2823:
6053:. Out of the eleven remains, four samples belonged to haplogroup H, two to haplogroup U, two to haplogroup V, and one each to the JT, U3, and D haplogroups. In comparison to the Cumans, modern Hungarian samples represent 15 haplogroups. All but one is a West Eurasian haplogroup , but all belong to the N lineage. Four haplogroups (H, V, U*, JT), present in the ancient samples, can also be found in the modern Hungarians, but only for haplogroups H and V were identical haplotypes found. Haplogroups U3 and D occur exclusively in the ancient group, and 11 haplogroups (HV, U4, U5, K, J, J1a, T, T1, T2, W, and F) occur only in the modern Hungarian population. Haplogroup frequency in the modern Hungarian population is similar to other European populations, although haplogroup F is almost absent in continental Europe; therefore the presence of this haplogroup in the modern Hungarian population can reflect some past contribution. "The results suggested that the Cumanians, as seen in the excavation at Csengele, were far from genetic homogeneity. Nevertheless, the grave artifacts are typical of the Cumanian steppe culture; and five of the six skeletons that were complete enough for anthropometric analysis appeared Asian rather than European (HorvĂĄth 1978, 2001), including two from the mitochondrial haplogroup H, which is typically European. It is interesting that the only skeleton for which anthropological examination indicated a partly European ancestry was that of the chieftain, whose haplotype is most frequently found in the Balkans."
6487:
6324:
6074:, and Turkic-speaking peoples who inhabited the regions north of the Black and Caspian Seas." The results from the Cuman samples were plotted on a graph with other Eurasian populations, showing the genetic distances between them. The Eurasian populations were divided into two distinct clusters. One cluster contained all the Eastern and Central Asian populations and can be divided into two subclusters; one subcluster includes mainly Eastern Asian populations (Buryat, Korean and Kirghiz Lowland populations), and the other subcluster harbors mainly Central Asian populations (Mongolian, Kazakh, Kirghiz Highland and Uyghur populations). The second cluster contained the European populations. Inside the second cluster, based on HVS I motifs, a clear structure was not detectable, but almost all European populations, including the modern Hungarians, assembled in one section with small distances between each other. Cumans were outside this section; they were found to be above the abscissa of the graphâthis is the population from the second cluster, which is closest to the East-Central Asian cluster. The modern Cumans of Csengele, Hungary are genetically nearest to the
5759:
5732:) from the Hungarian state, with the aim of forming a new independent Cuman state in Europe. The Cuman National Council declared the independence of KunsĂĄg, and elected its president Count Gedeon RĂĄday on 18 December. However, the council's efforts remained unsuccessful. In 1939, Cuman descendants organized celebrations for the 700th anniversary of their arrival in Hungary, where they emphasized their separate ethnic existence and identity with ceremonial speeches. In 1995, The Cuman Memorial Site was inaugurated as a tribute to the Cuman ancestors and the redemption of the former Nagykun District. In 2009, and subsequently 2012, a World Meeting of the Cumans was held in Karcag. During the first meeting, which lasted two weeks, academic conferences, historical exhibitions, publications, presentations of traditional and cultural festivals and lectures in relation to the Cumans were held. In the 2012 meeting, the minister for rural development, SĂĄndor Fazekas, mentioned how Cuman traditions are still kept alive, such as costumes, folk songs, and food.
1769:
three ways for to go into India. But by that way, he may not pass no great multitude of people, but if it be in winter. And that passage men clepe the
Derbend. The other way is for to go from the city of Turkestan by Persia, and by that way be many journeys by desert. And the third way is that cometh from Comania and then to go by the Great Sea and by the kingdom of Abchaz ... After that, the Comanians that were in servage in Egypt, felt themselves that they were of great power, they chose them a soldan amongst them, the which made him to be clept Melechsalan. And in his time entered into the country of the kings of France Saint Louis, and fought with him; and took him and imprisoned him; and this was slain by his own servants. And after, they chose another to be soldan, that they clept Tympieman; and he let deliver Saint Louis out of prison for a certain ransom. And after, one of these Comanians reigned, that hight Cachas, and slew Tympieman, for to be soldan; and made him be clept Melechmenes.
3832:
3560:
barons were hostile towards the Cumans. The
Hungarian barons noted that there were Cumans in the Mongol armies, but they did not realize that this was because they were conscripted into it and had no say in the matter. In particular the barons did not trust Köten, despite the fact that the Mongols had attacked his people for nearly 20 years. This chaos pushed Bela into a corner; feeling he needed to show his strength and keep the rebellious barons on his side, he ordered Köten to be placed under house arrest. This did not placate the barons and had an opposite effect of erroneously seeming to admit that the King harboured doubts about Köten, too. This angered the Cumans, who were far from happy about the actions taken against them, and who had done nothing to invite such actions and hated the Mongols. News arrived on 10 March that the Mongols had attacked the Hungarian defenses at the Carpathian passes. This prompted Bela to send a letter to Duke
4601:. Light felt tents with a frame consisting of wooden laths could be carried on top of wagons and easily be placed on the ground. The windows of the tents were "grilled" in such a way that it was difficult to see in but easy to see out. As the Cumans became more settled, they constructed forts for defence and settlement purposes. The CumanâKipchaks used dung for fires when firewood was not available. The Cumans had very strict rules (taboos) against theft, and thus would, without prohibition, loosen their horses, camels, and livestock (sheep, oxen) without shepherds or guards when they were stationary. The law of blood vengeance was common among the CumanâKipchaks. The Cuman calendar was atypical, as it showed neither specific Christian influences nor any trace of the ChineseâTurkic twelve-year animal cycle; it appeared to be an archaic system.
3873:
4526:, a type of neck ornament consisting of one or several metal strands attached to a ribbon or necklace and hung around the neck, and head dresses that were made of a series of silver rings on a solid, cylindrically shaped material that was fastened at the temples. The men shaved the top of their head, while the rest of the hair was plaited into several braids; they also had prominent moustaches. Other Cumans also wore their hair very long, without shaving the top. The women had their hair loose or braided with buns twisting at the side. Both men and women followed a tradition of braiding coloured ribbons into their hair. For footwear, Cuman men and women wore long leather or felt boots with support straps connected to their belt. Both men and women wore cloth or metal arm bands.
4549:
present king testified to the sergeant's good character. After these proceedings a huge mound was raised above the tomb. Cumans were buried in their warrior outfits. Wolves were greatly respected by the CumanâKipchaks, and they would sometimes howl along with them in commune. The personal bodyguard of the khan were called Bori (wolf in Turkic). Like other nomadic nations, the CumanâKipchaks initiated blood bonds (with the purpose of symbolically cementing a bond) by the drinking or mixing of each other's blood. Amongst the CumanâKipchaks ethnic names often became personal namesâthis was also practiced amongst the
Mongols. This practice involved naming newborns after the names of conquered tribes and people. Names such as 'Baskord' (from the
5954:
definitely
Cumanian-type costumes; the 12-spiked mace as a weapon; bone girdles; and associated pig bones. In view of the cultural objects and the historical data, the archeologists concluded that the burials were indeed Cumanian from the mid-13th century; hence some of the early settlers in Hungary were from that ethnic group. In 1999 the grave of a high-status Cumanian from the same period was discovered about 50 meters from the church of Csengele; this was the first anthropologically authenticated grave of a Cumanian chieftain in Hungary, and the contents are consistent with the ethnic identity of the excavated remains from the church burials. A separated area of the chieftain grave contained a complete skeleton of a horse.
4698:, facing and shooting to the rear of the horse, then a feigned retreat and skilled ambush. To maintain this tactic to optimum efficiency, the Cumans kept a large number of reserve horses (10â12 remounts) to replace fatigued ones, so that a fresh horse was available at all times. The horsemen used oval shaped stirrups and employed a large bridle for their horses. Another important accessory was a small whip attached to the rider's wrist. Tribal banners were either made of cloth with tribal emblems or dyed horse hairâwith more tails signifying greater importance of the warrior or group. Some of the Cumans who moved west were influenced by Western heraldry, and they eventually displayed hybridized European-Cuman heraldry.
4586:
Empire hesitated to go to war with the CumanâKipchaks north of the Danube River; instead, like the
Hungarians, they chose to bribe them. Since Kwarizm had more important enemies, they hired the CumanâKipchaks for garrison duty. There were numerous ways the CumanâKipchaks could make a living as nomadic warriors. One could partake in questing and raiding with their tribe and subsequently keep the spoils. Another avenue was to seek employment as a mercenary in exchange for the guarantee of loot. One could serve in a garrison, although this caused those Cumans to eventually forget their light cavalry skills and become poor infantry. This was fully exploited when the Mongol army destroyed the CumanâKipchak garrison in
3852:
6312:
6424:
3748:
6252:
3812:, but as time went by they gradually gave up their nomadic way of life. The head of Cuman clans served the dual role of a military leader and a judge. The Cumans, having their own jurisdiction, were exempt from Hungarian jurisdiction and appealed to the king only in cases of unsettled disagreements. The Cumans paid 3000 gold bullions a year to the king, as well as other products and animals (since King BĂ©la IV). They had own priests and they were not paying port and custom dues. Cuman villages did not have landlords and thus no manors were established; this meant that the people of these villages bought off statute labour. The royal guard of the Hungarian kings were Cumans, called
3681:
6300:
5262:
4610:
6144:
2787:
6475:
6503:
5781:, "kuman") are not uncommon. Traces of the Cumans are the Bulgarian surnames Kunev or Kumanov (feminine Kuneva, Kumanova) and Asenov, its variants in North Macedonia Kunevski, Kumanovski (feminine Kumanovska); the Kazakh surname Kumanov; the widespread Hungarian surname Kun; the Hungarian surnames of Csertan, Csoreg, Kokscor, Karacs, Kekcse; the Hungarian surname of Kangurâa byname of one of the families of Karcag (the words Kangur and Karcag derive from Qongur and Qarsaq respectively, and occur as modern day clan names of the Kazakhsâthe Kipchak tribes Qongur and Qarsaq, as well as names used by the
4568:, a Franciscan traveler who visited the Mongols in 1253â55, provides another account of Cuman customs. He mentions that Cumans built statues for dead notables, facing east and holding a cup (these statues are not to be confused with the balbals, which represent the enemies that were killed by him). He also notes that for richer notables, the Cumans built tombs in the form of houses. Rubruk gives an eyewitness account of a man who had recently died: the Cumans had hung up sixteen horses' hides, in groups of four, between high poles, facing the four points of the compass. The mourners then also placed
383:
3869:
able to officially buy off their freedom by paying off more than 500,000 Rhenish florins and by arming and sending to camp 1000 cavalry. At the beginning of the 18th century, the
Cumanian territories were resettled by Hungarian-speaking descendants of the Cumans. In the middle of the 18th century they got their status by becoming free farmers and no longer serfs. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language, and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to PĂĄlĂłczi's estimation, originally 70â80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary. Other estimations are 180â200,000.
6288:
6264:
5789:âmentioned as Kongur-bay, lord of the Mongol Kalmyk people and the warrior Kongrolu); the Hungarian surname of Kapscog (from "Kipchak")âKapsog Tojasos Kovacs, a byname of Kovacs family, as well as the name of Eszenyi Kopscog of Hungary; and the Greek surname Asan. The names "Coman" in Romania and its derivatives, however, do not appear to have any connection to the medieval Cumans, as it was unrecorded until very recent times and the places with the highest frequency of such names has not produced any archaeological evidence of Cuman settlement.
4062:(r. 1280â1292), to the Bulgarian throne in 1280. Shishman was either a close relative or a brother of George Terter I. Shishman may have established his authority over the Vidin region as early as the 1270s, after the death of the previous ruler of that area, Jacob Svetoslav. Danilo, a Serbian archbishop, reported, "At that time in the land of the Bulgars a prince called Shishman emerged. He lived in the town of Vidin, and obtained the adjacent countries and much of the Bulgarian land." Some years after, Shishman invaded Serbia and got as far as
3262:
3178:
1386:
3768:
certain
Hungarian barons had a role in his murder, thus Ladislaus fell victim to his political enemies. The royal and ecclesiastical authorities incorporated, rather than excluded, the Cumans. The Cumans served as light cavalry in the royal army, an obligation since they were granted asylum. Being fierce and capable warriors (as noted by Istvan Vassary), they had an important role in the royal army. The king led them in numerous expeditions against neighbouring countries; most notably they played an important part in the
6372:
4023:, winning the battle. Afterwards, Dragutin took the throne and became king of Serbia. After King Stephen's death, his son, Ladislaus IV the Cuman, continued to support Dragutin, his brother-in-law. From 1270 onwards Cuman mercenaries and auxiliaries were present on both sides of the warring factions, sometimes ignoring the orders of the party they were fighting for, instead acting on their own and looting the countryside. The Cumans had also burned down ĆœiÄa, the former see of the archbishopric of the Serbian Church.
6396:
3323:, where he gave "numerous presents: horses, camels, buffaloes and girls. And he presented these gifts to them, and said the following, 'Today the Mongols took away our land and tomorrow they will come and take away yours'." The Cumans were ignored for almost a year, however, as the Rus' had suffered from their raids for decades. But when news reached Kiev that the Mongols were marching along the Dniester River, the Rus' responded. Mstislav of Galich then arranged a council of war in Kiev, which was attended by
6276:
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4083:
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5249:). Notably, all of these phenotypes can be traced to groups described in Chinese and Arab sources, that are assumed to have later merged in the CumanâKipchak confederation. Fair complexion, e.g. red hair and blue or green eyes, were already noted by the Chinese among the Qincha (Kipchak), while the Tiele (to whom the Qun belonged) were not described as foreign looking, i.e. they were likely East Asian in appearance. A dark complexion was attributed to the Pechenegs by
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48:
6448:
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settle and continued royal favors to them. The kings' main aim was to secure Cuman loyalty by various means, including intermarriage between the Cumans and the
Hungarian royal family. Ladislaus IV "the Cuman" (whose mother was Queen Elizabeth the Cuman) was particularly fond of the Cumans and abandoned Hungarian culture and dress for Cuman culture, dress, and hairstyle; he lived with his Cuman entourage and concubines, who were KĂŒpçeç, Mandola, and Ayduva.
4726:
his master, and they do not stop going by night or by day. And they ride so hard that they cover in one day and one night fully six days' journey or seven or eight. And while they are on the way they will not seize anything or carry it along, before their return, but when they are returning, then they seize plunder and make captives and take anything they can get. Nor do they go armed, except that they wear a garment of sheepskin and carry bows and arrows.
5704:, who died in 1770. During the 1740s, when Cuman was no longer spoken, a Cuman version of the Lord's Prayer suddenly surfaced. It was taught in schools in Greater Cumania and Little Cumania until the mid-20th century, in turn becoming a cornerstone of Cuman identity. In the 20th century enthusiastic self-styled Cumans collected 'Cuman folklore', which consisted of elements such as a traditional Cuman dance, Cuman characteristics such as pride and staunch
5826:. Although the PalĂłcs were similar to the Hungarians in origins and culture, they were considered distinct groups by the Turks. The first written record of the word "palĂłc" as the name of a people appears in the MezĆkövesd register in 1784. Some scholars believe there is also no connection between the Cumans and the Dutch surnames Kooman(s), Koman(s), Koeman(s), (De) Cooman(s) and Coman(s), used particularly in the Flemish area and the Dutch county of
8452:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 276 "The attempts, on philological grounds, to link the Quman-Qun-SĂąrĂź and QıpÄaqs, while possible, seem somewhat forced. Corroborating historical data are needed. If the TĂŒrkmen attacked by the SĂąrĂź are the OÄuz, the case for the identification of the SĂąrĂź with the QıpÄaqs is strengthened on geographical grounds. If the TĂŒrkmen in question are Qarluqs, however, then we are not compelled to view the SĂąrĂź as QıpÄaqs."
6240:
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6384:
4545:(c. 1224âc. 1317), mentions that when the Cumans and Byzantines made an alliance, the Cumans made a dog pass between both sides and cut it with a sword, obliging the Byzantines to do the same; the Cumans said that both they and the Byzantines should be cut in pieces if they failed each other. Joinville described a Cuman noble's funeral: he was buried seated on a chair whilst his best horse and best sergeant were placed beside him alive.
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6180:
4268:
6460:
6156:
6204:
6192:
6168:
5968:
6360:
4106:. The cultural heritage of those CumanâKipchaks who remained was transferred to the Mongols, whose Ă©lite adopted many of the traits, customs, and language of the Cumans and Kipchaks; the Cumans, Kipchaks, and Mongols finally became assimilated through intermarriage and became the Golden Horde. Those Cumans, with the Turko-Mongols, adopted Islam in the second half of the 13th and the first half of the 14th century.
3569:
5580:
4530:
3565:
suspicion of the Cumans, they were the only ones who seemed willing to fight the
Mongols, the memory of the fate that had befallen them on the steppes still being fresh in their minds. By this time Bela had lost control of his army and many towns were destroyed. Soon thereafter Frederick arrived, and, wishing to harm the country's defense (in revenge to Bela), he stirred up further feelings against the Cumans.
6062:
language and became members of a tribal confederation. According to legends, Cumanians frequently carried off women from raided territories. So the maternal lineages of a large part of the group would reflect the maternal lineage of those populations that had geographic connection with
Cumanians during their migrations. Nevertheless, the Asian mitochondrial haplotype in sample Cu26 may still reflect the
2339:
6216:
3343:
The army of the alliance of the Rus' and Cumans numbered around 80,000. When the alliance reached Pereyaslavl, they were met by a Mongol envoy that tried to persuade them not to fight. This as well as a second attempt by the Mongols failed; the alliance then crossed the Dnieper River and marched eastward for nine days pursuing a small Mongol contingent, unknowingly being led by a false retreat. The
6228:
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2807:
2725:
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3201:, resulting in victory over Byzantium and the restoration of Bulgaria's independence in 1185. IstvĂĄn VĂĄsĂĄry states that without the active participation of the Cumans, the Vlakho-Bulgarian rebels could never have gained the upper hand over the Byzantines, and ultimately without the military support of the Cumans, the process of Bulgarian restoration could never have been realized.
3070:
7830:
4133:, in plundering the Byzantine Balkan provinces. Subsequent to this, the Cumans gave aid to Tatos, the chief of Distra. In 1091 there was a disagreement in plunder shares between the Cumans and Pechenegs, which resulted in a breach between the two peoples; this contributed to the Cumans (led by Togortok/Tugorkan and Boniak, who had repeatedly raided Kievan Rus') joining
2634:(MaTlUqa), which is called White Cumania, it is 50 miles. White Cumania is a large inhabited city ... Indeed, in this fifth part of the seventh section there is the northern part of the land of Russia and the northern part of the land of Cumania ... In this sixth part there is a description of the land of Inner Cumania and parts of the land of Bulgaria."
5712:, the KiskunsĂĄg is almost entirely Roman Catholic, whereas in NagykunsĂĄg, Protestants do outnumber Catholics, but only narrowly.) This ethnic consciousness was linked to the legal privileges attached to the Cumans' territory. Their 19th-century biographer, GyĂĄrfĂĄs IstvĂĄn, in 1870 was of the opinion that they originally spoke Hungarian, together with the
3713:) in the years of 1272â1277. A struggle took place between her and the noble opposition, which led to her imprisonment by the rebels; but supporters freed her in 1274. During her reign, gifts of precious clothes, land, and other objects were given to the Cumans with the intent to ensure their continued support, and in particular during the
3043:. In 1114, the Cumans launched an invasion, from the western Romanian Plain, into the Byzantine Balkans once more. This was followed up by another incursion in 1123/1124. In 1135, the Cumans again invaded the Kingdom of Poland. During the second and third crusades, in 1147 and 1189, crusaders were attacked by Cumans, who were allied to the
2471:) were possibly induced into the Kimek union or took over said union and absorbed the Kimek. As a result, the Kipchaks presumably replaced the Kimeks as the union's dominant group, while the Quns gained ascendancy over the westernmost tribes and became Quman (though difficulties remain with the Qun-Cuman link and how Qun became Cuman, e.g.
3121:, preceding the Mongol invasion, Khan Konchek was successful in creating a more cohesive force out of the many Cuman groupsâhe united the western and eastern CumanâKipchak tribes. Khan Konchek also changed the old Cuman system of government whereby rulership went to the most senior tribal leader; he instead passed it on to his son Koten.
8848:, 1935), Russian historian A. A. Vasiliev concluded in this matter, "The liberating movement of the second half of the 12th century in the Balkans was originated and vigorously prosecuted by the Wallachians, ancestors of the Romanians of today; it was joined by the Bulgarians, and to some extent by the Cumans from beyond the Danube."
11073:
4879:
system (mentioned by the historian GyĂĄrfĂĄs), which could have been a runic script. The supposition that the Cumans had a runic script is also suggested by the academic Hakan Aydemir, who mentioned a buckle with runic writing from a Cuman grave There was also some Khazar Jewish linguistic influence upon the Cumansâthe Cuman words
4683:, a knife and a comb. They also wore elaborate masks in battle, shaped like and worn over the face. The Cuman Mamluks in Egypt were, in general, more heavily armed than Mongol warriors, sometimes having body armour and carrying a bow and arrow, axe, club, sword, dagger, mace, shield, and a lance. The Cuman Mamluks rode on larger
3721:, when both sides tried to gain Cuman support. During this conflict, in 1264, BĂ©la sent Cuman troops commanded by the chieftain Menk to fight his son Stephen. Elizabeth married Stephen V; they were parents of six children. Their son, Ladislaus IV became the king of Hungary while her other son, Andrew of Hungary, became Duke of
4066:. After failing to capture Ćœdrelo, he returned to Vidin, which was subsequently attacked and devastated by King Milutin. However, Milutin replaced him on his throne on the basis that he would become Shishman's ally. In fact, the alliance was strengthened by Shishman marrying the daughter of the Serbian grand
6486:
4518:
brim (if made of felt) or a fur trim around the base (if made of leather). The brim of the hat formed a sharp angle at the front and upturned on the rear and at the sides. Women wore a large variety of head dresses and also wore conical hats but with a felt top and a cloth veil extending down the back.
2822:
5629:
As the Mongols pushed westward and devastated their state, most of the Cumans fled to Hungary, as well as the Second Bulgarian Empire since they were major military allies. The Cuman participation in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185 and thereafter brought about basic changes in the
5281:
As the Cumans ceased to have a state of their own, they were gradually absorbed into Eurasian populations (certain families in Hungary, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Turkey, Romania, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Tatars in Crimea). The Cumans in Dobruja were assimilated into Bulgarian and Romanian people. Traces
5169:
ravaged the Chernihiv and Kyiv areas. His daughter married prince Vladimir Igorevich of Putivl (Igor's son). It is hypothesized that Konchek was with the Cumans who helped Riurik Rostislavovich seizure and sack of Kiev in 1202. Khan Konchek is credited with certain technological advancements, such as
4725:
Each one has at least ten or twelve horses, and they have them so well-trained that they follow them wherever they want to take them, and they mount first on one and then on another. When they are on a raid, each horse has a bag hung on his nose, in which his fodder is put, and he feeds as he follows
4548:
Prior to this the sergeant was given a large sum of money by the Cuman leaders for the purpose of handing it back to them when they too would come into the afterlife. The Cuman khan also gave a letter of recommendation to the sergeant, which was addressed to the first king of the Cumans, in which the
3534:
in 1211, with the purpose of ensuring security of the southeastern borders of his kingdom against the Cumans. The Teutonic Knights campaigned against the Cumans, on behalf of King Andrew, during the years of 1221â1225. However, the Teutonic Knights failed to defeat the Cumans and began to establish a
6024:
The ethnic origins of the Cumans are uncertain. According to some contemporary sources, the Cumans were reported to have had blond hair, fair skin and blue eyes (which set them apart from other groups and later puzzled historians), however, craniometric and genetic data, as well as contemporary art,
5168:
in their struggle for control with the other Rus' princes. Along with Khan Kobiak/Kobek, Khan Konchak was routed on the Khorol River in 1184 during an assault on Kievan Rus'. In 1185, he defeated the army of Ihor Sviatoslavych, who was taken as a prisoner. Later, Konchak laid siege to Pereiaslav and
4585:
For many years before the Mongol invasion, the CumanâKipchaks were in ambiguous relationships with their neighbours (often through marital and martial alliances), the Kwarizmians, Byzantines, Georgians, and the Rus'; at a given time they could be at peace with one, at war with another. The Byzantine
4581:
calls (the region stretching) from the river Don as far as the Azov Sea and the Danube, Alania. And this land stretches from the Danube as far as the Don, the borderline of Asia and Europe; one can reach there in two months with quick riding as the Tatars ride.... and this country which extends from
4517:
The women also wore caftans, as well as pants, dresses, and tunics shorter than those worn by men, sometimes split along the front, back, and sides. Clothes were commonly coloured deep crimson for decoration. Cuman men wore distinguishing conical felt or leather hats, pointed at the top with a broad
4421:
and the Hungarians in doing so. Over the course of time feudalism would take over the traditional social structure of the Cumans, and this led to the changing of identity from kinship to territory-based. Some of the Cumans eventually settled and led sedentary lives involved in agriculture and crafts
4408:
The Rus' grouped the CumanâKipchaks into two categories: the Non Wild Polvciansâ'civilized' Cumans of the western part of the CumanâKipchak confederation who had friendly relations with Kievan Rus'âand the Wild Polvcians âwho formed the eastern part of the confederation and who had hostile relations
3868:
became a market town, due to the permission to organize fairs. During this time, it had bought off its borders as its own property for 43,200 Rhenish florins. On May 6, 1745, due to the cooperation between the Cumans and Jasz people, as well as their material strength of their communities, they were
3787:
Hungarian kings relied on the Cumans to counterbalance the growing independent power of the nobility. Royal policy towards the Cumans was determined by their military and political importance. The Hungarian kings continuously hoped to use Cuman military support, the main reason for the invitation to
3559:
Around December 1240, news came that the Mongols were advancing towards Hungary. King Bela then installed front line defenses at the Carpathian Mountains, after which he returned to Buda and called a council of war and ordered unity against the Mongols. The opposite happened, however, as many of the
3492:
They became one of the important Turkic groups in Desht-i Kipchak region. After Kipchak unity was destroyed by the Mongol attack in 1239, one branch of the Cumans migrated to the Balkans, and another branch went down to the Anatolia. They later came into contact with Georgians, Hungarians and Turks.
