄ°K Ä°MPARATORLUÄU'NDA KUMAN-KIPĂAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMÄ°YE (YORTAN) Ä°LE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KĂYLERÄ°NDEKÄ° VARLIKLARI"
6240:
5266:. The dynasty was of Cuman origin or Bulgarian or Vlach origin and was responsible for establishing the Second Bulgarian Empire. Sculptor: prof. Krum Damianov
4668:
The armour was strengthened by leather or felt disks that were attached to the chest and back. The items suspended from the belts were a bow case with bow, a
4579:. CumanâKipchak women fought beside their fellow male warriors. Women were shown great respect and would often ride on a horse or wagon while the men walked.
11608:
7654:
7360:
6384:
4566:
Rubrick also wrote "Here the Cumans, who are called Chapchat used to pasture their flocks, but the Germans call them Valans and their province Valania, and
4356:
saddle making, bow making, and clothes making. They mainly sold and exported animals, mostly horses, and animal products. They attached feeding sacks to the
3820:
3396:, where they integrated into the elite and became kings and nobles with many privileges. Other Cuman captives were sold as slaves, who would go on to become
3213:
Cuman troops continued to be hired throughout the 13th and 14th century by both the Bulgarians and Byzantines. The Cumans who remained east and south of the
5162:
and a special bow that needed 50 men to operate. Konchek was noted by the Rus' to be "greater than all the Cumans". He died in a skirmish that preceded the
9410:
On the middle shield Kingdom of Hungary, on the back shield "king" of Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Lodomeria, Galicia, Bosnia, Serbia, Cumania and Bulgaria
5912:
tactic). Mamluks in the empire retained a particularly strong sense of Cuman identity, to the degree that the biography of Sultan Baibars, as reflected by
4459:, which are found throughout southern Ukraine and other areas on the steppes of Russia, were closely connected with the Cuman religious cult of shamanism.
9755:ĂZTĂRK, Meriç T., The Provıncıal Arıstocracy In Byzantine Asia Minor (1081-1261), BoÄaziçi Ăniversitesi, YayınlanmamÄ±Ć YĂŒksek Lisans Tezi, Ä°stanbul, 2013.
5231:
Cumans are depicted with East Asian features and dark hair, while a fresco in the Kraskovo church in Slovakia confirms the stereotype of the blond Cuman.
4137:
a large group with an estimated population of over 10,000 Cumans invaded Thrace where they pillaged towns that had recently come under the control of the
350:, with Cuman immigrants becoming integrated into each country's elite. The Cumans played a role in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Cuman and
8458:(Bucharest-Braila, 2011), pp. 303â332. "Thus, MarwazĂź, as we have seen, mentions a 'group of ShĂąrĂź' led by a chief called 'BĂąsm.l.' These may have been
6071:
and Turkish populations. The modern day Cuman descendants in Hungary are differentiated genetically from the Hungarians and other European populations.
12896:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
11601:
Mitochondrial DNA of ancient Cumanians: culturally Asian steppe nomadic immigrants with substantially more western Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages
11088:
3504:, and invited her relatives to settle in Georgia. David brokered a truce between the Kipchaks and Alans. Later on he has held some consultations with
2901:
In 1096, Boniak attacked Kiev and burned down the princely palace in Berestove; he also plundered the Kievan Cave Monastery. Boniak was defeated near
9131:
6132:
3159:. A variant of the oldest Turkic chronicle, Oghuzname (The Oghuz Khan's Tale), mentions the Cumans fighting the Magyars, Rus', Romanians (Ulak), and
7854:
4360:
of their horses, allowing them to cover great distances. They could go on campaign with little baggage and carry everything they needed. They wore
4276:
of their horses, allowing them to cover great distances. They could go on campaign with little baggage and carry everything they needed. They wore
6288:
3091:, son of Khan Ayepa's daughter, took control of Kiev in 1169 and installed Gleb as his puppet. Gleb brought in "wild" Cumans as well as Oghuz and
10626:"ANADOLU'DA SON TĂRK Ä°SKĂNI: Ä°ZNÄ°K Ä°MPARATORLUÄU'NDA KUMAN-KIPĂAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMÄ°YE (YORTAN) Ä°LE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KĂYLERÄ°NDEKÄ° VARLIKLARI"
9996:"ANADOLU'DA SON TĂRK Ä°SKĂNI: Ä°ZNÄ°K Ä°MPARATORLUÄU'NDA KUMAN-KIPĂAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMÄ°YE (YORTAN) Ä°LE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KĂYLERÄ°NDEKÄ° VARLIKLARI"
3869:
on the throne around his knights in the years of 1350s. On his left is a group of oriental, long-dressed figures with bows, arrows, and sabers. (
1730:
Even after the Cumans were no longer the dominant power in their territory, people still referred to the area as Cumania. The Moroccan traveler,
3455:
outside Constantinople in a pagan ceremony. According to Aubrey, eight volunteer warriors and twenty-six horses were sacrificed at the funeral.
9899:
9787:[The Transfer of Cumans and Alans from Balkans to Anatolia by Byzantine Empire against the Turkish Expansion in the Western Anatolia].
7512:
6614:
1465:
7814:
6276:
5740:, including the names of those three counties(-for GalaÈi, debatable). When some of the Cumans moved to Hungary, they brought with them their
4398:
with Kievan Rus'. As the CumanâKipchaks gained more territory, they drove off or dominated many tribesâsuch as the Oghuz, various Iranian and
371:
10321:
11342:
Bennett, Casey; Kaestle, Frederika A. (2006). "A Reanalysis of Eurasian Population History: Ancient DNA Evidence of Population Affinities".
4798:
practices used animals, especially the wolf and dog. The dog "It/Kopec" was sacred to the CumanâKipchaks, to the extent that an individual,
3613:
rivers; this region had become almost uninhabited after the Mongol raids of 1241â1242. The Cuman tribes subsequently settled throughout the
3383:
came only in 1238â1239, and encountered serious resistance by various Cuman khans. The final blow came in 1241, when Cuman control over the
2966:
rivers. Loaded with goods and prisoners they then split into three groups, after which they were attacked and defeated by King Ladislaus I.
10759:
10543:
5665:. The Cumans were organized into four tribes in Hungary: Kolbasz/Olas in upper Cumania around Karcag and the other three in lower Cumania.
5611:
are believed by some historians to be descendants of the Cumans; the name Qipcakli occurs as a modern Gagauz surname. The etymology of the
4830:
11307:
Population genetic and diagnostic mitochondrial DNA and autosomal marker analyses of ancient bones excavated in Hungary and modern samples
5561:
is considered the direct ancestor of the current language of the Crimean Tatars with possible incorporations of the other languages, like
4418:
The Cumans also played the role of middlemen in trade between Byzantium and the East, which passed through the Cuman- controlled ports of
7168:
5851:
The name Cuman is the name of several villages in Turkey, such as Kumanlar, including the Black Sea region. The indigenous people in the
5586:
conglomerate of the Peninsula began, which has led to the emergence of the Crimean Tatar people. Over several centuries, on the basis of
9441:
7709:
7464:
7332:
7021:
4443:
4435:
4431:
1745:(1281â1349) wrote that Cumania has a cold climate and that it has excellent pasturage and numerous cattle and horses. The 14th-century
1434:
10908:
9389:
5122:
in 1118. David also married the daughter of AtrakâGurandukht. After withdrawal of Atrak away from the Don region, the Alan's duchy in
12952:
12942:
10187:
10788:
7459:
5615:
is popularly said to derive from a certain Cuman prince named Azum or Asuf, who was killed defending a town in this region in 1067.
4301:. This group, which had an estimated population of over 10 thousand, wandered for a long time to find a suitable place to settle in
4008:
with his troops and marched on his father. King UroĆĄ had declined once more, and in 1276 Dragutin clashed with his father's army in
3360:. In the summer of 1237 the first wave of this Cuman exodus appeared in Bulgaria. The Cumans crossed the Danube, and this time Tsar
11644:
10803:
Sevortyan E. V. Crimean Tatar language. // Languages of the peoples of the USSR.â t. 2 (Turkic languages).â N., 1966.â Pp. 234â259.
4447:
4427:
3892:
11205:
10732:
6463:
11318:
10978:
9697:
5653:, that survived until the 19th century. Two regionsâLittle Cumania and Greater Cumaniaâexist in Hungary. The name of the Cumans (
4145:, in response to the situation, won their favour with "gifts and diplomacy". Thereafter he succeeded in settling most of them in
3698:, the daughter of a Cuman chieftain Seyhan, became queen of Hungary. Elizabeth ruled during the minority of her son (future king
6264:
4171:
These Cumans were frequently mustered for Byzantine campaigns in Europe. In 1242 they were employed by Vatatzes in his siege of
11399:"East Eurasian ancestry in the middle of Europe: genetic footprints of Steppe nomads in the genomes of Belarusian Lipka Tatars"
9857:
9785:"Bati Anadolu'dakı TĂŒrk YayiliÈina KarÈi Bızans Ä°mparatorluÄu'nun Kuman-Alan Topluluklarini Balkanlardan Anadolu'ya Nakletmesi"
4855:, which was written by Italian merchants and German missionaries between 1294 and 1356, was a linguistic manual for the Turkic
4423:
2619:
given its name to the Cumans, it is 25 miles; this city is called Black Cumania. From the city of Black Cumania to the city of
1586:
Cuman is unknown. It is also often unclear whether a particular name refers to the Cumans alone, or to both the Cumans and the
10356:
9529:
8454:, ed. Felicitas Schmieder and Peter Schreiner, Rome (2005), pp.247â277; reprinted with different pagination in: P. B. Golden,
7422:
7400:
6017:
A genetic study analyzing putatively Cuman specimens in Hungary determined that they had a high frequency of western Eurasian
5892:
Persons of Cuman/Kipchak origin also became Mamluk leaders: a prominent Cuman Sultan of the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate, Sultan
11535:
Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes in the 9th-13th Centuries
11215:
11179:
11151:
10390:
10315:
10257:
10225:
10157:
10090:
9666:
9641:
9607:
9571:
9547:
9504:
9365:
9331:
9290:
9263:
9221:
9159:
9084:
9046:
8996:
8969:
8936:
8894:
8867:
8834:
8793:
8745:
8623:
8572:
8523:
8422:
8226:
7703:
7573:
7544:
7488:
7326:
7280:
7216:
7162:
7131:
7101:
6914:
6723:
6717:
6114:. In addition, players can play a campaign which tells the story of their flight westwards as they retreat from the Mongols.
6111:
4956:
about the first military encounter of Cumans against the Ruthenians on February 2, 1061, is personification of a tribal name.
3431:, who calls the leaders kings) is probably a corruption of the Cuman name SĂŻÄgan, meaning "mouse". They assisted the Emperor
10163:
9577:
9296:
9165:
9090:
9052:
9002:
8900:
8751:
8578:
8159:
8026:
8007:
7959:
7895:
7876:
6999:
6978:
4757:
The Cumans referred to their shamans as Kam (female: kam katun); their activities were referred to as qamlyqet, meaning "to
4617:. The main weapons of the Cumans were the recurved and, later, the composite bow (worn on the hip with the quiver), and the
1975:. Regardless, Golden notes that the ethnonym's original form and etymology "remain a matter of contention and speculation".
12937:
12932:
2925:, perhaps at his instigation. The Volga Bulgars in turn poisoned Ayepa "and the other princes; all of them died." In 1089,
2701:
and Crimean Armenian communities (who produced many documents written in Kipchak with the Armenian alphabet), where it was
2487:... during the period from the end of the 800s to 1230 AD spread their political influence in the broad steppes from
6324:
3861:
12962:
10952:
10878:
7753:
7590:
Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10â15 July 2005
5166:. The struggle to repel Khan Konchak and his army by Ihor Sviatoslavych and the Rus' princes is immortalized in the epic
3703:
3103:. In 1183, the Rus' defeated a large Cuman army and captured Khan Kobiak (Kobek) as well as his sons and other notables.
12927:
9859:
The Image of the Cumans in Medieval Chronicles: Old Russian and Georgian Sources in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
9542:ĐĐœĐŽŃДДĐČ, ĐĐŸŃĐŽĐ°Đœ; ĐĐ°Đ·Đ°ŃĐŸĐČ, ĐĐČĐ°Đœ; ĐĐ°ĐČĐ»ĐŸĐČ, ĐĐ»Đ°ĐŒĐ”Đœ (1999). ĐĐŸĐč ĐșĐŸĐč Đ” ĐČ ŃŃĐ”ĐŽĐœĐŸĐČĐ”ĐșĐŸĐČĐœĐ° ĐŃлгаŃĐžŃ (in Bulgarian). ĐĐ”ŃŃŃ ĐĐ”ŃĐŸĐœ.
3443:
in that year. The following year the Christian daughters of Saronius married two of the leading noblemen of the empire,
3095:
units. Later, the princes of the Principality of Chernigov attempted to use Khan Konchek's army against Kievan Rus' and
12947:
10382:
10047:
6972:
6360:
4725:
4179:
left a force of 300 Cumans with the Nicaean governor of Thessaloniki. In 1259, 2000 Cuman light cavalry fought for the
3790:
3474:
2824:
2337:
The original homeland of the Cumans is unknown before their eventual settlement in the Eurasian steppe's western part.
1458:
9519:
Akdes Nimet Kurat, IV-XVII1. YĂŒzyıllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki TĂŒrk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara 1972, Sayfa 83-84.
8415:
The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century: Cumans and Mongols
6078:, Pankratov regarded the Kumandins as being related anthropologically to the Urals, and suggested that they were less
3269:
Like most other peoples of medieval Eastern Europe, the Cumans put up a resistance against the relentlessly advancing
11476:
11036:
10862:
10834:
Essays on the history and culture of the Crimean Tatars. / Under. edited by E. Chubarova.Simferopol, Crimecity, 2005.
10648:
10568:
9241:
6670:
6579:
6000:
5799:
in the 15th century; these Cumans later assimilated into the Romanian population. People in Hungary with the surname
3725:
2970:
1490:, as many of them had already settled there in the previous decades. The Cumans also played an important role in the
1479:
1409:
5982:
5623:
was descended from Cumans and settled them in the southern parts of the country, bordering the Latin Empire and the
4598:
3143:, the Cumans were in contact with all the statal entities. They fought with the Kingdom of Hungary, allied with the
10276:
6906:
6675:
6650:
5709:
In 1918, after World War I, the Cuman National Council was formed in Hungary, which was an attempt to separate the
5154:
4043:
between 1290 and 1300, which had become a target of Serbian expansion. In 1280, a Bulgarian noble of Cuman origin,
3561:
2978:
2765:
11605:
11026:
9975:"Muharrem ĂĂALAN SAKARYA- Ä°ZMÄ°T YĂRESÄ° YERLEĆÄ°K TĂRKMENLERÄ° MANAV AÄIZLARINDA ĂTĂMSĂZ PATLAYICI ĂNSĂZ DEÄÄ°ĆMELERÄ°"
7643:
6400:
6372:
2603:/Desht-i Qipchaq/Zemlja Poloveckaja (Polovcian Land)/Pole Poloveckoe (Polovcian Plain)), which stretched from the
12967:
11923:
8708:
6691:
6569:
5023:
4889:
4814:
1013:
307:
42:
8462:(SarĂŻ Uyghur/Shera Yoghur) who resisted Islam and have remained non-Muslims (Buddhists) to the present day. The
5762:
In the countries where the Cumans were assimilated, family surnames derived from the words for "Cuman" (such as
4389:; the "Dnieper" tribes lived on both banks of the bend in the Dnieper Valley; and the "Don" Cumans lived in the
3356:, "A large-scale westward migration of the Cumans began." Certain Cumans also moved to Anatolia, Kazakhstan and
10588:
9957:
6823:
6574:
5967:
5919:
The historian Dimitri Korobeinikov relates how Baibars' story sums up the tragic fate of many Cumans after the
5827:
5167:
4351:
Horses were central to Cuman culture and way of life, and their main activity was animal husbandry. The knight
4264:
Horses were central to Cuman culture and way of life, and their main activity was animal husbandry. The knight
4234:
3840:
3736:
3424:
3353:
3115:
3067:
4272:
They mainly sold and exported animals, mostly horses, and animal products. They attached feeding sacks to the
1374:
11060:
The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad
10938:
9974:
8648:
6448:
6252:
3550:
3501:
2905:
in 1107 by the forces of the Kievan Rus' princes. The Cumans led by Boniak crushed the Hungarian army led by
1451:
1354:
1082:
1075:
5795:
runes. Several Romanian as well as Hungarian academics believe that a significant Cuman population lived in
5234:
There are also depictions of Cumans with Caucasian features, but dark complexion (e.g. in the KĂ©pes KrĂłnika
3669:
12922:
12458:
11637:
11519:
11080:
10466:
6168:
5250:
4787:, then placing the dead inside, along with various items deemed useful in the afterlife, a horse (like the
4527:
4060:
3055:, expressed the desire to plant his sword "in the Golden gate of Kiev", as his father had done before him.
2921:. Volga Bulgaria was attacked again at a later stage, by Khan Ayepa, father-in-law of Grand Prince of Kiev
319:
9351:
9128:
8813:
6960:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century
6144:
5134:
5052:, grand prince of Kiev, Syrchan sent out an emissary and a singer Orev to Georgia after his brother Atrak/
4959:
4697:
in the late 12th century, gave an interesting description of the nomadic battle techniques of the Cumans:
4059:
Dragos. Further security came about when Milutin later gave his daughter Anna as a wife to Shishman's son
7849:
7318:
6665:
6336:
6192:
6180:
6156:
5150:
4926:
4807:
4191:
that retook Constantinople, were Cumans. Large Cuman contingents were also part of the Byzantine Emperor
3525:
3372:, plundering and pillaging the towns and the countryside, just as before. The whole of Thrace became, as
3203:
3087:, in turn leading Rus' to again attempt action. Offenses were halted during 1166â1169, when Grand prince
2736:
2541:
11617:
8191:
Cheng, Fanyi (2012). "The Research on the Identification between the Tiele (é”ć) and the OÄuric tribes".
3508:, Grand Duke of Kiev who defeated Atrak in 1109, to ensure free passage of nomadic tribes into Georgia.
12524:
11488:
Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past
8615:
7272:
7093:
5657:) is preserved in county names BĂĄcs-Kiskun and JĂĄsz-Nagykun-Szolnok and several municipalities such as
4230:
3577:
possibly believing the CumanâKipchaks were Mongol spies. However, the barons had Köten assassinated in
3428:
3217:
established a county named Cumania, which was a strong military base in an area consisting of parts of
3183:
2883:
9884:
6683: â dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Historians claim a Bulgarian, Romanian or Cuman origin
6348:
4499:, extended to the mid calf, splitting in the front and back between the legs. Men wore trousers and a
3582:
through Hungary "equal to that which Europe had not experienced since the incursions of the Mongols".
1944:
10409:
6118:
5924:
5920:
5649:
The Cumans who settled in Hungary had their own self-government in a territory that bore their name,
5185:
5146:
4311:
4218:
4196:
4150:
3432:
3384:
3333:
3321:
3301:
3234:
2769:
2685:, where they also took tribute from Crimean cities. A major area of commerce was the ancient city of
1952:
227:
155:
3805:. From the 16th century onwards, the Cumans between the Danube and Tisza rivers were referred to as
3293:
Danylo Kobiakovych and Yurii Konchakovych died in battle, while the other Cumans, commanded by Khan
12856:
12815:
11983:
10955:[Kiskun, nagykun: world meeting of kunos in Karcagon - KecskemĂ©t HĂrhatĂĄr] (in Hungarian).
8351:
5928:
5859:(Kumandy), are descended from the Cumans. By the 17th century, the Kumandins lived along the river
5620:
5573:
5041:
4967:
4963:
4911:
4899:
4306:
4207:
4192:
4142:
4119:
4087:
The Cumans who remained scattered in the prairie of what is now southwest Russia joined the Mongol
3490:
3195:
3025:
3002:
2906:
2816:
2775:
2745:
1987:
1277:
923:
902:
10305:
9563:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
4203:. The Cumans, together with Turk mercenaries, terminated the campaign by an unauthorized retreat.
19:"Polovtsians" redirects here. For the subgroup also called the "Polovtsians" by the Russians, see
12957:
12023:
11948:
11712:
11705:
11630:
11600:
11344:
11237:
10854:
10677:
them Kipchak Turks. The dictionary of Kipchaks has been published, they speak a Kipchak language.
10457:
9746:
GOLUBOVSKÄ°Y, P.V., Peçenegi, Torki i Polovtsı Rus i Step Do NaĆestviya Tatar, Veçe, Moskva, 2011.
9434:
8737:
The ĂrpĂĄds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th Century
8318:"Cumanica II: The Ălberli (Ălperli): The Fortunes and Misfortunes of an Inner Asian Nomadic Clan"
6728:
6660:
6629:
6624:
6424:
5978:
4818:
4024:
3794:
3770:
3758:
3741:
3699:
3678:
3674:
3420:
3282:
3148:
2627:
2556:. Cuman and Rus' attacks contributed to the departure of the Oghuz from the steppes north of the
2145:
1832:(плаÌĐČ) means "blue", but this word also means "fair, blonde" and is a cognate of the above; cf.
1491:
931:
315:
207:
10763:
8961:
5474:
1547:
appears in ancient Roman texts as the name of a fortress or gate. The Roman natural philosopher
12846:
7154:
6696:
6604:
6556:
6498:
5913:
5677:
5624:
5595:
5173:
4402:
tribes, Pechenegs, and Slavs. They also raided the Byzantine Empire and a few times joined the
4222:
4188:
3829:
2926:
2894:
groups were liberated from the Cumans and incorporated into the Rus' border-guard system. Khan
2872:
2864:
2860:
2848:
2840:
2804:
2784:
2281:
Toqsoba (meaning either "plump leather bottle", "tribe of the dusty steppe", or "nine clans" ),
1424:
1228:
1093:
894:
7148:
5271:
of the Cumans can still be found in placenames stretching from China to the Balkans, such as:
4023:
succeeded in making it an independent state. Kudelin and Darman were either Cuman warriors in
3477:
in the 13th century. Local Cuman autonomies (yellow) following the adoption of the Cuman laws.
