728:
existed for obtaining a vacuum, the high degree of skill necessary in the construction of all its parts, and the crude instruments with which Goebel worked. It has often been laid down that a meritorious invention is not to be defeated by something which rests in speculation or experiment, or which is rudimentary or incomplete. The law requires not conjecture, but certainty. It is easy after an important invention has gone into public use for persons to come forward with claims that they invented the same thing years before, and to endeavor to establish this by the recollection of witnesses as to events long past. Such evidence is to be received with great caution, and the presumption of novelty arising from the grant of the patent is not to be overcome except upon clear and convincing proof.
745:
make the lamp he has described. Whatever may be said as to Goebel's veracity, he is supported at many points by witnesses of good repute, who speak with precision, and apparently with deliberation. ... I need not refer to the possible effect of cross-examination in the case of a multitude of witnesses. What now seems plain enough may altogether disappear, and new facts may come to the surface under that crucial test. ... The injunction will therefore be refused, if the respondents shall give a bond in the sum of $ 20,000, conditioned for the payment of such sum, if any, as may be decreed in favor of complainants on the final hearing of this cause."
888:), that he had assisted experiments related to electric light, that he had got the idea and the basic concept of the design of an electric incandescent lamp from Professor Münchhausen and that he had continued with experiments on electric light on his own in New York. A person Professor Münchhausen was not known in the Kingdom of Hanover in the 1830s and 1840s, there is no documentation of experiments on electric light in the Kingdom of Hanover in the 1840s and no source for deliveries of equipment or any other kind of relation of Henry Goebel to today's Leibniz University Hannover.
303:
221:
970:
290:
1065:
reported to be a final decision in the case. Sometimes it wasn't realized that the litigations were three independent cases with the same counsels of the defense using the same arguments. Due to this erroneous view the later decision of Judge
Hallett was reported as a decision of a higher court in the same case. That are misstatements of Judge Hallett's decision, and the source of the legend that the priority of Henry Goebel for the invention of the practical incandescent light bulb was established at court.
762:
Goebel frequently, but came to the same conclusion, and says he was unable to produce any lamps. These are potent circumstances to raise doubt. ... One Hager, a glass blower, swears that he made for Goebel, while working with him, "in the early eighties," lamps similar to No.4, and he thinks he made this one at that time. ... Upon the whole showing, I am satisfied that the complainants are legally entitled to preliminary injunction, and that it is the duty of the court to grant it without evasion.
865:
658:
Members of Goebel's family and friends of them affirmed the usage of incandescent lamps in the daily life of the family before the year 1880. The most surprising story for the public was the alleged usage of incandescent lamps for the advertisement of Goebel's telescope in the center of New York for years. It was said, thousands of New
Yorkers had seen Goebel's lamps. Approximately 75 witnesses confirmed this in affidavits; approximately the same number of witnesses remembered oil-lamps only.
1129:
962:
31:
282:
1115:
274:
571:
580:
563:
935:(published 1786), a popular book in Germany; a man telling lies and incredible stories. A thesis on this is, that Henry Goebel, an old man, was under pressure of lawyers to provide affidavits and got pangs of conscience and this was his way to indicate the story was untrue. In the culture of Germany there is a close association of "Münchhausen" and "untrue, telling lies".
1101:
1068:
After his death, Henry Goebel had been forgotten for 30 years in
Germany. In the year 1923 the story of an important national inventor was created; the report of Franklin Pope was the main source. Some other countries adapted the story from Germany in the 20th century. Additional misstatements became
977:
reported the death of Henry Goebel at
December 4 in the issue of December 16. In Germany erroneous the date of issue was reported to be the date of his death in an important article about Goebel 1923. This is the reason for the wrong date of death as well in the inscription as in many other published
824:
and their competitors was money. It was not a controversy about the honor to be the inventor of the incandescent light bulb. There was no benefit for Henry Goebel in these suits. He said, he was not interested in the decisions of the courts and that he had no hostile mind towards Thomas Edison. In an
761:
Prof. Thomson, of the
Thomson-Houston Company, investigated it in 1882, -when it would have been of vital interest to his company to make use of it against this patent, if tenable, -and, after visiting Goebel, rejected its consideration. Dr. O. A. Moses, an inventor, with similar object, visited
657:
Many persons providing affidavits in 1893 said that they had seen the electric lamps of Henry Goebel in the 1850s to the 1870s. Henry Goebel used his lamps according to these affidavits for the advertisement of his shop in New York and for the advertisement of his telescope at Union Square, New York.
855:
in
February 1894 he wrote, that nobody had confirmed the alleged work of Goebel related to electricity before leaving Germany. Tanner reported, Goebel's alleged teacher in the field of electricity and electric lamps, Professor Münchhausen, was an unknown person in Springe and Hanover. Goebel said in
727:
It is extremely improbable that Henry Goebel constructed a practical incandescent lamp in 1854. This is manifest from the history of the art for the past fifty years, the electrical laws which since that time have been discovered as applicable to the incandescent lamp, the imperfect means which then
626:
were presented at court. Witnesses said Göbel had produced these lamps himself at Beacon Vacuum Pump and
Electrical Company, using his old tools. In 1893, Heinrich Göbel was 75. He said that he had lost a lot of lamps and tools for the production of lamps when he left his shop in New York years ago.