2964:
and a Cuman army under Togortok/Tugorkan and Boniak. Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were again slain. Some of the Pechenegs fled to Hungary, as the Cumans themselves would do a few decades later. In 1091/1092 the Cumans, under Kopulch, raided Transylvania and Hungary, moving to
10687:
Tatars were mercenaries in the Mongol armies that arrived in Eastern Europe in the 1240s. After the Ottomans took the Crimean Khanate there, other regions were subject to the Golden Horde Mongol Khanate. As subjects of the Mongol state, they were called Tatars. Tatar is a wrong term, we should call
5953:
In the Hungarian village of Csengele, on the borders of what is still called Kiskunsag ("Little Cumania"), an archeological excavation in 1975 revealed the ruins of a medieval church with 38 burials. Several burials had all the characteristics of a Cumanian group: richly jeweled, non-Hungarian, and
3619:
With this departure of its only ally and most efficient and reliable military force, Hungary was now further weakened to attack, and a month later it was destroyed by the Mongols. After the invasion, King BĂ©la IV, now penniless and humiliated after the confiscation of his treasury and loss of three
5596:
on the territory of the khanate) became dominant, and Islam acquired the status of a state religion throughout the Peninsula. By a preponderance Cumanian population of the Crimea acquired the name "Tatars", the Islamic religion and Turkic language, and the process of consolidating the multi-ethnic
4383:
The fundamental unit of Cuman society was the family, made up of blood relatives. A group of families formed a clan, led by a chief; a group of clans formed a tribe, led by a khan. A typical Cuman clan was named after an object, animal, or a leader of the clan. The names of the leaders of clans or
3342:
The princes promised support to Khan Koten's Cumans and an alliance between the Rus' and Cumans was formed. It was decided that the Rus' and Cumans would move east to seek and destroy any Mongols they found. The Rus' princes then began mustering their armies and moved towards the rendezvous point.
2609:
The vast territory of the CumanâKipchak realm consisted of loosely connected tribal units that represented a dominant military force but were never politically united by a strong central power; the khans acted on their own initiative. The CumanâKipchaks never established a state, instead forming a
4375:
and were armed with composite bows and arrows. They prayed to the first animal they saw in the morning. Like the Bulgars, the Cumans were known to drink blood from their horse (they would cut a vein) when they ran out of water far from an available source. Their traditional diet consisted of soup
4366:
described the Cumans as nomadic warriors who raised horses, sheep, goats, camels, and cattle. They moved north with their herds in summer and returned south in winter. Some of the Cumans led a semi-settled life and took part in trading and farming, as well as blacksmithing, furriery, shoe making,
4291:
and were armed with composite bows and arrows. They prayed to the first animal they saw in the morning. Like the Bulgars, the Cumans were known to drink blood from their horse (they would cut a vein) when they ran out of water far from an available source. Their traditional diet consisted of soup
4279:
described the Cumans as nomadic warriors who raised horses, sheep, goats, camels, and cattle. They moved north with their herds in summer and returned south in winter. Some of the Cumans led a semi-settled life and took part in trading and farming, as well as blacksmithing, furriery, shoe making,
4018:
of Serbia. King UroĆĄ had promised both his son and King Stephen that he would make Dragutin king during his own lifetime; but he later declined this. Dragutin, in disappointment, requested aid from King Stephen, who said he would lend his Hungarian and Cuman troops. Subsequently, Dragutin set out
3592:
on 17 March 1241. When news of this outrage reached the Cuman camp there was an eruption of "Vesuvian intensity". In revenge for this victimization they slaughtered a vast number of Hungarians. The Cumans then left for the Balkans and the Second Bulgarian Empire, going on a rampage of destruction
3564:
asking for help. Frederick had previously wanted Bela's throne, but Bela responded by amassing a vast army and marching to the gates of Vienna, which forced Frederick to step back. On 14 March, news had arrived that the Carpathian defense forces were defeated by the Mongols. Ironically, given the
2629:
Robert Wolff states that it was discipline and cohesion that permitted the CumanâKipchaks to conquer such a vast territory. Al-IdrÄ«sÄ« states that Cumania got its name from the city of Cumania; he wrote, "From the city of Khazaria to the city of Kirait is 25 miles. From there to Cumanie, which has
5229:
The looks of a typical Cuman are a matter of debate. This is because in spite of their Eastern origins, several sources point at them being white, blue-eyed, and blond. It is important to elaborate, however, that the full range of available data sketches a more complex picture. While the written
4870:
of the Middle Ages, designed to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cumans. It consisted of a LatinâPersianâCuman glossary, grammar observations, lists of consumer goods and Cuman riddles. The first copy was written in the monastery of St. John near Saray. A later copy (1330â1340) is
4221:
to the regency in 1258, after the consultation of Latin mercenaries, the Cumans present at the court offered their opinion on the matter in "good Greek". This is indicative of the Cumans spending considerable time in the company of Greek speakers. The importance of this Cuman group came from its
2406:. Despite this, it is possible that certain tribes forming a part of the CumanâKipchak conglomerate were of Mongolic origin. Golden considers the Ălberli to have originally been Mongolic-speaking and argues that they were pushed westwards as a result of socio-political changes among the Khitans.
1768:
is one of the great kingdoms in the world, but it is not all inhabited. For at one of the parts there is so great cold that no man may dwell there; and in another part there is so great heat that no man may endure it ... And the principal city of Comania is clept Sarak , that is one of the
4878:
The Cumans' language was a form of Kipchak Turkic and was, until the 14th century, a lingua franca over much of the Eurasian steppes. A number of CumanâKipchakâArabic grammar glossaries appeared in Mamluk lands in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is supposed that the Cumans had their own writing
4874:
The Interpreter's Book consists of 110 pages; pages 1â63 contain alphabetically arranged verbs in Latin, Persian and Cuman. The Missionaries' Book contains vocabulary listings, grammatical notes, Cuman riddles, religious texts and some Italian verses. The Cuman riddles are the oldest documented
4712:
They fought in their habitual manner, learnt from their fathers. They would attack, shoot their arrows and begin to fight with spears. Before long they would turn their attack into flight and induce their enemy to pursue them. Then they would show their faces instead of their backs, like birds
3863:
The Cumanians' settlements were destroyed during the Turkish wars in the 16th and 17th centuries; more Cumans than Hungarians were killed. Around 1702, Cuman and Jasz privileges were lost. The court sold all three districts to the Teutonic Knights, though the lordship of these three regions was
3767:
By the 15th century, the Cumans were permanently settled in Hungary, in villages whose structure corresponded to that of the local population, and they were Christianized. The Cumans did not always ally with the Hungarian kingsâthey assassinated Ladislaus IV; however, other sources suggest that
3704:
As the Cumans came into the kingdom, the Hungarian nobility suspected that the king intended to use the Cumans to strengthen his royal power at their expense. During the following centuries, the Cumans in Hungary were granted rights and privileges, the extent of which depended on the prevailing
3354:
Due to confusion and mistakes, and the superb military tactics and fighting-qualities of the Mongols, the Rus' and Cumans were defeated. In the chaos the Cumans managed to retreat, but the Rus' failed to regroup and were crushed. The Cumans were allied at Kalka River with Wallach warriors named
1942:
As stated above, it is unknown whether the name Kipchak referred only to the Kipchaks proper, or to the Cumans as well. The two tribes eventually fused, lived together and probably exchanged weaponry, culture and languages; the Cumans encompassed the western half of the confederation, while the
6061:
with other populations rather than the ultimate genetic origins of the founders of Cuman culture. The study further mentioned, "This may be the result of the habits of the Cumanian nomads. Horsemen of the steppes formed a political unit that was independent from their maternal descent or their
4325:
and some to the Phrygia and Bithynia. When the Ottomans conquered the lands they lived in, these Cumans intermixed with the Turkmen and were assimilated among Turks. It is thought that some of the Cumans who settled in Western Anatolia during the reign of are the ancestors of a part of a
4046:
for help. Dragutin battled the brothers again, this time with King Milutin's help as well as support from King Ladislaus IV (Cuman troops), and defeated them. After this King Ladislaus continued negotiations with Darman and Kudelin, but this had failed so he sent Transylvanian and Cuman troops
3587:
After crushing defeats and facing complete collapse, the Hungarians engaged in a suicidal betrayal of the Cumans, the people that had done the most in repelling the Mongols. Some of the barons went to Köten's house with the intent of killing him as scapegoat or handing him over to the Mongols,
4473:
The Cumans tolerated all religions, and Islam and Christianity spread quickly among them. As they were close to the Kievan Rus' principalities, Cuman khans and important families began to slavicize their namesâfor example, Yaroslav Tomzakovych, Hlib Tyriievych, Yurii Konchakovych, and Danylo
3555:
of the Mongols then ordered Bela to stop giving refuge to the Cumans and made a particular point that if attacked the Cumans could easily run away, for they were skilled horseman, but not so for the Hungarians, who were a sedentary nation and had no such luxury. Bela rejected this ultimatum.
5237:
The genetic material is mixed, albeit that European matrilineal DNA predominates (see also below). Unlike the written sources, paintings and miniatures from between the 12th and 14th century (close in time to the settlement of Cumans to Central Europe) tend to support the picture of a mixed
4501:
The Cumans were reported to be handsome people with blond hair, fair skin and blue eyes, and attractive women. Cuman women had a high reputation for their beauty amongst the Russian aristocracy. Robert de Clari reported that the Cumans often wore a sleeveless sheepskin vest, usually worn in
4871:
thought to have been written in a Franciscan friary. Later, different sections of the codex, such as the Interpreter's Book (which was for commercial, merchant use) and the Missionaries' Book (which contains sermons, psalms and other religious texts along with Cuman riddles) were combined.
3705:
political situation. Some of these rights survived until the end of the 19th century, although the Cumans had long since assimilated with Hungarians. The Cumans were different in every way to the local population of Hungaryâtheir appearance, attire, and hairstyle set them apart. In 1270,
4387:
The CumanâKipchak tribes formed sub-confederations governed by charismatic ruling housesâthey acted independently of each other and had opposing policies. The territory controlled distinguished each Cuman tribe: the "seashore" Cuman tribes lived in the steppes between the mouths of the
1604:
Most other Turkic-speaking people (as well as most Muslim sources) called the Cumans some variant of "Qipchaqs", while Armenians called them "Xartesk'ns". Qumans were primarily used by Byzantine authors (and a few Arab sources), while the name used in Rus' tended to be "Polovtsian".
9778:
WOLF, Robert Lee, âThe Latın Empire Of Constantinople 1204-1261â, A History Of The Crusaders, Volume II Later Crusades (1189-1311), General ed. Kenneth M. Setton, ed. By. Robert Lee Wolf and Harry W. Hazard, The Unıversıty Of Wısconsın Press, Madıson, Milwaukee and London, 1969, s.
3062:, and helped make Georgia the most powerful kingdom of the region (they were referred to as naqivchaqari). After the death of the warlike Monomakh in 1125, Cumans returned to the steppe along the Rus' borders. Fighting resumed in 1128; Rus' sources mention that Sevinch, son of Khan
2920:
in 1099 and seized the royal treasury. In 1109, Monomakh launched another raid against the Cumans and captured "1000 tents". In 1111, 1113, and 1116, further raids were launched against the Cumans and resulted in the liberation and incorporation of more Pecheneg and Oghuz tribes.
3511:. This event, which was one of the most important military reforms of David's against the Seljuk invaders, took place when a high-level Georgian delegation visited the Cuman headquarters. To strengthen this alliance with the nomads, David married with Cuman King Atrak's daughter
2700:, which Ibn al-Air viewed as the "city of the Qifjaq from which (flow) their material possessions. It is on the Khazar Sea. Ships come to it bearing clothes. The Qifjiqs buy from them and sell them slaves. Burtas furs, beaver, squirrels..." Due to their political dominance, the
5716:
population. Despite this mistake, he has the best overview on the subject concerning details of material used. Cuman influence is also present in the modern Hungarian language in the form of loanwords, particularly in the areas of horse-breeding, eating, hunting and fighting.
11245:
Bogacsi-Szabo, Erika; Kalmar, Tibor; Csanyi, Bernadett; Tomory, Gyongyver; Czibula, Agnes; et al. (October 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA of Ancient Cumanians: Culturally Asian Steppe Nomadic Immigrants with Substantially More Western Eurasian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages".
10465:
Bogacsi-Szabo, Erika; Kalmar, Tibor; Csanyi, Bernadett; Tomory, Gyongyver; Czibula, Agnes; et al. (October 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA of Ancient Cumanians: Culturally Asian Steppe Nomadic Immigrants with Substantially More Western Eurasian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages".
3398:
ended and the CumanâKipchak confederation ceased to exist as a political entity, with the remaining Cuman tribes being dispersed, either becoming subjects and mixing with their Mongol conquerors, as part of what was to be known as the Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) and
5801:
dialect, which means 'carve', 'notch', as well as the words 'urk/uruk' (meaning 'lasso', 'noose'), 'dszepu (meaning 'wool') and 'korhany' (meaning 'small mountain', 'hill') are of CumanâKipchak origin. Additionally, the Cumans could have also had some connection with
4582:
the Danube to the Tanais was all inhabited by the Chapcat Comans, and even further from the Don to the Volga, which rivers are at a distance of ten days' journey...And in the territory between these two rivers where we continued our way, the Cuman Kipchaks lived."
6048:
One of these haplogroups belongs to the M lineage (haplogroup D) and is characteristic of Eastern Asia, but this is the second most frequent haplogroup in southern Siberia too. All the other haplogroups (H, V, U, U3, and JT) are West Eurasian, belonging to the
10712:
Today, those who carry Tatar name partially dislike it. Scholars and intelligentsia in the Kazan Tatarstan Republic don't like this name. It is also true that Tatarstan is not Tatar. This name needs to be changed, Crimean Tatars also say this. This is a wrong
3658:(the Borchol clan was also active around Rus'; they were also a tribe of the Golden Horde mentioned as Burcoylu); Csertan, who settled in Little Cumania; Olas, who settled in Greater Cumania; Iloncsuk, who settled in Little Cumania; Kor, who settled in the
4009:
Cuman involvement in Serbia first occurred as a result of marital ties between Serbia and Hungary. King Stephen V of Hungary gave his daughter, Catherine (whose mother was Queen Elizabeth the Cuman, daughter of the Cuman chieftain Seyhan) in marriage to
4465:
River Basin; they were also inhabitted by other peoples besides the Cumans. Due to the practice of Cuman towns being named after their khans, town names changed over timeâthe town of Sharukan appears as Osenev, Sharuk, and Cheshuev. Rock figures called
5230:
sources predominantly emphasize a fair complexion (e.g. Adam of Bremen referring to them as "the blond ones") the craniometric and genetic data, as well as contemporary art, support the image of a people highly heterogenous in appearance. Skulls with
2775:. After the Cuman victory, they repeatedly invaded Kievan Rus', devastating the land and taking captives, who became either their slaves or were sold at markets in the south. The most vulnerable regions were the Principality of Pereyaslavl, the
2754:
reached an agreement with them thus avoiding a military confrontation. In 1061, however, the Cumans, under the chieftain Sokal, invaded and devastated the Pereyaslavl principality; this began a war that would go on for 175 years. In 1068 at the
4717:, they would stop turning back again. Then they would draw their swords, release an appalling roar, and fall upon the Romans quicker than a thought. They would seize and massacre those who fought bravely and those who behaved cowardly alike."
7436:
5211:
continued for nearly 100 years. The last representative of this The Cuman Family, which was later assimilated into Byzantine Culture was also named Syrgiannés, just like the first member of the family. Syrgiannés, who was the governor of
8494:
Akhmetova, Zhanculu et al. "Kipchak Ethnonyms in the 'Tale of Bygone Years'" in International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 06, 2020. p. 1193 quote: "But the Kumans represent only one small western part of the
5591:
By the end of the 15th century, the main prerequisites that led to the formation of an independent Crimean Tatar ethnic group were created: the political dominance of the Crimean Khanate was established in Crimea, the Turkic languages
2467:, if the Ćari whom the Quns had defeated were to be identified as Kipchaks, or whether they simply represent the western mass of largely Kipchak-Turkic speaking tribes. The Quns and Ćari (whom CzeglĂ©dy (1949:47-48,50) identifies with
6798:
In another account, Köten had already realised the barons' intention, so he had killed himself and his wives. The barons then cut off their heads and threw them onto the streets outside the house in an act of brutality that had dire
4474:
Kobiakovych. Ukrainian princely families were often connected by marriage with Cuman khans, lessening wars and conflicts. Sometimes the princes and khans waged joint campaigns; for example, in 1221 they attacked the trading town of
3359:
river in modern Romania and Moldova. During the second Mongol invasion of Eastern Europe in 1237â1240 the Cumans were defeated again; at this time groups of Cumans went to live with the Volga Bulgars, who had not been attacked yet.
2419:, where he notes that "(the sixth iqlim) begins where the meridian shadow of the equinox is seven, six-tenths, and one-sixth of one-tenth of a foot. Its end exceeds its beginning by only one foot. It begins in the homeland of the
5796:
and Romanian culture in Moldavia, due to the Hungarians in Moldavia socializing and mingling with the Cumans between the 14th and 15th centuries. Hakan Aydemir, a Turkic linguist, states that the 'ir' of the CeangÄi/Csangos and
4042:(Kipchak Khanate) against the Hungarians and Serbs. Subsequently, Dragutin attacked the brothers but failed to defeat them. After this attack the brothers hired Cuman and Tatar mercenaries. Dragutin in turn went to his brother,
3725:. By 1262, Stephen V had taken the title of 'Dominus Cumanorum' and became the Cumans' highest judge. After his enthronement, the Cumans came directly under the power of the king of Hungary and the title of 'Dominus Cumanorum' (
4175:(1081â1118) and were one of the most important elements of the Byzantine army until the mid-14th century. They served as light cavalry (horse-archers) and as standing troops; those in the central army were collectively called
3547:, who in turn vowed to convert his 40,000 families to Christianity. King BĂ©la hoped to use the new subjects as auxiliary troops against the Mongols, who were already threatening Hungary. The Cumans were joined by the Iranian
1562:(who lived in the 1st century AD), mentions "a fortress, the name of which is Cumania, erected for the purpose of preventing the passage of the innumerable tribes that lay beyond" while describing the "Gates of Caucasus" (
6323:
4179:. Other Cumans lived a more dangerous life as highlanders on the fringes of the empire, possibly being involved in a mixture of agriculture and transhumance, acting as a buffer between Nicaean farmers and Turkic nomads.
3139:. The dynamic pattern of attacks and counterattacks between the Rus' and the Cumans indicates that both rarely, if ever, were able to attain the unity needed to deal a fatal blow. The Cuman attacks on the Rus' often had
11070:
4404:
Valley. D. A. Rasovskii notes five separate independent Cuman groups: the central Asiatic, the Volga-Yayik (or Ural), the Donets-Don (between the Volga and the Dnieper), the lower course of the Dnieper, and the Danube.
4320:
who wanted to prevent Cumans invasion of Byzantine lands and to benefit from their military capabilities invited Cumans in Byzantine service. He settled some of them in Thrace and Macedonia, and some in Anatolia to the
4541:, says that when the Hungarian prince married the Cuman princess, ten Cumans swore over a dog cut in half with a sword that they would defend the Kingdom of Hungary. The Christian writer and historian of the crusades,
3620:
of his border areas, begged the Cumans to return to Hungary and help rebuild the country. In return for their military service, BĂ©la invited the Cumans to settle in areas of the Great Plain between the Danube and the
4222:
tendency to foster assimilation (Hellenization) and, through time, the social advancement of its members. An example of this influential group was Sytzigan (known as Syrgiannes after baptism), who before 1290 became
3204:
The Cuman participation in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185 and thereafter brought about basic changes in the political and ethnic sphere of Bulgaria and the Balkans. The Cumans were allies in the
5199:, also served in the imperial palace and rose to high positions in time. As a matter of fact, SyrgiannĂ©s (Sytzigan: SıçÄan: Rat), who was the son of one of the Cuman begs, was baptized and married a woman from the
10194:
Rockhill, W. W., The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253â55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine. London: Hakluyt Society.
5220:, was the elder emperor II. After participating in the struggles between Andronikos and his grandson that started in 1320, he fell out of favor and led a dull life until he was killed by the emperor's men in 1334.
3110:. This Chernigov-Cuman alliance suffered a disastrous defeat in 1180; Elrut, Konchek's brother died in battle. In 1177, a Cuman army that was allied with Ryazan sacked six cities that belonged to the Berendei and
2518:) was in the sphere of that confederation. Members of the confederation undoubtedly also were the ancestors of the present Kumandy and Teleuts, which is evidenced by their language that like the language of the
5699:
The Cuman language disappeared from Hungary in the 17th or 18th century, possibly following the Turkish occupation. The last person who was able to speak some Cumanian on a decaying level was IstvĂĄn VarrĂł from
4875:
material of Turkic riddles and constitute Turkic folklore. Some of the riddles have almost identical modern equivalents (for example Kazakh). The Codex Cumanicus is composed of several CumanâKipchak dialects.
4129:. The Cumans, who did not receive their pay, later defected to the Seljuks. In 1086 Cumans devastated Byzantine settlements in the Balkans. Later the Cumans joined the Pechenegs and the former Hungarian king,
5830:. They believe these surnames are medieval and were used in the meaning of 'merchant'. However, other scholars believe the Coumans surname found in the Low Countries and France has its origins in the Cumans.
4521:
This veil only covered the back neck and not the hair or face; another source states that it did cover the hair and that sometimes one or two braids were visible. Women wore a variety of jewellery, such as
3791:
There were clashes between the Hungarians and Cumans in 1280 and 1282. The first involved the king convincing the Cumans not to leave the country, yet a small group still moved to Wallachia. The second was
4384:
tribes sometimes ended in "apa/aba". Cuman names were descriptive and represented a personal trait or an idea. Clans lived together in movable settlements named 'Cuman towers' by Kievan Rus' chroniclers.
6502:
10297:
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Vol. 58, No. 3, Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Mediaeval History of the Eurasian Steppe: Szeged, Hungary May 11â16, 2004: Part III (2005), pp.
5152:. He united the tribes of the eastern Cumans in the later half of the 12th century, after which in the 1170s and 1180s he launched a number of particularly destructive attacks on the settlements in the
10455:
Oshanin, L.V. 1964. Anthropological Composition of the Population of Central Asia, and the Ethnogenesis of its Peoples (trans. V.M. Maurin, ed. H. Field). Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology.
3375:
could not tame them, as he had often been able to do earlier; the only possibility left for him was to let them march through Bulgaria in a southerly direction. They proceeded through Thrace as far as
6855:
4038:
or Bulgarian nobles of Cuman origin. This move to independence had angered Ladislaus IV as well as Dragutin, who wanted to crush the rebellion. Darman and Kudelin were supported by the Tatars of the
3090:
took Kiev with the help of a Cuman army under the Cuman prince Chemgura. By 1160 Cuman raids into Rus' had become an annual event. These attacks put pressure on Rus' and affected trade routes to the
5089:, a son of Sharukan and a brother of Syrchan. In 1111 he, along with his brother, withdrew to the Lower Don region after losing a battle against the Ruthenians. There Atrak's horde joined the local
1951:
tribes known collectively as Kangars) encompassed the eastern half. This confederation and their living together may have made it difficult for historians to write exclusively about either nation.
1347:
5755:
dogs. The Komondor breed has been declared one of Hungary's national treasures, to be preserved and protected from modification. The name Komondor derives from Koman-dor, meaning "Cuman dog".
2685:
constituted an important element and were closely associated with the Khwarazmian royal house via marital alliances. The Cumans were also active in commerce with traders from Central Asia to
4168:. Most of these Cumans enrolled in the army and soon afterwards were baptized. Vatatzes' policy towards the Cumans was distinguished by its enormous scale and relatively successful outcome.
6725:, founder of the Delhi sultanate, was a Cuman; redeemed from slavery by Afghan shakh Mahmud Ghuri, he became his governor in Delhi and proclaimed independence after the death of his patron.
5042:
1752:
said of Cumania: "This wilderness is green and grassy with no trees, nor hills, high or low ... there is no means of travelling in this desert except in wagons." The Persian historian
10543:
Lee, J. Y., & Kuang, S. (2017). A comparative analysis of Chinese historical sources and Y-DNA studies with regard to the early and medieval turkic peoples. Inner Asia, 19(2), 197-239.
4713:
cutting through the air, and would fight face to face with their assailants and struggle even more bravely. This they would do several times, and when they gained the upper hand over the
5758:
10416:
4973:/Sharagan (also known as Sharukan the Elder), grand father of Konchak. He was another Polovotsian khan who was victorious against the Ruthenian army of Yaroslavichi at the Alta river (
4422:
such as leather and iron working and weapon making. Others became merchants and traded from their towns along the ancient trade routes to regions such as the Orient, Middle East, and
3125:, prince of the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk, attacked the Cumans in the vicinity of the Kayala river in 1185 but was defeated; this battle was immortalized in the Rus' epic poem
2402:
Golden surmised that these Quns might have sprung "from that same conglomeration of Mongolic peoples from which the Qitañ sprang"; however, Golden later suggested that the Quns were
10948:
A. Gergely AndrĂĄs: Kun etnoregionĂĄlis kisvĂĄrosi sajĂĄtossĂĄgok? MTA POLITIKAI TUDOMĂNYOK INTĂZETE, ETNOREGIONĂLIS KUTATĂKĂZPONT, MTA PTI EtnoregionĂĄlis KutatĂłközpont MunkafĂŒzetek 4. (
7756:
5938:(1223â1242). Roman Kovalev states that this story can further be seen as a mechanism for the preservation of a collective memory broadly reflecting a sense of Cuman identity in the
3729:) had passed to the count palatine, who was the highest official after the king. The Cumans had their own representatives and were exempt from the jurisdiction of county officials.
6311:
4264:' (a Byzantine form of feudalism based on government assignment of revenue-yielding property to prominent individuals in return for military service) some time before 1184. Culture
2626:
in the east. This was possibly due to their facing no prolonged threat before the Mongol invasion, and it may have either prolonged their existence or quickened their destruction.
8291:
Minorsky, V. (1942), Sharaf al-Zaman Tahir MarvazÄ« on China, the Turks and India. Arabic text (circa A.D. 1120) with an English translation and commentary. London. 1, pp. 242â243.
6070:. However, by the time the Cumanians left the Trans-Carpathian steppes and settled in Hungary, they had acquired several more westerly genetic elements, probably from the Slavic,
10927:
6893:, Volume 24, Issue 2 (April 1949), 179. "Thereafter, the influx of Pechenegs and Cumans turned Bulgaria into a battleground between Byzantium and these Turkish tribes ..."
3028:
and laid siege on PrzemyĆl, which prompted David Igorevich, an ally of Volodar Rostislavich, to persuade the Cumans, under Khan Boniak and Altunopa, to attack the Hungarians.