2572:) at some point around 1068â1078. They launched a joint expedition with the Pechenegs against
12502:
11797:
10848:
10558:
8396:
A Disappeared People and a Disappeared Language: The Cumans and the Cuman language of Hungary
7689:
7312:
6809:
6531:
6110:
Cumans appear as one of the civilizations that players can play as in the 2019 strategy game
5351:
the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains, referred to as Kuban as well as the Kuban River;
5163:
4971:
4780:
meaning "nest" (an Iranian borrowing; the concept was that the soul has the form of a bird).
4703:
4677:
4195:' European campaigns of 1263â1264, 1270â1272 and 1275. Cumans were again employed by emperor
4134:
3766:
3614:
3029:
2998:
2868:
2757:
2073:, R. KotianŃ, Hg. Kötöny; or from Turkic tribal name Keyit, meaning "to irritate, to annoy"),
1964:
1841:
1833:
807:
9784:
9279:Ć kvarna, DuĆĄan; Bartl, JĂșlius; et al. (2002). Daniel, David P.; Devine, Albert (eds.).
7925:
Golden, Peter B. (1990). "The peoples of the south Russian steppes". In Sinor, Denis (ed.).
7449:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
7017:
6645:
5931:. In the latter part of the 1260s the Mamluks were allied with the Golden Horde against the
5355:
5075:
4989:
4327:
Toponyms pointing at a Cuman presence were preserved in names of villages and places in the
4016:
3904:
The prayer that was rearranged in accordance with the Cuman language because it was damaged
3786:
3782:
3529:
12841:
12178:
11802:
11682:
11537:(ĐĐ”ŃĐ”ĐœĐ”ĐłĐž, ĐąĐŸŃĐșĐž Đž ĐĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ ĐŽĐŸ ĐœĐ°ŃĐ”ŃŃĐČĐžŃ ŃĐ°ŃĐ°Ń. ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃ ŃĐ¶ĐœĐŸ-ŃŃŃŃĐșĐžŃ
ŃŃДпДĐč IXâXIII ĐČĐČ.) at
11410:
11314:
10982:
10689:
9381:
8812:
Chronicle, was the subject of fierce dispute in the late 19th and 20th centuries (see also
6436:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6039:
5562:
5373:
5049:
4834:
4176:
3825:
3707:
3663:
3512:
3505:
3313:
3305:
3214:
3014:
3006:
2879:
2761:
2385:
2310:
Baskakov thought that the Moguty, Tatrany, Revugy, ShelŃbiry, and Topchaki belonged to the
1363:
581:
10185:
5424:
4806:
would be named after the dog or type of dog. Cumans had shamans who communicated with the
4582:
In their travels, the Cumans used wagons to transport supplies as well as weapons such as
4430:. Several land routes between Europe and the Near East ran through Cuman territories: the
4160:
Cumans had served as mercenaries in the armies of the Byzantine Empire since the reign of
2981:(as a pretext to plundering), invaded the Balkans and conquered the Byzantine province of
2867:
marched to the Hungarian border to prevent the next invasion. The two armies clashed near
8:
12705:
11993:
11728:
10844:
10625:
10602:
9995:
9497:
At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and 'Pagans' in Medieval Hungary, c.1000âc.1300
8886:
Ethnicity and nationalism: case studies in their intrinsic tension and political dynamics
8149:. Ed. by E. V. Boikova and R. B. Rybakov. Harrasowitz Verlagh, Wiesbaden 2006, pp. 43â54.
6746:
6655:
6516:
6228:
5901:
5698:
5496:
5115:
4399:
4200:
4184:
4127:
4099:
3762:
3715:
3695:
3682:
3659:
3497:
3448:
3409:
3317:
3199:
3044:
2977:. In 1094-1095 the Cumans, led by Tugorkan, in support of the exiled Byzantine pretender
2946:
2667:
2659:
2403:
1920:
1675:
1061:
671:
11414:
7374:
7355:
6720:-one of the older children of King Stephen V of Hungary and his wife Elizabeth the Cuman
5223:
features are often found in burials associated with the Cumans and Pechenegs in Europe.
5056:(who, with 40,000 Cuman troops, was in Georgia at the time), urging him to return. Khan
3392:, or fleeing to the west, to the Byzantine Empire, the Second Bulgarian Empire, and the
2839:
rivers. The Cumans tried to leave Hungary with their huge booty and prisoners, but King
2780:
2132:Ălberli(Ä) ~ Ălperli(Ä) (Ar. al-b.rlĆ« ~ al-b.rlÄ«, R. Olperliu(i.e.)ve, OlbŃŁry, OlŃbery,
12386:
12188:
12098:
11998:
11444:
11431:
11398:
11379:
11353:
11286:
11204:
Glatz, Ferenc (1990). Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ed.).
10813:
10736:
10510:
9806:
9659:
Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean: Studies in Honour of David Jacoby
9285:. Translated by Daniel, David P. Bratislava: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 33.
8954:
8241:
7592:(eds Elena V. Boikova, Rosislav B. Rybakov) Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 48, 52.
7506:
6701:
6619:
6584:
6502:
5935:. The creation of this specific warrior class, described as the "mamluk phenomenon" by
5905:
5897:
5550:
5546:
5441:
5202:
5044:, a son of Sharukan. He was a leader of a Cuman tribe that lived on the right banks of
4603:
4567:
4554:
4161:
4123:
4091:
Khanate, and their descendants became assimilated with local populations including the
4036:
against them. The Cumans had fought on both the Bulgarian and Hungarian-Serbian sides.
4020:
3866:
3444:
3413:
3393:
3373:
3111:
3088:
3040:
2950:
2930:
2753:
2740:
2719:
2655:
2561:
2537:
2156:
2141:
2122:
2039:
2022:
1991:
1892:
1742:
1695:
1487:
1384:
1178:
1049:
331:
323:
288:
218:
174:
146:
11305:
10986:
9689:
5627:. Those territories are in present-day Turkish Europe, Bulgaria, and North Macedonia.
4657:, conical or dome shaped iron helmet with a detachable iron or bronze anthropomorphic
4212:
2855:
for the Cuman survivors, the majority of them accepted, thus the king settled them in
1800:"straw"âmeans "blond, pale yellow". The western Cumans, or Polovtsy, were also called
12544:
12443:
11904:
11762:
11491:
11472:
11436:
11371:
11278:
11270:
11262:
11254:
11211:
11175:
11147:
11032:
10858:
10584:
10564:
10502:
10494:
10486:
10478:
10386:
10311:
10253:
10221:
10153:
10115:
10086:
10082:
10076:
10018:
9810:
9662:
9637:
9603:
9567:
9543:
9500:
9361:
9327:
9286:
9259:
9237:
9217:
9155:
9080:
9042:
8992:
8965:
8932:
8890:
8863:
8830:
8789:
8741:
8686:
8619:
8568:
8519:
8418:
8399:
8222:
7749:
7699:
7695:
7569:
7540:
7494:
7484:
7322:
7276:
7212:
7208:
7158:
7127:
7097:
6968:
6910:
6861:
6853:
6819:
6740:
6083:
6047:
6018:
5845:
5832:
5554:
5228:
5220:
5127:
5103:
4934:
4690:
4531:
4044:
3814:
3286:
3119:
2749:
2582:
2516:
2437:
2126:
1528:
1429:
1037:
803:
734:
190:
11383:
11290:
10879:"Sea of azov â Learn everything there is to know about Sea of azov at Reference.com"
10514:
9941:"YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil Ä°nalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi AraĆtırmaları"
9866:
5482:
3877:
Today there are still villages in Turkey, Kazakhstan and Ukraine founded by Cumans.
3166:
2859:. The rumor of the losing battle reached the Cuman camp, the Cumans threatened King
2827:
in 1091. The invading Cumans were leading by chieftain Kapolcs, they broke first in
1792:(ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃ) "yellow; pale" by the Russiansâall meaning "blond". The old Ukrainian word
12851:
12497:
12344:
12213:
12145:
12074:
12018:
12003:
11988:
11973:
11943:
11933:
11909:
11845:
11752:
11448:
11426:
11418:
11363:
11246:
11143:
10470:
9796:
8471:
7800:
7565:
7369:
6964:
6878:
Robert Lee Wolff: "The 'Second Bulgarian Empire'. Its Origin and History to 1204".
6815:
6634:
6599:
6546:
6521:
6046:
The study concluded that the mitochondrial motifs of Cumans from Csengele show the
6026:
5733:
5428:
5239:
5197:
5193:
5181:
4975:
4953:
4938:
4922:
4770:
4762:
4743:
4694:
4328:
4180:
4138:
4040:
3881:
3870:
3833:
3749:
3729:
3686:
3648:
3569:
3520:
3440:
3156:
2914:
2788:
2725:
2698:
2533:
2350:
2133:
1994:, and Chinese sources preserved the names of many Cuman-Kupchak tribal groupings:
1703:
1598:
1518:
1503:
1495:
1419:
1155:
1025:
848:
751:
662:
653:
644:
617:
572:
563:
546:
339:
335:
296:
198:
6849:
6743:(Shishman dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire is most probably of Cuman origin)
5729:
4004:
3254:
Map of State of CumanâKipchaks in the 1200â1241 period with today's (2011) borders
3250:
2844:
12917:
12861:
12468:
12379:
12218:
12198:
12103:
12093:
12079:
12008:
11968:
11963:
11928:
11829:
11783:
11757:
11612:
11066:
10792:
10283:
10280:
10249:
10191:
10143:
9958:"Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav TĂŒrkmen AÄızları Ăzerine Birkaç Not"
9722:
9561:
9280:
9149:
9135:
9074:
9036:
8986:
8884:
8809:
8735:
8562:
8346:
8147:
Kinship in the Altaic World. Proceedings of the 48th PIAC, Moscow 10â15 July 2005
7858:
7823:
7429:
7202:
6958:
6734:
6711:
6707:
6609:
6589:
6087:
5909:
5874:
5714:
5638:
5637:(Cumania) in the 18th century within the Kingdom of Hungary. It was divided into
5591:
5334:
5280:
5045:
4852:
4846:
4646:
4626:
4352:
4265:
4187:. Cumans were again involved in 1261, where the majority of the 800 troops under
4048:
4000:
3628:
3602:
2922:
2702:
2630:"they have no king, only princes and royal families". Cumans interacted with the
2508:
2488:
2399:
2018:
1786:
1750:
1548:
1523:
1483:
1242:
1214:
912:
725:
716:
698:
635:
608:
599:
292:
182:
166:
11588:
Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900â1204
6731: â he was also known as King Ladislas the Cuman, son of Elizabeth the Cuman
6391:
6204:
5974:
5867:. A subsequent relocation to the Altai was driven by their unwillingness to pay
3427:
as allies about 1240, probably fleeing the Mongols. The name Saronius (found in
3206:, 14,000 Cuman light cavalry contributed to Kaloyan's crushing victory over the
2800:
12897:
12780:
12529:
12284:
12208:
12150:
12069:
12013:
11978:
11953:
11938:
11869:
11696:
11661:
11653:
9801:
8039:
Akhmetova, Zhanculu et al. "Kipchak Ethnoyms in the 'Tale of Bygone Years'" in
7356:"The Bulgarophilia of the Cumans in the Times of the First Asenids of Bulgaria"
6686:
6526:
6216:
5852:
5771:
5725:
5718:
5642:
5587:
5582:
5558:
5418:
5384:
5341:
5316:
5259:
5119:
5065:
5060:
agreed (giving up the fame and security he had won in Georgia), after smelling
4978:. In May 1107 along with Bonyak, Sharukan raided a couple of Ruthenian cities (
4856:
4684:
4641:
and axes. For defense they used a round or almond shaped shield, short sleeved
4407:
4336:
4032:
3745:
3636:
3598:
3309:
3207:
3187:
3084:
3048:
2969:
In 1092, the Cumans resumed their raids against the Rus' and also attacked the
2918:
2732:
2690:
2631:
2587:
2577:
2545:
2529:
2417:
2392:
2380:(possibly due to the Khitans' expansion), the Qun entered the territory of the
2373:
2357:
2311:
1983:
1916:
1908:
1826:
1805:
1514:
1399:
1235:
834:
824:
707:
689:
680:
626:
590:
384:
360:
303:
249:
72:
12666:
12064:
11569:
11113:"Stammesnamen und Titulaturen der altaischen Volker. Ural-Altaische JahrMcher"
10886:
8786:
Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs
8065:
Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs
7941:
Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs
5470:
5227:
population that is suggested by the craniometric and genetic analyses. In the
3344:
Brodnics, led by Ploscanea. Brodnics' territory was in the lower parts of the
2963:
2564:, writing in 1076, says that in the east Cuman territory bordered a town near
1812:"yellow-haired". A similar etymology may have been at work in the name of the
12911:
12825:
12630:
12600:
12534:
12473:
12365:
12358:
12305:
12193:
12183:
11958:
11778:
11552:
11534:
11258:
10482:
10111:
9209:
8052:
7498:
7455:
7450:
6865:
6551:
5886:
5860:
5737:
5608:
5557:
who were settled in Pontic Steppes before the Tatar migration. Historically,
5388:
5302:
5177:
5142:
5035:
4918:
4673:
4658:
4642:
4614:
4610:
4609:
Up until the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans fought mainly as
4547:
4483:
4456:
4294:
4076:
3845:
3578:
3485:
2994:
2553:
2552:
to shift west, which in turn caused the Pechenegs to move to the west of the
2512:
2377:
2288:
2224:
2063:
1394:
1389:
1302:
1291:
1141:
884:
483:
238:
11495:
4071:
3643:). Six of these tribes were the Borchol (Borscol), who settled in county of
3532:
offered refuge to the remainder of the Cuman people under their leader Khan
12873:
12740:
12725:
12539:
12478:
12448:
12412:
12372:
12236:
12108:
12085:
11853:
11789:
11676:
11440:
11375:
11282:
11274:
11167:
10506:
10498:
8988:
Warriors of the Steppe: Military History of Central Asia, 500 BC to 1700 AD
6680:
6068:
5936:
5882:
5255:
5123:
5086:
and 5 other cities belonging to the Torkils and Berendei forcing the local
5027:
5009:
4784:
4468:
4316:
4172:
4088:
4080:
4028:
3654:
3644:
3590:
3565:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3290:
3263:
3076:
3062:
3033:
2955:
2938:
2856:
2852:
2828:
2565:
2457:
2346:
2198:
1880:
1568:
1556:
1499:
1414:
1265:
977:
944:
873:
438:
343:
311:
302:
Many eventually settled west of the Black Sea, influencing the politics of
88:
11397:
Pankratov, Vasili; Litvinov, Sergei; Kushniarevich, Alena (25 July 2016).
11367:
11250:
10474:
9256:
Holy Rulers and Blessed Princes: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe
7090:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185â1365
4019:
in Serbia had become a Hungarian banate, but soon afterwards, its rulers,
3585:
1517:
is attested in some medieval documents and is the best-known of the early
12877:
12760:
12755:
12699:
12203:
12119:
12046:
11915:
11896:
11719:
11556:
11538:
11210:. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. p. 23.
11140:"The" Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans
11010:. Edited by Florin Curta and Roman Kovalev. Brill Publishing. 2008. p. 64
10149:
8467:
6594:
6014:
support a picture of a people who were very heterogeneous in appearance.
5840:
5612:
5478:
5403:
5392:
5189:
5111:
5107:
4751:
4747:
4630:
4390:
4386:
3537:
3389:
3258:
3124:
2891:
2708:
2549:
2504:
2425:
2421:
2233:
1856:
1731:
1671:
916:
402:
354:
tribes joined politically to create the CumanâKipchak confederation.
299:. They were numerous, culturally sophisticated, and militarily powerful.
276:
10953:"Kiskun, nagykun: kunok vilĂĄgtalĂĄlkozĂłja Karcagon â KecskemĂ©ti HĂrhatĂĄr"
10273:
9822:
5792:
5787:
5630:
5619:
political and ethnic sphere of Bulgaria and the Balkans. Bulgarian Tsar
5553:
refused to use the term Tatar, Crimean Tatars are direct descendants of
4941:
4683:
The commonly employed Cuman battle tactic was repeated attacks by light
4154:
3400:
in Egypt, who would attain the rank of Sultan or hold regional power as
3151:(they were the empire's most effective military component) and with the
3010:
2993:
but could not conquer them. In the following years, when knights of the
12560:
11807:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9678:
9115:
8689:[The Second Campaign of Ladislaus Against the Cumans in 1091].
7468:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 832.
6811:
The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation
6306:
Cuman statues near the museum on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, Dnipro
6030:
5781:
Over time, Cuman culture exerted an influence on the CeangÄi/Hungarian
5775:
5489:
5445:
5407:
5377:
5176:
It is seen that some of the Cumans, who were on the way to prevent the
5159:
5064:, the grass of his native steppe. Syrchan was mentioned in the poem of
5013:
5005:
4979:
4903:
4795:
4638:
4332:
4133:
A couple of weeks afterwards the Cumans invaded the Balkans. After the
3721:
3528:
of the King of Hungary. In 1238, after Mongol attacks on Cumania, King
3516:
3175:
3144:
2986:
2982:
2620:
2612:
2573:
2569:
2369:
2031:
JÄrĂąq ~ JÄrĂąt ~ JqrĂąq < ÄaÄraq? ~ ÄoÄraq? ~ ÄaÄraq? ~ ÄoÄrat? (<
1859:âKipchaks were dark-haired and brown-eyed. An alternative etymology of
1633:
1629:
1253:
1202:
1129:
989:
12745:
11889:
11422:
8740:. Translated by Novåk, György. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 13.
5668:
5434:
Koman, a village in the Alucra district of Giresun province in Turkey,
4331:, for example: Comana, Comanca, CĂąmpia Comancei and Valea Comancei in
3880:
This prayer, which was translated into the Cuman language in order to
1001:
12775:
12765:
12712:
12679:
12565:
12351:
12313:
12294:
12274:
12249:
12155:
11689:
11566:
IstvĂĄn VĂĄsĂĄry (2005) "Cumans and Tatars", Cambridge University Press.
9357:
7799:. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. II.
6079:
6075:
6052:
5932:
5900:, and resisted the Mongol invasion, defeating the Mongol army at the
5856:
5823:
5694:
5662:
5602:
5531:
5235:
5087:
4945:
4731:
4637:. Due to European influence, some of the later period Cumans wielded
4576:
4439:
4361:
4277:
4226:
3884:
3809:, while who lived to the east of the Tisza river were referred to as
3541:
3436:
3325:
3222:
3106:
Subsequently, Khan Konchek concluded negotiations. Like his son Khan
3080:
2974:
2934:
2887:
2643:
2639:
2557:
2184:
2165:
2102:
Qol-oba ~ Qul-oba (R. Kolobichi ~ Kulobichi, Ibn Xaldun: Qá”labaoÄlı),
1667:
1621:
1439:
1117:
965:
789:
765:
537:
447:
347:
272:
36:
10671:
10423:
9918:
9838:
9675:
8317:
5985:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
5710:
5681:
5673:
5650:
5634:
4925:
after visiting Volga region in 921â922. They also were mentioned by
4237:. An act from the archive of the Lavra of Athanasios mentions Cuman
3623:
3594:
3469:
3289:, and met and defeated the Cumans in Subcaucasia in 1220. The Cuman
12885:
12730:
12674:
12660:
12645:
12620:
12610:
12580:
12269:
12256:
12242:
11823:
11207:
Modern Age--modern Historian: In Memoriam, György Rånki (1930-1988)
10785:
10713:
IstvĂĄn VĂĄsĂĄry (2005) Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.
9530:"TARİH VE ARKEOLOJİ: Kuman Duası " Babamız Kun" ve Codex Cumanicus"
8302:
Golden, Peter B. (2006). "Cumanica V: The Basmils and Qipchaqs" in
7987:
6772:
6056:
5878:
5864:
5796:
5741:
5456:
5366:
5327:
5287:
5276:
5263:
5099:
5091:
4997:
4826:
4758:
4735:
4654:
4622:
4587:
4583:
4539:
4382:
4256:
4146:
4115:
3711:
3218:
3182:, the Cumans are believed to have played a significant role in the
3160:
3129:
3092:
2671:
2663:
2635:
2477:
2453:
2429:
2194:
1937:
1933:
1587:
1507:
1404:
1190:
859:
761:
474:
411:
351:
327:
284:
268:
121:
109:
105:
84:
20:
11358:
9865:(MA thesis). Budapest: Central European University. Archived from
6025:
of the mtDNA of the Cuman nomad population that migrated into the
5803:
are descended from the Cumans (and possibly Kabars and Pechenegs)â
5800:
4056:
4039:
The Cumans were also involved with the semi-independent Bulgarian
3533:
3464:
3294:
3107:
3036:
of the Second Bulgarian Empire, or who were in Byzantine service.
2070:
1879:
were "men of the field" or "men of the steppe" in contrast to the
779:
12820:
12770:
12720:
12694:
12689:
12650:
12640:
12595:
12590:
12575:
12492:
12438:
12401:
12396:
12289:
12279:
12264:
12113:
11882:
11836:
11747:
11622:
8485:
6640:
6536:
6482:
5893:
5881:âto the ancient Turks, "who in the 6thâ8th century AD created in
5816:
5782:
5756:
5752:
5702:
5658:
5500:
5396:
5345:
5320:
5095:
5017:
4914:
4822:
4788:
4739:
4650:
4618:
4403:
4378:
4340:
4250:
4242:
4103:
3888:
3618:
3452:
3423:
and Saronius, the former of whom was higher in rank, entered the
3405:
3380:
3337:
3278:
3270:
3244:
3140:
2990:
2942:
2651:
2647:
2600:
2576:
in 1078. During that same year the Cumans were also fighting the
2433:
2409:
2096:
1915:
meaning "pale" (> English "fallow"). In the German account by
1583:
1552:
1166:
953:
528:
492:
456:
429:
420:
393:
280:
245:
241:
129:
60:
11266:
11006:
Spinei, Victor. The Cuman Bishopric â Genesis and Evolution. in
10490:
5568:
5414:
4750:
whose lavishness was considered an indicator to the recipient's
4518:
4369:, and bread (though bread could be rare depending on location).
4285:, and bread (though bread could be rare depending on location).
3681:. He is wearing the clothes of his favorite Cumans. His mother,
2384:
people, whom the Quns expelled. Marwazi wrote that the Qun were
291:. The Cumans were fierce and formidable nomadic warriors of the
12795:
12785:
12735:
12684:
12635:
12625:
12585:
12570:
12484:
12420:
12406:
12338:
12323:
12318:
12299:
12127:
12041:
11233:
10453:
10119:
8463:
6561:
6541:
6455:
5690:
5539:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5359:
5306:
5291:
5206:
5133:
Khan Konchek/Konchak/Kumcheg (meaning 'trousers'), grandson of
5083:
5026:(1028â1096), was mentioned in essays of the Byzantine Princess
4993:
4895:
4669:
4662:
4543:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4479:
4451:
4357:
4302:
4298:
4273:
4107:
4092:
4052:
3854:
3557:
3397:
3365:
3179:
3152:
3133:
3100:
3096:
3052:
2895:
2832:
2787:
is fighting a duel with a cuman warrior who kidnapped a girl. (
2682:
2675:
2604:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2300:
1560:
519:
510:
501:
283:, from which the CumanâKipchaks meddled in the politics of the
125:
117:
113:
11396:
9324:
Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Steppe Peoples in Medieval Hungary
4503:, each fastened by a belt, which was the traditional costume.
3773:
and the Cumans (which numbered 16,000) were on Rudolf's side.
2528:
The Cumans entered the grasslands of the present-day southern
2327:
244:
people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the
12893:
12790:
12750:
12655:
12615:
12333:
12328:
12160:
11875:
10042:
10040:
8459:
6776:
6098:
with also a large minority of west Eurasian lineages such as
6064:
6060:
5869:
5836:
5535:
5463:
5138:
5126:
was liquidated in 1116â17. Atrak returned after the death of
5079:
5071:
5057:
5053:
4996:, Cuman khan who was actively involved in civil conflicts of
4983:
4813:
The Cumans in Christian territories were baptized in 1227 by
4799:
4645:, consisting of commonly alternating solid and riveted rows,
4634:
4559:
4495:. Underneath the vest was worn a short or long sleeved tunic/
4464:
4419:
4412:
4366:
4365:
with millet and meat and included beer, curdled mare's milk,
4282:
4281:
with millet and meat and included beer, curdled mare's milk,
4111:
4009:
3926:
il bézen ménemezne neszem bezdede jermez bezge utro gergenge
3610:
2959:
2902:
2836:
2686:
2608:
2242:
2216:
2212:
2137:
1813:
1105:
793:
775:
465:
92:
10850:
The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin's Conquest
9382:"Nyelv Ă©s TudomĂĄny- RĂ©nhĂrek â Kunok legyĂŒnk vagy magyarok?"
8643:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8267:, pp. 47-48. 50 of pp. 43-50. cited in Golden, P. B. (1992)
7588:
Imre Baski, "On the ethnic names of the Cumans of Hungary",
6737: â he waged two successful campaigns against the Cumans
4474:
2863:
with revenge and demanded to free the Cuman prisoners. King
2713:
1666:
in the chronicles and was applied to earlier nomads such as
1571:(also known as the Iberian Gates or the Caucasian Gates) as
12889:
12881:
11560:
11542:
10426:[The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium].
9921:[The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium].
8456:
Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes
8004:
Lessing p. 879; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7742:
ESSE English-Serbian Serbian-English Dictionary and Grammar
6117:
Cumans appear as antagonists in the 2018 role-playing game
5452:
5030:
along with his compatriot Bonyak. He perished with his son
4803:
4783:
Funerals for important members involved firstly creating a
4665:
suspended from the helmet, consisting of chain or leather.
4512:
3798:
3401:
3345:
3281:. The Mongols crossed the Caucasus mountains in pursuit of
3274:
3239:
2795:
1767:
In East Slavic languages and Polish, they are known as the
1679:
10546:. Translated by Paul Lunde; Caroline Stone. Penguin Books.
10037:
9148:
Sugar, Peter F.; HanĂĄk, PĂ©ter; Frank, Tibor, eds. (1994).
3058:
3020:
The Hungarian army was soundly crushed by the Cumans; the
2945:, were decisively defeated as an independent force at the
2898:
launched invasions on Kiev in 1096, 1097, 1105, and 1107.
2452:
It cannot be established whether the Cumans conquered the
2277:
Seven Cuman tribes eventually settled in Hungary, namely:
1624:âhas suggested that it may have other origins, including:
9278:
8808:
The meaning of "Vlach" in this case, as mentioned in the
8666:
8632:
7912:. p. 695-696; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
6021:(mtDNA) lineages. In a 2005 study by Erika Bogacsi-Szabo
4066:
3728:
in 1285. There are two female figures among the Cumans. (
3304:, Khan Köten fled to the court of his son-in-law, Prince
2949:
by the combined forces of a Byzantine army under Emperor
2823:
The Cumans invaded and plundered the eastern part of the
11126:
Notes on ethnic composition of TĂŒrkic tribes and nations
8063:. Berlin. pp. 278-279; cited in Golden, Peter B. (2003)
7314:
The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500â1500
6497:
Pursuit of Cuman horsemen (right) by the Hungarian King
6282:
Equestrian statue of a Cuman warrior, Kunhegyes, Hungary
3797:
defeated the Cumans. The Cumans initially lived in felt
2878:
The Cumans initially managed to defeat the Grand Prince
7770:
Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon
7483:. Christian Raffensperger. Abingdon, Oxon. p. 62.
4917:
tribe who would later join and be assimilated into the
4293:
In 1239â1240, a large group of Cumans fleeing from the
2586:
mentions Yemek Cumans who were active in the region of
2440:(died 1144), also mentioned the Cumans, using the name
1632:
tones are found among Central Asian breeds such as the
232:
160:
11020:
11018:
11016:
10950:
10814:"Baskakov â on the classification of Turkic languages"
9350:
Linehan, Peter; Nelson, Janet Laughland, eds. (2003).
8450:
Golden Peter B."The Shaping of the Cuman-QĂŻpchaqs" in
8078:
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish
7683:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7204:
Kalka River 1223: Genghiz Khan's Mongols Invade Russia
7183:
5885:
a powerful nomadic state, which received ... the name
5572:
Representation of a war between Rus and Cumans in the
4974:
in 1068, while no such information is provided in the
3813:. The majority of Cumans were exterminated during the
3496:
The architect of the Georgian-Cuman relations was the
2748:, the Cumans defeated the armies of the three sons of
2709:
Battles in Kievan Rus', in Hungary, and in the Balkans
1825:
may come from a Slavic word for "blue-eyed", i.e. the
11245:(5). Detroit: Wayne State University Press: 639â662.
10202:
Golden, Peter B., "Cumanica IV: The Qipchaq Tribes",
9345:
9343:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9196:
8024:. p. 536; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7893:. p. 693; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7874:. p. 411; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7641:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7385:
5515:
province, Saruhanlı village (name changed to Elmalık)
3408:
would fight the Mongols again, defeating them at the
212:
11008:
The Other Europe: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans
10299:
10297:
10295:
10293:
10145:
Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia
9836:
8516:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
8499:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples
8389:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8269:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
8145:"On the Ethnic Names of the Cumans of Hungary". In:
8041:
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation
7816:
Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia
7535:
BoÄkova, Elena Vladimirovna; Rybakov, R. B. (2006).
6903:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204â1453
5365:
the subdivision of Kumanitsa in the municipality of
3458:
3447:
and William of Meri, while Jonas's daughter married
2973:: and reportedly reached northern cities located in
2503:
with its adjoining steppes (at least below the lake
2476:?). Kimeks were still represented amongst the Cumanâ
2372:. The writings of al-Marwazi (c. 1120) state that a
1650:
Observing that the Hungarian exonym for Cumansâi.e.
11583:
Perfecky (translator): Galician-Volhynian Chronicle
11013:
10843:
10528:
10526:
10524:
10218:
The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe
10019:"Vlachs and Scandinavians in the Early Middle Ages"
9885:"Latent Turkification of Byzantium (ca. 1071â1461)"
9016:
8439:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
8379:
8377:
8375:
8373:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8291:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
8178:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
8091:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
7929:. Cambridge University Press. p. 280 of pp. 256â284
7837:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
7672:
7519:
7269:
The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1
5676:. Stained glass window in the southern nave of the
5527:
province, Yortan village (name changed to Kazımiye)
3923:bezĂ©n akomozne oknĂ©mezne ber gĂ©zge pitbĂŒtör kĂŒngön
1923:, the Cumans were referred to as the "Blond Ones".
9340:
9193:
8953:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8843:
7644:"An Illustrated Introduction to the Kipchak Turks"
7642:Dragosani-Brantingham, Justin (19 October 2011) .
7382:
6843:
6418:Cuman statues from Ukraine in Neues Museum, Berlin
6390:Kunkereszt ("Cuman cross") in Belez, periphery of
4876:(meaning Saturday) are related to the Hebrew word
2532:in the 11th century AD and went on to assault the
2028:B.zùngß ~ B.zùnrß (< ? *Buranlı "stormy"),
10290:
10070:
10068:
9855:
8929:Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190â1400
8687:"LĂĄszlĂł mĂĄsodik hadjĂĄrata a kĂșnok ellen 1091-ben"
8541:Cumans and Kipchaks: Between Ethnonym and Toponym
7988:"Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes"
7200:
5728:origin can be found in some Romanian counties of
4810:; they were consulted for questions of outcomes.
4385:; the "coastal" tribes lived on the coast of the
4141:. This continued until 1242 when Nicaean emperor
4102:as mercenaries in the Byzantine army against the
375:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
12909:
11229:
11227:
11083:[Dictionary of the surnames in Zeeland]
10521:
10424:"Bızans'in Anadolu'ya YerleĆtırdıÄı Son TĂŒrkler"
9919:"Bızans'in Anadolu'ya YerleĆtırdıÄı Son TĂŒrkler"
9317:
9315:
9313:
9066:
8956:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500â1250
8922:
8920:
8918:
8358:
7691:Hungary and the Fall of Eastern Europe 1000â1568
7560:Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, André, eds. (2001).
6270:Cuman statue at the Donetsk local history museum
4742:and shamanistic elements; they celebrated their
4241:(mercenaries from the Balkans) in the region of
3785:between Cuman rebels and the king's forces. The
3597:, where Cumans in Hungary settled, divided into
3163:, who had refused to submit to their authority.
2269:Quyçı (R. ĐŃĐžŃĐžŃ, Kuichiya, meaning "shepherd"),
10137:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10129:
9490:
9488:
9486:
9484:
9482:
9480:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9147:
8840:
8271:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 276, fn. 252
8160:"Cumanica IV: The Tribes of the Cumans-QıpÄaqs"
8027:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7960:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7914:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7896:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7877:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7637:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7117:
7115:
7113:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6246:Cuman statue in Stadnitsja Kiev c. 12th century
5048:. Chronicles mentioned that after the death of
4288:
4269:saddle making, bow making, and clothes making.
4217:(Commander-in-Chief of the Army) under Emperor
3984:Sen varsın bu gĂŒĂ§te bu yĂŒcelikte Tanrım, amin.
3961:Sen barsıng bu kĂŒĂ§li bu çin iygi Tengri, amen.
3935:szen borszony bo kacsalli bo tson igyi tengere
1818:, who also migrated westward ahead of the Qun.
11574:Györffy György: A Codex Cumanicus mai kérdései
11520:"History of the Cumans to the Mongol invasion"
11490:(Ph.D. dissertation). University of Michigan.
11341:
11297:
10649:"ORHANGAZÄ° KARSAK KĂYĂ VE KUMAN KIPĂAKLAR (1)"
10239:
10237:
10065:
9900:"Anadolu'ya yerleĆtirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)"
9882:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9141:
9110:The murder of Köten is described in the novel
8509:
8507:
7687:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7534:
7481:Portraits of Medieval Eastern Europe, 900-1400
7262:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7059:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6946:
5873:(financial tribute) to the Russian sovereign.
5822:The Cumans appear in Rus' culture in the Rus'
5697:. (By religion, as may be seen by figures for
5607:(melilot), is also a relic of the Cumans. The
5118:who offered military service to Atrak against
5114:. The conflict was settled by a Georgian King
4322:
3993:
3901:Destroyed Cuman prayer from the original text
3617:, creating two regions incorporating the name
2941:Turkic people of the prairies of southwestern
2626:According to the 12th-century Jewish traveler
2548:. The Cumans' entry into the area pressed the
1590:, as the two tribes often lived side by side.
271:, they inhabited a shifting area north of the
11638:
11303:
11224:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9349:
9310:
9208:
8978:
8915:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8518:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 277.
8219:Studies in the Latin Empire of Constantinople
8212:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8030:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 119
8011:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 118
7963:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 116
7916:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 115
7899:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 114
7880:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 111
7246:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7039:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6637:, an ethnic group with possible Cuman origins
5545:Some famous Crimean Tatar historians such as
4661:(gold for princes and khans), and at times a
3404:or beys. Some of these Mamluks led by Sultan
1951:"angry, quick-tempered" attested only in the
1459:
1330:
11138:Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman, eds. (2008).
11137:
11081:"Woordenboek van de familienamen in Zeeland"
10126:
10099:
9795:(276). Turkish Historical Society: 403â418.
9477:
9179:
9072:
8695:The Military History of the Hungarian Nation
8393:
8180:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 275.
8105:Versuch eines Wörterbuches der TĂŒrk-Dialekte
8102:
7559:
7289:
7110:
6885:
5831:and are the military enemies of the Rus' in
4471:and which interfered with Rus'-Cuman trade.
3951:Bizing ekmegimizni ber bizge bĂŒt-bĂŒtĂŒn kĂŒnde
3297:, managed to get aid from the Rus' princes.
2929:defeated the Cumans after they attacked the
1874:
1860:
1768:
11555:(ĐĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ ĐČ ĐĐ”ĐœĐłŃОО. ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐžĐč ĐŸŃĐ”ŃĐș) at
10234:
9616:
9272:
9258:. Cambridge University Press. p. 439.
8862:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 27.
8504:
7985:
7608:
7201:Nicolle, David; Shpakovsky, Victor (2001).
7140:
7124:The Mongols: From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane
6615:List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus'
5000:. He had a brother Taz who perished at the
4621:, curved sword (a sabre less curved than a
3978:Nasıl ki biz boyun eÄeriz bize emir gelince
3897:
3071:shows the Cumans fighting against the Rus'.
2364:), possibly a transcription of underlying *
11645:
11631:
11464:
11028:Language Shift among the Moldavian CsĂĄngĂłs
10636:(250): 11â36 – via dergipark.org.tr.
10370:
10006:(250): 11â36 – via dergipark.org.tr.
9602:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
9422:
9118:, in the chapter "The End of Khan Kotyan".
8876:
8857:
8672:
8547:
8293:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 273-274
8259:CzeglĂ©dy, K. (1949): "A kunok eredetĂ©rĆl"
8255:
8253:
8203:
8199:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag: 104â108.
8164:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9 (1995â1997)
8093:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 278â279
7992:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9 (1995-1997)
7511:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7225:
7036:
6923:
5437:the small village of Kumanite in Bulgaria;
5286:a Slavic village named Kumanichevo in the
5106:where he entered into conflict with local
4710:Robert de Clari gave another description:
4106:. Emperor Romanus had sent the Cumans and
3685:, was the daughter of a Cuman chieftain. (
3419:A group of Cumans under two leaders named
3170:Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, 1190
3047:, helped Georgians to stop the advance of
3039:Cumans at that time also resettled in the
2985:. The Cumans then advanced all the way to
2871:, the Hungarian army was victorious, King
2178:"of cattle or other animals, 'striped'."),
1466:
1452:
1337:
1323:
35:
11577:Györffy György: A magyarsåg keleti elemei
11505:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
11430:
11357:
11128://Olden Times Alive, 1896, v. 3â4, p. 341
10353:"Manta â Big finds from small businesses"
10307:Codex Cumanicus â Central Asian Monuments
9989:
9987:
9832:
9830:
9800:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9763:
9761:
9717:
9715:
9553:
9513:
9356:. Routledge Worlds Series. Vol. 10.
9253:
9028:
8984:
8945:
7927:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
7797:Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic
7478:
7373:
6001:Learn how and when to remove this message
5402:KĂŒman, a village and municipality in the
5196:. The presence of his descendants in the
5153:. Konchak gave aid to the princes of the
5102:. Around the same time Atrak invaded the
4602:Battle between the Cumans and Grand Duke
3974:Bizim ekmeÄimizi ver bize bĂŒt bĂŒtĂŒn gĂŒnde
3955:Neçik-kim biz iyermiz bizge ötrĂŒ kelgenge
3832:in 1330, the envoy wears a Cuman dress. (
2593:
1886:
1821:However, according to O. Suleymenov
295:who exerted an enduring influence on the
11078:
10778:
10556:
10274:Bortz, a Cuman Chief in the 13th Century
10215:
10074:
10016:
9733:
9731:
9597:
9282:Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon
9154:. Indiana University Press. p. 26.
9073:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006).
8926:
8727:
8121:. Izd. Arheogr. Komm. 1871. p. 563.
7972:Golden, Peter B. "The Polovci Dikii" in
7957:; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7739:
7454:
7397:"Mitochondrial-DNA-of-ancient-Cumanians"
7121:
6900:
6807:
6082:than the Altaians proper. A majority of
5746:
5667:
5629:
5567:
5249:
5192:family, and later received the title of
4597:
4517:
4473:
4467:on the Black Sea, which was held by the
4255:
4070:
3860:
3839:
3819:
3735:
3720:
3668:
3653:
3651:and the sixth being, possibly, Koncsog.
3584:
3568:are dressed Cuman clothes with sabers. (
3556:
3484:
3468:
3257:
3249:
3238:
3165:
3057:
3013:. King Coloman and his army crossed the
2913:During this time, the Cumans raided the
2815:Cuman invasion of Kiev according to the
2810:
2807:is fighting a duel with a cuman warrior.
2794:
2774:
2735:in 1055, when they advanced towards the
2712:
2681:The Cumans had a commercial interest in
2326:
1714:, VĂĄsĂĄry considers this a corruption of
1527:was a linguistic manual written to help
11194:Horvath 1978; Kovacs 1971; Sandor 1959.
11024:
11000:
10786:"Historical fate of the Crimean Tatars"
10757:
10141:
10105:
9321:
8250:
7794:
7688:Nicolle, David; McBride, Angus (1988).
7310:
7146:
6485:damaged in fighting (22 September 2014)
6330:"Baba" at the Open Air Museum, Prelesne
6138:Cuman statue "Baba" in NieborĂłw, Poland
5301:a Slavic village named Kumanich in the
4550:), and 'Urus' were used by the Cumans.
4063:, who in 1323 became Tsar of Bulgaria.
3540:, who had been living with the Cumans.
3001:requested help from the Cumans against
2697:. Thus the language was adopted by the
2568:. The Cumans first entered the Bugeac (
2447:
1702:, while in the parallel account of the
1639:a traditional water vessel, known as a
12910:
11166:
10623:
10600:
10541:
10421:
10303:
9993:
9984:
9916:
9827:
9771:
9758:
9712:
9494:
8960:. Cambridge University Press. p.
8882:
8783:
8609:
8560:
8513:
8412:
8315:
8175:
7994:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9: 118.
7851:The Turkic world of Mahmud al-Kashgari
7839:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 271
7435:
7150:The Mongol Empire: Its Rise and Legacy
7087:
6956:
6841:
6801:
4067:Golden Horde and Byzantine mercenaries
2105:QmngĂ»/Qumanlu, QonÄuroÄlı (H. Kongur),
2051:Äirtan ~ (*Ozur) Äortan (Hg. Csertan),
1628:the color of the Cumans' horses (i.e.
1534:
11626:
11570:Gyårfås Istvån: A Jåszkunok Története
11502:
11203:
11115:, Bd. 24, 1952, Sect. 1â2, pp. 49â104
10557:Runciman, Steven (December 3, 1987).
10544:"Ibn FadlÄn and the Land of Darkness"
10376:
10246:Historical Dictionary of the Crusades
10243:
9782:
9728:
9656:
9631:
9447:from the original on 15 February 2015
9121:
9104:
9034:
8951:
8819:
8216:
8190:
7582:
7423:The Natural History of Pliny Volume 2
7353:
7266:
6837:
6835:
6724:Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary
6718:Elizabeth of Hungary, Queen of Serbia
6294:Cuman, 12th century, Hermitage Museum
6112:Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition
6105:
5939:, was of great political importance.
5863:, near its confluence with the river
4791:), and sometimes a servant or slave.
4765:words to designate certain concepts:
4199:in 1292, in his campaign against the
3352:Istvan Vassary states that after the
2402:(1179â1229) also mentions the Qun in
2207:Urus-oba (R. Ourusoba; from endonym *
2076:KĂŒÄeba ~ KĂŒÄoba (R. Kouchebichi <
1971:"good fortune" and adjectival suffix
1932:Kipchaks and (presumably) the Kangli/
1785:is often said to be derived from the
1646:a Turkic word for "force" or "power".