4997:); however, already in August of the same year the collective Ruthenian army led by Svyatoslav carried out a devastating defeat to the Cuman Horde forcing Sharukan to flee.
4537:
When the CumanâKipchaks swore oaths, it was done with swords in the hands that touched the body of a dog cut in two. The Italian Franciscan friar, traveler, and historian,
5927:, focused on his birth and early years in Desht-i-Kipchak ("Steppe of the Kipchaks"/Cumania), as well as enslavement and subsequent travels to Bulgaria and the Near East.
4891:(meaning Sabbath). These Hebrew influences in the language may have resulted from contact or intermarriage between Khazars and some of the Cumans in the mid-11th century.
2897:, but they were defeated later by the combined forces of Rus principalities led by Monomakh and were forced out of the Rus' borders to the Caucasus. In these battles some
1340:
5253:, who did not specify, however, if their features are European or Asian. The Kipchak, Qun and Pechenegs all assimilated into the CumanâKipchak confederation, eventually.
1954:
The Kipchaks' folk-etymology posited that their name meant 'hollow tree'; according to them, inside a hollow tree, their original human ancestress gave birth to her son.
1631:
means "pale, sallow, cream coloured", "pale yellow", or "yellowish grey". While it is normally assumed that the name referred to the Cumans' hair, Imre Baskiâa prominent
10363:
7407:
3035:
mentions that "rarely did Hungarians suffer such slaughter as in this battle." In 1104 the Cumans were allied with Prince Volodar. In 1106, the Cumans advanced into the
3008:
were passing through the empire, Byzantium offered the Cumans prestige titles and gifts in order to appease them; subsequently good relations ensued. From 1097 to 1099,
5012:
10594:
Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies Balkan Studies Library, Roumen Daskalov, Alexander Vezenkov, Publisher BRILL, 2015,
4217:
In contrast to their light cavalry counterparts, Cuman standing troops appear as a distinct group only once, albeit very significantly. During the election of Emperor
1866:(ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČĐžÌĐč). Blonde individuals likely existed among the Kipchaks, yet anthropologically speaking the majority of Turkic peoples had East Asian admixture and generally
5019:
in 1107. Bonyak was last mentioned in 1167 when he was defeated by Oleg of Siveria. Bonyak was a leader of the Cuman tribe Burchevichi that resided in steppes of the
10967:
10062:
8663:
1701:. However, Istvån Våsåry rejected Györffy's hypothesis and contended that "the Hungarian name of the Cumans must go back to one of their self-appellations, i.e. to
4574:
for the dead man to consume. Other graves had plenty of stones statues placed around them (balbals), with four tall ones placed to face the points of the compass.
3462:, who had once served as regent of the empire in Baldwin's absence. When Narjot died in 1241, his wife became a nun. Jonas died that same year and was buried in a
9951:
8723:
4058:, became the ruler of Vidin. He was perhaps granted the position of despot of Vidin soon after the accession of another Bulgarian noble of Cuman origin, the Tsar
2387:"Qun" people came from the northern Chinese bordersâ"the land of Qitay" (possibly during a part of a migration from further east). After leaving the lands of the
1333:
10667:
6423:
10614:"CÄ°HAN YALVAR, ANADOLU'DA SON TĂRK Ä°SKĂNI: Ä°ZNÄ°K Ä°MPARATORLUÄU'NDA KUMAN-KIPĂAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMÄ°YE (YORTAN) Ä°LE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KĂYLERÄ°NDEKÄ° VARLIKLARI"
6251:
5277:. The dynasty was of Cuman origin or Bulgarian or Vlach origin and was responsible for establishing the Second Bulgarian Empire. Sculptor: prof. Krum Damianov
4679:
The armour was strengthened by leather or felt disks that were attached to the chest and back. The items suspended from the belts were a bow case with bow, a
4590:. CumanâKipchak women fought beside their fellow male warriors. Women were shown great respect and would often ride on a horse or wagon while the men walked.
11619:
7665:
7371:
6395:
4577:
Rubrick also wrote "Here the Cumans, who are called Chapchat used to pasture their flocks, but the Germans call them Valans and their province Valania, and
4367:
saddle making, bow making, and clothes making. They mainly sold and exported animals, mostly horses, and animal products. They attached feeding sacks to the
3831:
3407:, where they integrated into the elite and became kings and nobles with many privileges. Other Cuman captives were sold as slaves, who would go on to become
3224:
Cuman troops continued to be hired throughout the 13th and 14th century by both the Bulgarians and Byzantines. The Cumans who remained east and south of the
5173:
and a special bow that needed 50 men to operate. Konchek was noted by the Rus' to be "greater than all the Cumans". He died in a skirmish that preceded the
9421:
On the middle shield Kingdom of Hungary, on the back shield "king" of Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Lodomeria, Galicia, Bosnia, Serbia, Cumania and Bulgaria
5923:
tactic). Mamluks in the empire retained a particularly strong sense of Cuman identity, to the degree that the biography of Sultan Baibars, as reflected by
4470:, which are found throughout southern Ukraine and other areas on the steppes of Russia, were closely connected with the Cuman religious cult of shamanism.
9766:ĂZTĂRK, Meriç T., The Provıncıal Arıstocracy In Byzantine Asia Minor (1081-1261), BoÄaziçi Ăniversitesi, YayınlanmamÄ±Ć YĂŒksek Lisans Tezi, Ä°stanbul, 2013.
5242:
Cumans are depicted with East Asian features and dark hair, while a fresco in the Kraskovo church in Slovakia confirms the stereotype of the blond Cuman.
4148:
a large group with an estimated population of over 10,000 Cumans invaded Thrace where they pillaged towns that had recently come under the control of the
361:, with Cuman immigrants becoming integrated into each country's elite. The Cumans played a role in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Cuman and
8469:(Bucharest-Braila, 2011), pp. 303â332. "Thus, MarwazĂź, as we have seen, mentions a 'group of ShĂąrĂź' led by a chief called 'BĂąsm.l.' These may have been
6082:
and Turkish populations. The modern day Cuman descendants in Hungary are differentiated genetically from the Hungarians and other European populations.
12907:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
11612:
Mitochondrial DNA of ancient Cumanians: culturally Asian steppe nomadic immigrants with substantially more western Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages
11099:
3515:, and invited her relatives to settle in Georgia. David brokered a truce between the Kipchaks and Alans. Later on he has held some consultations with
2912:
In 1096, Boniak attacked Kiev and burned down the princely palace in Berestove; he also plundered the Kievan Cave Monastery. Boniak was defeated near
9142:
6143:
3170:. A variant of the oldest Turkic chronicle, Oghuzname (The Oghuz Khan's Tale), mentions the Cumans fighting the Magyars, Rus', Romanians (Ulak), and
7865:
4371:
of their horses, allowing them to cover great distances. They could go on campaign with little baggage and carry everything they needed. They wore
4287:
of their horses, allowing them to cover great distances. They could go on campaign with little baggage and carry everything they needed. They wore
6299:
3102:, son of Khan Ayepa's daughter, took control of Kiev in 1169 and installed Gleb as his puppet. Gleb brought in "wild" Cumans as well as Oghuz and
10637:"ANADOLU'DA SON TĂRK Ä°SKĂNI: Ä°ZNÄ°K Ä°MPARATORLUÄU'NDA KUMAN-KIPĂAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMÄ°YE (YORTAN) Ä°LE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KĂYLERÄ°NDEKÄ° VARLIKLARI"
10007:"ANADOLU'DA SON TĂRK Ä°SKĂNI: Ä°ZNÄ°K Ä°MPARATORLUÄU'NDA KUMAN-KIPĂAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMÄ°YE (YORTAN) Ä°LE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KĂYLERÄ°NDEKÄ° VARLIKLARI"
3880:
on the throne around his knights in the years of 1350s. On his left is a group of oriental, long-dressed figures with bows, arrows, and sabers. (
1741:
Even after the Cumans were no longer the dominant power in their territory, people still referred to the area as Cumania. The Moroccan traveler,
3466:
outside Constantinople in a pagan ceremony. According to Aubrey, eight volunteer warriors and twenty-six horses were sacrificed at the funeral.
9910:
9798:[The Transfer of Cumans and Alans from Balkans to Anatolia by Byzantine Empire against the Turkish Expansion in the Western Anatolia].
7523:
6625:
1476:
7825:
6287:
5751:, including the names of those three counties(-for GalaÈi, debatable). When some of the Cumans moved to Hungary, they brought with them their
4409:
with Kievan Rus'. As the CumanâKipchaks gained more territory, they drove off or dominated many tribesâsuch as the Oghuz, various Iranian and
382:
10332:
11353:
Bennett, Casey; Kaestle, Frederika A. (2006). "A Reanalysis of Eurasian Population History: Ancient DNA Evidence of Population Affinities".
4809:
practices used animals, especially the wolf and dog. The dog "It/Kopec" was sacred to the CumanâKipchaks, to the extent that an individual,
3624:
rivers; this region had become almost uninhabited after the Mongol raids of 1241â1242. The Cuman tribes subsequently settled throughout the
3394:
came only in 1238â1239, and encountered serious resistance by various Cuman khans. The final blow came in 1241, when Cuman control over the
2977:
rivers. Loaded with goods and prisoners they then split into three groups, after which they were attacked and defeated by King Ladislaus I.
10770:
10554:
5676:. The Cumans were organized into four tribes in Hungary: Kolbasz/Olas in upper Cumania around Karcag and the other three in lower Cumania.
5622:
are believed by some historians to be descendants of the Cumans; the name Qipcakli occurs as a modern Gagauz surname. The etymology of the
4841:
11318:
Population genetic and diagnostic mitochondrial DNA and autosomal marker analyses of ancient bones excavated in Hungary and modern samples
5572:
is considered the direct ancestor of the current language of the Crimean Tatars with possible incorporations of the other languages, like
4429:
The Cumans also played the role of middlemen in trade between Byzantium and the East, which passed through the Cuman- controlled ports of
7179:
5862:
The name Cuman is the name of several villages in Turkey, such as Kumanlar, including the Black Sea region. The indigenous people in the
5597:
conglomerate of the Peninsula began, which has led to the emergence of the Crimean Tatar people. Over several centuries, on the basis of
9452:
7720:
7475:
7343:
7032:
4454:
4446:
4442:
1756:(1281â1349) wrote that Cumania has a cold climate and that it has excellent pasturage and numerous cattle and horses. The 14th-century
1445:
10919:
9400:
5133:
in 1118. David also married the daughter of AtrakâGurandukht. After withdrawal of Atrak away from the Don region, the Alan's duchy in
12963:
12953:
10198:
10799:
7470:
5626:
is popularly said to derive from a certain Cuman prince named Azum or Asuf, who was killed defending a town in this region in 1067.
4312:. This group, which had an estimated population of over 10 thousand, wandered for a long time to find a suitable place to settle in
4019:
with his troops and marched on his father. King UroĆĄ had declined once more, and in 1276 Dragutin clashed with his father's army in
3371:. In the summer of 1237 the first wave of this Cuman exodus appeared in Bulgaria. The Cumans crossed the Danube, and this time Tsar
11655:
10814:
Sevortyan E. V. Crimean Tatar language. // Languages of the peoples of the USSR.â t. 2 (Turkic languages).â N., 1966.â Pp. 234â259.
4458:
4438:
3903:
11216:
10743:
6474:
11329:
10989:
9708:
5664:, that survived until the 19th century. Two regionsâLittle Cumania and Greater Cumaniaâexist in Hungary. The name of the Cumans (
4156:, in response to the situation, won their favour with "gifts and diplomacy". Thereafter he succeeded in settling most of them in
3709:, the daughter of a Cuman chieftain Seyhan, became queen of Hungary. Elizabeth ruled during the minority of her son (future king
6275:
4182:
These Cumans were frequently mustered for Byzantine campaigns in Europe. In 1242 they were employed by Vatatzes in his siege of
11410:"East Eurasian ancestry in the middle of Europe: genetic footprints of Steppe nomads in the genomes of Belarusian Lipka Tatars"
9868:
9796:"Bati Anadolu'dakı TĂŒrk YayiliÈina KarÈi Bızans Ä°mparatorluÄu'nun Kuman-Alan Topluluklarini Balkanlardan Anadolu'ya Nakletmesi"
4866:, which was written by Italian merchants and German missionaries between 1294 and 1356, was a linguistic manual for the Turkic
4434:
2630:
given its name to the Cumans, it is 25 miles; this city is called Black Cumania. From the city of Black Cumania to the city of
1597:
Cuman is unknown. It is also often unclear whether a particular name refers to the Cumans alone, or to both the Cumans and the
10367:
9540:
8465:, ed. Felicitas Schmieder and Peter Schreiner, Rome (2005), pp.247â277; reprinted with different pagination in: P. B. Golden,
7433:
7411:
6028:
A genetic study analyzing putatively Cuman specimens in Hungary determined that they had a high frequency of western Eurasian
5903:
Persons of Cuman/Kipchak origin also became Mamluk leaders: a prominent Cuman Sultan of the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate, Sultan
11546:
Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes in the 9th-13th Centuries
11226:
11190:
11162:
10401:
10326:
10268:
10236:
10168:
10101:
9677:
9652:
9618:
9582:
9558:
9515:
9376:
9342:
9301:
9274:
9232:
9170:
9095:
9057:
9007:
8980:
8947:
8905:
8878:
8845:
8804:
8756:
8634:
8583:
8534:
8433:
8237:
7714:
7584:
7555:
7499:
7337:
7291:
7227:
7173:
7142:
7112:
6925:
6734:
6728:
6125:. In addition, players can play a campaign which tells the story of their flight westwards as they retreat from the Mongols.
6122:
4967:
about the first military encounter of Cumans against the Ruthenians on February 2, 1061, is personification of a tribal name.
3442:, who calls the leaders kings) is probably a corruption of the Cuman name SĂŻÄgan, meaning "mouse". They assisted the Emperor
10174:
9588:
9307:
9176:
9101:
9063:
9013:
8911:
8762:
8589:
8170:
8037:
8018:
7970:
7906:
7887:
7010:
6989:
4768:
The Cumans referred to their shamans as Kam (female: kam katun); their activities were referred to as qamlyqet, meaning "to
4628:. The main weapons of the Cumans were the recurved and, later, the composite bow (worn on the hip with the quiver), and the
1986:. Regardless, Golden notes that the ethnonym's original form and etymology "remain a matter of contention and speculation".
12948:
12943:
2936:, perhaps at his instigation. The Volga Bulgars in turn poisoned Ayepa "and the other princes; all of them died." In 1089,
2712:
and Crimean Armenian communities (who produced many documents written in Kipchak with the Armenian alphabet), where it was
2498:... during the period from the end of the 800s to 1230 AD spread their political influence in the broad steppes from
6335:
3872:
12973:
10963:
10889:
7764:
7601:
Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10â15 July 2005
5177:. The struggle to repel Khan Konchak and his army by Ihor Sviatoslavych and the Rus' princes is immortalized in the epic
3714:
3114:. In 1183, the Rus' defeated a large Cuman army and captured Khan Kobiak (Kobek) as well as his sons and other notables.
12938:
9870:
The Image of the Cumans in Medieval Chronicles: Old Russian and Georgian Sources in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
9553:ĐĐœĐŽŃДДĐČ, ĐĐŸŃĐŽĐ°Đœ; ĐĐ°Đ·Đ°ŃĐŸĐČ, ĐĐČĐ°Đœ; ĐĐ°ĐČĐ»ĐŸĐČ, ĐĐ»Đ°ĐŒĐ”Đœ (1999). ĐĐŸĐč ĐșĐŸĐč Đ” ĐČ ŃŃĐ”ĐŽĐœĐŸĐČĐ”ĐșĐŸĐČĐœĐ° ĐŃлгаŃĐžŃ (in Bulgarian). ĐĐ”ŃŃŃ ĐĐ”ŃĐŸĐœ.
3454:
in that year. The following year the Christian daughters of Saronius married two of the leading noblemen of the empire,
3106:
units. Later, the princes of the Principality of Chernigov attempted to use Khan Konchek's army against Kievan Rus' and
12958:
10393:
10058:
6983:
6371:
4736:
4190:
left a force of 300 Cumans with the Nicaean governor of Thessaloniki. In 1259, 2000 Cuman light cavalry fought for the
3801:
3485:
2835:
2348:
The original homeland of the Cumans is unknown before their eventual settlement in the Eurasian steppe's western part.
1469:
9530:
Akdes Nimet Kurat, IV-XVII1. YĂŒzyıllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki TĂŒrk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara 1972, Sayfa 83-84.
8426:
The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century: Cumans and Mongols
6089:, Pankratov regarded the Kumandins as being related anthropologically to the Urals, and suggested that they were less
3280:
Like most other peoples of medieval Eastern Europe, the Cumans put up a resistance against the relentlessly advancing
11487:
11047:
10873:
10845:
Essays on the history and culture of the Crimean Tatars. / Under. edited by E. Chubarova.Simferopol, Crimecity, 2005.
10659:
10579:
9252:
6681:
6590:
6011:
5810:
in the 15th century; these Cumans later assimilated into the Romanian population. People in Hungary with the surname
3736:
2981:
1501:, as many of them had already settled there in the previous decades. The Cumans also played an important role in the
1490:
1420:
5993:
5634:
was descended from Cumans and settled them in the southern parts of the country, bordering the Latin Empire and the
4609:
3154:, the Cumans were in contact with all the statal entities. They fought with the Kingdom of Hungary, allied with the
10287:
6917:
6686:
6661:
5720:
In 1918, after World War I, the Cuman National Council was formed in Hungary, which was an attempt to separate the
5165:
4054:
between 1290 and 1300, which had become a target of Serbian expansion. In 1280, a Bulgarian noble of Cuman origin,
3572:
2989:
2776:
11616:
11037:
9986:"Muharrem ĂĂALAN SAKARYA- Ä°ZMÄ°T YĂRESÄ° YERLEĆÄ°K TĂRKMENLERÄ° MANAV AÄIZLARINDA ĂTĂMSĂZ PATLAYICI ĂNSĂZ DEÄÄ°ĆMELERÄ°"
7654:
6411:
6383:
2614:/Desht-i Qipchaq/Zemlja Poloveckaja (Polovcian Land)/Pole Poloveckoe (Polovcian Plain)), which stretched from the
12978:
11934:
8719:
6702:
6580:
5034:
4900:
4825:
1024:
318:
53:
8473:(SarĂŻ Uyghur/Shera Yoghur) who resisted Islam and have remained non-Muslims (Buddhists) to the present day. The
5773:
In the countries where the Cumans were assimilated, family surnames derived from the words for "Cuman" (such as
4400:; the "Dnieper" tribes lived on both banks of the bend in the Dnieper Valley; and the "Don" Cumans lived in the
3367:, "A large-scale westward migration of the Cumans began." Certain Cumans also moved to Anatolia, Kazakhstan and
10599:
9968:
6834:
6585:
5978:
5930:
The historian Dimitri Korobeinikov relates how Baibars' story sums up the tragic fate of many Cumans after the
5838:
5178:
4362:
Horses were central to Cuman culture and way of life, and their main activity was animal husbandry. The knight
4275:
Horses were central to Cuman culture and way of life, and their main activity was animal husbandry. The knight
4245:
3851:
3747:
3435:
3364:
3126:
3078:
4283:
They mainly sold and exported animals, mostly horses, and animal products. They attached feeding sacks to the
1385:
11071:
The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad
10949:
9985:
8659:
6459:
6263:
3561:
3512:
2916:
in 1107 by the forces of the Kievan Rus' princes. The Cumans led by Boniak crushed the Hungarian army led by
1462:
1365:
1093:
1086:
5806:
runes. Several Romanian as well as Hungarian academics believe that a significant Cuman population lived in
5245:
There are also depictions of Cumans with Caucasian features, but dark complexion (e.g. in the KĂ©pes KrĂłnika
3680:
12933:
12469:
11648:
11530:
11091:
10477:
6179:
5261:
4798:, then placing the dead inside, along with various items deemed useful in the afterlife, a horse (like the
4538:
4071:
3066:, expressed the desire to plant his sword "in the Golden gate of Kiev", as his father had done before him.
2932:. Volga Bulgaria was attacked again at a later stage, by Khan Ayepa, father-in-law of Grand Prince of Kiev
330:
9362:
9139:
8824:
6971:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century
6155:
5145:
5063:, grand prince of Kiev, Syrchan sent out an emissary and a singer Orev to Georgia after his brother Atrak/
4970:
4708:
in the late 12th century, gave an interesting description of the nomadic battle techniques of the Cumans:
4070:
Dragos. Further security came about when Milutin later gave his daughter Anna as a wife to Shishman's son
7860:
7329:
6676:
6347:
6203:
6191:
6167:
5161:
4937:
4818:
4202:
that retook Constantinople, were Cumans. Large Cuman contingents were also part of the Byzantine Emperor
3536:
3383:, plundering and pillaging the towns and the countryside, just as before. The whole of Thrace became, as
3214:
3098:, in turn leading Rus' to again attempt action. Offenses were halted during 1166â1169, when Grand prince
2747:
2552:
11628:
8202:
Cheng, Fanyi (2012). "The Research on the Identification between the Tiele (é”ć) and the OÄuric tribes".
3519:, Grand Duke of Kiev who defeated Atrak in 1109, to ensure free passage of nomadic tribes into Georgia.
12535:
11499:
Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past
8626:
7283:
7104:
5668:) is preserved in county names BĂĄcs-Kiskun and JĂĄsz-Nagykun-Szolnok and several municipalities such as
4241:
3588:
possibly believing the CumanâKipchaks were Mongol spies. However, the barons had Köten assassinated in
3439:
3228:
established a county named Cumania, which was a strong military base in an area consisting of parts of
3194:
2894:
9895:
6694: â dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Historians claim a Bulgarian, Romanian or Cuman origin
6359:
4510:, extended to the mid calf, splitting in the front and back between the legs. Men wore trousers and a
3593:
through Hungary "equal to that which Europe had not experienced since the incursions of the Mongols".
1955:
10420:
6129:
5935:
5931:
5660:
The Cumans who settled in Hungary had their own self-government in a territory that bore their name,
5196:
5157:
4322:
4229:
4207:
4161:
3443:
3395:
3344:
3332:
3312:
3245:
2780:
2696:, where they also took tribute from Crimean cities. A major area of commerce was the ancient city of
1963:
238:
166:
3816:. From the 16th century onwards, the Cumans between the Danube and Tisza rivers were referred to as
3304:
Danylo Kobiakovych and Yurii Konchakovych died in battle, while the other Cumans, commanded by Khan
12867:
12826:
11994:
10966:[Kiskun, nagykun: world meeting of kunos in Karcagon - KecskemĂ©t HĂrhatĂĄr] (in Hungarian).
8362:
5939:
5870:(Kumandy), are descended from the Cumans. By the 17th century, the Kumandins lived along the river
5631:
5584:
5052:
4978:
4974:
4922:
4910:
4317:
4218:
4203:
4153:
4130:
4098:
The Cumans who remained scattered in the prairie of what is now southwest Russia joined the Mongol
3501:
3206:
3036:
3013:
2917:
2827:
2786:
2756:
1998:
1288:
934:
913:
17:
10316:
9574:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
4214:. The Cumans, together with Turk mercenaries, terminated the campaign by an unauthorized retreat.
30:"Polovtsians" redirects here. For the subgroup also called the "Polovtsians" by the Russians, see
12968:
12034:
11959:
11723:
11716:
11641:
11611:
11355:
11248:
10865:
10688:
them Kipchak Turks. The dictionary of Kipchaks has been published, they speak a Kipchak language.
10468:
9757:
GOLUBOVSKÄ°Y, P.V., Peçenegi, Torki i Polovtsı Rus i Step Do NaĆestviya Tatar, Veçe, Moskva, 2011.
9445:
8748:
The ĂrpĂĄds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th Century
8329:"Cumanica II: The Ălberli (Ălperli): The Fortunes and Misfortunes of an Inner Asian Nomadic Clan"
6739:
6671:
6640:
6635:
6435:
5989:
4829:
4035:
3805:
3781:
3769:
3752:
3710:
3689:
3685:
3431:
3293:
3159:
2638:
2567:. Cuman and Rus' attacks contributed to the departure of the Oghuz from the steppes north of the
2156:
1843:(плаÌĐČ) means "blue", but this word also means "fair, blonde" and is a cognate of the above; cf.
1502:
942:
326:
218:
10774:
8972:
5485:
1558:
appears in ancient Roman texts as the name of a fortress or gate. The Roman natural philosopher
12857:
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6707:
6615:
6567:
6509:
5924:
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5635:
5606:
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tribes, Pechenegs, and Slavs. They also raided the Byzantine Empire and a few times joined the
4233:
4199:
3840:
2937:
2905:
groups were liberated from the Cumans and incorporated into the Rus' border-guard system. Khan
2883:
2875:
2871:
2859:
2851:
2815:
2795:
2292:
Toqsoba (meaning either "plump leather bottle", "tribe of the dusty steppe", or "nine clans" ),
1435:
1239:
1104:
905:
7159:
5282:
of the Cumans can still be found in placenames stretching from China to the Balkans, such as:
4034:
succeeded in making it an independent state. Kudelin and Darman were either Cuman warriors in
3488:
in the 13th century. Local Cuman autonomies (yellow) following the adoption of the Cuman laws.
2583:) at some point around 1068â1078. They launched a joint expedition with the Pechenegs against
12513:
11808:
10859:
10569:
8407:
A Disappeared People and a Disappeared Language: The Cumans and the Cuman language of Hungary
7700:
7323:
6820:
6542:
6121:
Cumans appear as one of the civilizations that players can play as in the 2019 strategy game
5362:
the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains, referred to as Kuban as well as the Kuban River;
5174:
4982:
4791:
meaning "nest" (an Iranian borrowing; the concept was that the soul has the form of a bird).
4714:
4688:
4206:' European campaigns of 1263â1264, 1270â1272 and 1275. Cumans were again employed by emperor
4145:
3777:
3625:
3040:
3009:
2879:
2768:
2084:, R. KotianŃ, Hg. Kötöny; or from Turkic tribal name Keyit, meaning "to irritate, to annoy"),
1975:
1852:
1844:
818:
9795:
9290:Ć kvarna, DuĆĄan; Bartl, JĂșlius; et al. (2002). Daniel, David P.; Devine, Albert (eds.).
7936:
Golden, Peter B. (1990). "The peoples of the south Russian steppes". In Sinor, Denis (ed.).