11485:
11465:KristĂł, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996).
10669:
10355:. Goliath.ecnext.com. Archived from
9559:
9079:. Infobase Publishing. p. 189.
9022:
8733:
7399:. Goliath.ecnext.com. Archived from
5950:
4486:. Many Mamluks were of Cuman origin.
4319:living in Northwest Anatolia today.
4098:In 1071, Cumans participated in the
2705:for centuries up to the modern day.
2204:UlaĆĄoÄlı (R. Ulashebichi; Hg. OlĂĄs),
1873:), which would therefore imply that
1808:âapparently derived from the Turkic
55:Regions with significant populations
11553:Cumans in Hungary. Historical essay
10624:Yalvar, Cihan (February 19, 2021).
10383:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
9994:Yalvar, Cihan (February 19, 2021).
9600:A History of the Crusades, Volume 1
9038:Eternal Empire: The Ottomans at War
8903:from the original on 8 January 2016
8772:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
8684:
7712:from the original on 8 January 2016
7375:10.22378/2313-6197.2018-6-3.452-471
7335:from the original on 8 January 2016
7171:from the original on 8 January 2016
6454:Cuman prairie art, as exhibited in
6378:Ladislaus IV of Hungary "the Cuman"
5896:(reigned 1260â1277), defeated King
4776:) meaning "fly away, paradise" and
4769:(a native Turkic word cognate with
4593:
4450:/Sugrov, and Balinâappeared in the
3228:
3043:and were Christianized. There they
2843:reached and defeated them near the
2444:, meaning "blond", "pale", "fair".
2151:Ăren ~ Uran ~ Oyren ( < cognate
2057:EnÄoÄlı ~ Ä°lanÄuglı (Hg. Iloncsuk),
1531:communicate with the Cuman people.
13:
11652:
11590:, Cambridge University Press, 2000
11512:
11069:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p. 247
10979:"32/2004. (IV. 19.) OGY hatĂĄrozat"
10659:from the original on 3 March 2024.
10601:Yalvar, Cihan (19 February 2021).
10324:from the original on 20 March 2017
8715:from the original on 2 August 2015
8538:
8043:, Vol. 24, Issue 06, 2020. p. 1195
8008:The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7938:
7772:(Brill: Leiden-Boston, 2008), 412.
7603:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
7024:from the original on 5 August 2011
6832:
6704: â Bulgarians of Cuman origin
4970:Sharukan was taken as prisoner by
4840:
3748:(now Cheresig, Romania) in 1290. (
3186:led by brothers Asen and Peter of
3005:, who was involved in a feud with
2875:killed Ăkos, the Cuman chieftain.
2108:MekrĂŒti ~ BekrĂŒti ~ BekĂŒrte (<
1865:is also possible: the Slavic root
370:
14:
12979:
11594:
10959:from the original on 23 July 2015
10735:. Christusrex.org. Archived from
10646:
9897:
9737:Ovidiu Pecican Troia Venetia Roma
9435:"Karcag: Year of the Cumans 2009"
9212:; Nelson, Janet L., eds. (2013).
9041:. Osprey Publishing. p. 30.
8788:. Ashgate/Variorum. p. 138.
8080:. Oxford University Press. p. 239
6671:Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon
6580:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania
5807:origintates from the Slavic word
3726:Second Mongol invasion of Hungary
3459:Settlement on the Hungarian plain
2831:, then the territory between the
2731:The Cumans first encountered the
2722:'s battle with the CumanâKipchaks
2223:"to fight," i.e. "soldier" (cf.
2187:~ Teriter-oba (R. TerŃterobichi),
2069:Knn ~ Kyt (either corrupted from
1698:, a certain individual is called
12953:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
12943:Moldova in the Early Middle Ages
12888:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
11471:(in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek.
11390:
11335:
11197:
11188:
11160:
11131:
11118:
11105:
11072:
11052:
10971:
10944:
10931:
10901:
10871:
10837:
10828:
10806:
10797:
10751:
10725:
10716:
10707:
10682:
10663:
10640:
10617:
10594:
10577:
10550:
10535:
10447:
10438:
10428:EskiÌçaÄ AraĆtirmalari DergiÌsiÌ
10415:
10399:
10345:
10336:
10266:
10209:
10196:
10177:
10010:
9967:
9950:
9933:
9923:EskiÌçaÄ AraĆtirmalari DergiÌsiÌ
9910:
9891:
9876:
9849:
9749:
9740:
9650:
9591:
9566:. University of Michigan Press.
9536:
9522:
9468:
9459:
9413:
9404:
9392:from the original on 5 July 2015
9374:
9322:HorvĂĄth, AndrĂĄs PĂĄlĂłczi (1989).
9076:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
7442:
6907:University of Pennsylvania Press
6852:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
6676:Maria of Bulgaria, Latin Empress
6651:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
6490:
6474:
6462:
6447:
6435:
6423:
6411:
6399:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6347:
6335:
6323:
6311:
6299:
6287:
6275:
6263:
6251:
6239:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6191:
6179:
6167:
6155:
6143:
6131:
5955:
5155:Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
4883:
3793:and the Cumans in 1282 and King
3562:First Mongol invasion of Hungary
2766:Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
2432:, FÄrÄb, and the country of the
2230:"quarrel, fight, battle, war")),
2112:"Đ·Đ°ŃŃĐ°ĐČĐ»ŃŃŃ, ŃĐșŃДпОŃŃ, ŃŃОлОŃŃ")
1373:
11324:from the original on 2014-01-11
11094:from the original on 2016-03-04
10919:from the original on 3 May 2015
10845:Brian Glyn Williams, Brian Glyn
10166:from the original on 2016-01-08
10054:from the original on 2013-12-27
10017:Pintescu, Florin (April 2020).
9700:from the original on 3 May 2015
9580:from the original on 2016-01-08
9299:from the original on 2016-01-08
9247:
9230:
9168:from the original on 2015-10-01
9093:from the original on 2015-11-28
9055:from the original on 2016-01-08
9005:from the original on 2016-01-08
8827:History of the Byzantine Empire
8802:
8777:
8765:
8754:from the original on 2016-01-08
8701:
8697:] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
8678:
8655:from the original on 2013-12-27
8603:
8592:
8581:from the original on 2016-01-08
8532:
8491:
8477:
8452:Il Codice Cumano e il Suo Mondo
8444:
8431:
8406:
8340:
8309:
8296:
8283:
8274:
8235:
8184:
8169:
8152:
8139:
8125:
8111:
8096:
8083:
8070:
8046:
8033:
8014:
7998:
7979:
7966:
7955:Opyt slovarja tjurkskix nareÄij
7947:
7932:
7919:
7902:
7883:
7864:
7842:
7829:
7807:
7788:
7775:
7762:
7746:Institute for Foreign Languages
7733:
7724:
7660:from the original on 2013-09-30
7595:
7553:
7472:
7415:
7347:
7126:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
6981:from the original on 2016-12-07
6781:
6765:
6570:Notable people of Cuman descent
4890:Notable people of Cuman descent
4833:, who swore allegiance to King
4730:The Cuman people practiced the
4726:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
3302:Mongols were approaching Russia
1955:. Klyashtorny links Kipchak to
1773:, derived from the Slavic root
10760:"Sources for the Krimgotische"
10434:] (in Turkish) (3): 29â32.
9929:] (in Turkish) (3): 29â32.
9856:Caroline Gurevich (May 2017).
9843:Karadeniz Ä°ncelemeleri Dergisi
9499:. Cambridge University Press.
9035:Scott, Richard Bodley (2008).
8991:. Da Capo Press. p. 134.
7986:Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997).
7311:Grumeza, Ion (4 August 2010).
7010:
6992:
6872:
6860:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
6575:The Cuman Tsaritsa of Bulgaria
5180:expansion and were taken into
4748:provided the dead with objects
4522:A modern reenactment of Cumans
3895:Documentary ĂzĂŒ TĂŒrk program:
3853:returned to Hungary. In 1734,
3828:receives the envoy of Voivode
3425:Latin Empire of Constantinople
2882:of Kievan Rus' in 1093 at the
2048:Äitey(oÄlı) (R. ChitŃŁyebichi),
1777:"pale; light yellow; blonde".
1686:, which he kept separate from
1480:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1:
11526:. Chronica 13 (2017): 99-104.
11304:BogĂĄcsi-SzabĂł, Erika (2006).
10939:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
10672:"KIRIM BÄ°R RUS TOPRAÄI MIYDI"
10432:Journal of Ancient Researches
10216:Chambers, Anatoly M. (1979).
10050:. Encyclopediaofukraine.com.
9927:Journal of Ancient Researches
9837:Dimitri Korobeinikov (2015).
9634:Byzantine Armies AD 1118â1461
9129:Christianity among the Cumans
8691:A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
8651:. Encyclopediaofukraine.com.
7976:Vol. 3/4, Part 1. pp. 296â309
7562:Nomads in the Sedentary World
7020:. Encyclopediaofukraine.com.
6753:
6469:Cuman burial mound in Hungary
6342:Chormukhinsk Madonna, Luhansk
6029:during the 13th century, six
5877:linked the Kumandinsâand the
5213:
4335:, Comanii Vechi, ComÄneanca (
4126:against the Pechenegs in the
3376:put it, a "Scythian desert."
2737:Rus' Pereyaslavl principality
2599:CumanâKipchak confederation (
2125:oroĆÄu "small, brown-colored
1936:(possibly connected to three
1869:"field" (cf. Polish, Russian
1736:
1564:
361:History of the Turkic peoples
308:GaliciaâVolhynia Principality
46:
10951:HĂrhatĂĄr Online Lapcsoport.
10762:. p. 37. Archived from
10467:Wayne State University Press
10204:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
9904:www.belediyehaberleri.com.tr
9783:AyönĂŒ, Yusuf (August 2012).
8322:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
8304:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
8193:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
7539:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
6795:
6758:
6198:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6186:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6174:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6162:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6150:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
5492:in Greater Cumania, Hungary;
4546:), 'Kitan' (from the Mongol
4289:Traces of Cumans in Anatolia
3965:Bizim atamız ki sensin gökte
3740:Cuman assassins murder King
3489:Cuman representation in the
3243:Cuman statue, 12th century,
3045:achieved prominent positions
2670:in Central Asia. The Cumansâ
2523:
2345:Chinese authors mentioned a
2306:Koncsog ("leather trouser").
1963:"unfortunate, unlucky"; yet
1582:The original meaning of the
1482:in 1237, many Cumans sought
7:
12938:Medieval history of Ukraine
12933:Medieval Kingdom of Hungary
11551:Golubovsky Peter V. (1889)
11533:Golubovsky Peter V. (1884)
11313:(Thesis). Szeged, Hungary:
11172:The Mamlƫk military society
10304:Paksoy, H. B., ed. (1992).
10078:Attila and the Nomad Hordes
9898:Grubu, Haber Ajansı Yayın.
9839:"The Cumans in Paphlagonia"
8858:MacDermott, Mercia (1998).
8561:Paksoy, H. B., ed. (1992).
8119:Letopis'po Ipatskomu spisku
8107:(II ed.). p. 506.
7953:Radloff, V.V. (1893â1911).
7730:Dobrodomov I. G., 1978, 123
7537:Kinship in the Altaic World
7319:University Press of America
6808:Williams, Brian G. (2001).
6692:Anna of Hungary (1260â1281)
6666:Battle of Adrianople (1205)
6510:
6406:Cuman stone statues "babas"
5981:the claims made and adding
5946:
5828:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
5672:Historical coat of arms of
5495:and the town of Kumanov in
5168:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
5151:Principality of Pereyaslavl
5038:against the Ruthenian army.
4719:
4649:(iron or leather), leather
4482:were warrior-slaves in the
4323:Traces of Cumans in Romania
3994:Cuman involvement in Serbia
3972:Nasıl ki yerde ve tĂŒm gökte
3942:Bizim atamız kim-sing kökte
3912:Bezén attamaz ken ze kikte
3204:Battle of Adrianople (1205)
3116:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
3068:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
2542:Principality of Pereyaslavl
2436:." The Armenian historian,
2405:The Dictionary of Countries
2294:OlĂĄs ("union, federation"),
1762:
1167:CumanâKipchak Confederation
1014:KimekâKipchak Confederation
246:CumanâKipchak confederation
233:
213:
161:
43:CumanâKipchak confederation
10:
12984:
12963:Medieval history of Russia
11458:
10630:TĂŒrk DĂŒnyası AraĆtırmaları
10607:TĂŒrk DĂŒnyası AraĆtırmaları
10377:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006).
10244:Slack, Corliss K. (2013).
10106:Nabokov, Vladimir (1960).
10000:TĂŒrk DĂŒnyası AraĆtırmaları
9802:10.37879/belleten.2012.403
9661:. Routledge. p. 143.
8927:Turnbull, Stephen (2003).
8616:Cambridge University Press
8394:Kincses-Nagy, Ăva (2013).
8217:Wolff, Robert Lee (1976).
7740:IgnjatiÄ, Zdravko (2005).
7479:Ostrowski, Donald (2018).
7354:Golev, Konstantin (2018).
7273:Cambridge University Press
7267:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990).
7094:Cambridge University Press
6901:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
6124:
5844:, which features a set of
5170:("Slovo o polku Ihorevi)."
5082:. In 1117 his army sacked
4887:
4844:
4738:. Their belief system had
4723:
4346:
4231:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4110:to secure the fortress of
3982:Kurtar bizi her kötĂŒlĂŒkten
3949:Neçik-kim cerde alay kökte
3920:nitziegén gerde ali kékte
3848:as "king" of Hungary, 1777
3683:Queen Elizabeth of Hungary
3462:
3429:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
3318:Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal
3232:
2958:and getting as far as the
2884:Battle of the Stugna River
2322:
2317:
2297:KĂłr ~ KĂłl ("little, few"),
2174:TarÄıl (R. Targolove <
1926:
1725:
1559:),. The Greek philosopher
774:Chief gods and goddesses:
252:. They are referred to as
18:
12948:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
12870:
12834:
12808:
12553:
12511:
12457:
12429:
12227:
12169:
12136:
12055:
12032:
11989:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
11862:
11816:
11771:
11740:
11669:
11660:
11486:Rapp, Stephen H. (1997).
10573:– via Google Books.
10560:A History of the Crusades
10410:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
9598:Runciman, Steven (1987).
9560:Fine, John V. A. (1994).
9254:Klaniczay, GĂĄbor (2002).
8889:. Hitzeroth. p. 32.
8784:Golden, Peter B. (2003).
8612:Medieval Russia, 980â1584
8514:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8437:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8289:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8176:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8158:Golden, Peter B. (1988).
8089:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
7974:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
7835:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
7147:Prawdin, Michael (1940).
6366:Cuman Stone statue "baba"
6354:Cuman Stone statue "baba"
6119:Kingdom Come: Deliverance
5925:Mongol invasion of Europe
5921:Battle of the Kalka River
5625:Despotate of Thessalonica
5530:Karsak, a village in the
5413:the town and district of
5245:
5147:Principality of Chernigov
5012:between modern cities of
4339:), Vadul Cumanilor (near
4312:Meander (Menderes) Valley
4197:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4079:, c. 1300, with the
3932:kĂștkor bezne al gyamanna
3906:
3903:
3900:
3789:was a battle between the
3706:between King BĂ©la IV and
3235:Battle of the Kalka River
3075:On 20 March 1155, Prince
2770:Principality of Chernigov
2140:reges Uilperitorum, from
1978:
1895:, the Cumans were called
1195:11th centuryâ13th century
222:
202:
150:
104:
99:
83:
78:
71:
66:
59:
54:
34:
12857:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
12525:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
11025:TĂĄnczos, Vilmos (2012).
10909:"FĂŒggetlen KiskunsĂĄgot!"
10142:Baldick, Julian (2012).
10075:Nicholle, David (1990).
9657:Arbel, Benjamin (2013).
8985:Hildinger, Erik (2001).
8417:. Hakkert. p. 323.
8103:Radloff, W (1893â1911).
8076:Clauson, Gerard (1972).
7939:Golden, Peter Benjamin.
7122:Bartlett, W. B. (2012).
6842:KovĂĄcs, Szilvia (2020).
5451:the town of Kumanlar in
5110:pushing them beyond the
4968:Novgorod First Chronicle
4964:Battle of the Alta River
4952:who is mentioned in the
4921:) who were mentioned by
4307:John III Doukas Vatatzes
4225:, attained the title of
4208:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4193:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4143:John III Doukas Vatatzes
3980:Ä°letme bizi hiç kötĂŒlĂŒÄe
3959:Kutkar bizni ol camannan
3947:DĂŒĆsĂŒn sening könglĂŒgĂŒng
3945:Ćentlensing sening adıng
3929:iltme bezne ol gyamanga
3026:Principality of Volhynia
3003:Coloman, King of Hungary
2746:Battle of the Alta River
2284:Borcsol ("Pepper Sons"),
2239:Yete-oba (R. Yetebichi),
2236:(R. Polovtsi Yemiakove),
2190:Toqsoba (R. Toksobichi),
2144:ölöbĂŒr "ill, infirm" or
1796:(ĐĂłĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ), derived from
1539:
1278:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
924:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
903:Western Turkic Khaganate
849:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
12014:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
11670:Azerbaijani communities
11467:Az ĂrpĂĄd-hĂĄz uralkodĂłi
10855:Oxford University Press
10108:Song of Igor's Campaign
8564:Central Asian Monuments
8413:Spinei, Victor (2006).
7465:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7088:VĂĄsĂĄry, IstvĂĄn (2005).
6957:Spinei, Victor (2009).
6771:Identified with either
6729:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
6661:Foundation of Wallachia
6630:Origin of the Romanians
6625:History of Transylvania
6481:Cuman stone statues in
4819:Archbishop of Esztergom
4153:and the region east of
4015:By 1272, the region of
3795:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3759:Battle on the Marchfeld
3742:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3700:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3675:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3149:Second Bulgarian Empire
3136:European implications.
3028:, but were repelled by
2762:Vsevolod of Pereyaslavl
2758:Sviatoslav of Chernigov
2628:Petachiah of Regensburg
2468:"the real Quns"? > *
2368:) located north of the
2171:Shanmie gumali (è«æ»
ć€éș»é),
2155:"bad, wicked, evil" or
1967:sees a better match in
1947:points to the Siberian
1492:Second Bulgarian Empire
932:Second Turkic Khaganate
316:Second Bulgarian Empire
12968:Extinct Turkic peoples
12928:History of Kievan Rus'
12847:Crimean Tatar diaspora
12024:Western Thracian Turks
11959:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
11058:Andrew Bell-Fialkoff,
10985:. 2004. Archived from
10206:, v. IX (1997), p. 107
8952:Curta, Florin (2006).
8883:KrĂŒger, Peter (1993).
8860:Bulgarian Folk Customs
8774:(ch. 145.104), p. 132.
8673:KristĂł & Makk 1996
8610:Martin, Janet (1993).
8316:Golden, Peter (1987).
8166:. p. 122 of pp. 99â122
7795:Kroonen, Guus (2013).
7155:Transaction Publishers
6858:Encyclopaedia of Islam
6697:Basarab I of Wallachia
6605:Mongol invasion of Rus
6557:Syrgiannes Palaiologos
6086:lines belonged to the
6044:
5759:
5685:
5678:St Elisabeth Cathedral
5646:
5596:Crimean Tatar language
5577:
5477:as well as the cities
5267:
4717:
4708:
4606:
4523:
4487:
4261:
4223:Syrgiannes Palaiologos
4189:Alexios Strategopoulos
4084:
3970:HoĆ olsun senin gönlĂŒn
3957:Ä°ltme bizni ol camanga
3891:, was recorded in the
3874:
3849:
3837:
3753:
3733:
3690:
3666:
3605:
3573:
3493:
3478:
3322:Mstislav Svyatoslavich
3266:
3255:
3247:
3171:
3072:
2927:Ladislaus I of Hungary
2841:Ladislaus I of Hungary
2820:
2808:
2792:
2728:
2594:Political organization
2521:
2340:
2334:
2181:Tarew (R. TarŃevskyi),
2045:"light blue, bluish"),
2011:Barat ~ Beret ~ Baraq,
1953:Siberian SaÄay dialect
1887:Folban, Vallani, Valwe
1875:
1861:
1851:(ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸÌĐČŃĐč), Ukrainian
1769:
1760:
1712:PolovÄinu menem Kunui"
1094:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
895:First Turkic Khaganate
376:
194:
186:
178:
170:
95:(in Anatolia, Balkans)
12554:Extinct Turkic groups
12512:Turkic minorities in
12459:Turkic minorities in
12430:Turkic minorities in
12228:Turkic minorities in
11706:Georgian Azerbaijanis
11580:Hunfalvy: Etnographia
11503:Sinor, Denis (1990).
11368:10.1353/hub.2006.0052
11251:10.1353/hub.2006.0007
11174:. Variorum Reprints.
11079:Debrabandere, Frans.
10475:10.1353/hub.2006.0007
10422:Yilmaz, Adil (2018).
10342:Yule and Cordier 1916
9917:Yilmaz, Adil (2018).
9694:TheFreeDictionary.com
9636:. Osprey Publishing.
9495:Berend, Nora (2001).
8931:. Osprey Publishing.
8734:Makk, Ferenc (1989).
8599:Columbia Encyclopedia
8466:had been part of the
8352:Kitab mu'jam al-budan
8057:Geschichte der Hunnen
6532:History of Kazakhstan
6035:
5908:(1277) (by using the
5750:
5671:
5633:
5571:
5372:Komani, a historical
5253:
5164:Battle of Kalka River
5068:(1821â1897) "Emshan".