7460:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
7028:
6656:
5942:. In the latter part of the 1260s the Mamluks were allied with the Golden Horde against the
5366:
5086:
5000:
4338:
Toponyms pointing at a Cuman presence were preserved in names of villages and places in the
4027:
3915:
The prayer that was rearranged in accordance with the Cuman language because it was damaged
3797:
3793:
3540:
12852:
12189:
11813:
11693:
11548:(ĐĐ”ŃĐ”ĐœĐ”ĐłĐž, ĐąĐŸŃĐșĐž Đž ĐĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ ĐŽĐŸ ĐœĐ°ŃĐ”ŃŃĐČĐžŃ ŃĐ°ŃĐ°Ń. ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃ ŃĐ¶ĐœĐŸ-ŃŃŃŃĐșĐžŃ
ŃŃДпДĐč IXâXIII ĐČĐČ.) at
11421:
11325:
10993:
10700:
9392:
8823:
Chronicle, was the subject of fierce dispute in the late 19th and 20th centuries (see also
6447:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6050:
5573:
5384:
5060:
4845:
4187:
3836:
3718:
3674:
3523:
3516:
3324:
3316:
3225:
3025:
3017:
2890:
2772:
2396:
2321:
Baskakov thought that the Moguty, Tatrany, Revugy, ShelŃbiry, and Topchaki belonged to the
1374:
592:
10196:
5435:
4817:
would be named after the dog or type of dog. Cumans had shamans who communicated with the
4593:
In their travels, the Cumans used wagons to transport supplies as well as weapons such as
4441:. Several land routes between Europe and the Near East ran through Cuman territories: the
4171:
Cumans had served as mercenaries in the armies of the Byzantine Empire since the reign of
2992:(as a pretext to plundering), invaded the Balkans and conquered the Byzantine province of
2878:
marched to the Hungarian border to prevent the next invasion. The two armies clashed near
8:
12716:
12004:
11739:
10855:
10636:
10613:
10006:
9508:
At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and 'Pagans' in Medieval Hungary, c.1000âc.1300
8897:
Ethnicity and nationalism: case studies in their intrinsic tension and political dynamics
8160:. Ed. by E. V. Boikova and R. B. Rybakov. Harrasowitz Verlagh, Wiesbaden 2006, pp. 43â54.
6757:
6666:
6527:
6239:
5912:
5709:
5507:
5126:
4410:
4211:
4195:
4138:
4110:
3773:
3726:
3706:
3693:
3670:
3508:
3459:
3420:
3328:
3210:
3055:
2988:. In 1094-1095 the Cumans, led by Tugorkan, in support of the exiled Byzantine pretender
2957:
2678:
2670:
2414:
1931:
1686:
1072:
682:
11425:
7385:
7366:
6731:-one of the older children of King Stephen V of Hungary and his wife Elizabeth the Cuman
5234:
features are often found in burials associated with the Cumans and Pechenegs in Europe.
5067:(who, with 40,000 Cuman troops, was in Georgia at the time), urging him to return. Khan
3403:, or fleeing to the west, to the Byzantine Empire, the Second Bulgarian Empire, and the
2850:
rivers. The Cumans tried to leave Hungary with their huge booty and prisoners, but King
2791:
2143:Ălberli(Ä) ~ Ălperli(Ä) (Ar. al-b.rlĆ« ~ al-b.rlÄ«, R. Olperliu(i.e.)ve, OlbŃŁry, OlŃbery,
12397:
12199:
12109:
12009:
11455:
11442:
11409:
11390:
11364:
11297:
11215:
Glatz, Ferenc (1990). Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ed.).
10824:
10747:
10521:
9817:
9670:
Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean: Studies in Honour of David Jacoby
9296:. Translated by Daniel, David P. Bratislava: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 33.
8965:
8252:
7603:(eds Elena V. Boikova, Rosislav B. Rybakov) Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 48, 52.
7517:
6712:
6630:
6595:
6513:
5946:. The creation of this specific warrior class, described as the "mamluk phenomenon" by
5916:
5908:
5561:
5557:
5452:
5213:
5055:, a son of Sharukan. He was a leader of a Cuman tribe that lived on the right banks of
4614:
4578:
4565:
4172:
4134:
4102:
Khanate, and their descendants became assimilated with local populations including the
4047:
against them. The Cumans had fought on both the Bulgarian and Hungarian-Serbian sides.
4031:
3877:
3455:
3424:
3404:
3384:
3122:
3099:
3051:
2961:
2941:
2764:
2751:
2730:
2666:
2572:
2548:
2167:
2152:
2133:
2050:
2033:
2002:
1903:
1753:
1706:
1498:
1395:
1189:
1060:
342:
334:
299:
229:
185:
157:
11316:
10997:
9700:
5638:. Those territories are in present-day Turkish Europe, Bulgaria, and North Macedonia.
4668:, conical or dome shaped iron helmet with a detachable iron or bronze anthropomorphic
4223:
2866:
for the Cuman survivors, the majority of them accepted, thus the king settled them in
1811:"straw"âmeans "blond, pale yellow". The western Cumans, or Polovtsy, were also called
12555:
12454:
11915:
11773:
11502:
11483:
11447:
11382:
11289:
11281:
11273:
11265:
11222:
11186:
11158:
11043:
10869:
10595:
10575:
10513:
10505:
10497:
10489:
10397:
10322:
10264:
10232:
10164:
10126:
10097:
10093:
10087:
10029:
9821:
9673:
9648:
9614:
9578:
9554:
9511:
9372:
9338:
9297:
9270:
9248:
9228:
9166:
9091:
9053:
9003:
8976:
8943:
8901:
8874:
8841:
8800:
8752:
8697:
8630:
8579:
8530:
8429:
8410:
8233:
7760:
7710:
7706:
7580:
7551:
7505:
7495:
7333:
7287:
7223:
7219:
7169:
7138:
7108:
6979:
6921:
6872:
6864:
6830:
6751:
6094:
6058:
6029:
5856:
5843:
5565:
5239:
5231:
5138:
5114:
4945:
4701:
4542:
4055:
3825:
3297:
3130:
2760:
2593:
2527:
2448:
2137:
1539:
1440:
1048:
814:
745:
201:
11394:
11301:
10890:"Sea of azov â Learn everything there is to know about Sea of azov at Reference.com"
10525:
9952:"YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil Ä°nalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi AraĆtırmaları"
9877:
5493:
3888:
Today there are still villages in Turkey, Kazakhstan and Ukraine founded by Cumans.
3177:
2870:. The rumor of the losing battle reached the Cuman camp, the Cumans threatened King
2838:
in 1091. The invading Cumans were leading by chieftain Kapolcs, they broke first in
1803:(ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃ) "yellow; pale" by the Russiansâall meaning "blond". The old Ukrainian word
12862:
12508:
12355:
12224:
12156:
12085:
12029:
12014:
11999:
11984:
11954:
11944:
11920:
11856:
11763:
11459:
11437:
11429:
11374:
11257:
11154:
10481:
9807:
8482:
7811:
7576:
7380:
6975:
6889:
Robert Lee Wolff: "The 'Second Bulgarian Empire'. Its Origin and History to 1204".
6826:
6645:
6610:
6557:
6532:
6057:
The study concluded that the mitochondrial motifs of Cumans from Csengele show the
6037:
5744:
5439:
5250:
5208:
5204:
5192:
4986:
4964:
4949:
4933:
4781:
4773:
4754:
4705:
4339:
4191:
4149:
4051:
3892:
3881:
3844:
3760:
3740:
3697:
3659:
3580:
3531:
3451:
3167:
2925:
2799:
2736:
2709:
2544:
2361:
2144:
2005:, and Chinese sources preserved the names of many Cuman-Kupchak tribal groupings:
1714:
1609:
1529:
1514:
1506:
1430:
1166:
1036:
859:
762:
673:
664:
655:
628:
583:
574:
557:
350:
346:
307:
209:
6860:
6754:(Shishman dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire is most probably of Cuman origin)
5740:
4015:
3265:
Map of State of CumanâKipchaks in the 1200â1241 period with today's (2011) borders
3261:
2855:
12928:
12872:
12479:
12390:
12229:
12209:
12114:
12104:
12090:
12019:
11979:
11974:
11939:
11840:
11794:
11768:
11623:
11077:
10803:
10294:
10291:
10260:
10202:
10154:
9969:"Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav TĂŒrkmen AÄızları Ăzerine Birkaç Not"
9733:
9572:
9291:
9160:
9146:
9085:
9047:
8997:
8895:
8820:
8746:
8573:
8357:
8158:
Kinship in the Altaic World. Proceedings of the 48th PIAC, Moscow 10â15 July 2005
7869:
7834:
7440:
7213:
6969:
6745:
6722:
6718:
6620:
6600:
6098:
5920:
5885:
5725:
5649:
5648:(Cumania) in the 18th century within the Kingdom of Hungary. It was divided into
5602:
5345:
5291:
5056:
4863:
4857:
4657:
4637:
4363:
4276:
4198:. Cumans were again involved in 1261, where the majority of the 800 troops under
4059:
4011:
3639:
3613:
2933:
2713:
2641:"they have no king, only princes and royal families". Cumans interacted with the
2519:
2499:
2410:
2029:
1797:
1761:
1559:
1534:
1494:
1253:
1225:
923:
736:
727:
709:
646:
619:
610:
303:
193:
177:
11599:
Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900â1204
6742: â he was also known as King Ladislas the Cuman, son of Elizabeth the Cuman
6402:
6215:
5985:
5878:. A subsequent relocation to the Altai was driven by their unwillingness to pay
3438:
as allies about 1240, probably fleeing the Mongols. The name Saronius (found in
3217:, 14,000 Cuman light cavalry contributed to Kaloyan's crushing victory over the
2811:
12908:
12791:
12540:
12295:
12219:
12161:
12080:
12024:
11989:
11964:
11949:
11880:
11707:
11672:
11664:
9812:
8050:
Akhmetova, Zhanculu et al. "Kipchak Ethnoyms in the 'Tale of Bygone Years'" in
7367:"The Bulgarophilia of the Cumans in the Times of the First Asenids of Bulgaria"
6697:
6537:
6227:
5863:
5782:
5736:
5729:
5653:
5598:
5593:
5569:
5429:
5395:
5352:
5327:
5270:
5130:
5076:
5071:
agreed (giving up the fame and security he had won in Georgia), after smelling
4989:. In May 1107 along with Bonyak, Sharukan raided a couple of Ruthenian cities (
4867:
4695:
4652:
and axes. For defense they used a round or almond shaped shield, short sleeved
4418:
4347:
4043:
3756:
3647:
3609:
3320:
3218:
3198:
3095:
3059:
2980:
In 1092, the Cumans resumed their raids against the Rus' and also attacked the
2929:
2743:
2701:
2642:
2598:
2588:
2556:
2540:
2428:
2403:
2391:(possibly due to the Khitans' expansion), the Qun entered the territory of the
2384:
2368:
2322:
1994:
1927:
1919:
1837:
1816:
1525:
1410:
1246:
845:
835:
718:
700:
691:
637:
601:
395:
371:
314:
260:
83:
12677:
12075:
11580:
11124:"Stammesnamen und Titulaturen der altaischen Volker. Ural-Altaische JahrMcher"
10897:
8797:
Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs
8076:
Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs
7952:
Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs
5481:
5238:
population that is suggested by the craniometric and genetic analyses. In the
3355:
Brodnics, led by Ploscanea. Brodnics' territory was in the lower parts of the
2974:
2575:, writing in 1076, says that in the east Cuman territory bordered a town near
1823:"yellow-haired". A similar etymology may have been at work in the name of the
12922:
12836:
12641:
12611:
12545:
12484:
12376:
12369:
12316:
12204:
12194:
11969:
11789:
11563:
11545:
11269:
10493:
10122:
9220:
8063:
7509:
7466:
7461:
6876:
6562:
5897:
5871:
5748:
5619:
5568:
who were settled in Pontic Steppes before the Tatar migration. Historically,
5399:
5313:
5188:
5153:
5046:
4929:
4684:
4669:
4653:
4625:
4621:
4620:
Up until the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans fought mainly as
4558:
4494:
4467:
4305:
4087:
3856:
3589:
3496:
3005:
2564:
2563:
to shift west, which in turn caused the Pechenegs to move to the west of the
2523:
2388:
2299:
2235:
2074:
1405:
1400:
1313:
1302:
1152:
895:
494:
249:
11506:
4082:
3654:). Six of these tribes were the Borchol (Borscol), who settled in county of
3543:
offered refuge to the remainder of the Cuman people under their leader Khan
12884:
12751:
12736:
12550:
12489:
12459:
12423:
12383:
12247:
12119:
12096:
11864:
11800:
11687:
11451:
11386:
11293:
11285:
11178:
10517:
10509:
8999:
Warriors of the Steppe: Military History of Central Asia, 500 BC to 1700 AD
6691:
6079:
5947:
5893:
5266:
5134:
5097:
and 5 other cities belonging to the Torkils and Berendei forcing the local
5038:
5020:
4795:
4479:
4327:
4183:
4099:
4091:
4039:
3665:
3655:
3601:
3576:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3301:
3274:
3087:
3073:
3044:
2966:
2949:
2867:
2863:
2839:
2576:
2468:
2357:
2209:
1891:
1579:
1567:
1510:
1425:
1276:
988:
955:
884:
449:
354:
322:
313:
Many eventually settled west of the Black Sea, influencing the politics of
99:
11408:
Pankratov, Vasili; Litvinov, Sergei; Kushniarevich, Alena (25 July 2016).
11378:
11261:
10485:
9267:
Holy Rulers and Blessed Princes: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe
7101:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185â1365
4030:
in Serbia had become a Hungarian banate, but soon afterwards, its rulers,
3596:
1528:
is attested in some medieval documents and is the best-known of the early
12888:
12771:
12766:
12710:
12214:
12130:
12057:
11926:
11907:
11730:
11567:
11549:
11221:. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. p. 23.
11151:"The" Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans
11021:. Edited by Florin Curta and Roman Kovalev. Brill Publishing. 2008. p. 64
10160:
8478:
6605:
6025:
support a picture of a people who were very heterogeneous in appearance.
5851:
5623:
5489:
5414:
5403:
5200:
5122:
5118:
4762:
4758:
4641:
4401:
4397:
3548:
3400:
3269:
3135:
2902:
2719:
2560:
2515:
2436:
2432:
2244:
1867:
1742:
1682:
927:
413:
365:
tribes joined politically to create the CumanâKipchak confederation.
310:. They were numerous, culturally sophisticated, and militarily powerful.
287:
10964:"Kiskun, nagykun: kunok vilĂĄgtalĂĄlkozĂłja Karcagon â KecskemĂ©ti HĂrhatĂĄr"
10284:
9833:
5803:
5798:
5641:
5630:
political and ethnic sphere of Bulgaria and the Balkans. Bulgarian Tsar
5564:
refused to use the term Tatar, Crimean Tatars are direct descendants of
4952:
4694:
The commonly employed Cuman battle tactic was repeated attacks by light
4165:
3411:
in Egypt, who would attain the rank of Sultan or hold regional power as
3162:(they were the empire's most effective military component) and with the
3021:
3004:
but could not conquer them. In the following years, when knights of the
12571:
11818:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9126:
8700:[The Second Campaign of Ladislaus Against the Cumans in 1091].
7479:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 832.
6822:
The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation
6317:
Cuman statues near the museum on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, Dnipro
6041:
5792:
Over time, Cuman culture exerted an influence on the CeangÄi/Hungarian
5786:
5500:
5456:
5418:
5388:
5187:
It is seen that some of the Cumans, who were on the way to prevent the
5170:
5075:, the grass of his native steppe. Syrchan was mentioned in the poem of
5024:
5016:
4990:
4914:
4806:
4649:
4343:
4144:
A couple of weeks afterwards the Cumans invaded the Balkans. After the
3732:
3539:
of the King of Hungary. In 1238, after Mongol attacks on Cumania, King
3527:
3186:
3155:
2997:
2993:
2631:
2623:
2584:
2580:
2380:
2042:
JÄrĂąq ~ JÄrĂąt ~ JqrĂąq < ÄaÄraq? ~ ÄoÄraq? ~ ÄaÄraq? ~ ÄoÄrat? (<
1870:âKipchaks were dark-haired and brown-eyed. An alternative etymology of
1644:
1640:
1264:
1213:
1140:
1000:
12756:
11900:
11433:
8751:. Translated by Novåk, György. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 13.
5679:
5445:
Koman, a village in the Alucra district of Giresun province in Turkey,
4342:, for example: Comana, Comanca, CĂąmpia Comancei and Valea Comancei in
3891:
This prayer, which was translated into the Cuman language in order to
1012:
12786:
12776:
12723:
12690:
12576:
12362:
12324:
12305:
12285:
12260:
12166:
11700:
11577:
IstvĂĄn VĂĄsĂĄry (2005) "Cumans and Tatars", Cambridge University Press.
9368:
7810:. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. II.
6090:
6086:
6063:
5943:
5911:, and resisted the Mongol invasion, defeating the Mongol army at the
5867:
5834:
5705:
5673:
5613:
5542:
5246:
5098:
4956:
4742:
4648:. Due to European influence, some of the later period Cumans wielded
4587:
4450:
4372:
4288:
4237:
3895:
3820:, while who lived to the east of the Tisza river were referred to as
3552:
3447:
3336:
3233:
3117:
Subsequently, Khan Konchek concluded negotiations. Like his son Khan
3091:
2985:
2945:
2898:
2654:
2650:
2568:
2195:
2176:
2113:
Qol-oba ~ Qul-oba (R. Kolobichi ~ Kulobichi, Ibn Xaldun: Qá”labaoÄlı),
1678:
1632:
1450:
1128:
976:
800:
776:
548:
458:
358:
283:
47:
10682:
10434:
9929:
9849:
9686:
8328:
5996:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
5721:
5692:
5684:
5661:
5645:
4936:
after visiting Volga region in 921â922. They also were mentioned by
4248:. An act from the archive of the Lavra of Athanasios mentions Cuman
3634:
3605:
3480:
3300:, and met and defeated the Cumans in Subcaucasia in 1220. The Cuman
12896:
12741:
12685:
12671:
12656:
12631:
12621:
12591:
12280:
12267:
12253:
11834:
11218:
Modern Age--modern Historian: In Memoriam, György Rånki (1930-1988)
10796:
10724:
IstvĂĄn VĂĄsĂĄry (2005) Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.
9541:"TARİH VE ARKEOLOJİ: Kuman Duası " Babamız Kun" ve Codex Cumanicus"
8313:
Golden, Peter B. (2006). "Cumanica V: The Basmils and Qipchaqs" in
7998:
6783:
6067:
5889:
5875:
5807:
5752:
5467:
5377:
5338:
5298:
5287:
5274:
5110:
5102:
5008:
4837:
4769:
4746:
4665:
4633:
4598:
4594:
4550:
4393:
4267:
4157:
4126:
3722:
3229:
3193:, the Cumans are believed to have played a significant role in the
3171:
3140:
3103:
2682:
2674:
2646:
2488:
2464:
2440:
2205:
1948:
1944:
1598:
1518:
1415:
1201:
870:
772:
485:
422:
362:
338:
295:
279:
132:
120:
116:
95:
31:
11369:
9876:(MA thesis). Budapest: Central European University. Archived from
6036:
of the mtDNA of the Cuman nomad population that migrated into the
5814:
are descended from the Cumans (and possibly Kabars and Pechenegs)â
5811:
4067:
4050:
The Cumans were also involved with the semi-independent Bulgarian
3544:
3475:
3305:
3118:
3047:
of the Second Bulgarian Empire, or who were in Byzantine service.
2081:
1890:
were "men of the field" or "men of the steppe" in contrast to the
790:
12831:
12781:
12731:
12705:
12700:
12661:
12651:
12606:
12601:
12586:
12503:
12449:
12412:
12407:
12300:
12290:
12275:
12124:
11893:
11847:
11758:
11633:
8496:
6651:
6547:
6493:
5904:
5892:âto the ancient Turks, "who in the 6thâ8th century AD created in
5827:
5793:
5767:
5763:
5713:
5669:
5511:
5407:
5356:
5331:
5106:
5028:
4925:
4833:
4799:
4750:
4661:
4629:
4414:
4389:
4351:
4261:
4253:
4114:
3899:
3629:
3463:
3434:
and Saronius, the former of whom was higher in rank, entered the
3416:
3391:
3348:
3289:
3281:
3255:
3151:
3001:
2953:
2662:
2658:
2611:
2587:
in 1078. During that same year the Cumans were also fighting the
2444:
2420:
2107:
1926:
meaning "pale" (> English "fallow"). In the German account by
1594:
1563:
1177:
964:
539:
503:
467:
440:
431:
404:
291:
256:
252:
140:
71:
11277:
11017:
Spinei, Victor. The Cuman Bishopric â Genesis and Evolution. in
10501:
5579:
5425:
4761:
whose lavishness was considered an indicator to the recipient's
4529:
4380:, and bread (though bread could be rare depending on location).
4296:, and bread (though bread could be rare depending on location).
3692:. He is wearing the clothes of his favorite Cumans. His mother,
2395:
people, whom the Quns expelled. Marwazi wrote that the Qun were
302:. The Cumans were fierce and formidable nomadic warriors of the
12806:
12796:
12746:
12695:
12646:
12636:
12596:
12581:
12495:
12431:
12417:
12349:
12334:
12329:
12310:
12138:
12052:
11244:
10464:
10130:
8474:
6572:
6552:
6466:
5701:
5550:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5370:
5317:
5302:
5217:
5144:
Khan Konchek/Konchak/Kumcheg (meaning 'trousers'), grandson of
5094:
5037:(1028â1096), was mentioned in essays of the Byzantine Princess
5004:
4906:
4680:
4673:
4554:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4490:
4462:
4368:
4313:
4309:
4284:
4118:
4103:
4063:
3865:
3568:
3408:
3376:
3190:
3163:
3144:
3111:
3107:
3063:
2906:
2843:
2798:
is fighting a duel with a cuman warrior who kidnapped a girl. (
2693:
2686:
2615:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2311:
1571:
530:
521:
512:
294:, from which the CumanâKipchaks meddled in the politics of the
136:
128:
124:
11407:
9335:
Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Steppe Peoples in Medieval Hungary
4514:, each fastened by a belt, which was the traditional costume.
3784:
and the Cumans (which numbered 16,000) were on Rudolf's side.
2539:
The Cumans entered the grasslands of the present-day southern
2338:
255:
people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the
12904:
12801:
12761:
12666:
12626:
12344:
12339:
12171:
11886:
10053:
10051:
8470:
6787:
6109:
with also a large minority of west Eurasian lineages such as
6075:
6071:
5880:
5847:
5546:
5474:
5149:
5137:
was liquidated in 1116â17. Atrak returned after the death of
5090:
5082:
5068:
5064:
5007:, Cuman khan who was actively involved in civil conflicts of
4994:
4824:
The Cumans in Christian territories were baptized in 1227 by
4810:
4656:, consisting of commonly alternating solid and riveted rows,
4645:
4570:
4506:. Underneath the vest was worn a short or long sleeved tunic/
4475:
4430:
4423:
4377:
4376:
with millet and meat and included beer, curdled mare's milk,
4293:
4292:
with millet and meat and included beer, curdled mare's milk,
4122:
4020:
3937:
il bézen ménemezne neszem bezdede jermez bezge utro gergenge
3621:
2970:
2913:
2847:
2697:
2619:
2253:
2227:
2223:
2148:
1824:
1116:
804:
786:
476:
103:
10861:
The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin's Conquest
9393:"Nyelv Ă©s TudomĂĄny- RĂ©nhĂrek â Kunok legyĂŒnk vagy magyarok?"
8654:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8278:, pp. 47-48. 50 of pp. 43-50. cited in Golden, P. B. (1992)
7599:
Imre Baski, "On the ethnic names of the Cumans of Hungary",
6748: â he waged two successful campaigns against the Cumans
4485:
2874:
with revenge and demanded to free the Cuman prisoners. King
2724:
1677:
in the chronicles and was applied to earlier nomads such as
1582:(also known as the Iberian Gates or the Caucasian Gates) as
12900:
12892:
11571:
11553:
10437:[The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium].
9932:[The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium].
8467:
Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes
8015:
Lessing p. 879; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7753:
ESSE English-Serbian Serbian-English Dictionary and Grammar
6128:
Cumans appear as antagonists in the 2018 role-playing game
5463:
5041:
along with his compatriot Bonyak. He perished with his son
4814:
4794:
Funerals for important members involved firstly creating a
4676:
suspended from the helmet, consisting of chain or leather.
4523:
3809:
3412:
3356:
3292:. The Mongols crossed the Caucasus mountains in pursuit of
3285:
3250:
2806:
1778:
In East Slavic languages and Polish, they are known as the
1690:
10557:. Translated by Paul Lunde; Caroline Stone. Penguin Books.
10048:
9159:
Sugar, Peter F.; HanĂĄk, PĂ©ter; Frank, Tibor, eds. (1994).
3069:
3031:
The Hungarian army was soundly crushed by the Cumans; the
2956:, were decisively defeated as an independent force at the
2909:
launched invasions on Kiev in 1096, 1097, 1105, and 1107.
2463:
It cannot be established whether the Cumans conquered the
2288:
Seven Cuman tribes eventually settled in Hungary, namely:
1635:âhas suggested that it may have other origins, including:
9289:
8819:
The meaning of "Vlach" in this case, as mentioned in the
8677:
8643:
7923:. p. 695-696; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7207:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7197:
6032:(mtDNA) lineages. In a 2005 study by Erika Bogacsi-Szabo
4077:
3739:
in 1285. There are two female figures among the Cumans. (
3315:, Khan Köten fled to the court of his son-in-law, Prince
2960:
by the combined forces of a Byzantine army under Emperor
2834:
The Cumans invaded and plundered the eastern part of the
11137:
Notes on ethnic composition of TĂŒrkic tribes and nations
8074:. Berlin. pp. 278-279; cited in Golden, Peter B. (2003)
7325:
The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500â1500
6508:
Pursuit of Cuman horsemen (right) by the Hungarian King
6293:
Equestrian statue of a Cuman warrior, Kunhegyes, Hungary
3808:
defeated the Cumans. The Cumans initially lived in felt
2889:
The Cumans initially managed to defeat the Grand Prince
7781:
Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon
7494:. Christian Raffensperger. Abingdon, Oxon. p. 62.
4928:
tribe who would later join and be assimilated into the
4304:
In 1239â1240, a large group of Cumans fleeing from the
2597:
mentions Yemek Cumans who were active in the region of
2451:(died 1144), also mentioned the Cumans, using the name
1643:
tones are found among Central Asian breeds such as the
243:
171:
11031:
11029:
11027:
10961:
10825:"Baskakov â on the classification of Turkic languages"
9361:
Linehan, Peter; Nelson, Janet Laughland, eds. (2003).
8461:
Golden Peter B."The Shaping of the Cuman-QĂŻpchaqs" in
8089:
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish
7694:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7215:
Kalka River 1223: Genghiz Khan's Mongols Invade Russia
7194:
5896:
a powerful nomadic state, which received ... the name
5583:
Representation of a war between Rus and Cumans in the
4985:
in 1068, while no such information is provided in the
3824:. The majority of Cumans were exterminated during the
3507:
The architect of the Georgian-Cuman relations was the
2759:, the Cumans defeated the armies of the three sons of
2720:
Battles in Kievan Rus', in Hungary, and in the Balkans
1836:
may come from a Slavic word for "blue-eyed", i.e. the
11256:(5). Detroit: Wayne State University Press: 639â662.
10213:
Golden, Peter B., "Cumanica IV: The Qipchaq Tribes",
9356:
9354:
9215:
9213:
9211:
9209:
9207:
8035:. p. 536; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7904:. p. 693; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7885:. p. 411; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7652:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
5526:
province, Saruhanlı village (name changed to Elmalık)
3419:
would fight the Mongols again, defeating them at the
223:
11019:
The Other Europe: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans
10310:
10308:
10306:
10304:
10156:
Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia
9847:
8527:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
8510:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples
8400:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8280:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
8156:"On the Ethnic Names of the Cumans of Hungary". In:
8052:
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation
7827:
Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia
7546:
BoÄkova, Elena Vladimirovna; Rybakov, R. B. (2006).
6914:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204â1453
5376:
the subdivision of Kumanitsa in the municipality of
3469:
3458:
and William of Meri, while Jonas's daughter married
2984:: and reportedly reached northern cities located in
2514:
with its adjoining steppes (at least below the lake
2487:?). Kimeks were still represented amongst the Cumanâ
2383:. The writings of al-Marwazi (c. 1120) state that a
1661:
Observing that the Hungarian exonym for Cumansâi.e.
11594:
Perfecky (translator): Galician-Volhynian Chronicle
11024:
10854:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10229:
The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe
10030:"Vlachs and Scandinavians in the Early Middle Ages"
9896:"Latent Turkification of Byzantium (ca. 1071â1461)"
9027:
8450:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
8390:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8372:
8302:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
8189:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
8102:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
7940:. Cambridge University Press. p. 280 of pp. 256â284
7848:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
7683:
7530:
7280:
The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1
5687:. Stained glass window in the southern nave of the
5538:
province, Yortan village (name changed to Kazımiye)
3934:bezĂ©n akomozne oknĂ©mezne ber gĂ©zge pitbĂŒtör kĂŒngön
1934:, the Cumans were referred to as the "Blond Ones".
9351:
9204:
8964:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8854:
7655:"An Illustrated Introduction to the Kipchak Turks"
7653:Dragosani-Brantingham, Justin (19 October 2011) .
7393:
6854:
6429:Cuman statues from Ukraine in Neues Museum, Berlin
6401:Kunkereszt ("Cuman cross") in Belez, periphery of
4887:(meaning Saturday) are related to the Hebrew word
2543:in the 11th century AD and went on to assault the
2039:B.zùngß ~ B.zùnrß (< ? *Buranlı "stormy"),
10301:
10081:
10079:
9866:
8940:Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190â1400
8698:"LĂĄszlĂł mĂĄsodik hadjĂĄrata a kĂșnok ellen 1091-ben"
8552:Cumans and Kipchaks: Between Ethnonym and Toponym
7999:"Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes"
7211:
5739:origin can be found in some Romanian counties of
4821:; they were consulted for questions of outcomes.
4396:; the "coastal" tribes lived on the coast of the
4152:. This continued until 1242 when Nicaean emperor
4113:as mercenaries in the Byzantine army against the
386:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
12920:
11240:
11238:
11094:[Dictionary of the surnames in Zeeland]
10532:
10435:"Bızans'in Anadolu'ya YerleĆtırdıÄı Son TĂŒrkler"
9930:"Bızans'in Anadolu'ya YerleĆtırdıÄı Son TĂŒrkler"
9328:
9326:
9324:
9077:
8967:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500â1250
8933:
8931:
8929:
8369:
7702:Hungary and the Fall of Eastern Europe 1000â1568
7571:Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, André, eds. (2001).
6281:Cuman statue at the Donetsk local history museum
4753:and shamanistic elements; they celebrated their
4252:(mercenaries from the Balkans) in the region of
3796:between Cuman rebels and the king's forces. The
3608:, where Cumans in Hungary settled, divided into
3174:, who had refused to submit to their authority.
2280:Quyçı (R. ĐŃĐžŃĐžŃ, Kuichiya, meaning "shepherd"),
10148:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10140:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9158:
8851:
8282:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 276, fn. 252
8171:"Cumanica IV: The Tribes of the Cumans-QıpÄaqs"
8038:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7971:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7925:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7907:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7888:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7648:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7128:
7126:
7124:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6257:Cuman statue in Stadnitsja Kiev c. 12th century
5059:. Chronicles mentioned that after the death of
4299:
4280:saddle making, bow making, and clothes making.
4228:(Commander-in-Chief of the Army) under Emperor
3995:Sen varsın bu gĂŒĂ§te bu yĂŒcelikte Tanrım, amin.
3972:Sen barsıng bu kĂŒĂ§li bu çin iygi Tengri, amen.
3946:szen borszony bo kacsalli bo tson igyi tengere
1829:, who also migrated westward ahead of the Qun.
11585:Györffy György: A Codex Cumanicus mai kérdései
11531:"History of the Cumans to the Mongol invasion"
11501:(Ph.D. dissertation). University of Michigan.
11352:
11308:
10660:"ORHANGAZÄ° KARSAK KĂYĂ VE KUMAN KIPĂAKLAR (1)"
10250:
10248:
10076:
9911:"Anadolu'ya yerleĆtirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)"
9893:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9152:
9121:The murder of Köten is described in the novel
8520:
8518:
7698:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7545:
7492:Portraits of Medieval Eastern Europe, 900-1400
7273:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7070:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6957:
5884:(financial tribute) to the Russian sovereign.
5833:The Cumans appear in Rus' culture in the Rus'
5708:. (By religion, as may be seen by figures for
5618:(melilot), is also a relic of the Cumans. The
5129:who offered military service to Atrak against
5125:. The conflict was settled by a Georgian King
4333:
4004:
3912:Destroyed Cuman prayer from the original text
3628:, creating two regions incorporating the name
2952:Turkic people of the prairies of southwestern
2637:According to the 12th-century Jewish traveler
2559:. The Cumans' entry into the area pressed the
1601:, as the two tribes often lived side by side.
282:, they inhabited a shifting area north of the
11649:
11314:
11235:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9360:
9321:
9219:
8989:
8926:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8529:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 277.
8230:Studies in the Latin Empire of Constantinople
8223:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8041:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 119
8022:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 118
7974:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 116
7927:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 115
7910:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 114
7891:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 111
7257:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7050:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6648:, an ethnic group with possible Cuman origins
5556:Some famous Crimean Tatar historians such as
4672:(gold for princes and khans), and at times a
3415:or beys. Some of these Mamluks led by Sultan
1962:"angry, quick-tempered" attested only in the
1470:
1341:
11149:Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman, eds. (2008).
11148:
11092:"Woordenboek van de familienamen in Zeeland"
10137:
10110:
9806:(276). Turkish Historical Society: 403â418.
9488:
9190:
9083:
8706:The Military History of the Hungarian Nation
8404:
8191:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 275.
8116:Versuch eines Wörterbuches der TĂŒrk-Dialekte
8113:
7570:
7300:
7121:
6896:
5842:and are the military enemies of the Rus' in
4482:and which interfered with Rus'-Cuman trade.
3962:Bizing ekmegimizni ber bizge bĂŒt-bĂŒtĂŒn kĂŒnde
3308:, managed to get aid from the Rus' princes.
2940:defeated the Cumans after they attacked the
1885:
1871:
1779:
11566:(ĐĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ ĐČ ĐĐ”ĐœĐłŃОО. ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐžĐč ĐŸŃĐ”ŃĐș) at
10245:
9627:
9283:
9269:. Cambridge University Press. p. 439.
8873:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 27.
8515:
7996:
7619:
7212:Nicolle, David; Shpakovsky, Victor (2001).
7151:
7135:The Mongols: From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane
6626:List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus'
5011:. He had a brother Taz who perished at the
4632:, curved sword (a sabre less curved than a
3989:Nasıl ki biz boyun eÄeriz bize emir gelince
3908:
3082:shows the Cumans fighting against the Rus'.
2375:), possibly a transcription of underlying *
11656:
11642:
11475:
11039:Language Shift among the Moldavian CsĂĄngĂłs
10647:(250): 11â36 – via dergipark.org.tr.
10381:
10017:(250): 11â36 – via dergipark.org.tr.
9613:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
9433:
9129:, in the chapter "The End of Khan Kotyan".
8887:
8868:
8683:
8558:
8304:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 273-274
8270:CzeglĂ©dy, K. (1949): "A kunok eredetĂ©rĆl"
8266:
8264:
8214:
8210:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag: 104â108.
8175:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9 (1995â1997)
8104:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 278â279
8003:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9 (1995-1997)
7522:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7236:
7047:
6934:
5448:the small village of Kumanite in Bulgaria;
5297:a Slavic village named Kumanichevo in the
5117:where he entered into conflict with local
4721:Robert de Clari gave another description:
4117:. Emperor Romanus had sent the Cumans and
3696:, was the daughter of a Cuman chieftain. (
3430:A group of Cumans under two leaders named
3181:Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, 1190
3058:, helped Georgians to stop the advance of
3050:Cumans at that time also resettled in the
2996:. The Cumans then advanced all the way to
2882:, the Hungarian army was victorious, King
2189:"of cattle or other animals, 'striped'."),
1477:
1463:
1348:
1334:
46:
11588:Györffy György: A magyarsåg keleti elemei
11516:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
11441:
11368:
11139://Olden Times Alive, 1896, v. 3â4, p. 341
10364:"Manta â Big finds from small businesses"
10318:Codex Cumanicus â Central Asian Monuments
10000:
9998:
9843:
9841:
9811:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9774:
9772:
9728:
9726:
9564:
9524:
9367:. Routledge Worlds Series. Vol. 10.
9264:
9039:
8995:
8956:
7938:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
7808:Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic
7489:
7384:
6012:Learn how and when to remove this message
5413:KĂŒman, a village and municipality in the
5207:. The presence of his descendants in the
5164:. Konchak gave aid to the princes of the
5113:. Around the same time Atrak invaded the
4613:Battle between the Cumans and Grand Duke
3985:Bizim ekmeÄimizi ver bize bĂŒt bĂŒtĂŒn gĂŒnde
3966:Neçik-kim biz iyermiz bizge ötrĂŒ kelgenge
3843:in 1330, the envoy wears a Cuman dress. (
2604:
1897:
1832:However, according to O. Suleymenov
306:who exerted an enduring influence on the
11089:
10789:
10567:
10285:Bortz, a Cuman Chief in the 13th Century
10226:
10085:
10027:
9744:
9742:
9608:
9293:Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon
9165:. Indiana University Press. p. 26.
9084:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006).
8937:
8738:
8132:. Izd. Arheogr. Komm. 1871. p. 563.
7983:Golden, Peter B. "The Polovci Dikii" in
7968:; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7750:
7465:
7408:"Mitochondrial-DNA-of-ancient-Cumanians"
7132:
6911:
6818:
6093:than the Altaians proper. A majority of
5757:
5678:
5640:
5578:
5260:
5203:family, and later received the title of
4608:
4528:
4484:
4478:on the Black Sea, which was held by the
4266:
4081:
3871:
3850:
3830:
3746:
3731:
3679:
3664:
3662:and the sixth being, possibly, Koncsog.
3595:
3579:are dressed Cuman clothes with sabers. (
3567:
3495:
3479:
3268:
3260:
3249:
3176:
3068:
3024:. King Coloman and his army crossed the
2924:During this time, the Cumans raided the
2826:Cuman invasion of Kiev according to the
2821:
2818:is fighting a duel with a cuman warrior.
2805:
2785:
2746:in 1055, when they advanced towards the
2723:
2692:The Cumans had a commercial interest in
2337:
1725:, VĂĄsĂĄry considers this a corruption of
1538:was a linguistic manual written to help
11205:Horvath 1978; Kovacs 1971; Sandor 1959.
11035:
11011:
10797:"Historical fate of the Crimean Tatars"
10768:
10152:
10116:
9332:
8261:
7805:
7699:Nicolle, David; McBride, Angus (1988).
7321:
7157:
6496:damaged in fighting (22 September 2014)
6341:"Baba" at the Open Air Museum, Prelesne
6149:Cuman statue "Baba" in NieborĂłw, Poland
5312:a Slavic village named Kumanich in the
4561:), and 'Urus' were used by the Cumans.
4074:, who in 1323 became Tsar of Bulgaria.
3551:, who had been living with the Cumans.
3012:requested help from the Cumans against
2708:. Thus the language was adopted by the
2579:. The Cumans first entered the Bugeac (
2458:
1713:, while in the parallel account of the
1650:a traditional water vessel, known as a
14:
12921:
11177:
10634:
10611:
10552:
10432:
10314:
10004:
9995:
9927:
9838:
9782:
9769:
9723:
9505:
8971:. Cambridge University Press. p.
8893:
8794:
8620:
8571:
8524:
8423:
8326:
8186:
8005:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9: 118.
7862:The Turkic world of Mahmud al-Kashgari
7850:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 271
7446:
7161:The Mongol Empire: Its Rise and Legacy
7098:
6967:
6852:
6812:
4078:Golden Horde and Byzantine mercenaries
2116:QmngĂ»/Qumanlu, QonÄuroÄlı (H. Kongur),
2062:Äirtan ~ (*Ozur) Äortan (Hg. Csertan),
1639:the color of the Cumans' horses (i.e.
1545:
11637:
11581:Gyårfås Istvån: A Jåszkunok Története
11513:
11214:
11126:, Bd. 24, 1952, Sect. 1â2, pp. 49â104
10568:Runciman, Steven (December 3, 1987).
10555:"Ibn FadlÄn and the Land of Darkness"
10387:
10257:Historical Dictionary of the Crusades
10254:
9793:
9739:
9667:
9642:
9458:from the original on 15 February 2015
9132:
9115:
9045:
8962:
8830:
8227:
8201:
7593:
7434:The Natural History of Pliny Volume 2
7364:
7277:
6848:
6846:
6735:Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary
6729:Elizabeth of Hungary, Queen of Serbia
6305:Cuman, 12th century, Hermitage Museum
6123:Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition
6116:
5950:, was of great political importance.
5874:, near its confluence with the river
4802:), and sometimes a servant or slave.
4776:words to designate certain concepts:
4210:in 1292, in his campaign against the
3363:Istvan Vassary states that after the
2413:(1179â1229) also mentions the Qun in
2218:Urus-oba (R. Ourusoba; from endonym *
2087:KĂŒÄeba ~ KĂŒÄoba (R. Kouchebichi <
1982:"good fortune" and adjectival suffix
1943:Kipchaks and (presumably) the Kangli/
1796:is often said to be derived from the
1657:a Turkic word for "force" or "power".
11496:
11476:KristĂł, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996).
10680:
10366:. Goliath.ecnext.com. Archived from
9570:
9090:. Infobase Publishing. p. 189.
9033:
8744:
7410:. Goliath.ecnext.com. Archived from
5961:
4497:. Many Mamluks were of Cuman origin.
4330:living in Northwest Anatolia today.
4109:In 1071, Cumans participated in the
2716:for centuries up to the modern day.
2215:UlaĆĄoÄlı (R. Ulashebichi; Hg. OlĂĄs),
1884:), which would therefore imply that
1819:âapparently derived from the Turkic
66:Regions with significant populations
11564:Cumans in Hungary. Historical essay
10635:Yalvar, Cihan (February 19, 2021).
10394:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
10005:Yalvar, Cihan (February 19, 2021).
9611:A History of the Crusades, Volume 1
9049:Eternal Empire: The Ottomans at War
8914:from the original on 8 January 2016
8783:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
8695:
7723:from the original on 8 January 2016
7386:10.22378/2313-6197.2018-6-3.452-471
7346:from the original on 8 January 2016
7182:from the original on 8 January 2016
6465:Cuman prairie art, as exhibited in
6389:Ladislaus IV of Hungary "the Cuman"
5907:(reigned 1260â1277), defeated King
4787:) meaning "fly away, paradise" and
4780:(a native Turkic word cognate with
4604:
4461:/Sugrov, and Balinâappeared in the
3239:
3054:and were Christianized. There they
2854:reached and defeated them near the
2455:, meaning "blond", "pale", "fair".
2162:Ăren ~ Uran ~ Oyren ( < cognate
2068:EnÄoÄlı ~ Ä°lanÄuglı (Hg. Iloncsuk),
1542:communicate with the Cuman people.
24:
11663:
11601:, Cambridge University Press, 2000
11523:
11080:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p. 247
10990:"32/2004. (IV. 19.) OGY hatĂĄrozat"
10670:from the original on 3 March 2024.
10612:Yalvar, Cihan (19 February 2021).
10335:from the original on 20 March 2017
8726:from the original on 2 August 2015
8549:
8054:, Vol. 24, Issue 06, 2020. p. 1195
8019:The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7949:
7783:(Brill: Leiden-Boston, 2008), 412.
7614:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
7035:from the original on 5 August 2011
6843:
6715: â Bulgarians of Cuman origin
4981:Sharukan was taken as prisoner by
4851:
3759:(now Cheresig, Romania) in 1290. (
3197:led by brothers Asen and Peter of
3016:, who was involved in a feud with
2886:killed Ăkos, the Cuman chieftain.
2119:MekrĂŒti ~ BekrĂŒti ~ BekĂŒrte (<
1876:is also possible: the Slavic root
381:
25:
12990:
11605:
10970:from the original on 23 July 2015
10746:. Christusrex.org. Archived from
10657:
9908:
9748:Ovidiu Pecican Troia Venetia Roma
9446:"Karcag: Year of the Cumans 2009"
9223:; Nelson, Janet L., eds. (2013).
9052:. Osprey Publishing. p. 30.
8799:. Ashgate/Variorum. p. 138.
8091:. Oxford University Press. p. 239
6682:Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon
6591:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania
5818:origintates from the Slavic word
3737:Second Mongol invasion of Hungary
3470:Settlement on the Hungarian plain
2842:, then the territory between the
2742:The Cumans first encountered the
2733:'s battle with the CumanâKipchaks
2234:"to fight," i.e. "soldier" (cf.
2198:~ Teriter-oba (R. TerŃterobichi),
2080:Knn ~ Kyt (either corrupted from
1709:, a certain individual is called
12964:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
12954:Moldova in the Early Middle Ages
12899:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
11482:(in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek.
11401:
11346:
11208:
11199:
11171:
11142:
11129:
11116:
11083:
11063:
10982:
10955:
10942:
10912:
10882:
10848:
10839:
10817:
10808:
10762:
10736:
10727:
10718:
10693:
10674:
10651:
10628:
10605:
10588:
10561:
10546:
10458:
10449:
10439:EskiÌçaÄ AraĆtirmalari DergiÌsiÌ
10426:
10410:
10356:
10347:
10277:
10220:
10207:
10188:
10021:
9978:
9961:
9944:
9934:EskiÌçaÄ AraĆtirmalari DergiÌsiÌ
9921:
9902:
9887:
9860:
9760:
9751:
9661:
9602:
9577:. University of Michigan Press.
9547:
9533:
9479:
9470:
9424:
9415:
9403:from the original on 5 July 2015
9385:
9333:HorvĂĄth, AndrĂĄs PĂĄlĂłczi (1989).
9087:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
7453:
6918:University of Pennsylvania Press
6863:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
6687:Maria of Bulgaria, Latin Empress
6662:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
6501:
6485:
6473:
6458:
6446:
6434:
6422:
6410:
6394:
6382:
6370:
6358:
6346:
6334:
6322:
6310:
6298:
6286:
6274:
6262:
6250:
6238:
6226:
6214:
6202:
6190:
6178:
6166:
6154:
6142:
5966:
5166:Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
4894:
3804:and the Cumans in 1282 and King
3573:First Mongol invasion of Hungary
2777:Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
2443:, FÄrÄb, and the country of the
2241:"quarrel, fight, battle, war")),
2123:"Đ·Đ°ŃŃĐ°ĐČĐ»ŃŃŃ, ŃĐșŃДпОŃŃ, ŃŃОлОŃŃ")
1384:
11335:from the original on 2014-01-11
11105:from the original on 2016-03-04
10930:from the original on 3 May 2015
10856:Brian Glyn Williams, Brian Glyn
10177:from the original on 2016-01-08
10065:from the original on 2013-12-27
10028:Pintescu, Florin (April 2020).
9711:from the original on 3 May 2015
9591:from the original on 2016-01-08
9310:from the original on 2016-01-08
9258:
9241:
9179:from the original on 2015-10-01
9104:from the original on 2015-11-28
9066:from the original on 2016-01-08
9016:from the original on 2016-01-08
8838:History of the Byzantine Empire
8813:
8788:
8776:
8765:from the original on 2016-01-08
8712:
8708:] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
8689:
8666:from the original on 2013-12-27
8614:
8603:
8592:from the original on 2016-01-08
8543:
8502:
8488:
8463:Il Codice Cumano e il Suo Mondo
8455:
8442:
8417:
8351:
8320:
8307:
8294:
8285:
8246:
8195:
8180:
8163:
8150:
8136:
8122:
8107:
8094:
8081:
8057:
8044:
8025:
8009:
7990:
7977:
7966:Opyt slovarja tjurkskix nareÄij
7958:
7943:
7930:
7913:
7894:
7875:
7853:
7840:
7818:
7799:
7786:
7773:
7757:Institute for Foreign Languages
7744:
7735:
7671:from the original on 2013-09-30
7606:
7564:
7483:
7426:
7358:
7137:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
6992:from the original on 2016-12-07
6792:
6776:
6581:Notable people of Cuman descent
4901:Notable people of Cuman descent
4844:, who swore allegiance to King
4741:The Cuman people practiced the
4737:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
3313:Mongols were approaching Russia
1966:. Klyashtorny links Kipchak to
1784:, derived from the Slavic root
10771:"Sources for the Krimgotische"
10445:] (in Turkish) (3): 29â32.
9940:] (in Turkish) (3): 29â32.
9867:Caroline Gurevich (May 2017).
9854:Karadeniz Ä°ncelemeleri Dergisi
9510:. Cambridge University Press.
9046:Scott, Richard Bodley (2008).
9002:. Da Capo Press. p. 134.
7997:Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997).
7322:Grumeza, Ion (4 August 2010).
7021:
7003:
6883:
6871:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
6586:The Cuman Tsaritsa of Bulgaria
5191:expansion and were taken into
4759:provided the dead with objects
4533:A modern reenactment of Cumans
3906:Documentary ĂzĂŒ TĂŒrk program:
3864:returned to Hungary. In 1734,
3839:receives the envoy of Voivode
3436:Latin Empire of Constantinople
2893:of Kievan Rus' in 1093 at the
2059:Äitey(oÄlı) (R. ChitŃŁyebichi),
1788:"pale; light yellow; blonde".
1697:, which he kept separate from
1491:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
13:
1:
11537:. Chronica 13 (2017): 99-104.
11315:BogĂĄcsi-SzabĂł, Erika (2006).
10950:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
10683:"KIRIM BÄ°R RUS TOPRAÄI MIYDI"
10443:Journal of Ancient Researches
10227:Chambers, Anatoly M. (1979).
10061:. Encyclopediaofukraine.com.
9938:Journal of Ancient Researches
9848:Dimitri Korobeinikov (2015).
9645:Byzantine Armies AD 1118â1461
9140:Christianity among the Cumans
8702:A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
8662:. Encyclopediaofukraine.com.
7987:Vol. 3/4, Part 1. pp. 296â309
7573:Nomads in the Sedentary World
7031:. Encyclopediaofukraine.com.
6764:
6480:Cuman burial mound in Hungary
6353:Chormukhinsk Madonna, Luhansk
6040:during the 13th century, six
5888:linked the Kumandinsâand the
5224:
4346:, Comanii Vechi, ComÄneanca (
4137:against the Pechenegs in the
3387:put it, a "Scythian desert."
2748:Rus' Pereyaslavl principality
2610:CumanâKipchak confederation (
2136:oroĆÄu "small, brown-colored
1947:(possibly connected to three
1880:"field" (cf. Polish, Russian
1747:
1575:
372:History of the Turkic peoples
319:GaliciaâVolhynia Principality
57:
10962:HĂrhatĂĄr Online Lapcsoport.
10773:. p. 37. Archived from
10478:Wayne State University Press
10215:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
9915:www.belediyehaberleri.com.tr
9794:AyönĂŒ, Yusuf (August 2012).
8333:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
8315:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
8204:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
7550:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
6806:
6769:
6209:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6197:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6185:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6173:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6161:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
5503:in Greater Cumania, Hungary;
4557:), 'Kitan' (from the Mongol
4300:Traces of Cumans in Anatolia
3976:Bizim atamız ki sensin gökte
3751:Cuman assassins murder King
3500:Cuman representation in the
3254:Cuman statue, 12th century,
3056:achieved prominent positions
2681:in Central Asia. The Cumansâ
2534:
2356:Chinese authors mentioned a
2317:Koncsog ("leather trouser").
1974:"unfortunate, unlucky"; yet
1593:The original meaning of the
1493:in 1237, many Cumans sought
7:
12949:Medieval history of Ukraine
12944:Medieval Kingdom of Hungary
11562:Golubovsky Peter V. (1889)
11544:Golubovsky Peter V. (1884)
11324:(Thesis). Szeged, Hungary:
11183:The Mamlƫk military society
10315:Paksoy, H. B., ed. (1992).
10089:Attila and the Nomad Hordes
9909:Grubu, Haber Ajansı Yayın.
9850:"The Cumans in Paphlagonia"
8869:MacDermott, Mercia (1998).
8572:Paksoy, H. B., ed. (1992).
8130:Letopis'po Ipatskomu spisku
8118:(II ed.). p. 506.
7964:Radloff, V.V. (1893â1911).
7741:Dobrodomov I. G., 1978, 123
7548:Kinship in the Altaic World
7330:University Press of America
6819:Williams, Brian G. (2001).