4972:Svyatoslav II of Kiev
4712:
4699:
4693:, while describing a
4601:
4528:John of Plano Carpini
4521:
4477:
4259:
4135:Battle of Kalka River
4074:
3914:szénlészen szen ådon
3864:
3843:
3823:
3767:Ottokar II of Bohemia
3739:
3724:
3672:
3657:
3615:Great Hungarian Plain
3588:
3560:
3488:
3472:
3261:
3253:
3242:
3174:In alliance with the
3169:
3061:
3022:Illuminated Chronicle
2999:Sviatopolk II of Kiev
2814:
2799:Fresco detail in the
2798:
2778:
2716:
2485:
2483:Potapov writes that:
2398:The Syrian historian
2330:
2303:("little snake"), and
2162:"artist, craftsman"),
2054:Dorut ~ DörĂŒt ~ Dört,
1755:
1567:24 AD) refers to the
1529:Catholic missionaries
1440:Republic of Tatarstan
1203:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
835:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
374:
100:Related ethnic groups
16:Turkic nomadic people
12872:Central Asian (i.e.
12842:Azerbaijani diaspora
12179:Iranian Azerbaijanis
11817:Turkmen communities
11713:Western Azerbaijanis
11683:Iranian Azerbaijanis
11315:University of Szeged
10983:Hungarian Parliament
10816:. www. philology. ru
10791:11 July 2006 at the
10722:Stearns(1979:39â40).
10379:The Jews of Khazaria
9883:Rustam M. Shukurov.
9823:DOI: English version
9151:A History of Hungary
8497:Golden, P.B. (1992)
8472:Uyghur confederation
8247:, p. 34 (in Russian)
8221:. London: Variorum.
8133:Onomasticon Turcicum
7744:. Belgrade, Serbia:
6055:of the Cumanians of
5475:JĂĄsz-Nagykun-Szolnok
5383:the municipality of
5333:Polovtsy, a town in
5050:Vladimir II Monomakh
4966:). According to the
4937:, Eskels became the
4835:Andrew II of Hungary
4542:), 'Imek' (from the
4229:and was a friend of
4177:Theodore II Laskaris
4075:The division of the
3968:Ćenlensin senin adın
3953:Ä°lt bizing minimizni
3830:Basarab of Wallachia
3826:Charles I of Hungary
3708:Stephen V of Hungary
3664:Stephen V of Hungary
3551:Frederick of Austria
3513:Andrew II of Hungary
3506:Vladimir II Monomakh
3336:took place near the
3215:Carpathian Mountains
3196:BulgarianâLatin Wars
3015:Carpathian Mountains
3007:Volodar of Peremyshl
2979:Constantine Diogenes
2880:Vladimir II Monomakh
2448:Kipchak relationship
2386:Nestorian Christians
2219:or from Turkic root
2087:"to urge to seize"),
1907:âall derivatives of
1718:, Russian dative of
264:in Eastern sources.
12923:Invasions of Europe
11863:Turkish communities
11729:Javanshir Qizilbash
11415:2016NatSR...630197P
10889:on 30 December 2010
10670:Dikbasan, Sabriye.
9632:Heath, Ian (1995).
9440:. karcag.hu. 2009.
8814:Kaloyan of Bulgaria
7803:. pp. 126â127.
7361:Golden Horde Review
7157:. pp. 212â15.
6747:Yaropolk II of Kiev
6656:Judge of the Cumans
6517:Elizabeth the Cuman
6074:In relation to the
5902:Battle of Ain Jalut
5751:Cuman sculpture in
5699:religion in Hungary
5574:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
5497:Khmelnytskyi Oblast
5116:David IV of Georgia
4910:, the endonym of a
4761:". The Cumans used
4613:, later developing
4201:Despotate of Epirus
4185:Battle of Pelagonia
4166:Skythikoi/Skythikon
4128:Battle of Levounion
4100:Battle of Manzikert
3976:Ä°let bizim minimizi
3716:judge of the Cumans
3696:Elizabeth the Cuman
3679:Ladislaus the Cuman
3660:Elizabeth the Cuman
3526:country independent
3498:David IV of Georgia
3491:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
3449:Narjot III de Toucy
3410:Battle of Ain Jalut
3379:A direct attack on
3314:Mstislav Romanovich
3200:Kaloyan of Bulgaria
3065:'s illustration to
2947:Battle of Levounion
2817:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
2660:Kipchaks in Georgia
2428:, the lands of the
2090:Kor ~ Qor (H. KĂłr),
1921:Matthaios of Edessa
1753:, note that Cumania
1535:Names and etymology
1083:Eastern Kara-Khanid
1076:Western Kara-Khanid
1062:Kara-Khanid Khanate
31:
12387:Siberian Bukharans
12189:Chaharmahali Turks
12170:Turkic minorities
12137:Turkic minorities
12056:Turkic minorities
11772:Kyrgyz communities
11741:Kazakh communities
11611:2016-03-03 at the
11586:Stephenson, Paul.
11403:Scientific Reports
11065:2016-01-08 at the
10857:. p. xiâxii.
10739:on 16 October 2012
10310:. CARRIE E Books.
10279:2019-12-29 at the
10190:2011-08-05 at the
9532:. August 17, 2014.
9360:. pp. 82â83.
9353:The Medieval World
9236:. I.P.C. Könyvek.
9214:The Medieval World
9134:2015-09-24 at the
8618:. pp. 48â49.
8539:Drobny, Jaroslav.
8067:. Routledge. p. 42
7857:2019-12-23 at the
7848:Golden, Peter, B.
7822:2020-02-05 at the
7428:2016-01-08 at the
6909:. pp. 26â27.
6848:. In Fleet, Kate;
6818:. pp. 42â43.
6702:Darman and Kudelin
6646:BĂĄcs-Kiskun County
6620:History of Romania
6585:Andrey Bogolyubsky
6503:Kraskovo, Slovakia
6501:(left), church of
6106:In popular culture
6048:genetic admixtures
5966:possibly contains
5906:Battle of Elbistan
5898:Louis IX of France
5760:
5686:
5647:
5590:with a noticeable
5578:
5268:
5186:Mongolian invasion
4607:
4604:Andrei Bogolyubsky
4555:William of Rubruck
4524:
4488:
4262:
4235:John Kantakouzenos
4175:. In 1256 emperor
4162:Alexios I Komnenos
4124:Alexios I Komnenos
4085:
4021:Kudelin and Darman
3917:dösön szen kĂŒklön
3875:
3867:Louis I of Hungary
3850:
3838:
3791:Kingdom of Hungary
3787:Battle of Lake HĂłd
3763:Rudolf of Habsburg
3754:
3734:
3691:
3667:
3606:
3574:
3564:in 1241â1242. The
3530:BĂ©la IV of Hungary
3494:
3479:
3475:Kingdom of Hungary
3445:Baldwin of Hainaut
3435:in the capture of
3414:Battle of Elbistan
3394:Kingdom of Hungary
3285:, the shah of the
3267:
3256:
3248:
3202:. In 1205, at the
3172:
3112:Igor Svyatoslavich
3089:Andrey Bogolyubsky
3073:
3041:Kingdom of Georgia
2951:Alexios I Komnenos
2931:Kingdom of Hungary
2825:Kingdom of Hungary
2821:
2809:
2793:
2754:Iziaslav I of Kiev
2729:
2720:Igor Svyatoslavich
2656:Kingdom of Georgia
2562:Mahmud al-Kashgari
2538:Kingdom of Hungary
2480:as Yimek ~ Yemek.
2335:
2099:-opa (R. KaepiÄi),
1893:Germanic languages
1743:Hamdallah Mustawfi
1488:Kingdom of Hungary
1179:Khwarazmian Empire
1050:Karluk Yabgu State
788:Epics and heroes:
377:
332:Kingdom of Georgia
324:Kingdom of Hungary
289:Khwarazmian Empire
29:
12905:
12904:
12804:
12803:
12715:
12708:
12669:
12545:Tatars of Romania
12518:
12487:
12444:Mongolian Kazakhs
12415:
12389:
12382:
12375:
12368:
12361:
12354:
12347:
12259:
12252:
12245:
12122:
12088:
11999:Palestinian Turks
11994:Montenegrin Turks
11918:
11899:
11892:
11885:
11878:
11848:
11839:
11832:
11792:
11763:Mongolian Kazakhs
11731:
11722:
11715:
11708:
11699:
11692:
11685:
11618:Cuman Royal House
11423:10.1038/srep30197
11217:978-96-38-31176-4
11181:978-0-86078-049-6
11153:978-9-0041-6389-8
11031:. Editura ISPMN.
10392:978-1-4422-0302-0
10317:978-975-428-033-3
10259:978-0-8108-7831-0
10227:978-0-6891-0942-3
10159:978-1-78076-232-6
10092:978-0-8504-5996-8
10083:Osprey Publishing
9887:. Dumbarton Oaks.
9668:978-1-1357-8188-0
9643:978-1-8553-2347-6
9609:978-0-5213-4770-9
9573:978-0-472-08260-5
9548:978-954-402-047-7
9506:978-0-5216-5185-1
9386:Nyelv Ă©s TudomĂĄny
9367:978-0-415-30234-0
9333:978-9-6313-2740-3
9292:978-0-86516-444-4
9265:978-0-5214-2018-1
9223:978-1-1365-0005-3
9161:978-0-253-20867-5
9086:978-1-4381-2918-1
9048:978-1-84603-401-5
8998:978-0-7867-3114-5
8971:978-0-521-81539-0
8938:978-1-8417-6523-5
8896:978-3-89398-128-1
8869:978-1-8530-2485-6
8835:978-0-299-80925-6
8795:978-0-8607-8885-0
8747:978-963-05-5268-4
8685:BĂĄnlaky, JĂłzsef.
8625:978-0-5213-6832-2
8574:978-975-428-033-3
8525:978-3-4470-3274-2
8424:978-9-0256-1214-6
8400:Szeged University
8228:978-0-9020-8999-0
7781:Pletnyova, S. A.
7705:978-0-8504-5833-6
7696:Osprey Publishing
7601:John Mandeville,
7575:978-0-7007-1370-7
7546:978-3-4470-5416-4
7490:978-1-315-20417-8
7421:Pliny the Elder,
7328:978-0-7618-5135-6
7282:978-0-5212-4304-9
7218:978-1-84176-233-3
7209:Osprey Publishing
7164:978-1-4128-2897-0
7133:978-1-4456-0791-7
7103:978-0-5218-3756-9
6916:978-0-8122-1620-2
6741:Shishman of Vidin
6258:Cuman battle mask
6084:mitochondrial DNA
6040:N macrohaplogroup
6019:mitochondrial DNA
6011:
6010:
6003:
5968:original research
5846:Polovtsian Dances
5833:Alexander Borodin
5440:Kuman, a town in
5326:Kuman, a city in
5258:in their capital
5229:Anjou Legendarium
5174:SyrgiannĂ©s/SıçÄan
5128:Vladimir Monomakh
5104:Northern Caucasus
4935:Bernhard Karlgren
4927:Abu SaÊżÄ«d GardÄzÄ«
4829:on the orders of
4691:Niketas Choniates
4676:in comparison to
4532:Jean de Joinville
4491:conjunction with
4315:community called
4245:who received two
4025:Bulgarian service
3989:
3988:
3815:Great Turkish War
3744:at the castle of
3306:Mstislav the Bold
3287:Khwarezmid Empire
3262:The conquests of
3120:Alexander Borodin
2971:Kingdom of Poland
2750:Yaroslav the Wise
2644:Wallachian states
2583:Primary Chronicle
2438:Matthew of Edessa
2215:, compare Greek:
2136:Yuliboli (çéäŒŻé),
1678:derived Kun from
1476:
1475:
1430:Kazan Governorate
1347:
1346:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1254:Qarlughid Kingdom
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1118:Pecheneg Khanates
1111:
1099:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1038:Oghuz Yabgu State
1031:
1019:
1007:
1002:TĂŒrgesh Khaganate
995:
983:
971:
959:
936:
928:
907:
899:
865:
840:
815:
814:
742:
741:
554:
553:
365:
320:Kingdom of Serbia
231:
211:
159:
135:
134:
12975:
12852:Turkish diaspora
12711:
12704:
12665:
12516:
12498:Karategin Uzbeks
12483:
12411:
12385:
12378:
12371:
12364:
12357:
12350:
12345:Astrakhan Tatars
12343:
12308:
12255:
12248:
12241:
12214:Iranian Turkmens
12146:Crimean Karaites
12118:
12084:
11984:Macedonian Turks
11949:Dodecanese Turks
11914:
11895:
11888:
11881:
11874:
11846:Iranian Turkmens
11844:
11835:
11828:
11788:
11727:
11718:
11711:
11704:
11695:
11688:
11681:
11667:
11666:
11647:
11640:
11633:
11624:
11623:
11606:Map of migration
11550:
11532:
11527:
11508:
11499:
11482:
11453:
11452:
11434:
11409:(30197): 30197.
11394:
11388:
11387:
11361:
11339:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11329:
11323:
11312:
11301:
11295:
11294:
11231:
11222:
11221:
11201:
11195:
11192:
11186:
11185:
11164:
11158:
11157:
11135:
11129:
11122:
11116:
11109:
11103:
11102:
11100:
11099:
11093:
11086:
11076:
11070:
11056:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11022:
11011:
11004:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10994:
10975:
10969:
10968:
10966:
10964:
10948:
10942:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10924:
10905:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10894:
10885:. Archived from
10875:
10869:
10868:
10841:
10835:
10832:
10826:
10825:
10823:
10821:
10810:
10804:
10801:
10795:
10784:Vozgrin, Valery
10782:
10776:
10775:
10773:
10771:
10758:Stearns (1978).
10755:
10749:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10729:
10723:
10720:
10714:
10711:
10705:
10704:
10702:represenatation.
10698:
10697:
10686:
10680:
10679:
10667:
10661:
10660:
10653:Edebiyat Defteri
10644:
10638:
10637:
10621:
10615:
10614:
10598:
10592:
10581:
10575:
10574:
10554:
10548:
10547:
10539:
10533:
10530:
10519:
10518:
10451:
10445:
10442:
10436:
10435:
10419:
10413:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10364:
10349:
10343:
10340:
10334:
10333:
10331:
10329:
10301:
10288:
10270:
10264:
10263:
10241:
10232:
10231:
10213:
10207:
10200:
10194:
10181:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10171:
10139:
10124:
10123:
10103:
10097:
10096:
10072:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10059:
10044:
10035:
10034:
10032:
10030:
10014:
10008:
10007:
9991:
9982:
9981:
9979:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9962:
9954:
9948:
9947:
9945:
9937:
9931:
9930:
9914:
9908:
9907:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9880:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9864:
9853:
9847:
9846:
9834:
9825:
9821:
9819:
9817:
9804:
9780:
9769:
9765:
9756:
9753:
9747:
9744:
9738:
9735:
9726:
9721:As mentioned in
9719:
9710:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9686:
9673:
9672:
9654:
9648:
9647:
9629:
9614:
9613:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9557:
9551:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9526:
9520:
9517:
9511:
9510:
9492:
9475:
9472:
9466:
9463:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9446:
9439:
9431:
9420:
9417:
9411:
9408:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9397:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9347:
9338:
9337:
9319:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9251:
9245:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9206:
9191:
9188:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9145:
9139:
9125:
9119:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9098:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9032:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9010:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8959:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8924:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8880:
8874:
8873:
8855:
8838:
8823:
8817:
8806:
8800:
8799:
8781:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8660:
8645:
8630:
8629:
8607:
8601:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8558:
8545:
8544:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8511:
8502:
8495:
8489:
8481:
8475:
8448:
8442:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8391:
8356:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8333:
8313:
8307:
8300:
8294:
8287:
8281:
8278:
8272:
8257:
8248:
8242:Pletnyova, S. A.
8239:
8233:
8232:
8214:
8201:
8200:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8173:
8167:
8156:
8150:
8143:
8137:
8136:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8100:
8094:
8087:
8081:
8074:
8068:
8050:
8044:
8037:
8031:
8018:
8012:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7983:
7977:
7970:
7964:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7936:
7930:
7923:
7917:
7906:
7900:
7887:
7881:
7868:
7862:
7846:
7840:
7833:
7827:
7813:Julian Baldick,
7811:
7805:
7804:
7792:
7786:
7779:
7773:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7748:. p. 1033.
7737:
7731:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7685:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7659:
7648:
7639:
7606:
7599:
7593:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7566:Psychology Press
7557:
7551:
7550:
7532:
7517:
7516:
7510:
7502:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7393:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7308:
7287:
7286:
7264:
7223:
7222:
7198:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7119:
7108:
7107:
7085:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7004:Encyclopedia.com
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6954:
6921:
6920:
6898:
6883:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6847:
6839:
6830:
6829:
6805:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6769:
6635:Crimean Karaites
6600:Turkic languages
6547:Mamluk Sultanate
6522:House of Basarab
6494:
6478:
6466:
6451:
6439:
6430:Cuman chain mail
6427:
6415:
6403:
6387:
6375:
6363:
6351:
6339:
6327:
6315:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6267:
6255:
6243:
6231:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6183:
6171:
6159:
6147:
6135:
6088:North East Asian
6027:Carpathian basin
6006:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5983:inline citations
5959:
5958:
5951:
5929:Mamluk Sultanate
5724:Toponyms of the
5469:the counties of
5429:Northern Dobruja
5254:Monument to the
5198:Byzantine Empire
5184:service after a
4976:Laurentian Codex
4954:Laurentian Codex
4939:Hungarian people
4923:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
4695:Battle of Beroia
4594:Military tactics
4329:Wallachian Plain
4214:Megas Domestikos
4114:on the shore of
4041:Tsardom of Vidin
3898:
3871:Chronicon Pictum
3844:Coat of arms of
3834:Chronicon Pictum
3750:Chronicon Pictum
3730:Chronicon Pictum
3687:Chronicon Pictum
3677:, also known as
3649:county of Csanad
3570:Chronicon Pictum
3521:Teutonic Knights
3229:Mongol invasions
3157:Byzantine Empire
2915:Byzantine Empire
2789:Chronicon Pictum
2781:Battle of Kerlés
2726:Viktor Vasnetsov
2693:became Crimea's
2640:Byzantine Empire
2634:principalities,
2534:Byzantine Empire
2332:Asia, circa 1200
2121:Orunqu(t) (<
2038:Äenegrepa (<
1878:
1864:
1772:
1740:
1738:
1704:Laurentian Codex
1599:Turkic languages
1566:
1519:Turkic languages
1496:Byzantine Empire
1468:
1461:
1454:
1420:Khanate of Kazan
1377:
1367:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1306:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1156:Sultanate of Rum
1145:
1133:
1130:Ghaznavid Empire
1121:
1109:
1097:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1026:Uyghur Khaganate
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
969:
957:
954:Khazar Khaganate
934:
926:
905:
897:
863:
838:
830:
829:
825:Pre-14th century
802:Major concepts:
757:
756:
752:Turkic Mythology
569:
568:
564:Turkic Languages
547:Crimean Karaites
484:Cherniye Klobuki
390:
389:
364:preâ14th century
363:
357:
356:
340:Empire of Nicaea
336:Byzantine Empire
297:medieval Balkans
236:
226:
224:
216:
206:
204:
164:
154:
152:
87:(historically),
48:
39:
32:
28:
12983:
12982:
12978:
12977:
12976:
12974:
12973:
12972:
12908:
12907:
12906:
12901:
12866:
12862:Kazakh diaspora
12830:
12800:
12549:
12515:
12513:
12507:
12469:Afghan Turkmens
12460:
12453:
12431:
12425:
12380:Siberian Tatars
12304:
12229:
12223:
12219:Iranian Kazakhs
12199:Khorasani Turks
12171:
12165:
12138:
12132:
12075:Chinese Kazakhs
12057:
12051:
12034:
12033:Turkic peoples
12028:
11929:Bulgarian Turks
11905:Abkhazian Turks
11858:
11830:Afghan Turkmens
11812:
11767:
11758:Iranian Kazakhs
11753:Chinese Kazakhs
11736:
11656:
11651:
11613:Wayback Machine
11597:
11548:
11530:
11518:
11515:
11513:Further reading
11479:
11461:
11456:
11395:
11391:
11340:
11336:
11327:
11325:
11321:
11310:
11302:
11298:
11232:
11225:
11218:
11202:
11198:
11193:
11189:
11182:
11165:
11161:
11154:
11136:
11132:
11124:Aristov N. A.,
11123:
11119:
11110:
11106:
11097:
11095:
11091:
11084:
11077:
11073:
11067:Wayback Machine
11057:
11053:
11043:
11041:
11039:
11023:
11014:
11005:
11001:
10992:
10990:
10977:
10976:
10972:
10962:
10960:
10949:
10945:
10936:
10932:
10922:
10920:
10907:
10906:
10902:
10892:
10890:
10877:
10876:
10872:
10865:
10842:
10838:
10833:
10829:
10819:
10817:
10812:
10811:
10807:
10802:
10798:
10793:Wayback Machine
10783:
10779:
10769:
10767:
10766:on 24 July 2011
10756:
10752:
10742:
10740:
10731:
10730:
10726:
10721:
10717:
10712:
10708:
10695:
10693:
10690:"Ä°lber ORTAYLI"
10688:
10687:
10683:
10668:
10664:
10645:
10641:
10622:
10618:
10599:
10595:
10582:
10578:
10571:
10563:. CUP Archive.
10555:
10551:
10540:
10536:
10531:
10522:
10452:
10448:
10443:
10439:
10420:
10416:
10404:
10400:
10393:
10385:. p. 181.
10375:
10371:
10362:
10360:
10351:
10350:
10346:
10341:
10337:
10327:
10325:
10318:
10302:
10291:
10284:Acta Orientalia
10281:Wayback Machine
10272:Szilvia KovĂĄcs
10271:
10267:
10260:
10252:. p. 195.