6703:Anna of Hungary (1260â1281)
6677:Battle of Adrianople (1205)
6521:
6417:Cuman stone statues "babas"
5992:the claims made and adding
5957:
5839:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
5683:Historical coat of arms of
5506:and the town of Kumanov in
5179:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
5162:Principality of Pereyaslavl
5049:against the Ruthenian army.
4730:
4660:(iron or leather), leather
4493:were warrior-slaves in the
4334:Traces of Cumans in Romania
4005:Cuman involvement in Serbia
3983:Nasıl ki yerde ve tĂŒm gökte
3953:Bizim atamız kim-sing kökte
3923:Bezén attamaz ken ze kikte
3215:Battle of Adrianople (1205)
3127:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
3079:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
2553:Principality of Pereyaslavl
2447:." The Armenian historian,
2416:The Dictionary of Countries
2305:OlĂĄs ("union, federation"),
1773:
1178:CumanâKipchak Confederation
1025:KimekâKipchak Confederation
257:CumanâKipchak confederation
244:
224:
172:
54:CumanâKipchak confederation
10:
12995:
12974:Medieval history of Russia
11469:
10641:TĂŒrk DĂŒnyası AraĆtırmaları
10618:TĂŒrk DĂŒnyası AraĆtırmaları
10388:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006).
10255:Slack, Corliss K. (2013).
10117:Nabokov, Vladimir (1960).
10011:TĂŒrk DĂŒnyası AraĆtırmaları
9813:10.37879/belleten.2012.403
9672:. Routledge. p. 143.
8938:Turnbull, Stephen (2003).
8627:Cambridge University Press
8405:Kincses-Nagy, Ăva (2013).
8228:Wolff, Robert Lee (1976).
7751:IgnjatiÄ, Zdravko (2005).
7490:Ostrowski, Donald (2018).
7365:Golev, Konstantin (2018).
7284:Cambridge University Press
7278:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990).
7105:Cambridge University Press
6912:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
6135:
5855:, which features a set of
5181:("Slovo o polku Ihorevi)."
5093:. In 1117 his army sacked
4898:
4855:
4749:. Their belief system had
4734:
4357:
4242:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4121:to secure the fortress of
3993:Kurtar bizi her kötĂŒlĂŒkten
3960:Neçik-kim cerde alay kökte
3931:nitziegén gerde ali kékte
3859:as "king" of Hungary, 1777
3694:Queen Elizabeth of Hungary
3473:
3440:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
3329:Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal
3243:
2969:and getting as far as the
2895:Battle of the Stugna River
2333:
2328:
2308:KĂłr ~ KĂłl ("little, few"),
2185:TarÄıl (R. Targolove <
1937:
1736:
1570:),. The Greek philosopher
785:Chief gods and goddesses:
263:. They are referred to as
29:
12959:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
12881:
12845:
12819:
12564:
12522:
12468:
12440:
12238:
12180:
12147:
12066:
12043:
12000:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
11873:
11827:
11782:
11751:
11680:
11671:
11497:Rapp, Stephen H. (1997).
10584:– via Google Books.
10571:A History of the Crusades
10421:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
9609:Runciman, Steven (1987).
9571:Fine, John V. A. (1994).
9265:Klaniczay, GĂĄbor (2002).
8900:. Hitzeroth. p. 32.
8795:Golden, Peter B. (2003).
8623:Medieval Russia, 980â1584
8525:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8448:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8300:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8187:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8169:Golden, Peter B. (1988).
8100:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
7985:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
7846:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
7158:Prawdin, Michael (1940).
6377:Cuman Stone statue "baba"
6365:Cuman Stone statue "baba"
6130:Kingdom Come: Deliverance
5936:Mongol invasion of Europe
5932:Battle of the Kalka River
5636:Despotate of Thessalonica
5541:Karsak, a village in the
5424:the town and district of
5256:
5158:Principality of Chernigov
5023:between modern cities of
4350:), Vadul Cumanilor (near
4323:Meander (Menderes) Valley
4208:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4090:, c. 1300, with the
3943:kĂștkor bezne al gyamanna
3917:
3914:
3911:
3800:was a battle between the
3717:between King BĂ©la IV and
3246:Battle of the Kalka River
3086:On 20 March 1155, Prince
2781:Principality of Chernigov
2151:reges Uilperitorum, from
1989:
1906:, the Cumans were called
1206:11th centuryâ13th century
233:
213:
161:
115:
110:
94:
89:
82:
77:
70:
65:
45:
12868:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
12536:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
11036:TĂĄnczos, Vilmos (2012).
10920:"FĂŒggetlen KiskunsĂĄgot!"
10153:Baldick, Julian (2012).
10086:Nicholle, David (1990).
9668:Arbel, Benjamin (2013).
8996:Hildinger, Erik (2001).
8428:. Hakkert. p. 323.
8114:Radloff, W (1893â1911).
8087:Clauson, Gerard (1972).
7950:Golden, Peter Benjamin.
7133:Bartlett, W. B. (2012).
6853:KovĂĄcs, Szilvia (2020).
5462:the town of Kumanlar in
5121:pushing them beyond the
4979:Novgorod First Chronicle
4975:Battle of the Alta River
4963:who is mentioned in the
4932:) who were mentioned by
4318:John III Doukas Vatatzes
4236:, attained the title of
4219:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4204:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4154:John III Doukas Vatatzes
3991:Ä°letme bizi hiç kötĂŒlĂŒÄe
3970:Kutkar bizni ol camannan
3958:DĂŒĆsĂŒn sening könglĂŒgĂŒng
3956:Ćentlensing sening adıng
3940:iltme bezne ol gyamanga
3037:Principality of Volhynia
3014:Coloman, King of Hungary
2757:Battle of the Alta River
2295:Borcsol ("Pepper Sons"),
2250:Yete-oba (R. Yetebichi),
2247:(R. Polovtsi Yemiakove),
2201:Toqsoba (R. Toksobichi),
2155:ölöbĂŒr "ill, infirm" or
1807:(ĐĂłĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ), derived from
1550:
1289:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
935:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
914:Western Turkic Khaganate
860:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
12025:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
11681:Azerbaijani communities
11478:Az ĂrpĂĄd-hĂĄz uralkodĂłi
10866:Oxford University Press
10119:Song of Igor's Campaign
8575:Central Asian Monuments
8424:Spinei, Victor (2006).
7476:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7099:VĂĄsĂĄry, IstvĂĄn (2005).
6968:Spinei, Victor (2009).
6782:Identified with either
6740:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
6672:Foundation of Wallachia
6641:Origin of the Romanians
6636:History of Transylvania
6492:Cuman stone statues in
4830:Archbishop of Esztergom
4164:and the region east of
4026:By 1272, the region of
3806:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3770:Battle on the Marchfeld
3753:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3711:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3686:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3160:Second Bulgarian Empire
3147:European implications.
3039:, but were repelled by
2773:Vsevolod of Pereyaslavl
2769:Sviatoslav of Chernigov
2639:Petachiah of Regensburg
2479:"the real Quns"? > *
2379:) located north of the
2182:Shanmie gumali (è«æ»
ć€éș»é),
2166:"bad, wicked, evil" or
1978:sees a better match in
1958:points to the Siberian
1503:Second Bulgarian Empire
943:Second Turkic Khaganate
327:Second Bulgarian Empire
12979:Extinct Turkic peoples
12939:History of Kievan Rus'
12858:Crimean Tatar diaspora
12035:Western Thracian Turks
11970:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
11069:Andrew Bell-Fialkoff,
10996:. 2004. Archived from
10217:, v. IX (1997), p. 107
8963:Curta, Florin (2006).
8894:KrĂŒger, Peter (1993).
8871:Bulgarian Folk Customs
8785:(ch. 145.104), p. 132.
8684:KristĂł & Makk 1996
8621:Martin, Janet (1993).
8327:Golden, Peter (1987).
8177:. p. 122 of pp. 99â122
7806:Kroonen, Guus (2013).
7166:Transaction Publishers
6869:Encyclopaedia of Islam
6708:Basarab I of Wallachia
6616:Mongol invasion of Rus
6568:Syrgiannes Palaiologos
6097:lines belonged to the
6055:
5770:
5696:
5689:St Elisabeth Cathedral
5657:
5607:Crimean Tatar language
5588:
5488:as well as the cities
5278:
4728:
4719:
4617:
4534:
4498:
4272:
4234:Syrgiannes Palaiologos
4200:Alexios Strategopoulos
4095:
3981:HoĆ olsun senin gönlĂŒn
3968:Ä°ltme bizni ol camanga
3902:, was recorded in the
3885:
3860:
3848:
3764:
3744:
3701:
3677:
3616:
3584:
3504:
3489:
3333:Mstislav Svyatoslavich
3277:
3266:
3258:
3182:
3083:
2938:Ladislaus I of Hungary
2852:Ladislaus I of Hungary
2831:
2819:
2803:
2739:
2605:Political organization
2532:
2351:
2345:
2192:Tarew (R. TarŃevskyi),
2056:"light blue, bluish"),
2022:Barat ~ Beret ~ Baraq,
1964:Siberian SaÄay dialect
1898:Folban, Vallani, Valwe
1886:
1872:
1862:(ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸÌĐČŃĐč), Ukrainian
1780:
1771:
1723:PolovÄinu menem Kunui"
1105:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
906:First Turkic Khaganate
387:
205:
197:
189:
181:
106:(in Anatolia, Balkans)
12565:Extinct Turkic groups
12523:Turkic minorities in
12470:Turkic minorities in
12441:Turkic minorities in
12239:Turkic minorities in
11717:Georgian Azerbaijanis
11591:Hunfalvy: Etnographia
11514:Sinor, Denis (1990).
11379:10.1353/hub.2006.0052
11262:10.1353/hub.2006.0007
11185:. Variorum Reprints.
11090:Debrabandere, Frans.
10486:10.1353/hub.2006.0007
10433:Yilmaz, Adil (2018).
10353:Yule and Cordier 1916
9928:Yilmaz, Adil (2018).
9705:TheFreeDictionary.com
9647:. Osprey Publishing.
9506:Berend, Nora (2001).
8942:. Osprey Publishing.
8745:Makk, Ferenc (1989).
8610:Columbia Encyclopedia
8477:had been part of the
8363:Kitab mu'jam al-budan
8068:Geschichte der Hunnen
6543:History of Kazakhstan
6046:
5919:(1277) (by using the
5761:
5682:
5644:
5582:
5383:Komani, a historical
5264:
5175:Battle of Kalka River
5079:(1821â1897) "Emshan".
4983:Svyatoslav II of Kiev
4723:
4710:
4704:, while describing a
4612:
4539:John of Plano Carpini
4532:
4488:
4270:
4146:Battle of Kalka River
4085:
3925:szénlészen szen ådon
3875:
3854:
3834:
3778:Ottokar II of Bohemia
3750:
3735:
3683:
3668:
3626:Great Hungarian Plain
3599:
3571:
3499:
3483:
3272:
3264:
3253:
3185:In alliance with the
3180:
3072:
3033:Illuminated Chronicle
3010:Sviatopolk II of Kiev
2825:
2810:Fresco detail in the
2809:
2789:
2727:
2496:
2494:Potapov writes that:
2409:The Syrian historian
2341:
2314:("little snake"), and
2173:"artist, craftsman"),
2065:Dorut ~ DörĂŒt ~ Dört,
1766:
1578:24 AD) refers to the
1540:Catholic missionaries
1451:Republic of Tatarstan
1214:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
846:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
385:
111:Related ethnic groups
27:Turkic nomadic people
12883:Central Asian (i.e.
12853:Azerbaijani diaspora
12190:Iranian Azerbaijanis
11828:Turkmen communities
11724:Western Azerbaijanis
11694:Iranian Azerbaijanis
11326:University of Szeged
10994:Hungarian Parliament
10827:. www. philology. ru
10802:11 July 2006 at the
10733:Stearns(1979:39â40).
10390:The Jews of Khazaria
9894:Rustam M. Shukurov.
9834:DOI: English version
9162:A History of Hungary
8508:Golden, P.B. (1992)
8483:Uyghur confederation
8258:, p. 34 (in Russian)
8232:. London: Variorum.
8144:Onomasticon Turcicum
7755:. Belgrade, Serbia:
6066:of the Cumanians of
5486:JĂĄsz-Nagykun-Szolnok
5394:the municipality of
5344:Polovtsy, a town in
5061:Vladimir II Monomakh
4977:). According to the
4948:, Eskels became the
4846:Andrew II of Hungary
4553:), 'Imek' (from the
4240:and was a friend of
4188:Theodore II Laskaris
4086:The division of the
3979:Ćenlensin senin adın
3964:Ä°lt bizing minimizni
3841:Basarab of Wallachia
3837:Charles I of Hungary
3719:Stephen V of Hungary
3675:Stephen V of Hungary
3562:Frederick of Austria
3524:Andrew II of Hungary
3517:Vladimir II Monomakh
3347:took place near the
3226:Carpathian Mountains
3207:BulgarianâLatin Wars
3026:Carpathian Mountains
3018:Volodar of Peremyshl
2990:Constantine Diogenes
2891:Vladimir II Monomakh
2459:Kipchak relationship
2397:Nestorian Christians
2230:or from Turkic root
2098:"to urge to seize"),
1918:âall derivatives of
1729:, Russian dative of
275:in Eastern sources.
12934:Invasions of Europe
11874:Turkish communities
11740:Javanshir Qizilbash
11426:2016NatSR...630197P
10900:on 30 December 2010
10681:Dikbasan, Sabriye.
9643:Heath, Ian (1995).
9451:. karcag.hu. 2009.
8825:Kaloyan of Bulgaria
7814:. pp. 126â127.
7372:Golden Horde Review
7168:. pp. 212â15.
6758:Yaropolk II of Kiev
6667:Judge of the Cumans
6528:Elizabeth the Cuman
6085:In relation to the
5913:Battle of Ain Jalut
5762:Cuman sculpture in
5710:religion in Hungary
5585:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
5508:Khmelnytskyi Oblast
5127:David IV of Georgia
4921:, the endonym of a
4772:". The Cumans used
4624:, later developing
4212:Despotate of Epirus
4196:Battle of Pelagonia
4177:Skythikoi/Skythikon
4139:Battle of Levounion
4111:Battle of Manzikert
3987:Ä°let bizim minimizi
3727:judge of the Cumans
3707:Elizabeth the Cuman
3690:Ladislaus the Cuman
3671:Elizabeth the Cuman
3537:country independent
3509:David IV of Georgia
3502:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
3460:Narjot III de Toucy
3421:Battle of Ain Jalut
3390:A direct attack on
3325:Mstislav Romanovich
3211:Kaloyan of Bulgaria
3076:'s illustration to
2958:Battle of Levounion
2828:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
2671:Kipchaks in Georgia
2439:, the lands of the
2101:Kor ~ Qor (H. KĂłr),
1932:Matthaios of Edessa
1764:, note that Cumania
1546:Names and etymology
1094:Eastern Kara-Khanid
1087:Western Kara-Khanid
1073:Kara-Khanid Khanate
42:
12398:Siberian Bukharans
12200:Chaharmahali Turks
12181:Turkic minorities
12148:Turkic minorities
12067:Turkic minorities
11783:Kyrgyz communities
11752:Kazakh communities
11622:2016-03-03 at the
11597:Stephenson, Paul.
11414:Scientific Reports
11076:2016-01-08 at the
10868:. p. xiâxii.
10750:on 16 October 2012
10321:. CARRIE E Books.
10290:2019-12-29 at the
10201:2011-08-05 at the
9543:. August 17, 2014.
9371:. pp. 82â83.
9364:The Medieval World
9247:. I.P.C. Könyvek.
9225:The Medieval World
9145:2015-09-24 at the
8629:. pp. 48â49.
8550:Drobny, Jaroslav.
8078:. Routledge. p. 42
7868:2019-12-23 at the
7859:Golden, Peter, B.
7833:2020-02-05 at the
7439:2016-01-08 at the
6920:. pp. 26â27.
6859:. In Fleet, Kate;
6829:. pp. 42â43.
6713:Darman and Kudelin
6657:BĂĄcs-Kiskun County
6631:History of Romania
6596:Andrey Bogolyubsky
6514:Kraskovo, Slovakia
6512:(left), church of
6117:In popular culture
6059:genetic admixtures
5977:possibly contains
5917:Battle of Elbistan
5909:Louis IX of France
5771:
5697:
5658:
5601:with a noticeable
5589:
5279:
5197:Mongolian invasion
4618:
4615:Andrei Bogolyubsky
4566:William of Rubruck
4535:
4499:
4273:
4246:John Kantakouzenos
4186:. In 1256 emperor
4173:Alexios I Komnenos
4135:Alexios I Komnenos
4096:
4032:Kudelin and Darman
3928:dösön szen kĂŒklön
3886:
3878:Louis I of Hungary
3861:
3849:
3802:Kingdom of Hungary
3798:Battle of Lake HĂłd
3774:Rudolf of Habsburg
3765:
3745:
3702:
3678:
3617:
3585:
3575:in 1241â1242. The
3541:BĂ©la IV of Hungary
3505:
3490:
3486:Kingdom of Hungary
3456:Baldwin of Hainaut
3446:in the capture of
3425:Battle of Elbistan
3405:Kingdom of Hungary
3296:, the shah of the
3278:
3267:
3259:
3213:. In 1205, at the
3183:
3123:Igor Svyatoslavich
3100:Andrey Bogolyubsky
3084:
3052:Kingdom of Georgia
2962:Alexios I Komnenos
2942:Kingdom of Hungary
2836:Kingdom of Hungary
2832:
2820:
2804:
2765:Iziaslav I of Kiev
2740:
2731:Igor Svyatoslavich
2667:Kingdom of Georgia
2573:Mahmud al-Kashgari
2549:Kingdom of Hungary
2491:as Yimek ~ Yemek.
2346:
2110:-opa (R. KaepiÄi),
1904:Germanic languages
1754:Hamdallah Mustawfi
1499:Kingdom of Hungary
1190:Khwarazmian Empire
1061:Karluk Yabgu State
799:Epics and heroes:
388:
343:Kingdom of Georgia
335:Kingdom of Hungary
300:Khwarazmian Empire
40:
12916:
12915:
12815:
12814:
12726:
12719:
12680:
12556:Tatars of Romania
12529:
12498:
12455:Mongolian Kazakhs
12426:
12400:
12393:
12386:
12379:
12372:
12365:
12358:
12270:
12263:
12256:
12133:
12099:
12010:Palestinian Turks
12005:Montenegrin Turks
11929:
11910:
11903:
11896:
11889:
11859:
11850:
11843:
11803:
11774:Mongolian Kazakhs
11742:
11733:
11726:
11719:
11710:
11703:
11696:
11629:Cuman Royal House
11434:10.1038/srep30197
11228:978-96-38-31176-4
11192:978-0-86078-049-6
11164:978-9-0041-6389-8
11042:. Editura ISPMN.
10403:978-1-4422-0302-0
10328:978-975-428-033-3
10270:978-0-8108-7831-0
10238:978-0-6891-0942-3
10170:978-1-78076-232-6
10103:978-0-8504-5996-8
10094:Osprey Publishing
9898:. Dumbarton Oaks.
9679:978-1-1357-8188-0
9654:978-1-8553-2347-6
9620:978-0-5213-4770-9
9584:978-0-472-08260-5
9559:978-954-402-047-7
9517:978-0-5216-5185-1
9397:Nyelv Ă©s TudomĂĄny
9378:978-0-415-30234-0
9344:978-9-6313-2740-3
9303:978-0-86516-444-4
9276:978-0-5214-2018-1
9234:978-1-1365-0005-3
9172:978-0-253-20867-5
9097:978-1-4381-2918-1
9059:978-1-84603-401-5
9009:978-0-7867-3114-5
8982:978-0-521-81539-0
8949:978-1-8417-6523-5
8907:978-3-89398-128-1
8880:978-1-8530-2485-6
8846:978-0-299-80925-6
8806:978-0-8607-8885-0
8758:978-963-05-5268-4
8696:BĂĄnlaky, JĂłzsef.
8636:978-0-5213-6832-2
8585:978-975-428-033-3
8536:978-3-4470-3274-2
8435:978-9-0256-1214-6
8411:Szeged University
8239:978-0-9020-8999-0
7792:Pletnyova, S. A.
7716:978-0-8504-5833-6
7707:Osprey Publishing
7612:John Mandeville,
7586:978-0-7007-1370-7
7557:978-3-4470-5416-4
7501:978-1-315-20417-8
7432:Pliny the Elder,
7339:978-0-7618-5135-6
7293:978-0-5212-4304-9
7229:978-1-84176-233-3
7220:Osprey Publishing
7175:978-1-4128-2897-0
7144:978-1-4456-0791-7
7114:978-0-5218-3756-9
6927:978-0-8122-1620-2
6752:Shishman of Vidin
6269:Cuman battle mask
6095:mitochondrial DNA
6051:N macrohaplogroup
6030:mitochondrial DNA
6022:
6021:
6014:
5979:original research
5857:Polovtsian Dances
5844:Alexander Borodin
5451:Kuman, a town in
5337:Kuman, a city in
5269:in their capital
5240:Anjou Legendarium
5185:SyrgiannĂ©s/SıçÄan
5139:Vladimir Monomakh
5115:Northern Caucasus
4946:Bernhard Karlgren
4938:Abu SaÊżÄ«d GardÄzÄ«
4840:on the orders of
4702:Niketas Choniates
4687:in comparison to
4543:Jean de Joinville
4502:conjunction with
4326:community called
4256:who received two
4036:Bulgarian service
4000:
3999:
3826:Great Turkish War
3755:at the castle of
3317:Mstislav the Bold
3298:Khwarezmid Empire
3273:The conquests of
3131:Alexander Borodin
2982:Kingdom of Poland
2761:Yaroslav the Wise
2655:Wallachian states
2594:Primary Chronicle
2449:Matthew of Edessa
2226:, compare Greek:
2147:Yuliboli (çéäŒŻé),
1689:derived Kun from
1487:
1486:
1441:Kazan Governorate
1358:
1357:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1265:Qarlughid Kingdom
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1129:Pecheneg Khanates
1122:
1110:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1049:Oghuz Yabgu State
1042:
1030:
1018:
1013:TĂŒrgesh Khaganate
1006:
994:
982:
970:
947:
939:
918:
910:
876:
851:
826:
825:
753:
752:
565:
564:
376:
331:Kingdom of Serbia
242:
222:
170:
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
12986:
12863:Turkish diaspora
12722:
12715:
12676:
12527:
12509:Karategin Uzbeks
12494:
12422:
12396:
12389:
12382:
12375:
12368:
12361:
12356:Astrakhan Tatars
12354:
12319:
12266:
12259:
12252:
12225:Iranian Turkmens
12157:Crimean Karaites
12129:
12095:
11995:Macedonian Turks
11960:Dodecanese Turks
11925:
11906:
11899:
11892:
11885:
11857:Iranian Turkmens
11855:
11846:
11839:
11799:
11738:
11729:
11722:
11715:
11706:
11699:
11692:
11678:
11677:
11658:
11651:
11644:
11635:
11634:
11617:Map of migration
11561:
11543:
11538:
11519:
11510:
11493:
11464:
11463:
11445:
11420:(30197): 30197.
11405:
11399:
11398:
11372:
11350:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11340:
11334:
11323:
11312:
11306:
11305:
11242:
11233:
11232:
11212:
11206:
11203:
11197:
11196:
11175:
11169:
11168:
11146:
11140:
11133:
11127:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11110:
11104:
11097:
11087:
11081:
11067:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11033:
11022:
11015:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11005:
10986:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10959:
10953:
10946:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10935:
10916:
10910:
10909:
10907:
10905:
10896:. Archived from
10886:
10880:
10879:
10852:
10846:
10843:
10837:
10836:
10834:
10832:
10821:
10815:
10812:
10806:
10795:Vozgrin, Valery
10793:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10769:Stearns (1978).
10766:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10740:
10734:
10731:
10725:
10722:
10716:
10715:
10713:represenatation.
10709:
10708:
10697:
10691:
10690:
10678:
10672:
10671:
10664:Edebiyat Defteri
10655:
10649:
10648:
10632:
10626:
10625:
10609:
10603:
10592:
10586:
10585:
10565:
10559:
10558:
10550:
10544:
10541:
10530:
10529:
10462:
10456:
10453:
10447:
10446:
10430:
10424:
10414:
10408:
10407:
10385:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10375:
10360:
10354:
10351:
10345:
10344:
10342:
10340:
10312:
10299:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10252:
10243:
10242:
10224:
10218:
10211:
10205:
10192:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10150:
10135:
10134:
10114:
10108:
10107:
10083:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10070:
10055:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10041:
10025:
10019:
10018:
10002:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9982:
9976:
9975:
9973:
9965:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9948:
9942:
9941:
9925:
9919:
9918:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9891:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9875:
9864:
9858:
9857:
9845:
9836:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9815:
9791:
9780:
9776:
9767:
9764:
9758:
9755:
9749:
9746:
9737:
9732:As mentioned in
9730:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9697:
9684:
9683:
9665:
9659:
9658:
9640:
9625:
9624:
9606:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9596:
9568:
9562:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9537:
9531:
9528:
9522:
9521:
9503:
9486:
9483:
9477:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9457:
9450:
9442:
9431:
9428:
9422:
9419:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9389:
9383:
9382:
9358:
9349:
9348:
9330:
9319:
9318:
9316:
9315:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9262:
9256:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9217:
9202:
9199:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9156:
9150:
9136:
9130:
9119:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9043:
9037:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9021:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8970:
8960:
8954:
8953:
8935:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8866:
8849:
8834:
8828:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8792:
8786:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8770:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8693:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8656:
8641:
8640:
8618:
8612:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8597:
8569:
8556:
8555:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8522:
8513:
8506:
8500:
8492:
8486:
8459:
8453:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8402:
8367:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8324:
8318:
8311:
8305:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8283:
8268:
8259:
8253:Pletnyova, S. A.
8250:
8244:
8243:
8225:
8212:
8211:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8184:
8178:
8167:
8161:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8111:
8105:
8098:
8092:
8085:
8079:
8061:
8055:
8048:
8042:
8029:
8023:
8013:
8007:
8006:
7994:
7988:
7981:
7975:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7947:
7941:
7934:
7928:
7917:
7911:
7898:
7892:
7879:
7873:
7857:
7851:
7844:
7838:
7824:Julian Baldick,
7822:
7816:
7815:
7803:
7797:
7790:
7784:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7759:. p. 1033.
7748:
7742:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7696:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7670:
7659:
7650:
7617:
7610:
7604:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7577:Psychology Press
7568:
7562:
7561:
7543:
7528:
7527:
7521:
7513:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7404:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7319:
7298:
7297:
7275:
7234:
7233:
7209:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7130:
7119:
7118:
7096:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7015:Encyclopedia.com
7007:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6965:
6932:
6931:
6909:
6894:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6858:
6850:
6841:
6840:
6816:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6780:
6646:Crimean Karaites
6611:Turkic languages
6558:Mamluk Sultanate
6533:House of Basarab
6505:
6489:
6477:
6462:
6450:
6441:Cuman chain mail
6438:
6426:
6414:
6398:
6386:
6374:
6362:
6350:
6338:
6326:
6314:
6302:
6290:
6278:
6266:
6254:
6242:
6230:
6218:
6206:
6194:
6182:
6170:
6158:
6146:
6099:North East Asian
6038:Carpathian basin
6017:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5997:
5994:inline citations
5970:
5969:
5962:
5940:Mamluk Sultanate
5735:Toponyms of the
5480:the counties of
5440:Northern Dobruja
5265:Monument to the
5209:Byzantine Empire
5195:service after a
4987:Laurentian Codex
4965:Laurentian Codex
4950:Hungarian people
4934:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
4706:Battle of Beroia
4605:Military tactics
4340:Wallachian Plain
4225:Megas Domestikos
4125:on the shore of
4052:Tsardom of Vidin
3909:
3882:Chronicon Pictum
3855:Coat of arms of
3845:Chronicon Pictum
3761:Chronicon Pictum
3741:Chronicon Pictum
3698:Chronicon Pictum
3688:, also known as
3660:county of Csanad
3581:Chronicon Pictum
3532:Teutonic Knights
3240:Mongol invasions
3168:Byzantine Empire
2926:Byzantine Empire
2800:Chronicon Pictum
2792:Battle of Kerlés
2737:Viktor Vasnetsov
2704:became Crimea's
2651:Byzantine Empire
2645:principalities,
2545:Byzantine Empire
2343:Asia, circa 1200
2132:Orunqu(t) (<
2049:Äenegrepa (<
1889:
1875:
1783:
1751:
1749:
1715:Laurentian Codex
1610:Turkic languages
1577:
1530:Turkic languages
1507:Byzantine Empire
1479:
1472:
1465:
1431:Khanate of Kazan
1388:
1378:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1317:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1167:Sultanate of Rum
1156:
1144:
1141:Ghaznavid Empire
1132:
1120:
1108:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1037:Uyghur Khaganate
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
965:Khazar Khaganate
945:
937:
916:
908:
874:
849:
841:
840:
836:Pre-14th century
813:Major concepts:
768:
767:
763:Turkic Mythology
580:
579:
575:Turkic Languages
558:Crimean Karaites
495:Cherniye Klobuki
401:
400:
375:preâ14th century
374:
368:
367:
351:Empire of Nicaea
347:Byzantine Empire
308:medieval Balkans
247:
237:
235:
227:
217:
215:
175:
165:
163:
98:(historically),
59:
50:
43:
39:
21:
12994:
12993:
12989:
12988:
12987:
12985:
12984:
12983:
12919:
12918:
12917:
12912:
12877:
12873:Kazakh diaspora
12841:
12811:
12560:
12526:
12524:
12518:
12480:Afghan Turkmens
12471:
12464:
12442:
12436:
12391:Siberian Tatars
12315:
12240:
12234:
12230:Iranian Kazakhs
12210:Khorasani Turks
12182:
12176:
12149:
12143:
12086:Chinese Kazakhs
12068:
12062:
12045:
12044:Turkic peoples
12039:
11940:Bulgarian Turks
11916:Abkhazian Turks
11869:
11841:Afghan Turkmens
11823:
11778:
11769:Iranian Kazakhs
11764:Chinese Kazakhs
11747:
11667:
11662:
11624:Wayback Machine
11608:
11559:
11541:
11529:
11526:
11524:Further reading
11490:
11472:
11467:
11406:
11402:
11351:
11347:
11338:
11336:
11332:
11321:
11313:
11309:
11243:
11236:
11229:
11213:
11209:
11204:
11200:
11193:
11176:
11172:
11165:
11147:
11143:
11135:Aristov N. A.,
11134:
11130:
11121:
11117:
11108:
11106:
11102:
11095:
11088:
11084:
11078:Wayback Machine
11068:
11064:
11054:
11052:
11050:
11034:
11025:
11016:
11012:
11003:
11001:
10988:
10987:
10983:
10973:
10971:
10960:
10956:
10947:
10943:
10933:
10931:
10918:
10917:
10913:
10903:
10901:
10888:
10887:
10883:
10876:
10853:
10849:
10844:
10840:
10830:
10828:
10823:
10822:
10818:
10813:
10809:
10804:Wayback Machine
10794:
10790:
10780:
10778:
10777:on 24 July 2011
10767:
10763:
10753:
10751:
10742:
10741:
10737:
10732:
10728:
10723:
10719:
10706:
10704:
10701:"Ä°lber ORTAYLI"
10699:
10698:
10694:
10679:
10675:
10656:
10652:
10633:
10629:
10610:
10606:
10593:
10589:
10582:
10574:. CUP Archive.
10566:
10562:
10551:
10547:
10542:
10533:
10463:
10459:
10454:
10450:
10431:
10427:
10415:
10411:
10404:
10396:. p. 181.
10386:
10382:
10373:
10371:
10362:
10361:
10357:
10352:
10348:
10338:
10336:
10329:
10313:
10302:
10295:Acta Orientalia
10292:Wayback Machine
10283:Szilvia KovĂĄcs
10282:
10278:
10271:
10263:. p. 195.
10261:Scarecrow Press
10253:
10246:
10239:
10225:
10221:
10212:
10208:
10203:Wayback Machine
10193:
10189:
10180:
10178:
10171:
10151:
10138:
10125:. p. 111.
10115:
10111:
10104:
10084:
10077:
10068:
10066:
10057:
10056:
10049:
10039:
10037:
10026:
10022:
10003:
9996:
9988:
9984:
9983:
9979:
9971:
9967:
9966:
9962:
9954:
9950:
9949:
9945:
9926:
9922:
9907:
9903:
9892:
9888:
9880:
9873:
9865:
9861:
9846:
9839:
9826:
9824:
9792:
9783:
9777:
9770:
9765:
9761:
9756:
9752:
9747:
9740:
9734:Robert de Clari
9731:
9724:
9714:
9712:
9699:
9698:
9687:
9680:
9666:
9662:
9655:
9641:
9628:
9621:
9607:
9603:
9594:
9592:
9585:
9569:
9565:
9552:
9548:
9539:
9538:
9534:
9529:
9525:
9518:
9504:
9489:
9484:
9480:
9475:
9471:
9461:
9459:
9455:
9448:
9444:
9443:
9434:
9429:
9425:
9420:
9416:
9406:
9404:
9391:
9390:
9386:
9379:
9359:
9352:
9345:
9331:
9322:
9313:
9311:
9304:
9288:
9284:
9277:
9263:
9259:
9246:
9242:
9235:
9218:
9205:
9200:
9191:
9182:
9180:
9173:
9157:
9153:
9147:Wayback Machine
9137:
9133:
9120:
9116:
9107:
9105:
9098:
9082:
9078:
9069:
9067:
9060:
9044:
9040:
9032:
9028:
9019:
9017:
9010:
8994:
8990:
8983:
8961:
8957:
8950:
8936:
8927:
8917:
8915:
8908:
8892:
8888:
8881:
8867:
8852:
8835:
8831:
8821:Robert de Clari
8818:
8814:
8807:
8793:
8789:
8781:
8777:
8768:
8766:
8759:
8743:
8739:
8729:
8727:
8718:
8717:
8713:
8694:
8690:
8682:
8678:
8669:
8667:
8658:
8657:
8644:
8637:
8619:
8615:
8608:
8604:
8595:
8593:
8586:
8570:
8559:
8548:
8544:
8537:
8523:
8516:
8507:
8503:
8497:Desht-i-Kipchak
8493:
8489:
8460:
8456:
8447:
8443:
8436:
8422:
8418:
8403:
8370:
8356:
8352:
8342:
8340:
8325:
8321:
8312:
8308:
8299:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8269:
8262:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8226:
8215:
8200:
8196:
8185:
8181:
8168:
8164:
8155:
8151:
8142:
8141:
8137:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8112:
8108:
8099:
8095:
8086:
8082:
8062:
8058:
8049:
8045:
8030:
8026:
8014:
8010:
7995:
7991:
7982:
7978:
7963:
7959:
7948:
7944:
7935:
7931:
7918:
7914:
7899:
7895:
7880:
7876:
7870:Wayback Machine
7858:
7854:
7845:
7841:
7835:Wayback Machine
7823:
7819:
7804:
7800:
7791:
7787:
7778:
7774:
7767:
7766:978-867147122-0
7749:
7745:
7740:
7736:
7726:
7724:
7717:
7697:
7684:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7657:
7651:
7620:
7611:
7607:
7598:
7594:
7587:
7569:
7565:
7558:
7544:
7531:
7515:
7514:
7502:
7488:
7484:
7469:, ed. (1911). "
7454:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7441:Wayback Machine
7431:
7427:
7417:
7415:
7406:
7405:
7394:
7363:
7359:
7349:
7347:
7340:
7320:
7301:
7294:
7276:
7237:
7230:
7210:
7195:
7185:
7183:
7176:
7156:
7152:
7145:
7131:
7122:
7115:
7097:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7009:
7008:
7004:
6995:
6993:
6986:
6966:
6935:
6928:
6910:
6897:
6888:
6884:
6865:Rowson, Everett
6851:
6844:
6837:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6797:
6793:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6746:Roman the Great
6723:Qutbuddin Aibak
6719:Delhi Sultanate
6621:Tatar invasions
6601:Yuri Dolgorukiy
6524:
6517:
6506:
6497:
6490:
6481:
6478:
6469:
6463:
6454:
6451:
6442:
6439:
6430:
6427:
6418:
6415:
6406:
6399:
6390:
6387:
6378:
6375:
6366:
6363:
6354:
6351:
6342:
6339:
6330:
6327:
6318:
6315:
6306:
6303:
6294:
6291:
6282:
6279:
6270:
6267:
6258:
6255:
6246:
6245:Cuman sculpture
6243:
6234:
6231:
6222:
6219:
6210:
6207:
6198:
6195:
6186:
6183:
6174:
6171:
6162:
6159:
6150:
6147:
6138:
6119:
6044:were revealed.
6018:
6007:
6001:
5998:
5983:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5934:(1223) and the
5921:feigned-retreat
5915:(1260) and the
5898:Turkic Kaganate
5726:Greater Cumania
5650:Greater Cumania
5609:has developed.
5605:influence, the
5534:
5522:
5499:the village of
5473:the village of
5442:(also Romania);
5406:, southwestern
5365:the village of
5346:Smolensk Oblast
5292:North Macedonia
5259:
5227:
5057:Siversky Donets
4944:. According to
4903:
4897:
4864:Codex Cumanicus
4860:
4858:Codex Cumanicus
4854:
4852:Codex Cumanicus
4739:
4733:
4696:cavalry archers
4658:Lamellar armour
4607:
4364:Robert de Clari
4360:
4336:
4302:
4277:Robert de Clari
4160:throughout the
4080:
4060:George Terter I
4012:Stefan Dragutin
4007:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3918:Modern Turkish
3673:, wife of King
3640:Greater Cumania
3638:in Hungarian):
3614:Greater Cumania
3478:
3472:
3365:Mongol conquest
3248:
3242:
3219:Latin Crusaders
2944:. In 1091, the
2934:Yuri Dolgorukiy
2816:Saint Ladislaus
2796:Saint Ladislaus
2763:, Grand Prince
2722:
2679:Khwarezm Empire
2677:; and with the
2618:in the west to
2607:
2537:
2526:belongs to the
2461:
2360:tribe named 枟 (
2354:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2286:
2204:TÄ YĆĄqĂ»t (*TaÄ
1992:
1940:
1900:
1798:Old East Slavic
1776:
1762:John Mandeville
1745:
1739:
1584:Porta Caucasica
1560:Pliny the Elder
1553:
1548:
1535:Codex Cumanicus
1483:
1421:Mongol invasion
1376:
1369:
1354:
1325:
1324:
1254:Tughlaq dynasty
1226:Delhi Sultanate
924:Tokhara Yabghus
885:Tiele (Gaoche)
850:202 BCEâ13th CE
838:
828:
827:
771:Belief system:
765:
755:
754:
710:Karachay-Balkar
577:
567:
566:
398:
304:Eurasian Steppe
278:Related to the
271:in Western and
61:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12992:
12982:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12969:Turkic peoples
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12914:
12913:
12882:
12879:
12878:
12876:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12849:
12847:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12823:
12821:
12817:
12816:
12813:
12812:
12810:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12792:Yenisei Kyrgyz
12789:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12728:
12727:
12720:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12682:
12681:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12568:
12566:
12562:
12561:
12559:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12541:Finnish Tatars
12538:
12532:
12530:
12520:
12519:
12517:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12500:
12499:
12487:
12482:
12476:
12474:
12466:
12465:
12463:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12446:
12444:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12434:
12429:
12428:
12427:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12404:
12403:
12402:
12401:
12387:
12380:
12373:
12366:
12359:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12321:
12320:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12272:
12271:
12264:
12257:
12244:
12242:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12186:
12184:
12178:
12177:
12175:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12162:Crimean Tatars
12159:
12153:
12151:
12145:
12144:
12142:
12141:
12136:
12135:
12134:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12105:Chinese Uzbeks
12102:
12101:
12100:
12091:Chinese Kyrgyz
12088:
12083:
12081:Chinese Tatars
12078:
12072:
12070:
12064:
12063:
12061:
12060:
12055:
12049:
12047:
12041:
12040:
12038:
12037:
12032:
12030:Tunisian Turks
12027:
12022:
12017:
12015:Romanian Turks
12012:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11985:Lebanese Turks
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11965:Egyptian Turks
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11945:Croatian Turks
11942:
11937:
11932:
11931:
11930:
11921:Algerian Turks
11918:
11913:
11912:
11911:
11904:
11897:
11890:
11877:
11875:
11871:
11870:
11868:
11867:
11862:
11861:
11860:
11853:
11852:
11851:
11831:
11829:
11825:
11824:
11822:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11805:
11804:
11795:Chinese Kyrgyz
11792:
11786:
11784:
11780:
11779:
11777:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11755:
11753:
11749:
11748:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11743:
11736:
11735:
11734:
11720:
11713:
11712:
11711:
11704:
11684:
11682:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11665:Turkic peoples
11661:
11660:
11653:
11646:
11638:
11632:
11631:
11626:
11614:
11607:
11606:External links
11604:
11603:
11602:
11595:
11592:
11589:
11586:
11583:
11578:
11575:
11557:
11539:
11535:Szilvia KovĂĄcs
11525:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11511:
11494:
11488:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11465:
11400:
11363:(4): 413â440.
11345:
11307:
11234:
11227:
11207:
11198:
11191:
11170:
11163:
11141:
11128:
11115:
11082:
11062:
11048:
11023:
11010:
10981:
10954:
10941:
10911:
10881:
10874:
10847:
10838:
10816:
10807:
10788:
10761:
10735:
10726:
10717:
10692:
10673:
10658:Erdem, Ä°lhan.
10650:
10627:
10604:
10602:, pp. 289-316.
10587:
10580:
10560:
10545:
10531:
10476:(5). Detroit:
10457:
10448:
10425:
10409:
10402:
10380:
10355:
10346:
10327:
10300:
10276:
10269:
10244:
10237:
10219:
10206:
10187:
10169:
10163:. p. 53.
10136:
10109:
10102:
10075:
10047:
10020:
9994:
9977:
9960:
9943:
9920:
9901:
9886:
9883:on 2020-08-23.
9859:
9837:
9802:(in Turkish).
9781:
9768:
9759:
9750:
9738:
9722:
9685:
9678:
9660:
9653:
9626:
9619:
9601:
9583:
9563:
9546:
9532:
9523:
9516:
9487:
9478:
9476:Meszaros 2000.
9469:
9432:
9423:
9414:
9399:. 2012-10-12.
9384:
9377:
9350:
9343:
9320:
9302:
9282:
9275:
9257:
9240:
9233:
9221:Linehan, Peter
9203:
9189:
9171:
9151:
9131:
9114:
9096:
9076:
9058:
9038:
9036:, p. 620.
9026:
9008:
8988:
8981:
8955:
8948:
8925:
8906:
8886:
8879:
8850:
8829:
8812:
8805:
8787:
8775:
8757:
8737:
8711:
8688:
8686:, p. 120.
8676:
8642:
8635:
8613:
8602:
8584:
8578:. ISIS Press.
8557:
8554:. p. 208.
8542:
8535:
8514:
8501:
8487:
8471:Yellow Uyghurs
8454:
8441:
8434:
8416:
8368:
8350:
8319:
8306:
8293:
8284:
8260:
8245:
8238:
8213:
8194:
8179:
8162:
8149:
8135:
8121:
8106:
8093:
8080:
8064:Altheim, Franz
8056:
8043:
8024:
8008:
7989:
7976:
7957:
7954:. p. 307.
7942:
7929:
7912:
7893:
7874:
7852:
7839:
7817:
7798:
7785:
7779:Rick Derksen,
7772:
7765:
7743:
7734:
7715:
7682:
7618:
7605:
7592:
7585:
7579:. p. 44.
7563:
7556:
7529:
7500:
7482:
7467:Chisholm, Hugh
7445:
7425:
7392:
7357:
7338:
7299:
7292:
7235:
7228:
7193:
7174:
7150:
7143:
7120:
7113:
7046:
7020:
7017:. 31 May 2023.
7002:
6985:978-9004175365
6984:
6933:
6926:
6895:
6882:
6861:KrÀmer, Gudrun
6842:
6835:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6791:
6788:Yellow Uyghurs
6774:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6732:
6726:
6716:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6698:Terter dynasty
6695:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6538:Hunyadi family
6535:
6530:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6516:, 14th century
6507:
6500:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6472:
6470:
6464:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6409:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6118:
6115:
6020:
6019:
5974:
5972:
5965:
5959:
5956:
5864:Altai Republic
5737:Cuman language
5730:Little Cumania
5654:Little Cumania
5599:Cuman language
5574:Crimean Gothic
5570:Cuman language
5554:
5553:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5504:
5497:
5494:KunszentmiklĂłs
5478:
5471:
5460:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5433:
5430:Sivas Province
5422:
5411:
5392:
5387:and region in
5381:
5374:
5363:
5360:
5353:Mogilev Region
5349:
5342:
5335:
5325:
5310:
5295:
5271:Veliko Tarnovo
5258:
5255:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5205:Megas Domestic
5182:
5148:, son of Khan
5142:
5080:
5077:Apollon Maykov
5050:
5032:
4998:
4968:
4942:Zayn al-AkhbÄr
4923:Western Turkic
4899:Main article:
4896:
4893:
4868:Cuman language
4856:Main article:
4853:
4850:
4735:Main article:
4732:
4729:
4685:Arabian horses
4606:
4603:
4453:. Cuman townsâ
4419:southern Italy
4359:
4356:
4348:Prahova County
4335:
4332:
4301:
4298:
4192:Nicaean Empire
4162:Meander valley
4150:Nicaean Empire
4079:
4076:
4014:, son of King
4006:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3974:
3951:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3648:Little Cumania
3610:Little Cumania
3530:region to the
3471:
3468:
3396:Pontic steppes
3377:Hadrianoupolis
3241:
3238:
3096:Constantinople
3088:Gleb Yuryevich
2930:Volga Bulgaria
2721:
2718:
2710:Karaite Jewish
2702:Cuman language
2606:
2603:
2599:Volga Bulgaria
2591:. The Russian
2541:Russian steppe
2536:
2533:
2469:Yellow Uyghurs
2460:
2457:
2353:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:Chorni Klobuky
2319:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2222:of Turkicized
2216:
2213:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2160:
2141:
2130:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
1991:
1988:
1939:
1936:
1928:Adam of Bremen
1920:Proto-Germanic
1899:
1896:
1853:Eastern Slavic
1838:Serbo-Croatian
1775:
1772:
1738:
1735:
1707:Hypatian Codex
1687:György Györffy
1659:
1658:
1655:
1648:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1526:Cuman language
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Volga Bulgaria
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:Great Bulgaria
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1247:Khalji dynasty
1243:
1240:Mamluk dynasty
1233:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1202:Kerait Khanate
1197:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1007:
996:
995:
984:
983:
972:
971:
960:
959:
951:
950:
949:
948:
940:
920:
919:
911:
900:
899:
891:
890:
889:
888:
878:
877:
866:
865:
864:
863:
853:
852:
839:
834:
833:
830:
829:
824:
823:
821:
810:
809:
807:
796:
795:
793:
782:
781:
779:
766:
761:
760:
757:
756:
751:
750:
748:
742:
741:
739:
733:
732:
730:
724:
723:
721:
715:
714:
712:
706:
705:
703:
697:
696:
694:
688:
687:
685:
679:
678:
676:
670:
669:
667:
661:
660:
658:
652:
651:
649:
643:
642:
640:
634:
633:
631:
625:
624:
622:
616:
615:
613:
607:
606:
604:
598:
597:
595:
589:
588:
586:
578:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
562:
560:
554:
553:
551:
545:
544:
542:
536:
535:
533:
527:
526:
524:
518:
517:
515:
509:
508:
506:
500:
499:
497:
491:
490:
488:
482:
481:
479:
473:
472:
470:
464:
463:
461:
455:
454:
452:
446:
445:
443:
437:
436:
434:
428:
427:
425:
419:
418:
416:
410:
409:
407:
399:
396:Turkic peoples
394:
393:
390:
389:
378:
377:
286:and along the
261:Cuman language
259:who spoke the
144:
143:
113:
112:
108:
107:
102:(in Balkans),
92:
91:
87:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
68:
67:
63:
62:
51:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12991:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12926:
12924:
12911:territories).
12910:
12906:
12902:
12898:
12894:
12890:
12886:
12880:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12850:
12848:
12844:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12824:
12822:
12818:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12725:
12721:
12718:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12679:
12675:
12674:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12612:Black Klobuks
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12569:
12567:
12563:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12533:
12531:
12528:(exc. Russia)
12521:
12515:
12514:Afghan Kyrgyz
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12497:
12493:
12492:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12477:
12475:
12473:
12467:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12447:
12445:
12439:
12433:
12430:
12425:
12421:
12420:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12399:
12395:
12394:
12392:
12388:
12385:
12381:
12378:
12374:
12371:
12370:Mishar Tatars
12367:
12364:
12360:
12357:
12353:
12352:
12351:
12348:
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12314:
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12312:
12309:
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12299:
12297:
12294:
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12279:
12277:
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12269:
12265:
12262:
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12170:
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12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12154:
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12140:
12137:
12132:
12128:
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12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
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12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12098:
12094:
12093:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12073:
12071:
12065:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12050:
12048:
12046:in Uzbekistan
12042:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12020:Serbian Turks
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11980:Kosovan Turks
11978:
11976:
11975:Israeli Turks
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11955:Cypriot Turks
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11935:Bosnian Turks
11933:
11928:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11909:
11905:
11902:
11898:
11895:
11891:
11888:
11884:
11883:
11882:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11872:
11866:
11863:
11858:
11854:
11849:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11838:
11837:
11836:
11833:
11832:
11830:
11826:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11809:Afghan Kyrgyz
11807:
11802:
11798:
11797:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11781:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
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11750:
11741:
11737:
11732:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11721:
11718:
11714:
11709:
11705:
11702:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11691:
11690:
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11685:
11683:
11679:
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11670:
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11640:
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11576:
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11569:
11565:
11558:
11555:
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11547:
11540:
11536:
11532:
11528:
11527:
11517:
11512:
11508:
11504:
11500:
11495:
11491:
11489:963-7930-97-3
11485:
11481:
11479:
11474:
11473:
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11439:
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11404:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11357:
11356:Human Biology
11349:
11331:
11327:
11320:
11319:
11311:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11291:
11287:
11283:
11279:
11275:
11271:
11267:
11263:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11250:
11249:Human Biology
11241:
11239:
11230:
11224:
11220:
11219:
11211:
11202:
11194:
11188:
11184:
11180:
11179:Ayalon, David
11174:
11166:
11160:
11157:. p. 9.
11156:
11152:
11145:
11138:
11132:
11125:
11119:
11101:
11093:
11086:
11079:
11075:
11072:
11066:
11051:
11049:9786068377100
11045:
11041:
11040:
11032:
11030:
11028:
11020:
11014:
11000:on 2005-02-16
10999:
10995:
10991:
10985:
10969:
10965:
10958:
10951:
10945:
10929:
10925:
10921:
10915:
10899:
10895:
10894:Reference.com
10891:
10885:
10877:
10875:9780190494704
10871:
10867:
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10826:
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10721:
10714:
10702:
10696:
10689:
10684:
10677:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10654:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10631:
10624:(250): 11â36.
10623:
10619:
10615:
10608:
10601:
10597:
10591:
10583:
10581:9780521347723
10577:
10573:
10572:
10564:
10556:
10549:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10470:
10469:Human Biology
10461:
10452:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10429:
10422:
10418:
10413:
10405:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10384:
10370:on 2010-01-24
10369:
10365:
10359:
10350:
10334:
10330:
10324:
10320:
10319:
10311:
10309:
10307:
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10230:
10223:
10216:
10210:
10204:
10200:
10197:
10191:
10176:
10172:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10157:
10149:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10141:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10123:Vintage Books
10120:
10113:
10105:
10099:
10095:
10091:
10090:
10082:
10080:
10064:
10060:
10054:
10052:
10035:
10031:
10024:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10001:
9999:
9987:
9981:
9970:
9964:
9953:
9947:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9924:
9916:
9912:
9905:
9897:
9890:
9879:
9872:
9871:
9863:
9855:
9851:
9844:
9842:
9835:
9823:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9790:
9788:
9786:
9775:
9773:
9763:
9754:
9745:
9743:
9736:'s chronicle.
9735:
9729:
9727:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9681:
9675:
9671:
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9656:
9650:
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9633:
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9605:
9590:
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9580:
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9567:
9560:
9556:
9550:
9542:
9536:
9527:
9519:
9513:
9509:
9502:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9482:
9473:
9454:
9447:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9430:Szakaly 2000.
9427:
9418:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9388:
9380:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9365:
9357:
9355:
9346:
9340:
9336:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9309:
9305:
9299:
9295:
9294:
9286:
9278:
9272:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9253:963-7930-97-3
9250:
9244:
9236:
9230:
9227:. Routledge.