10250:Scarecrow Press
10242:
10235:
10228:
10214:
10210:
10201:
10197:
10192:Wayback Machine
10182:
10178:
10169:
10167:
10160:
10140:
10127:
10114:. p. 111.
10104:
10100:
10093:
10073:
10066:
10057:
10055:
10046:
10045:
10038:
10028:
10026:
10015:
10011:
9992:
9985:
9977:
9973:
9972:
9968:
9960:
9956:
9955:
9951:
9943:
9939:
9938:
9934:
9915:
9911:
9896:
9892:
9881:
9877:
9869:
9862:
9854:
9850:
9835:
9828:
9815:
9813:
9781:
9772:
9766:
9759:
9754:
9750:
9745:
9741:
9736:
9729:
9723:Robert de Clari
9720:
9713:
9703:
9701:
9688:
9687:
9676:
9669:
9655:
9651:
9644:
9630:
9617:
9610:
9596:
9592:
9583:
9581:
9574:
9558:
9554:
9541:
9537:
9528:
9527:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9507:
9493:
9478:
9473:
9469:
9464:
9460:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9437:
9433:
9432:
9423:
9418:
9414:
9409:
9405:
9395:
9393:
9380:
9379:
9375:
9368:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9320:
9311:
9302:
9300:
9293:
9277:
9273:
9266:
9252:
9248:
9235:
9231:
9224:
9207:
9194:
9189:
9180:
9171:
9169:
9162:
9146:
9142:
9136:Wayback Machine
9126:
9122:
9109:
9105:
9096:
9094:
9087:
9071:
9067:
9058:
9056:
9049:
9033:
9029:
9021:
9017:
9008:
9006:
8999:
8983:
8979:
8972:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8925:
8916:
8906:
8904:
8897:
8881:
8877:
8870:
8856:
8841:
8824:
8820:
8810:Robert de Clari
8807:
8803:
8796:
8782:
8778:
8770:
8766:
8757:
8755:
8748:
8732:
8728:
8718:
8716:
8707:
8706:
8702:
8683:
8679:
8671:
8667:
8658:
8656:
8647:
8646:
8633:
8626:
8608:
8604:
8597:
8593:
8584:
8582:
8575:
8559:
8548:
8537:
8533:
8526:
8512:
8505:
8496:
8492:
8486:Desht-i-Kipchak
8482:
8478:
8449:
8445:
8436:
8432:
8425:
8411:
8407:
8392:
8359:
8345:
8341:
8331:
8329:
8314:
8310:
8301:
8297:
8288:
8284:
8279:
8275:
8258:
8251:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8215:
8204:
8189:
8185:
8174:
8170:
8157:
8153:
8144:
8140:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8101:
8097:
8088:
8084:
8075:
8071:
8051:
8047:
8038:
8034:
8019:
8015:
8003:
7999:
7984:
7980:
7971:
7967:
7952:
7948:
7937:
7933:
7924:
7920:
7907:
7903:
7888:
7884:
7869:
7865:
7859:Wayback Machine
7847:
7843:
7834:
7830:
7824:Wayback Machine
7812:
7808:
7793:
7789:
7780:
7776:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7755:978-867147122-0
7738:
7734:
7729:
7725:
7715:
7713:
7706:
7686:
7673:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7646:
7640:
7609:
7600:
7596:
7587:
7583:
7576:
7558:
7554:
7547:
7533:
7520:
7504:
7503:
7491:
7477:
7473:
7458:, ed. (1911). "
7443:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7430:Wayback Machine
7420:
7416:
7406:
7404:
7395:
7394:
7383:
7352:
7348:
7338:
7336:
7329:
7309:
7290:
7283:
7265:
7226:
7219:
7199:
7184:
7174:
7172:
7165:
7145:
7141:
7134:
7120:
7111:
7104:
7086:
7037:
7027:
7025:
7016:
7015:
7011:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6984:
6982:
6975:
6955:
6924:
6917:
6899:
6886:
6877:
6873:
6854:Rowson, Everett
6840:
6833:
6826:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6793:
6792:
6786:
6782:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6735:Roman the Great
6712:Qutbuddin Aibak
6708:Delhi Sultanate
6610:Tatar invasions
6590:Yuri Dolgorukiy
6513:
6506:
6495:
6486:
6479:
6470:
6467:
6458:
6452:
6443:
6440:
6431:
6428:
6419:
6416:
6407:
6404:
6395:
6388:
6379:
6376:
6367:
6364:
6355:
6352:
6343:
6340:
6331:
6328:
6319:
6316:
6307:
6304:
6295:
6292:
6283:
6280:
6271:
6268:
6259:
6256:
6247:
6244:
6235:
6234:Cuman sculpture
6232:
6223:
6220:
6211:
6208:
6199:
6196:
6187:
6184:
6175:
6172:
6163:
6160:
6151:
6148:
6139:
6136:
6127:
6108:
6033:were revealed.
6007:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5972:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5923:(1223) and the
5910:feigned-retreat
5904:(1260) and the
5887:Turkic Kaganate
5715:Greater Cumania
5639:Greater Cumania
5598:has developed.
5594:influence, the
5523:
5511:
5488:the village of
5462:the village of
5431:(also Romania);
5395:, southwestern
5354:the village of
5335:Smolensk Oblast
5281:North Macedonia
5248:
5216:
5046:Siversky Donets
4933:. According to
4892:
4886:
4853:Codex Cumanicus
4849:
4847:Codex Cumanicus
4843:
4841:Codex Cumanicus
4728:
4722:
4685:cavalry archers
4647:Lamellar armour
4596:
4353:Robert de Clari
4349:
4325:
4291:
4266:Robert de Clari
4149:throughout the
4069:
4049:George Terter I
4001:Stefan Dragutin
3996:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3907:Modern Turkish
3662:, wife of King
3629:Greater Cumania
3627:in Hungarian):
3603:Greater Cumania
3467:
3461:
3354:Mongol conquest
3237:
3231:
3208:Latin Crusaders
2933:. In 1091, the
2923:Yuri Dolgorukiy
2805:Saint Ladislaus
2785:Saint Ladislaus
2752:, Grand Prince
2711:
2668:Khwarezm Empire
2666:; and with the
2607:in the west to
2596:
2526:
2515:belongs to the
2450:
2349:tribe named 枟 (
2343:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2275:
2193:TÄ YĆĄqĂ»t (*TaÄ
1981:
1929:
1889:
1787:Old East Slavic
1765:
1751:John Mandeville
1734:
1728:
1573:Porta Caucasica
1549:Pliny the Elder
1542:
1537:
1524:Codex Cumanicus
1472:
1410:Mongol invasion
1365:
1358:
1343:
1314:
1313:
1243:Tughlaq dynasty
1215:Delhi Sultanate
913:Tokhara Yabghus
874:Tiele (Gaoche)
839:202 BCEâ13th CE
827:
817:
816:
760:Belief system:
754:
744:
743:
699:Karachay-Balkar
566:
556:
555:
387:
293:Eurasian Steppe
267:Related to the
260:in Western and
50:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12981:
12971:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12958:Turkic peoples
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12903:
12902:
12871:
12868:
12867:
12865:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12849:
12844:
12838:
12836:
12832:
12831:
12829:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12812:
12810:
12806:
12805:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12781:Yenisei Kyrgyz
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12717:
12716:
12709:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12671:
12670:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12557:
12555:
12551:
12550:
12548:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12530:Finnish Tatars
12527:
12521:
12519:
12509:
12508:
12506:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12489:
12488:
12476:
12471:
12465:
12463:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12435:
12433:
12427:
12426:
12424:
12423:
12418:
12417:
12416:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12393:
12392:
12391:
12390:
12376:
12369:
12362:
12355:
12348:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12310:
12309:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12261:
12260:
12253:
12246:
12233:
12231:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12175:
12173:
12167:
12166:
12164:
12163:
12158:
12153:
12151:Crimean Tatars
12148:
12142:
12140:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12130:
12125:
12124:
12123:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12094:Chinese Uzbeks
12091:
12090:
12089:
12080:Chinese Kyrgyz
12077:
12072:
12070:Chinese Tatars
12067:
12061:
12059:
12053:
12052:
12050:
12049:
12044:
12038:
12036:
12030:
12029:
12027:
12026:
12021:
12019:Tunisian Turks
12016:
12011:
12006:
12004:Romanian Turks
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11974:Lebanese Turks
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11954:Egyptian Turks
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11934:Croatian Turks
11931:
11926:
11921:
11920:
11919:
11910:Algerian Turks
11907:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11893:
11886:
11879:
11866:
11864:
11860:
11859:
11857:
11856:
11851:
11850:
11849:
11842:
11841:
11840:
11820:
11818:
11814:
11813:
11811:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11794:
11793:
11784:Chinese Kyrgyz
11781:
11775:
11773:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11744:
11742:
11738:
11737:
11735:
11734:
11733:
11732:
11725:
11724:
11723:
11709:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11693:
11673:
11671:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11654:Turkic peoples
11650:
11649:
11642:
11635:
11627:
11621:
11620:
11615:
11603:
11596:
11595:External links
11593:
11592:
11591:
11584:
11581:
11578:
11575:
11572:
11567:
11564:
11546:
11528:
11524:Szilvia KovĂĄcs
11514:
11511:
11510:
11509:
11500:
11483:
11477:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11454:
11389:
11352:(4): 413â440.
11334:
11296:
11223:
11216:
11196:
11187:
11180:
11159:
11152:
11130:
11117:
11104:
11071:
11051:
11037:
11012:
10999:
10970:
10943:
10930:
10900:
10870:
10863:
10836:
10827:
10805:
10796:
10777:
10750:
10724:
10715:
10706:
10681:
10662:
10647:Erdem, Ä°lhan.
10639:
10616:
10593:
10591:, pp. 289-316.
10576:
10569:
10549:
10534:
10520:
10465:(5). Detroit:
10446:
10437:
10414:
10398:
10391:
10369:
10344:
10335:
10316:
10289:
10265:
10258:
10233:
10226:
10208:
10195:
10176:
10158:
10152:. p. 53.
10125:
10098:
10091:
10064:
10036:
10009:
9983:
9966:
9949:
9932:
9909:
9890:
9875:
9872:on 2020-08-23.
9848:
9826:
9791:(in Turkish).
9770:
9757:
9748:
9739:
9727:
9711:
9674:
9667:
9649:
9642:
9615:
9608:
9590:
9572:
9552:
9535:
9521:
9512:
9505:
9476:
9467:
9465:Meszaros 2000.
9458:
9421:
9412:
9403:
9388:. 2012-10-12.
9373:
9366:
9339:
9332:
9309:
9291:
9271:
9264:
9246:
9229:
9222:
9210:Linehan, Peter
9192:
9178:
9160:
9140:
9120:
9103:
9085:
9065:
9047:
9027:
9025:, p. 620.
9015:
8997:
8977:
8970:
8944:
8937:
8914:
8895:
8875:
8868:
8839:
8818:
8801:
8794:
8776:
8764:
8746:
8726:
8700:
8677:
8675:, p. 120.
8665:
8631:
8624:
8602:
8591:
8573:
8567:. ISIS Press.
8546:
8543:. p. 208.
8531:
8524:
8503:
8490:
8476:
8460:Yellow Uyghurs
8443:
8430:
8423:
8405:
8357:
8339:
8308:
8295:
8282:
8273:
8249:
8234:
8227:
8202:
8183:
8168:
8151:
8138:
8124:
8110:
8095:
8082:
8069:
8053:Altheim, Franz
8045:
8032:
8013:
7997:
7978:
7965:
7946:
7943:. p. 307.
7931:
7918:
7901:
7882:
7863:
7841:
7828:
7806:
7787:
7774:
7768:Rick Derksen,
7761:
7754:
7732:
7723:
7704:
7671:
7607:
7594:
7581:
7574:
7568:. p. 44.
7552:
7545:
7518:
7489:
7471:
7456:Chisholm, Hugh
7434:
7414:
7381:
7346:
7327:
7288:
7281:
7224:
7217:
7182:
7163:
7139:
7132:
7109:
7102:
7035:
7009:
7006:. 31 May 2023.
6991:
6974:978-9004175365
6973:
6922:
6915:
6884:
6871:
6850:KrÀmer, Gudrun
6831:
6824:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6780:
6777:Yellow Uyghurs
6763:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6721:
6715:
6705:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6687:Terter dynasty
6684:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6527:Hunyadi family
6524:
6519:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6505:, 14th century
6496:
6489:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6398:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6107:
6104:
6009:
6008:
5963:
5961:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5853:Altai Republic
5726:Cuman language
5719:Little Cumania
5643:Little Cumania
5588:Cuman language
5563:Crimean Gothic
5559:Cuman language
5543:
5542:
5528:
5521:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5493:
5486:
5483:KunszentmiklĂłs
5467:
5460:
5449:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5422:
5419:Sivas Province
5411:
5400:
5381:
5376:and region in
5370:
5363:
5352:
5349:
5342:Mogilev Region
5338:
5331:
5324:
5314:
5299:
5284:
5260:Veliko Tarnovo
5247:
5244:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5194:Megas Domestic
5171:
5137:, son of Khan
5131:
5069:
5066:Apollon Maykov
5039:
5021:
4987:
4957:
4931:Zayn al-AkhbÄr
4912:Western Turkic
4888:Main article:
4885:
4882:
4857:Cuman language
4845:Main article:
4842:
4839:
4724:Main article:
4721:
4718:
4674:Arabian horses
4595:
4592:
4442:. Cuman townsâ
4408:southern Italy
4348:
4345:
4337:Prahova County
4324:
4321:
4290:
4287:
4181:Nicaean Empire
4151:Meander valley
4139:Nicaean Empire
4068:
4065:
4003:, son of King
3995:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3963:
3940:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3637:Little Cumania
3599:Little Cumania
3519:region to the
3460:
3457:
3385:Pontic steppes
3366:Hadrianoupolis
3230:
3227:
3085:Constantinople
3077:Gleb Yuryevich
2919:Volga Bulgaria
2710:
2707:
2699:Karaite Jewish
2691:Cuman language
2595:
2592:
2588:Volga Bulgaria
2580:. The Russian
2530:Russian steppe
2525:
2522:
2458:Yellow Uyghurs
2449:
2446:
2342:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:Chorni Klobuky
2308:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2211:of Turkicized
2205:
2202:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2149:
2130:
2119:
2116:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1980:
1977:
1928:
1925:
1917:Adam of Bremen
1909:Proto-Germanic
1888:
1885:
1842:Eastern Slavic
1827:Serbo-Croatian
1764:
1761:
1727:
1724:
1696:Hypatian Codex
1676:György Györffy
1648:
1647:
1644:
1637:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1515:Cuman language
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Volga Bulgaria
1397:
1392:
1387:
1385:Great Bulgaria
1379:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1284:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:Khalji dynasty
1232:
1229:Mamluk dynasty
1222:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1191:Kerait Khanate
1186:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1008:
997:
996:
985:
984:
973:
972:
961:
960:
949:
948:
940:
939:
938:
937:
929:
909:
908:
900:
889:
888:
880:
879:
878:
877:
867:
866:
855:
854:
853:
852:
842:
841:
828:
823:
822:
819:
818:
813:
812:
810:
799:
798:
796:
785:
784:
782:
771:
770:
768:
755:
750:
749:
746:
745:
740:
739:
737:
731:
730:
728:
722:
721:
719:
713:
712:
710:
704:
703:
701:
695:
694:
692:
686:
685:
683:
677:
676:
674:
668:
667:
665:
659:
658:
656:
650:
649:
647:
641:
640:
638:
632:
631:
629:
623:
622:
620:
614:
613:
611:
605:
604:
602:
596:
595:
593:
587:
586:
584:
578:
577:
575:
567:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
551:
549:
543:
542:
540:
534:
533:
531:
525:
524:
522:
516:
515:
513:
507:
506:
504:
498:
497:
495:
489:
488:
486:
480:
479:
477:
471:
470:
468:
462:
461:
459:
453:
452:
450:
444:
443:
441:
435:
434:
432:
426:
425:
423:
417:
416:
414:
408:
407:
405:
399:
398:
396:
388:
385:Turkic peoples
383:
382:
379:
378:
367:
366:
275:and along the
250:Cuman language
248:who spoke the
133:
132:
102:
101:
97:
96:
91:(in Balkans),
81:
80:
76:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
40:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12980:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12915:
12913:
12900:territories).
12899:
12895:
12891:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12875:
12869:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12839:
12837:
12833:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12813:
12811:
12807:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12714:
12710:
12707:
12703:
12702:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12668:
12664:
12663:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12601:Black Klobuks
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12558:
12556:
12552:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12522:
12520:
12517:(exc. Russia)
12510:
12504:
12503:Afghan Kyrgyz
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12486:
12482:
12481:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12466:
12464:
12462:
12456:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12436:
12434:
12428:
12422:
12419:
12414:
12410:
12409:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12388:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12377:
12374:
12370:
12367:
12363:
12360:
12359:Mishar Tatars
12356:
12353:
12349:
12346:
12342:
12341:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12307:
12303:
12302:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12258:
12254:
12251:
12247:
12244:
12240:
12239:
12238:
12235:
12234:
12232:
12226:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12168:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12143:
12141:
12135:
12129:
12126:
12121:
12117:
12116:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12087:
12083:
12082:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12062:
12060:
12054:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12039:
12037:
12035:in Uzbekistan
12031:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12009:Serbian Turks
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11969:Kosovan Turks
11967:
11965:
11964:Israeli Turks
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11944:Cypriot Turks
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11924:Bosnian Turks
11922:
11917:
11913:
11912:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11898:
11894:
11891:
11887:
11884:
11880:
11877:
11873:
11872:
11871:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11861:
11855:
11852:
11847:
11843:
11838:
11834:
11833:
11831:
11827:
11826:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11815:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11798:Afghan Kyrgyz
11796:
11791:
11787:
11786:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11770:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11739:
11730:
11726:
11721:
11717:
11716:
11714:
11710:
11707:
11703:
11698:
11694:
11691:
11687:
11686:
11684:
11680:
11679:
11678:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11648:
11643:
11641:
11636:
11634:
11629:
11628:
11625:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11610:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11598:
11589:
11585:
11582:
11579:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11565:
11562:
11558:
11554:
11547:
11544:
11540:
11536:
11529:
11525:
11521:
11517:
11516:
11506:
11501:
11497:
11493:
11489:
11484:
11480:
11478:963-7930-97-3
11474:
11470:
11468:
11463:
11462:
11450:
11446:
11442:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11424:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11393:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11346:
11345:Human Biology
11338:
11320:
11316:
11309:
11308:
11300:
11292:
11288:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11260:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11240:
11239:
11238:Human Biology
11230:
11228:
11219:
11213:
11209:
11208:
11200:
11191:
11183:
11177:
11173:
11169:
11168:Ayalon, David
11163:
11155:
11149:
11146:. p. 9.
11145:
11141:
11134:
11127:
11121:
11114:
11108:
11090:
11082:
11075:
11068:
11064:
11061:
11055:
11040:
11038:9786068377100
11034:
11030:
11029:
11021:
11019:
11017:
11009:
11003:
10989:on 2005-02-16
10988:
10984:
10980:
10974:
10958:
10954:
10947:
10940:
10934:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10904:
10888:
10884:
10883:Reference.com
10880:
10874:
10866:
10864:9780190494704
10860:
10856:
10852:
10851:
10846:
10840:
10831:
10815:
10809:
10800:
10794:
10790:
10787:
10781:
10765:
10761:
10754:
10738:
10734:
10728:
10719:
10710:
10703:
10691:
10685:
10678:
10673:
10666:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10643:
10635:
10631:
10627:
10620:
10613:(250): 11â36.
10612:
10608:
10604:
10597:
10590:
10586:
10580:
10572:
10570:9780521347723
10566:
10562:
10561:
10553:
10545:
10538:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10459:
10458:Human Biology
10450:
10441:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10418:
10411:
10407:
10402:
10394:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10373:
10359:on 2010-01-24
10358:
10354:
10348:
10339:
10323:
10319:
10313:
10309:
10308:
10300:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10285:
10282:
10278:
10275:
10269:
10261:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10240:
10238:
10229:
10223:
10219:
10212:
10205:
10199:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10180:
10165:
10161:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10146:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10112:Vintage Books
10109:
10102:
10094:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10079:
10071:
10069:
10053:
10049:
10043:
10041:
10024:
10020:
10013:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9990:
9988:
9976:
9970:
9959:
9953:
9942:
9936:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9913:
9905:
9901:
9894:
9886:
9879:
9868:
9861:
9860:
9852:
9844:
9840:
9833:
9831:
9824:
9812:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9764:
9762:
9752:
9743:
9734:
9732:
9725:'s chronicle.
9724:
9718:
9716:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9685:
9683:
9681:
9679:
9670:
9664:
9660:
9653:
9645:
9639:
9635:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9611:
9605:
9601:
9594:
9579:
9575:
9569:
9565:
9564:
9556:
9549:
9545:
9539:
9531:
9525:
9516:
9508:
9502:
9498:
9491:
9489:
9487:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9471:
9462:
9443:
9436:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9419:Szakaly 2000.
9416:
9407:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9369:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9354:
9346:
9344:
9335:
9329:
9325:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9298:
9294:
9288:
9284:
9283:
9275:
9267:
9261:
9257:
9250:
9243:
9242:963-7930-97-3
9239:
9233:
9225:
9219:
9216:. Routledge.