9226:
9222:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9178:
9174:
9168:
9164:
9163:
9155:
9148:
9144:
9141:
9138:Roger Finch,
9135:
9128:
9124:
9118:
9103:
9099:
9093:
9089:
9088:
9080:
9065:
9061:
9055:
9051:
9050:
9042:
9035:
9030:
9015:
9011:
9005:
9001:
9000:
8992:
8984:
8978:
8974:
8969:
8968:
8959:
8951:
8945:
8941:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8913:
8909:
8903:
8899:
8898:
8890:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8833:
8826:
8822:
8816:
8808:
8802:
8798:
8791:
8784:
8779:
8764:
8760:
8754:
8750:
8749:
8741:
8725:
8721:
8715:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8692:
8685:
8680:
8665:
8661:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8638:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8617:
8611:
8606:
8591:
8587:
8581:
8577:
8576:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8562:
8553:
8546:
8538:
8532:
8528:
8521:
8519:
8511:
8505:
8499:tribal union"
8498:
8491:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8458:
8451:
8445:
8437:
8431:
8427:
8420:
8412:
8408:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8377:
8375:
8373:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8310:
8303:
8297:
8288:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8265:
8257:
8254:
8249:
8241:
8235:
8231:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8209:
8205:
8198:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8172:
8166:
8159:
8153:
8145:
8139:
8131:
8125:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8097:
8090:
8084:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8060:
8053:
8047:
8040:
8039:
8034:
8028:
8021:
8020:
8017:Cumanica IV:
8012:
8004:
8000:
7993:
7986:
7980:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7961:
7953:
7946:
7939:
7933:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7897:
7890:
7889:
7884:
7878:
7871:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7856:
7849:
7843:
7836:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7796:(1990). p. 35
7795:
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7667:
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7641:
7639:
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7629:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7615:
7609:
7602:
7596:
7588:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7559:
7553:
7549:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7525:
7519:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7493:
7486:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7468:
7463:
7462:public domain
7449:
7442:
7438:
7435:
7429:
7414:on 2010-01-24
7413:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7387:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7361:
7345:
7341:
7335:
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7327:
7326:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7295:
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7285:
7281:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7250:
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7244:
7242:
7240:
7231:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7208:
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7202:
7200:
7198:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7154:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7116:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7077:
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7067:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7034:
7030:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7006:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6929:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6892:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6849:
6847:
6838:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6815:
6811:
6799:consequences.
6795:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6775:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:Bahri Mamluks
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6483:
6476:
6471:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6397:
6392:
6385:
6380:
6373:
6368:
6361:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6337:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6308:
6301:
6296:
6289:
6284:
6277:
6272:
6265:
6260:
6253:
6248:
6241:
6236:
6229:
6224:
6217:
6212:
6205:
6200:
6193:
6188:
6181:
6176:
6169:
6164:
6157:
6152:
6145:
6140:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6126:
6124:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6064:Asian origins
6060:
6054:
6052:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6016:
6013:
6005:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5975:This section
5973:
5964:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5926:
5922:
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5906:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5620:Gagauz people
5617:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5594:CumanâKipchak
5586:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5562:Ilber Ortayli
5559:
5558:Halil Inalcik
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5400:Fier District
5397:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5154:Duchy of Kiev
5151:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5047:Trubizh River
5044:
5043:at the battle
5040:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:thought that
4958:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4930:Volga Bulgars
4927:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4895:Cuman leaders
4892:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4626:heavy cavalry
4623:
4622:light cavalry
4616:
4611:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4559:Khitan people
4556:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4495:Islamic world
4492:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:douloparoikoi
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4230:Andronikos II
4227:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4088:Mongol Empire
4084:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4016:Stefan UroĆĄ I
4013:
4002:
3996:
3975:
3973:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3858:
3857:Maria Theresa
3853:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:in 1278âKing
3779:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:Didymotoichon
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:with emperor
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:Sviatopolk II
3038:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:First Crusade
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2771:, and Prince
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2750:, but Prince
2749:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2729:The field of
2726:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:lingua franca
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:Dnieper River
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2531:
2529:
2528:Kypchak group
2525:
2524:Baraba Tatars
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2340:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:Yimek ~ Yemek
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:Middle Turkic
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:Burchebichi;
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:Sorochinetses
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:he is called
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:, instead of
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:âappeared as
1668:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:Nicaea Empire
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Great Tartary
1404:
1402:
1401:Turco-Mongols
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1314:Ottoman State
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1303:Bahri dynasty
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1153:Seljuk Empire
1150:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
991:
990:
986:
985:
979:
978:
974:
973:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
956:Sabiri People
953:
952:
944:
941:
936:
933:
932:
931:
929:
925:
915:
912:
907:
904:
903:
902:
901:
898:
897:
893:
892:
887:
886:
882:
881:
880:
879:
873:
872:
868:
867:
862:
861:
857:
856:
855:
854:
848:
847:
843:
842:
837:
832:
831:
822:
820:
816:
812:
811:
808:
806:
802:
798:
797:
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:
780:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
759:
758:
749:
747:
744:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
576:
571:
570:
561:
559:
556:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
397:
392:
391:
384:
380:
379:
373:
370:
369:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:Khanate, the
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
246:
240:
231:
226:
220:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
168:
159:
155:
151:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
76:
73:
69:
64:
55:
49:
44:
33:
19:
12616:
12551:Lipka Tatars
12424:Tozhu Tuvans
12384:Volga Tatars
12097:Akto Turkmen
11990:Libyan Turks
11950:Cretan Turks
11865:Akto Turkmen
11814:Tajik Kyrgyz
11801:Akto Turkmen
11688:Azerbaijanis
11598:
11560:(in Russian)
11542:(in Russian)
11534:
11515:
11498:
11480:
11477:
11417:
11413:
11403:
11360:
11354:
11348:
11337:. Retrieved
11317:
11310:
11253:
11247:
11217:
11210:
11201:
11182:
11173:
11150:
11144:
11136:
11131:
11123:
11122:Pritsak O.,
11118:
11107:. Retrieved
11098:(in Dutch).
11085:
11065:
11053:. Retrieved
11038:
11018:
11013:
11002:. Retrieved
10998:the original
10984:
10972:. Retrieved
10957:
10944:
10932:. Retrieved
10923:
10914:
10902:. Retrieved
10898:the original
10893:
10884:
10860:
10850:
10841:
10829:. Retrieved
10819:
10810:
10791:
10779:. Retrieved
10775:the original
10764:
10752:. Retrieved
10748:the original
10738:
10729:
10720:
10711:
10705:. Retrieved
10703:(in Turkish)
10695:
10686:
10676:
10663:
10653:
10644:
10640:
10630:
10621:
10617:
10607:
10590:
10570:
10563:
10553:Ibn FadlÄn.
10548:
10473:
10467:
10460:
10451:
10442:
10438:
10428:
10412:
10389:
10383:
10372:. Retrieved
10368:the original
10358:
10349:
10337:. Retrieved
10317:
10279:
10256:
10231:. Atheneum.
10228:
10222:
10214:
10209:
10190:
10179:. Retrieved
10155:
10121:. New York:
10118:
10112:
10088:
10067:. Retrieved
10038:. Retrieved
10036:. p. 48
10034:ResearchGate
10033:
10023:
10014:
10010:
9980:
9963:
9946:
9937:
9933:
9923:
9914:
9904:
9889:
9878:the original
9869:
9862:
9856:(18): 29â44.
9853:
9825:. Retrieved
9803:
9799:
9762:
9753:
9713:. Retrieved
9704:
9669:
9663:
9644:
9610:
9604:
9593:. Retrieved
9573:
9566:
9549:
9535:
9526:
9507:
9485:Lango 2000a.
9481:
9472:
9460:. Retrieved
9426:
9417:
9405:. Retrieved
9396:
9387:
9363:
9334:
9312:. Retrieved
9292:
9285:
9266:
9260:
9243:
9224:
9201:Horvath 2001
9181:. Retrieved
9161:
9154:
9134:
9122:
9117:
9106:. Retrieved
9086:
9079:
9068:. Retrieved
9048:
9041:
9029:
9018:. Retrieved
8998:
8991:
8966:
8958:
8939:
8916:. Retrieved
8896:
8889:
8870:
8837:
8832:
8815:
8796:
8790:
8782:
8778:
8767:. Retrieved
8747:
8740:
8728:. Retrieved
8714:
8705:
8701:
8691:
8679:
8668:. Retrieved
8622:
8616:
8609:
8605:
8594:. Retrieved
8574:
8551:
8545:
8526:
8509:
8504:
8490:
8466:
8462:
8457:
8449:
8444:
8425:
8419:
8406:
8361:
8353:
8341:. Retrieved
8336:
8332:
8322:
8314:
8309:
8301:
8296:
8287:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8255:
8248:
8229:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8188:
8182:
8174:
8165:
8157:
8152:
8143:
8138:
8129:
8124:
8115:
8109:
8101:
8096:
8088:
8083:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8059:
8051:
8046:
8036:
8032:
8027:
8016:
8011:
8002:
7992:
7984:
7979:
7969:
7965:
7960:
7951:
7945:
7937:
7932:
7924:
7920:
7915:
7905:
7901:
7896:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7861:
7855:
7847:
7842:
7826:
7820:
7807:
7801:
7793:
7788:
7780:
7775:
7752:
7746:
7737:
7725:. Retrieved
7701:
7673:. Retrieved
7661:
7613:
7608:
7600:
7595:
7572:
7566:
7547:
7491:
7485:
7474:
7448:
7428:
7416:. Retrieved
7412:the original
7376:
7370:
7360:
7348:. Retrieved
7324:
7279:
7214:
7184:. Retrieved
7160:
7153:
7134:
7100:
7037:. Retrieved
7023:
7014:
7005:
6994:. Retrieved
6970:
6913:
6890:
6885:
6868:
6821:
6814:
6794:
6778:
6692:Asen dynasty
6453:Cuman statue
6403:MagyarcsanĂĄd
6329:Cuman statue
6233:Cuman statue
6221:Cuman statue
6127:
6120:
6101:haplogroups
6084:
6056:
6047:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6008:
5999:
5976:
5952:
5948:David Ayalon
5929:
5902:
5894:Central Asia
5879:
5861:
5850:
5837:
5832:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5791:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5734:
5719:
5698:
5665:
5659:
5632:Ivan-Asen II
5628:
5614:
5612:The flower,
5611:
5590:
5555:
5549:province in
5545:district of
5351:Polovtsy in
5321:
5320:(renamed to
5306:
5305:(renamed to
5286:the city of
5280:
5267:Asen dynasty
5244:
5236:
5228:
5189:Seljuk Turks
5135:East Ukraine
5072:
5039:Anna Komnene
5021:East Ukraine
4960:
4941:
4918:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4861:
4832:, in a mass
4823:
4819:spirit world
4804:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4767:
4745:religion of
4740:
4724:
4720:
4711:
4700:
4693:
4678:
4619:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4569:
4563:
4547:
4536:
4520:
4516:
4500:
4480:Seljuk Turks
4472:
4428:
4407:
4386:
4382:
4361:
4337:
4308:crossed the
4303:
4282:
4274:
4257:
4249:
4224:
4216:
4184:Thessaloniki
4181:
4176:
4170:
4166:Philadelphia
4143:
4108:
4100:Golden Horde
4097:
4092:Golden Horde
4049:
4044:King Milutin
4040:Golden Horde
4025:
4008:
4001:
3978:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3893:Christianize
3890:
3887:
3862:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3790:
3786:
3782:Ladislaus IV
3766:
3703:
3651:
3643:
3633:
3618:
3602:coat of arms
3586:
3558:
3526:granted the
3521:
3506:
3491:
3429:
3389:
3373:Ivan Asen II
3369:Turkmenistan
3362:
3353:
3341:
3310:
3279:
3275:Genghis Khan
3223:
3203:
3184:
3166:against the
3149:
3134:
3116:
3085:
3077:
3074:Ivan Bilibin
3060:Seljuk Turks
3049:
3045:Asen dynasty
3032:
3030:
3020:, Prince of
2979:
2950:semi-nomadic
2923:
2911:
2888:
2864:Christianity
2862:offered the
2858:river. King
2840:Transylvania
2833:
2812:Székelyderzs
2741:
2728:
2705:
2691:
2636:
2628:
2608:
2592:
2538:
2520:Tobol-Irtysh
2497:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2355:
2347:
2320:
2287:
2238:
2231:
2219:
2186:
2170:
2163:
2129:MingĂŒzoÄlı ,
2124:
2120:
2104:Qara BörklĂŒ,
2095:
2094:KĂŒÄet (<
2091:"strength"),
2088:
2053:
2043:
1993:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1941:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1881:
1877:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1821:sary chechle
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1740:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1592:
1588:Porta Cumana
1587:
1583:
1580:Darial Gorge
1568:Darial Gorge
1555:
1554:
1533:
1523:
1511:Latin Empire
1488:
1426:Golden Horde
1312:
1301:
1287:
1277:Golden Horde
1275:
1263:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1165:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1092:
1085:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
989:Kangar Union
987:
975:
963:
954:
921:
894:
883:
869:
858:
844:
355:Latin Empire
323:Golden Horde
312:
277:
272:
268:
264:
153:
149:
147:
100:Christianity
56:in Eurasia,
37:Ethnic group
12772:Toquz Oghuz
12711:Oghuz Turks
12678:Sir-Kıvchak
12472:Afghanistan
12215:Qarai Turks
12131:Tor Uyghurs
12110:Fuyu Kyrgyz
12058:Karakalpaks
11927:Kouloughlis
11731:Karapapakhs
11568:Runivers.ru
11550:Runivers.ru
10831:16 February
10781:12 February
10480:: 639â662.
10161:I.B. Tauris
9827:October 12,
9337:. Corvina.
8479:Toquz Oghuz
7662:kipchak.com
7616:, ch 6., 27
6606:Terter clan
6510:Ladislaus I
6042:haplogroups
5925:Ibn Shaddad
5852:Prince Igor
5695:, Slovakia.
5624:Sea of Azov
5496:in Hungary,
5490:Kiskunhalas
5482:BĂĄcs-Kiskun
5477:in Hungary,
5470:in Hungary;
5453:Qashqadaryo
5415:Lerik Rayon
5404:Fier County
5201:Palaiologos
5123:Kuban River
5119:Circassians
5109:to flee to
4763:social rank
4743:shamanistic
4689:steppe ones
4664:, shoulder
4654:mail armour
4650:war hammers
4642:heavy spear
4468:stone babas
4411:Finno-Ugric
4398:Sea of Azov
4232:. His son,
3600:Historical
3549:Jasz people
3401:Nogai Horde
3385:Akropolites
3349:Kalka River
3294:Muhammad II
3136:Prince Igor
2561:Oghuz Turks
2557:Kievan Rus'
2159:*alp-erlĂŒ),
2046:"to boil"),
1995:Kievan Rus'
1845:West Slavic
1743:Ibn Battuta
1633:Turkologist
1375:History of
928:Turk Shahis
875:71 BCâ?? AD
593:Azerbaijani
414:Oghuz Turks
315:Kievan Rus'
288:Volga River
12923:Categories
11819:Van Kyrgyz
11701:Shahsevans
11339:2014-03-01
11109:2016-02-16
11004:2009-03-15
10924:Halasmédia
10754:24 October
10707:2023-02-04
10600:9004290362
10374:2014-03-01
10181:2015-10-19
10069:2014-03-01
9701:"Polovtsy"
9595:2015-10-19
9314:2015-10-19
9255:], p. 268.
9183:2015-10-19
9127:Vasily Yan
9108:2015-10-19
9070:2015-10-19
9020:2015-10-19
8769:2015-10-19
8670:2014-03-01
8596:2015-10-19
8070:(Berlin),
7379:(3): 455.
7350:19 October
7011:"Polovtsy"
6996:2015-10-19
6974:. Leiden:
6836:9004121226
6765:References
6091:East Asian
5986:improve it
5886:N. Aristov
5787:Manas epic
5501:Kunmadaras
5466:, Turkey;
5457:Uzbekistan
5432:of Turkey;
5419:Azerbaijan
5389:Montenegro
5316:region of
5301:region of
5251:Ibn Fadlan
5232:East Asian
5225:Appearance
5171:Greek fire
5025:Zaporizhia
5017:Sula River
4991:Pereyaslav
4885:shabat kun
4842:Bortz Khan
4807:divination
4670:face plate
4449:, and the
4433:(Surozh),
4344:Olt County
4271:Cuman camp
3898:Cumans in
3644:NagykunsĂĄg
3528:Burzenland
3474:See also:
3444:Baldwin II
3244:See also:
3187:Bulgarians
3156:Bulgarians
3133:'s opera,
2998:Adrianople
2994:Paristrion
2790:After the
2653:, and the
2632:Tmutorakan
2624:Kazakhstan
2585:Adrianople
2581:Bessarabia
2381:Tuul River
2298:Csertan ("
2274:ElŃborili,
2268:ShelŃbiry,
2028:BurÄoÄlı (
2025:Baya(w)ut,
2013:Arslan-opa
1858:, Russian
1705:." In the
1645:Akhal-Teke
1513:, and the
1489:After the
1446:Tatar ASSR
1001:Turk Shahi
683:Karakalpak
12846:Diasporas
12787:Xueyantuo
12777:Uriankhai
12724:Pechenegs
12717:Turkomans
12691:Kutrigurs
12363:Kryashens
12325:Kumandins
12306:Karachays
12286:Besermyan
12261:Telengits
12167:Krymchaks
12150:in Crimea
12115:Ili Turks
11708:KĂŒresĂŒnni
11370:1112.2013
11270:0018-7143
10494:0018-7143
9822:245309166
9369:Routledge
9034:Rapp 1997
8512:, 276-279
8066:. (1959)
8031:Clauson.
7919:Clauson.
7900:Clauson.
7881:Clauson.
7518:cite book
7510:994543451
6877:1873-9830
6807:Citations
6770:Footnotes
6405:, Hungary
6087:Kumandins
5990:verifying
5944:Ilkhanate
5868:Kumandins
5835:epic poem
5745:Teleorman
5706:Calvinism
5674:Kunhegyes
5543:Orhangazi
5380:, Serbia;
5348:, Russia;
5328:ComÄneĆti
5324:in 1927);
5309:in 1928);
5214:Macedonia
5193:Byzantine
5099:Pechenegs
4957:Yury Zuev
4913:(compare
4778:uchuchmak
4755:ancestors
4751:animistic
4666:spaulders
4599:ballistas
4595:mangonels
4588:Samarkand
4451:Varangian
4402:Don River
4373:sheepskin
4289:sheepskin
4250:Stratioti
4238:Pinkernes
4094:in yellow
4028:BraniÄevo
3896:Shamanist
3757:Körösszeg
3715:civil war
3652:KiskunsĂĄg
3553:Batu Khan
3513:Guranduht
3450:from the
3448:Tzurullon
3351:in 1223.
3337:Chernigov
3327:, Prince
3234:Wallachia
3141:Caucasian
3092:Black Sea
3002:Anchialos
2986:Lithuania
2946:Pechenegs
2884:Ladislaus
2876:Ladislaus
2872:Ladislaus
2860:Ladislaus
2794:in 1068,
2767:, Prince
2714:preserved
2673:) in the
2569:Black Sea
2535:Conquests
2441:Turkomans
2271:Topchaki,
2212:BaĆĄqurt),
2075:Qitan-opa
2036:Borcsol),
2010:Altun-oba
2003:Hungarian
1930:, and in
1679:Pechenegs
1377:Tatarstan
1318:1299â1922
1293:1250â1517
1281:1242â1502
1269:1224â1266
1230:1206â1526
1218:1136â1225
1194:1077â1231
1182:1067â1239
1157:1037â1194
977:Xueyantuo
819:Grey wolf
801:Ergenekon
777:Shamanism
549:Krymchaks
459:Kutrigurs
359:Wallachia
290:known as
284:Black Sea
267:in Rus',
248:) were a
239:romanized
230:Ukrainian
219:romanized
186:Hungarian
167:romanized
158:Bulgarian
78:Languages
12897:Turkmens
12885:Turkmeni
12742:Saragurs
12686:Kurykans
12672:Kipchaks
12657:Keraites
12642:GöktĂŒrks
12632:Dughlats
12622:Dingling
12592:Berendei
12443:Mongolia
12413:Tofalars
12377:NaÄaybĂ€k
12281:Bashkirs
12268:Tubalars
12254:Chelkans
12248:Altaians
12069:in China
11901:Tahtacıs
11894:Muhacirs
11835:Turkmens
11620:Archived
11507:41881042
11452:27453128
11395:13463642
11387:17278619
11330:Archived
11302:13801005
11294:16596944
11278:31029123
11181:(1979).
11100:Archived
11074:Archived
11055:29 April
10974:29 April
10968:Archived
10934:29 April
10928:Archived
10904:29 April
10858:(2015).
10800:Archived
10668:Archived
10526:13801005
10518:16596944
10502:31029123
10339:29 April
10333:Archived
10288:Archived
10199:Archived
10175:Archived
10063:Archived
10059:"Cumans"
10040:9 August
9800:Belleten
9779:187-233.
9715:29 April
9709:Archived
9589:Archived
9453:Archived
9407:29 April
9401:Archived
9308:Archived
9177:Archived
9143:Archived
9102:Archived
9064:Archived
9014:Archived
8912:Archived
8763:Archived
8730:29 April
8724:Archived
8720:"Boniak"
8664:Archived
8660:"Cumans"
8590:Archived
8366:, p. 31.
8256:Kipchaks
7872:, p. 522
7866:Archived
7831:Archived
7794:Kipchaks
7721:Archived
7666:Archived
7443:, p. 21.
7437:Archived
7344:Archived
7180:Archived
7039:13 April
7033:Archived
7029:"Cumans"
6990:Archived
6891:Speculum
6867:(eds.).
6856:"Kumans"
6784:Kipchaks
6721: â
6522:See also
6068:Csengele
6002:May 2020
5958:Genetics
5890:Chelkans
5824:Polovtsy
5820:Polovets
5808:Moldavia
5804:Székelys
5799:Székelys
5753:Komondor
5724:region (
5615:Kumoniga
5468:Debrecen
5378:Ivanjica
5341:, China;
5339:Xinjiang
5299:Kastoria
5288:Kumanovo
5275:Bulgaria
5160:and the
5146:Sharukan
5141:in 1125.
5111:Ruthenia
5103:Berendei
5073:eyevshan
5035:Tugorkan
5009:Ruthenia
4971:Sharukan
4953:Székelys
4838:Moldavia
4770:prophesy
4747:Tengrism
4731:Religion
4634:scimitar
4579:Isidorus
4551:Bashkirs
4455:Sharukan
4447:Solianyi
4443:Zaloznyi
4394:Dniester
4392:and the
4158:Anatolia
4127:Lake Van
4056:Shishman
3794:a battle
3772:between
3723:Slavonia
3669:Seal of
3452:Nicaeans
3423:and the
3230:Moldavia
3195:uprising
3172:Bashkirs
3145:Danubian
3104:Berendei
3022:PrzemyĆl
2899:Pecheneg
2814:church:
2779:and the
2752:Vsevolod
2683:Kipchaks
2675:Caucasus
2665:and the
2647:Bulgaria
2489:Kipchaks
2465:Kipchaks
2437:Tagazgaz
2429:Khirkhiz
2312:Iloncsuk
2262:Tatrany,
2071:Ä°t-oÄlı,
1949:Pecheneg
1945:Kankalis
1892:Lipovtsi
1887:Polovtsy
1873:Polovtsy
1834:polovtsy
1805:polovtsy
1790:Polovtsy
1781:Polovtsy
1774:Polovtsy
1746:(1304 â
1599:Kipchaks
1519:Anatolia
1416:Kipchaks
1366:a series
1364:Part of
1145:963â1186
1133:860â1091
1121:856â1335
1109:848â1036
1077:840â1212
1053:750â1055
1029:743â1035
969:618â1048
896:GöktĂŒrks
871:Dingling
773:Tengrism
746:Krymchak
486:Kipchaks
423:Saragurs
339:Moldavia
298:and the
296:Caucasus
280:Pecheneg
273:Kipchaks
265:Polovtsy
245:polovtsi
225:polovtsy
202:Romanian
133:Bashkirs
121:Pecheneg
117:Kipchaks
96:Tengrism
90:Religion
32:Kipchaks
18:Cumanian
12909:Ottoman
12893:Iranian
12889:Afghani
12837:Mughals
12832:Hazaras
12782:Utigurs
12757:TĂŒrgesh
12732:Onogurs
12706:Nushibi
12701:Naimans
12662:Khazars
12652:Karluks
12607:Chigils
12602:Bulgars
12587:Barsils
12525:Europe
12504:Ansarlu
12450:Khotons
12408:Teleuts
12301:Dolgans
12296:Chuvash
12291:Chulyms
12276:Balkars
12220:Qashqai
12205:Khalajs
12183:in Iran
12125:Uyghurs
11848:Ansarlu
11759:Kazakhs
11673:Peoples
11574:format.
11556:format.
11470:Sources
11460:2132782
11443:4958967
11422:Bibcode
11286:1752384
10744:"CUMAN"
10510:1752384
10419:at the
10298:255-266
10131:60-7688
9462:14 June
9149:, p. 5.
8918:14 June
8836:In his
7837:, p.55.
7727:14 June
7675:1 March
7464::
7418:1 March
7186:14 June
6652:Madjars
6548:Kazakhs
6494:Donetsk
6136:Gallery
6076:Finnish
5984:Please
5905:Baibars
5872:Charysh
5828:Zeeland
5794:Csangos
5785:in the
5768:Ukraine
5764:Kharkiv
5714:Iazyges
5685:Cumania
5670:Kunbaja
5512:Ukraine
5428:in the
5408:Albania
5398:in the
5357:Belarus
5332:Romania
5131:Seljuks
5107:Torkils
5053:Syrchan
5045:on the
5029:Donetsk
5015:on the
4940:in his
4926:Nushibi
4917:đ°đ°đ°
4889:Shabbat
4834:baptism
4800:Bulgars
4789:keshene
4785:uçuĆmak
4782:Turkish
4774:Iranian
4662:cuirass
4646:lancing
4630:javelin
4524:torques
4504:bracers
4491:Mamluks
4415:Normans
4390:Dnieper
4369:bridles
4358:Culture
4352:Calafat
4306:Mongols
4285:bridles
4262:pronoia
4254:Almopia
4194:at the
4131:Salomon
4115:Seljuks
4072:Michael
3949:ammen.
3900:Hungary
3884:, 1358)
3847:, 1358)
3822:nagykun
3763:, 1358)
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