9215:
9211:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9167:
9163:
9157:
9153:
9152:
9144:
9137:
9133:
9130:
9127:Roger Finch,
9124:
9117:
9113:
9107:
9092:
9088:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9069:
9054:
9050:
9044:
9040:
9039:
9031:
9024:
9019:
9004:
9000:
8994:
8990:
8989:
8981:
8973:
8967:
8963:
8958:
8957:
8948:
8940:
8934:
8930:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8902:
8898:
8892:
8888:
8887:
8879:
8871:
8865:
8861:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8822:
8815:
8811:
8805:
8797:
8791:
8787:
8780:
8773:
8768:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8730:
8714:
8710:
8704:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8669:
8654:
8650:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8627:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8606:
8600:
8595:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8542:
8535:
8527:
8521:
8517:
8510:
8508:
8500:
8494:
8488:tribal union"
8487:
8480:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8447:
8440:
8434:
8426:
8420:
8416:
8409:
8401:
8397:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8299:
8292:
8286:
8277:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8256:
8254:
8246:
8243:
8238:
8230:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8198:
8194:
8187:
8179:
8172:
8165:
8161:
8155:
8148:
8142:
8134:
8128:
8120:
8114:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8086:
8079:
8073:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8049:
8042:
8036:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8017:
8010:
8009:
8006:Cumanica IV:
8001:
7993:
7989:
7982:
7975:
7969:
7962:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7922:
7915:
7911:
7905:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7886:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7867:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7832:
7825:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7810:
7802:
7798:
7791:
7785:(1990). p. 35
7784:
7778:
7771:
7765:
7757:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7727:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7656:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7604:
7598:
7591:
7585:
7577:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7556:
7548:
7542:
7538:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7514:
7508:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7451:public domain
7438:
7431:
7427:
7424:
7418:
7403:on 2010-01-24
7402:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7350:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7315:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7284:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7220:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7143:
7135:
7129:
7125:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7105:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7005:
7001:
6995:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6918:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6881:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6838:
6836:
6827:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6804:
6800:
6788:consequences.
6784:
6778:
6774:
6768:
6764:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6552:Bahri Mamluks
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6450:
6445:
6438:
6433:
6426:
6421:
6414:
6409:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6386:
6381:
6374:
6369:
6362:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6314:
6309:
6302:
6297:
6290:
6285:
6278:
6273:
6266:
6261:
6254:
6249:
6242:
6237:
6230:
6225:
6218:
6213:
6206:
6201:
6194:
6189:
6182:
6177:
6170:
6165:
6158:
6153:
6146:
6141:
6134:
6129:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6115:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6053:Asian origins
6049:
6043:
6041:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6005:
6002:
5994:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5964:This section
5962:
5953:
5952:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:Gagauz people
5606:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5583:CumanâKipchak
5575:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5551:Ilber Ortayli
5548:
5547:Halil Inalcik
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5389:Fier District
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5143:Duchy of Kiev
5140:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5036:Trubizh River
5033:
5032:at the battle
5029:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:thought that
4947:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4919:Volga Bulgars
4916:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4884:Cuman leaders
4881:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4615:heavy cavalry
4612:
4611:light cavalry
4605:
4600:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4548:Khitan people
4545:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4485:
4484:Islamic world
4481:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:douloparoikoi
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4219:Andronikos II
4216:
4215:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4077:Mongol Empire
4073:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4005:Stefan UroĆĄ I
4002:
3991:
3985:
3964:
3962:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3847:
3846:Maria Theresa
3842:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3769:in 1278âKing
3768:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:Didymotoichon
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:with emperor
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:Sviatopolk II
3027:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:First Crusade
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:, and Prince
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:, but Prince
2738:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:The field of
2715:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:lingua franca
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:Dnieper River
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2520:
2518:
2517:Kypchak group
2514:
2513:Baraba Tatars
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2329:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:Yimek ~ Yemek
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:Middle Turkic
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:Burchebichi;
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Sorochinetses
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:he is called
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:, instead of
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:âappeared as
1657:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:Nicaea Empire
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Great Tartary
1393:
1391:
1390:Turco-Mongols
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1303:Ottoman State
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:Bahri dynasty
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1142:Seljuk Empire
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
992:
991:
987:
986:
980:
979:
975:
974:
968:
967:
963:
962:
956:
955:
951:
950:
947:
946:
945:Sabiri People
942:
941:
933:
930:
925:
922:
921:
920:
918:
914:
904:
901:
896:
893:
892:
891:
890:
887:
886:
882:
881:
876:
875:
871:
870:
869:
868:
862:
861:
857:
856:
851:
850:
846:
845:
844:
843:
837:
836:
832:
831:
826:
821:
820:
811:
809:
805:
801:
800:
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:
783:
781:
777:
773:
772:
769:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
748:
747:
738:
736:
733:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
559:
550:
548:
545:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
386:
381:
380:
373:
369:
368:
362:
359:
358:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:Khanate, the
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
235:
229:
220:
215:
209:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
157:
148:
144:
140:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
74:
70:
65:
62:
58:
53:
44:
38:
33:
22:
12605:
12540:Lipka Tatars
12413:Tozhu Tuvans
12373:Volga Tatars
12086:Akto Turkmen
11979:Libyan Turks
11939:Cretan Turks
11854:Akto Turkmen
11803:Tajik Kyrgyz
11790:Akto Turkmen
11677:Azerbaijanis
11587:
11549:(in Russian)
11531:(in Russian)
11523:
11504:
11487:
11469:
11466:
11406:
11402:
11392:
11349:
11343:
11337:
11326:. Retrieved
11306:
11299:
11242:
11236:
11206:
11199:
11190:
11171:
11162:
11139:
11133:
11125:
11120:
11112:
11111:Pritsak O.,
11107:
11096:. Retrieved
11087:(in Dutch).
11074:
11054:
11042:. Retrieved
11027:
11007:
11002:
10991:. Retrieved
10987:the original
10973:
10961:. Retrieved
10946:
10933:
10921:. Retrieved
10912:
10903:
10891:. Retrieved
10887:the original
10882:
10873:
10849:
10839:
10830:
10818:. Retrieved
10808:
10799:
10780:
10768:. Retrieved
10764:the original
10753:
10741:. Retrieved
10737:the original
10727:
10718:
10709:
10700:
10694:. Retrieved
10692:(in Turkish)
10684:
10675:
10665:
10652:
10642:
10633:
10629:
10619:
10610:
10606:
10596:
10579:
10559:
10552:
10542:Ibn FadlÄn.
10537:
10462:
10456:
10449:
10440:
10431:
10427:
10417:
10401:
10378:
10372:
10361:. Retrieved
10357:the original
10347:
10338:
10326:. Retrieved
10306:
10268:
10245:
10220:. Atheneum.
10217:
10211:
10203:
10198:
10179:
10168:. Retrieved
10144:
10110:. New York:
10107:
10101:
10077:
10056:. Retrieved
10027:. Retrieved
10025:. p. 48
10023:ResearchGate
10022:
10012:
10003:
9999:
9969:
9952:
9935:
9926:
9922:
9912:
9903:
9893:
9878:
9867:the original
9858:
9851:
9845:(18): 29â44.
9842:
9814:. Retrieved
9792:
9788:
9751:
9742:
9702:. Retrieved
9693:
9658:
9652:
9633:
9599:
9593:
9582:. Retrieved
9562:
9555:
9538:
9524:
9515:
9496:
9474:Lango 2000a.
9470:
9461:
9449:. Retrieved
9415:
9406:
9394:. Retrieved
9385:
9376:
9352:
9323:
9301:. Retrieved
9281:
9274:
9255:
9249:
9232:
9213:
9190:Horvath 2001
9170:. Retrieved
9150:
9143:
9123:
9111:
9106:
9095:. Retrieved
9075:
9068:
9057:. Retrieved
9037:
9030:
9018:
9007:. Retrieved
8987:
8980:
8955:
8947:
8928:
8905:. Retrieved
8885:
8878:
8859:
8826:
8821:
8804:
8785:
8779:
8771:
8767:
8756:. Retrieved
8736:
8729:
8717:. Retrieved
8703:
8694:
8690:
8680:
8668:
8657:. Retrieved
8611:
8605:
8598:
8594:
8583:. Retrieved
8563:
8540:
8534:
8515:
8498:
8493:
8479:
8455:
8451:
8446:
8438:
8433:
8414:
8408:
8395:
8350:
8342:
8330:. Retrieved
8325:
8321:
8311:
8303:
8298:
8290:
8285:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8244:
8237:
8218:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8177:
8171:
8163:
8154:
8146:
8141:
8132:
8127:
8118:
8113:
8104:
8098:
8090:
8085:
8077:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8048:
8040:
8035:
8025:
8021:
8016:
8005:
8000:
7991:
7981:
7973:
7968:
7958:
7954:
7949:
7940:
7934:
7926:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7904:
7894:
7890:
7885:
7875:
7871:
7866:
7850:
7844:
7836:
7831:
7815:
7809:
7796:
7790:
7782:
7777:
7769:
7764:
7741:
7735:
7726:
7714:. Retrieved
7690:
7662:. Retrieved
7650:
7602:
7597:
7589:
7584:
7561:
7555:
7536:
7480:
7474:
7463:
7437:
7417:
7405:. Retrieved
7401:the original
7365:
7359:
7349:
7337:. Retrieved
7313:
7268:
7203:
7173:. Retrieved
7149:
7142:
7123:
7089:
7026:. Retrieved
7012:
7003:
6994:
6983:. Retrieved
6959:
6902:
6879:
6874:
6857:
6810:
6803:
6783:
6767:
6681:Asen dynasty
6442:Cuman statue
6392:MagyarcsanĂĄd
6318:Cuman statue
6222:Cuman statue
6210:Cuman statue
6116:
6109:
6090:haplogroups
6073:
6045:
6036:
6022:
6016:
6012:
5997:
5988:
5965:
5941:
5937:David Ayalon
5918:
5891:
5883:Central Asia
5868:
5850:
5839:
5826:
5821:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5780:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5723:
5708:
5687:
5654:
5648:
5621:Ivan-Asen II
5617:
5603:
5601:The flower,
5600:
5579:
5544:
5538:province in
5534:district of
5340:Polovtsy in
5310:
5309:(renamed to
5295:
5294:(renamed to
5275:the city of
5269:
5256:Asen dynasty
5233:
5225:
5217:
5178:Seljuk Turks
5124:East Ukraine
5061:
5028:Anna Komnene
5010:East Ukraine
4949:
4930:
4907:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4850:
4821:, in a mass
4812:
4808:spirit world
4793:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4756:
4734:religion of
4729:
4713:
4709:
4700:
4689:
4682:
4667:
4608:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4558:
4552:
4536:
4525:
4509:
4505:
4489:
4469:Seljuk Turks
4461:
4417:
4396:
4375:
4371:
4350:
4326:
4297:crossed the
4292:
4271:
4263:
4246:
4238:
4213:
4205:
4173:Thessaloniki
4170:
4165:
4159:
4155:Philadelphia
4132:
4097:
4089:Golden Horde
4086:
4081:Golden Horde
4038:
4033:King Milutin
4029:Golden Horde
4014:
3997:
3990:
3967:
3944:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3882:Christianize
3879:
3876:
3851:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3779:
3775:
3771:Ladislaus IV
3755:
3692:
3640:
3632:
3622:
3607:
3591:coat of arms
3575:
3547:
3515:granted the
3510:
3495:
3480:
3418:
3378:
3362:Ivan Asen II
3358:Turkmenistan
3351:
3342:
3330:
3299:
3268:
3264:Genghis Khan
3212:
3192:
3173:
3155:against the
3138:
3123:
3105:
3074:
3066:
3063:Ivan Bilibin
3049:Seljuk Turks
3038:
3034:Asen dynasty
3021:
3019:
3009:, Prince of
2968:
2939:semi-nomadic
2912:
2900:
2877:
2853:Christianity
2851:offered the
2847:river. King
2829:Transylvania
2822:
2801:Székelyderzs
2730:
2717:
2694:
2680:
2625:
2617:
2597:
2581:
2527:
2509:Tobol-Irtysh
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2344:
2336:
2309:
2276:
2227:
2220:
2208:
2175:
2159:
2152:
2118:MingĂŒzoÄlı ,
2113:
2109:
2093:Qara BörklĂŒ,
2084:
2083:KĂŒÄet (<
2080:"strength"),
2077:
2042:
2032:
1982:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1930:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1870:
1866:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1810:sary chechle
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1729:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1577:Porta Cumana
1576:
1572:
1569:Darial Gorge
1557:Darial Gorge
1544:
1543:
1522:
1512:
1500:Latin Empire
1477:
1415:Golden Horde
1301:
1290:
1276:
1266:Golden Horde
1264:
1252:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1154:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1081:
1074:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
978:Kangar Union
976:
964:
952:
943:
910:
883:
872:
858:
847:
833:
344:Latin Empire
312:Golden Horde
301:
266:
261:
257:
253:
142:
138:
136:
89:Christianity
45:in Eurasia,
26:Ethnic group
12761:Toquz Oghuz
12700:Oghuz Turks
12667:Sir-Kıvchak
12461:Afghanistan
12204:Qarai Turks
12120:Tor Uyghurs
12099:Fuyu Kyrgyz
12047:Karakalpaks
11916:Kouloughlis
11720:Karapapakhs
11557:Runivers.ru
11539:Runivers.ru
10820:16 February
10770:12 February
10469:: 639â662.
10150:I.B. Tauris
9816:October 12,
9326:. Corvina.
8468:Toquz Oghuz
7651:kipchak.com
7605:, ch 6., 27
6595:Terter clan
6499:Ladislaus I
6031:haplogroups
5914:Ibn Shaddad
5841:Prince Igor
5684:, Slovakia.
5613:Sea of Azov
5485:in Hungary,
5479:Kiskunhalas
5471:BĂĄcs-Kiskun
5466:in Hungary,
5459:in Hungary;
5442:Qashqadaryo
5404:Lerik Rayon
5393:Fier County
5190:Palaiologos
5112:Kuban River
5108:Circassians
5098:to flee to
4752:social rank
4732:shamanistic
4678:steppe ones
4653:, shoulder
4643:mail armour
4639:war hammers
4631:heavy spear
4457:stone babas
4400:Finno-Ugric
4387:Sea of Azov
4221:. His son,
3589:Historical
3538:Jasz people
3390:Nogai Horde
3374:Akropolites
3338:Kalka River
3283:Muhammad II
3125:Prince Igor
2550:Oghuz Turks
2546:Kievan Rus'
2148:*alp-erlĂŒ),
2035:"to boil"),
1984:Kievan Rus'
1834:West Slavic
1732:Ibn Battuta
1622:Turkologist
1364:History of
917:Turk Shahis
864:71 BCâ?? AD
582:Azerbaijani
403:Oghuz Turks
304:Kievan Rus'
277:Volga River
12912:Categories
11808:Van Kyrgyz
11690:Shahsevans
11328:2014-03-01
11098:2016-02-16
10993:2009-03-15
10913:Halasmédia
10743:24 October
10696:2023-02-04
10589:9004290362
10363:2014-03-01
10170:2015-10-19
10058:2014-03-01
9690:"Polovtsy"
9584:2015-10-19
9303:2015-10-19
9244:], p. 268.
9172:2015-10-19
9116:Vasily Yan
9097:2015-10-19
9059:2015-10-19
9009:2015-10-19
8758:2015-10-19
8659:2014-03-01
8585:2015-10-19
8059:(Berlin),
7368:(3): 455.
7339:19 October
7000:"Polovtsy"
6985:2015-10-19
6963:. Leiden:
6825:9004121226
6754:References
6080:East Asian
5975:improve it
5875:N. Aristov
5776:Manas epic
5490:Kunmadaras
5455:, Turkey;
5446:Uzbekistan
5421:of Turkey;
5408:Azerbaijan
5378:Montenegro
5305:region of
5290:region of
5240:Ibn Fadlan
5221:East Asian
5214:Appearance
5160:Greek fire
5014:Zaporizhia
5006:Sula River
4980:Pereyaslav
4874:shabat kun
4831:Bortz Khan
4796:divination
4659:face plate
4438:, and the
4422:(Surozh),
4333:Olt County
4260:Cuman camp
3887:Cumans in
3633:NagykunsĂĄg
3517:Burzenland
3463:See also:
3433:Baldwin II
3233:See also:
3176:Bulgarians
3145:Bulgarians
3122:'s opera,
2987:Adrianople
2983:Paristrion
2779:After the
2642:, and the
2621:Tmutorakan
2613:Kazakhstan
2574:Adrianople
2570:Bessarabia
2370:Tuul River
2287:Csertan ("
2263:ElŃborili,
2257:ShelŃbiry,
2017:BurÄoÄlı (
2014:Baya(w)ut,
2002:Arslan-opa
1847:, Russian
1694:." In the
1634:Akhal-Teke
1502:, and the
1478:After the
1435:Tatar ASSR
990:Turk Shahi
672:Karakalpak
12835:Diasporas
12776:Xueyantuo
12766:Uriankhai
12713:Pechenegs
12706:Turkomans
12680:Kutrigurs
12352:Kryashens
12314:Kumandins
12295:Karachays
12275:Besermyan
12250:Telengits
12156:Krymchaks
12139:in Crimea
12104:Ili Turks
11697:KĂŒresĂŒnni
11359:1112.2013
11259:0018-7143
10483:0018-7143
9811:245309166
9358:Routledge
9023:Rapp 1997
8501:, 276-279
8055:. (1959)
8020:Clauson.
7908:Clauson.
7889:Clauson.
7870:Clauson.
7507:cite book
7499:994543451
6866:1873-9830
6796:Citations
6759:Footnotes
6394:, Hungary
6076:Kumandins
5979:verifying
5933:Ilkhanate
5857:Kumandins
5824:epic poem
5734:Teleorman
5695:Calvinism
5663:Kunhegyes
5532:Orhangazi
5369:, Serbia;
5337:, Russia;
5317:ComÄneĆti
5313:in 1927);
5298:in 1928);
5203:Macedonia
5182:Byzantine
5088:Pechenegs
4946:Yury Zuev
4902:(compare
4767:uchuchmak
4744:ancestors
4740:animistic
4655:spaulders
4588:ballistas
4584:mangonels
4577:Samarkand
4440:Varangian
4391:Don River
4362:sheepskin
4278:sheepskin
4239:Stratioti
4227:Pinkernes
4083:in yellow
4017:BraniÄevo
3885:Shamanist
3746:Körösszeg
3704:civil war
3641:KiskunsĂĄg
3542:Batu Khan
3502:Guranduht
3439:from the
3437:Tzurullon
3340:in 1223.
3326:Chernigov
3316:, Prince
3223:Wallachia
3130:Caucasian
3081:Black Sea
2991:Anchialos
2975:Lithuania
2935:Pechenegs
2873:Ladislaus
2865:Ladislaus
2861:Ladislaus
2849:Ladislaus
2783:in 1068,
2756:, Prince
2703:preserved
2662:) in the
2558:Black Sea
2524:Conquests
2430:Turkomans
2260:Topchaki,
2201:BaĆĄqurt),
2064:Qitan-opa
2025:Borcsol),
1999:Altun-oba
1992:Hungarian
1919:, and in
1668:Pechenegs
1366:Tatarstan
1307:1299â1922
1282:1250â1517
1270:1242â1502
1258:1224â1266
1219:1206â1526
1207:1136â1225
1183:1077â1231
1171:1067â1239
1146:1037â1194
966:Xueyantuo
808:Grey wolf
790:Ergenekon
766:Shamanism
538:Krymchaks
448:Kutrigurs
348:Wallachia
279:known as
273:Black Sea
256:in Rus',
237:) were a
228:romanized
219:Ukrainian
208:romanized
175:Hungarian
156:romanized
147:Bulgarian
67:Languages
12886:Turkmens
12874:Turkmeni
12731:Saragurs
12675:Kurykans
12661:Kipchaks
12646:Keraites
12631:GöktĂŒrks
12621:Dughlats
12611:Dingling
12581:Berendei
12432:Mongolia
12402:Tofalars
12366:NaÄaybĂ€k
12270:Bashkirs
12257:Tubalars
12243:Chelkans
12237:Altaians
12058:in China
11890:Tahtacıs
11883:Muhacirs
11824:Turkmens
11609:Archived
11496:41881042
11441:27453128
11384:13463642
11376:17278619
11319:Archived
11291:13801005
11283:16596944
11267:31029123
11170:(1979).
11089:Archived
11063:Archived
11044:29 April
10963:29 April
10957:Archived
10923:29 April
10917:Archived
10893:29 April
10847:(2015).
10789:Archived
10657:Archived
10515:13801005
10507:16596944
10491:31029123
10328:29 April
10322:Archived
10277:Archived
10188:Archived
10164:Archived
10052:Archived
10048:"Cumans"
10029:9 August
9789:Belleten
9768:187-233.
9704:29 April
9698:Archived
9578:Archived
9442:Archived
9396:29 April
9390:Archived
9297:Archived
9166:Archived
9132:Archived
9091:Archived
9053:Archived
9003:Archived
8901:Archived
8752:Archived
8719:29 April
8713:Archived
8709:"Boniak"
8653:Archived
8649:"Cumans"
8579:Archived
8355:, p. 31.
8245:Kipchaks
7861:, p. 522
7855:Archived
7820:Archived
7783:Kipchaks
7710:Archived
7655:Archived
7432:, p. 21.
7426:Archived
7333:Archived
7169:Archived
7028:13 April
7022:Archived
7018:"Cumans"
6979:Archived
6880:Speculum
6856:(eds.).
6845:"Kumans"
6773:Kipchaks
6710: â
6511:See also
6057:Csengele
5991:May 2020
5947:Genetics
5879:Chelkans
5813:Polovtsy
5809:Polovets
5797:Moldavia
5793:Székelys
5788:Székelys
5742:Komondor
5713:region (
5604:Kumoniga
5457:Debrecen
5367:Ivanjica
5330:, China;
5328:Xinjiang
5288:Kastoria
5277:Kumanovo
5264:Bulgaria
5149:and the
5135:Sharukan
5130:in 1125.
5100:Ruthenia
5092:Berendei
5062:eyevshan
5024:Tugorkan
4998:Ruthenia
4960:Sharukan
4942:Székelys
4827:Moldavia
4759:prophesy
4736:Tengrism
4720:Religion
4623:scimitar
4568:Isidorus
4540:Bashkirs
4444:Sharukan
4436:Solianyi
4432:Zaloznyi
4383:Dniester
4381:and the
4147:Anatolia
4116:Lake Van
4045:Shishman
3783:a battle
3761:between
3712:Slavonia
3658:Seal of
3441:Nicaeans
3412:and the
3219:Moldavia
3184:uprising
3161:Bashkirs
3134:Danubian
3093:Berendei
3011:PrzemyĆl
2888:Pecheneg
2803:church:
2768:and the
2741:Vsevolod
2672:Kipchaks
2664:Caucasus
2654:and the
2636:Bulgaria
2478:Kipchaks
2454:Kipchaks
2426:Tagazgaz
2418:Khirkhiz
2301:Iloncsuk
2251:Tatrany,
2060:Ä°t-oÄlı,
1938:Pecheneg
1934:Kankalis
1881:Lipovtsi
1876:Polovtsy
1862:Polovtsy
1823:polovtsy
1794:polovtsy
1779:Polovtsy
1770:Polovtsy
1763:Polovtsy
1735:(1304 â
1588:Kipchaks
1508:Anatolia
1405:Kipchaks
1355:a series
1353:Part of
1134:963â1186
1122:860â1091
1110:856â1335
1098:848â1036
1066:840â1212
1042:750â1055
1018:743â1035
958:618â1048
885:GöktĂŒrks
860:Dingling
762:Tengrism
735:Krymchak
475:Kipchaks
412:Saragurs
328:Moldavia
287:and the
285:Caucasus
269:Pecheneg
262:Kipchaks
254:Polovtsy
234:polovtsi
214:polovtsy
191:Romanian
122:Bashkirs
110:Pecheneg
106:Kipchaks
85:Tengrism
79:Religion
21:Kipchaks
12898:Ottoman
12882:Iranian
12878:Afghani
12826:Mughals
12821:Hazaras
12771:Utigurs
12746:TĂŒrgesh
12721:Onogurs
12695:Nushibi
12690:Naimans
12651:Khazars
12641:Karluks
12596:Chigils
12591:Bulgars
12576:Barsils
12514:Europe
12493:Ansarlu
12439:Khotons
12397:Teleuts
12290:Dolgans
12285:Chuvash
12280:Chulyms
12265:Balkars
12209:Qashqai
12194:Khalajs
12172:in Iran
12114:Uyghurs
11837:Ansarlu
11748:Kazakhs
11662:Peoples
11563:format.
11545:format.
11459:Sources
11449:2132782
11432:4958967
11411:Bibcode
11275:1752384
10733:"CUMAN"
10499:1752384
10408:at the
10287:255-266
10120:60-7688
9451:14 June
9138:, p. 5.
8907:14 June
8825:In his
7826:, p.55.
7716:14 June
7664:1 March
7453::
7407:1 March
7175:14 June
6641:Madjars
6537:Kazakhs
6483:Donetsk
6125:Gallery
6065:Finnish
5973:Please
5894:Baibars
5861:Charysh
5817:Zeeland
5783:Csangos
5774:in the
5757:Ukraine
5753:Kharkiv
5703:Iazyges
5674:Cumania
5659:Kunbaja
5501:Ukraine
5417:in the
5397:Albania
5387:in the
5346:Belarus
5321:Romania
5120:Seljuks
5096:Torkils
5042:Syrchan
5034:on the
5018:Donetsk
5004:on the
4929:in his
4915:Nushibi
4906:đ°đ°đ°
4878:Shabbat
4823:baptism
4789:Bulgars
4778:keshene
4774:uçuĆmak
4771:Turkish
4763:Iranian
4651:cuirass
4635:lancing
4619:javelin
4513:torques
4493:bracers
4480:Mamluks
4404:Normans
4379:Dnieper
4358:bridles
4347:Culture
4341:Calafat
4295:Mongols
4274:bridles
4251:pronoia
4243:Almopia
4183:at the
4120:Salomon
4104:Seljuks
4061:Michael
3938:ammen.
3889:Hungary
3873:, 1358)
3836:, 1358)
3811:nagykun
3752:, 1358)
3732:, 1358)
3689:, 1358)
3619:Cumania
3572:, 1358)
3453:tumulus
3406:Baibars
3398:Mamluks
3381:Cumania
3300:As the
3279:Subutai
3273:led by
3271:Mongols
3245:Luhansk
3188:Tarnovo
3147:of the
3141:Balkans
3139:In the
2943:Eurasia
2907:Coloman
2869:Severin
2857:JĂĄszsĂĄg
2819:(1096).
2791:, 1358)
2652:Armenia
2650:; with
2648:Balkans
2646:in the
2601:Cumania
2434:Khazars
2378:Khitans
2323:Origins
2318:History
2266:Bekoba,
2254:Revugy,
2248:Moguty,
2195:BaĆĄqurt
2176:tarÄıl-
2166:PeÄeneg
2127:gazelle
2110:bekĂŒrt-
2043:Äengkir
2033:ÄoÄrat-
1927:Kipchak
1901:Vallani
1853:polovĂœj
1849:polĂłvyj
1836:Polish
1804:by the
1783:Polovec
1749:of Sir
1747:Travels
1726:Cumania
1672:Oghuzes
1584:endonym
1553:Derbent
1486:in the
1425:Muscovy
1054:756â940
1030:744â840
1006:699â766
994:665-850
982:659â750
970:628â646
935:682â744
927:581â650
906:581â657
898:552â581
663:Qasgqai
654:Chuvash
645:Bashkir
618:Turkmen
573:Turkish
529:Dolgans
493:Uyghurs
457:Karluks
430:Bulgars
421:Utigurs
394:Onogurs
352:Kipchak
281:Cumania
242:nomadic
230::
223:ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ
210::
203:ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ
199:Russian
187:PoĆowcy
171:Kumanen
158::
130:Kazakhs
61:Cumania
12918:Cumans
12894:Syrian
12816:Abdals
12809:Others
12796:Yabaku
12786:Yueban
12736:Shatuo
12726:Sabirs
12685:Merkit
12636:Kangly
12626:Esegel
12606:Cumans
12586:Bulaqs
12571:Basmyl
12535:Gagauz
12485:Timuri
12479:Aimaqs
12474:Afshar
12421:Yakuts
12407:Tuvans
12339:Tatars
12334:Soyots
12324:Nogais
12319:Kumyks
12306:Koibal
12300:Khakas
12230:Russia
12184:Afshar
12128:Yugurs
12042:Uzbeks
11897:YörĂŒks
11779:Kyrgyz
11494:
11475:
11447:
11439:
11429:
11382:
11374:
11289:
11281:
11273:
11265:
11257:
11214:
11178:
11150:
11035:
10861:
10587:
10567:
10513:
10505:
10497:
10489:
10481:
10406:Bonyak
10389:
10314:
10256:
10224:
10156:
10118:
10089:
9809:
9665:
9640:
9606:
9570:
9546:
9503:
9364:
9330:
9289:
9262:
9240:
9220:
9158:
9083:
9045:
8995:
8968:
8935:
8893:
8866:
8833:
8792:
8744:
8622:
8571:
8522:
8464:BasmĂŻl
8421:
8306:15. p.
8225:
7752:
7702:
7572:
7543:
7497:
7487:
7460:Darial
7447:
7325:
7279:
7215:
7161:
7130:
7100:
6971:
6913:
6864:
6822:
6562:Manavs
6542:Mamluk
6456:Dnipro
6023:et al.
5772:Kirgyz
5738:Vaslui
5730:GalaÈi
5711:KunsĂĄg
5691:Karcag
5682:KoĆĄice
5651:KunsĂĄg
5635:KunsĂĄg
5555:Cumans
5540:Turkey
5525:Yalova
5519:Turkey
5513:Yalova
5507:Turkey
5425:Comana
5360:Serbia
5356:Kumane
5311:Dasoto
5307:Greece
5296:Lithia
5292:Greece
5246:Legacy
5236:Pictum
5207:Thrace
5145:, the
5084:Sarkel
5002:battle
4994:Maniak
4990:Bonyak
4870:shabat
4815:Robert
4794:Cuman
4704:Romans
4670:quiver
4663:camail
4629:, and
4553:Friar
4544:Kimeks
4501:kaftan
4497:tabard
4452:Donets
4448:Suhrov
4434:, the
4428:Saksyn
4426:, and
4303:Thrace
4299:Danube
4108:Franks
4093:Tatars
4053:Hvosno
3855:Karcag
3807:Kiskun
3803:nyoger
3635:) and
3624:KunsĂĄg
3595:KunsĂĄg
3566:Tatars
3334:battle
3310:Galich
3180:Vlachs
3153:Vlachs
3118:, and
3101:Torkil
3097:Suzdal
3053:Boniak
2896:Boniak
2833:Danube
2683:Crimea
2676:Venice
2638:, the
2605:Danube
2540:, the
2536:, the
2505:Zaisan
2501:Irtysh
2497:Danube
2493:Crimea
2470:qumman
2442:ÏarteĆĄ
2393:Turkic
2374:Turkic
2356:(<
2217:ÎÎżÏÏÎżÎč
2209:AoruĆĄa
2185:Terter
2085:kĂŒÄet-
2005:Ay-opa
1988:Mamluk
1979:Tribes
1965:Golden
1949:qıpÄaq
1945:NĂ©meth
1913:falwa-
1911:root *
1897:Folban
1867:*pÈlje
1857:Kimeks
1845:polovĆ
1798:polovo
1790:polovĆ
1775:*polvŃ
1739:1369),
1563:(died
1561:Strabo
1521:. The
1498:, the
1494:, the
1484:asylum
1357:on the
726:Karaim
717:Gagauz
636:Kyrgyz
609:Uyghur
600:Kazakh
520:Yakuts
511:Kumyks
502:Tatars
346:, and
342:, the
338:, the
334:, the
330:, the
322:, the
318:, the
310:, the
306:, the
258:Cumans
239:Turkic
195:cumani
183:Polish
167:German
162:kumani
151:ĐșŃĐŒĐ°ĐœĐž
143:Kumans
139:Cumans
126:Nogais
118:Manavs
114:Tatars
30:Cumans
12890:Iraqi
12791:Yagma
12756:Torks
12751:Tuhsi
12741:Tiele
12656:Kimek
12616:Duolu
12449:Dukha
12329:Shors
12161:Urums
12109:Salar
11876:Gajal
11870:Turks
11445:S2CID
11380:S2CID
11354:arXiv
11322:(PDF)
11311:(PDF)
11287:S2CID
11144:Brill
11092:(PDF)
11085:(PDF)
10511:S2CID
10430:[
9978:(PDF)
9961:(PDF)
9944:(PDF)
9925:[
9870:(PDF)
9863:(PDF)
9807:S2CID
9445:(PDF)
9438:(PDF)
8693:[
8347:Yaqut
8332:2 May
7801:Brill
7658:(PDF)
7647:(PDF)
6965:Brill
6816:Brill
6061:Ugric
5870:yasak
5837:opera
5805:PalĂłc
5801:PalĂłc
5764:coman
5592:Oghuz
5536:Bursa
5464:Bugac
5385:Kuman
5374:tribe
5303:Drama
5139:Otrok
5080:Alans
5076:Atrak
5072:Otrok
5058:Otrok
5054:Otrok
4984:Lubny
4950:Iskal
4908:Izgil
4900:Eskel
4896:Iskal
4802:, or
4800:tribe
4785:mound
4560:kumis
4465:Sudak
4420:Sudak
4413:Italy
4406:from
4367:kumis
4317:Manav
4283:kumis
4112:Ahlat
4057:ĆŸupan
4010:Gacko
3865:King
3824:King
3799:yurts
3673:King
3645:Temes
3611:Tisza
3534:Köten
3511:King
3465:Köten
3421:Jonas
3402:emirs
3295:Köten
3291:khans
3108:Köten
2964:TimiÈ
2960:Tisza
2956:Bihor
2903:Lubny
2892:Oghuz
2845:Temes
2837:Tisza
2724:, by
2687:Sudak
2658:(see
2609:Taraz
2566:Talas
2489:Altai
2474:quman
2472:>
2424:, at-
2422:Kimak
2400:Yaqut
2351:Mand.
2347:Tiele
2243:YuÄur
2221:urus-
2213:Alans
2197:? or
2160:oyren
2157:Mong.
2123:Mong.
2071:Köten
2040:Mong.
2008:BadaÄ
1961:qovuq
1905:Valwe
1838:pĆowy
1700:Kuman
1660:Cunus
1656:Kunok
1641:quman
1630:cream
1618:qoman
1614:quman
1555:, or
1545:Cuman
1540:Cuman
1106:Qocho
804:Sheka
794:Asena
780:Ălgen
776:Kayra
708:Tuvan
690:Kumyk
681:Sakha
627:Tatar
591:Uzbek
466:Kimek
439:Sabir
179:kunok
93:Islam
73:Cuman
12892:and
12880:and
12561:Alat
12065:Ăynu
11561:DjVu
11543:DjVu
11492:OCLC
11473:ISBN
11437:PMID
11372:PMID
11279:PMID
11271:OCLC
11263:LCCN
11255:ISSN
11212:ISBN
11176:ISBN
11148:ISBN
11046:2015
11033:ISBN
10965:2015
10925:2015
10895:2015
10859:ISBN
10822:2017
10772:2011
10745:2012
10585:ISBN
10565:ISBN
10503:PMID
10495:OCLC
10487:LCCN
10479:ISSN
10387:ISBN
10330:2015
10312:ISBN
10254:ISBN
10222:ISBN
10154:ISBN
10116:LCCN
10087:ISBN
10031:2023
9818:2022
9706:2015
9663:ISBN
9638:ISBN
9604:ISBN
9568:ISBN
9544:ISBN
9501:ISBN
9453:2015
9398:2015
9362:ISBN
9328:ISBN
9287:ISBN
9260:ISBN
9238:ISBN
9218:ISBN
9156:ISBN
9112:Batu
9081:ISBN
9043:ISBN
8993:ISBN
8966:ISBN
8933:ISBN
8909:2015
8891:ISBN
8864:ISBN
8831:ISBN
8790:ISBN
8742:ISBN
8721:2015
8620:ISBN
8569:ISBN
8520:ISBN
8419:ISBN
8334:2022
8328:: 22
8223:ISBN
7750:ISBN
7718:2015
7700:ISBN
7666:2014
7570:ISBN
7541:ISBN
7513:link
7495:OCLC
7485:ISBN
7409:2014
7341:2015
7323:ISBN
7277:ISBN
7213:ISBN
7177:2015
7159:ISBN
7128:ISBN
7098:ISBN
7030:2011
6969:ISBN
6911:ISBN
6862:ISSN
6820:ISBN
6069:Komi
5736:and
5717:and
5641:and
5549:and
5481:and
5473:and
5453:Ordu
5415:UlaĆ
5205:and
5094:and
5016:and
4982:and
4904:OTrk
4872:and
4851:The
4804:clan
4746:and
4633:for
4627:mace
4586:and
4478:The
4424:Oziv
4249:in '
4233:and
3765:and
3601:and
3579:Pest
3473:The
3368:and
3346:Prut
3320:and
3277:and
3275:Jebe
3221:and
3178:and
3132:and
3083:and
2989:and
2962:and
2937:, a
2917:and
2890:and
2835:and
2733:Rus'
2632:Rus'
2578:Rus'
2544:and
2511:and
2495:and
2410:Qayi
2382:Ćari
2362:ÉŠuon
2289:pike
2272:etc.
2228:uruĆ
2153:ören
1973:-ÄÄq
1957:qovĂŻ
1871:pole
1830:plÈv
1815:ĆÄrÄ«
1806:Rus'
1716:Kunu
1680:Huns
1664:Cuni
1643:; or
1575:and
1513:The
806:and
792:and
778:and
764:and
137:The
49:1200
41:The
11559:in
11541:in
11427:PMC
11419:doi
11364:doi
11247:doi
10634:127
10611:127
10471:doi
10004:127
9797:doi
9114:by
8962:409
8265:XLV
8261:MNy
8162:in
7462:".
7370:doi
6775:or
6094:or
5977:by
5889:".
5835:'s
5768:kun
5766:or
5661:or
5655:Kun
5427:in
5406:of
5358:in
5319:in
5279:in
4898:or
4825:in
4625:),
4343:).
3893:TRT
3593:of
3324:of
3308:of
2491:to
2466:man
2462:qun
2414:Qun
2366:Qun
2354:HĂșn
2341:Qun
2291:"),
2199:TuÄ
2146:Tk.
2142:Mg.
2138:Lt.
2134:Ch.
2129:"),
2097:Qay
2078:kĂŒÄ
2023:Hg.
1969:qĂŻv
1903:or
1891:In
1781:or
1722:).
1720:Kun
1708:Kun
1692:Qun
1688:Kun
1684:Qun
1670:or
1652:Kun
1616:or
1610:qƫn
1606:qun
1597:In
1506:'s
141:or
12914::
12884:)
12876:,
12566:Az
11522:.
11443:.
11435:.
11425:.
11417:.
11405:.
11401:.
11378:.
11370:.
11362:.
11350:78
11348:.
11317:.
11285:.
11277:.
11269:.
11261:.
11253:.
11243:77
11241:.
11226:^
11142:.
11015:^
10981:.
10915:.
10911:.
10881:.
10853:.
10699:.
10674:.
10655:.
10651:.
10632:.
10628:.
10609:.
10605:.
10523:^
10509:.
10501:.
10493:.
10485:.
10477:.
10463:77
10461:.
10381:.
10320:.
10292:^
10248:.
10236:^
10162:.
10148:.
10128:^
10085:.
10081:.
10067:^
10039:^
10021:.
10002:.
9998:.
9986:^
9902:.
9841:.
9829:^
9805:.
9793:76
9773:^
9760:^
9730:^
9714:^
9696:.
9692:.
9677:^
9618:^
9576:.
9479:^
9424:^
9384:.
9342:^
9312:^
9295:.
9195:^
9181:^
9164:.
9089:.
9051:.
9001:.
8964:.
8917:^
8899:.
8842:^
8816:).
8750:.
8711:.
8634:^
8614:.
8577:.
8549:^
8506:^
8474:."
8398:.
8360:^
8349:,
8326:VI
8324:.
8320:.
8263:,
8252:^
8205:^
8197:19
8195:.
8022:ED
7990:.
7910:ED
7891:ED
7872:ED
7708:.
7698:.
7694:.
7674:^
7653:.
7649:.
7610:^
7564:.
7521:^
7509:}}
7505:{{
7493:.
7384:^
7364:.
7358:.
7331:.
7321:.
7317:.
7291:^
7275:.
7271:.
7227:^
7211:.
7207:.
7185:^
7167:.
7153:.
7112:^
7096:.
7092:.
7038:^
7002:.
6977:.
6967:.
6925:^
6905:.
6887:^
6834:^
6814:.
6121:.
6102:.
6067:,
5865:Ob
5855:,
5848:.
5755:,
5732:,
5680:,
5565:.
5499:,
5444:,
5391:,
5344:,
5262:,
5090:,
4944:.
4837:.
4817:,
4754:.
4680:.
4446:,
4415:.
4305:.
4130:.
3817:.
3416:.
3328:.
3225:.
3210:.
2772:.
2678:.
2611:,
2590:.
2560:.
2519:.
2499:.
2464:+
2420:,
2416:,
2412:,
2388:.
2358:MC
2314:.
2019:R.
1990:,
1986:,
1959:,
1899:,
1883:.
1737:c.
1710:("
1674:,
1662:,
1654:,
1636:);
1612:,
1608:,
1604:,
1602:qu
1579:.
1565:c.
1510:.
919:)
915:,
326:,
225:,
221::
217:;
205:,
201::
197:;
193::
189:;
185::
181:;
177::
173:;
169::
165:;
153:,
149::
128:,
124:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
47:c.
11646:e
11639:t
11632:v
11507:.
11498:.
11481:.
11451:.
11421::
11413::
11407:6
11386:.
11366::
11356::
11331:.
11293:.
11249::
11220:.
11184:.
11156:.
11101:.
11048:.
10996:.
10967:.
10941:)
10927:.
10897:.
10867:.
10824:.
10774:.
10747:.
10517:.
10473::
10412:.
10395:.
10366:.
10332:.
10262:.
10230:.
10173:.
10122:.
10095:.
10061:.
10033:.
9980:.
9963:.
9946:.
9906:.
9820:.
9799::
9708:.
9671:.
9646:.
9612:.
9587:.
9550:.
9509:.
9455:.
9400:.
9370:.
9336:.
9306:.
9268:.
9226:.
9175:.
9100:.
9062:.
9012:.
8974:.
8941:.
8911:.
8872:.
8829:(
8798:.
8761:.
8723:.
8662:.
8628:.
8588:.
8528:.
8470:/
8427:.
8402:.
8336:.
8231:.
8135:.
8061:I
7758:.
7720:.
7668:.
7578:.
7549:.
7515:)
7501:.
7411:.
7378:.
7372::
7366:6
7343:.
7285:.
7221:.
7179:.
7136:.
7106:.
7032:.
6988:.
6919:.
6868:.
6828:.
6100:U
6096:D
6092:C
6004:)
5998:(
5993:)
5989:(
5971:.
5811:/
5645:.
5581:(
5576:.
5522:,
5510:,
5503:.
5448:;
5410:;
5399:;
5380:;
5362:;
5348:;
5323:;
5283:;
5074:/
5020:.
4992:/
3639:(
3631:(
3621:(
2360:*
2245:,
2168:,
2115:,
2066:,
1840:,
1467:e
1460:t
1453:v
1338:e
1331:t
1324:v
911:(
145:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.