474:
from April 30, 1882 are the earliest clear sources for work of
Heinrich Göbel related to incandescent electric light bulbs. No earlier source is known to prove any kind of relation to incandescent light bulbs or any kind of work in the field of electricity. Doubtful details of the biography of Göbel
257:
In 1844, Göbel married Sophie Lübke née
Rodewig. In the documents, he gave watchmaker as his profession at that time. There are no sources to confirm a training as watchmaker. Probably Göbel learned by doing and did work comparable to a precision mechanic. He operated a one-person business repairing
879:
One important point is, that there is no source to confirm Goebel's alleged source of knowledge in the fields of electricity and vacuum physics. Goebel claimed that he had worked together with a certain
Professor Münchhausen in the 1840s, that he had constructed equipment for experiments at today's
613:
Patent attorneys Witter & Kenyon became defense counsel in all three cases. They declared Edison's patents void because it was not a novelty in 1880. Their witness, Heinrich Göbel, made a claim he had designed the first practical incandescent electric light bulb in 1854. He said he had used his
703:
and responsible to support their counsels, discredited Goebel by demonstrating that his supposed 1870s bulb (Goebel Lamp No. 4) had been built much later. Professor van der Weyde, an 80 years old physicist, said in his affidavit, he had seen Goebel's telescope and his incandescent lamps. Later he
744:
It is said that Goebel is involved in contradictions and misstatements of fact, due to the lapsing memory of old age, or to untruthfulness. Be it so. He does not appear to be an adventurer or an impostor. It is not reasonable to believe that he made the story related in his affidavit, and did not
418:
reported on an exhibition of incandescent light bulbs in Göbel's shop. According to this report, Göbel claimed the electric light was by no means as new an invention as it was popularly supposed to be and that he knew this kind of light since his time in Germany. He affirmed he produced electric
782:
Without assuming to say that the story of this invention is untrue, and without designing to suggest what result should be reached upon final hearing, we are compelled to say that the story is surrounded by such an atmosphere of improbability that, until it shall have been thoroughly sifted and
1064:
Judge Moses Hallett denied the granting of a preliminary injunction. His opinion was, that a final hearing with all witnesses at court was necessary. Several magazines and newspapers stated that Judge Hallett believed Goebel's lamp preceded Edison's. In Germany the opinion of Judge Hallett was
574:
Goebel-Lamp No. 4. Henry Goebel said, he had made this lamp prior to 1872. This lamp was considered to anticipate the Edison patent, assumed the date of production was fully proved. Goebel-Lamps No. 1,2 and 3 were subject of technical discussions whether they anticipate the invention of Thomas
1069:
part of some versions of the legend. For example, some versions of the legend describe the first Goebel lamps as bottle-lamps. But Henry Goebel said that he had melted the glass of Eau-de-Cologne-Bottles with a blowpipe to produce the all-glass-envelope of his very first lamps in the 1850s.
832:
fulfilled the legal requirements for challenging the Edison patent without having to assert any influence or effect of the alleged invention outside the private sphere of Goebel. An invention with merit of technical progress for the benefit of the general public, however, was not claimed.
1025:
is available in the libraries of many technical universities. Franklin Pope's article was interpreted as a reliable source as well in the year of publishing as in later years. In 1893 his article was the source for reports about the Goebel-Story of newspapers in the US and in Europe.
206:
Göbel acquired patents for an improvement of sewing machines (1865), for an improvement of the Geissler pump (1882) and for a technique to connect carbon threads to metal wires in incandescent lamps (1882). These three patents had no influence on further technical developments.
916:
on base of this story. Probably a biography of an inventor of electric light was constructed on top of the true biography of Henry Goebel. There is circumstantial evidence that falsification of written affidavits was part of the strategy of the counsels of the defense.
680:
Technical experts of both sides gave their opinion about the Goebel lamps and the claimed way of production in affidavits. Experts of the Edison side contested the quality of the lamps and the possibility to produce lamps using the affirmed procedure. Experts of the
895:
Hans-Christian Rohde stated in his dissertation, that there is no source from the time prior to 1880 to support the assumption of a relation of Henry Goebel to incandescent lamps prior to 1880. His thesis is, that Henry Goebel got the knowledge when working for the
1029:
As a matter of fact there is a lack of convincing evidence for the information about the lamps of Henry Goebel given by Franklin Pope in his article. This was the result of the litigations (motions for a preliminary injunction) in three cases in 1893 and 1894.
1072:
Different views became obvious due to the internet and some projects in the US and in Germany started investigations in the year 2000 and later. As a result, the assumption of Goebel lamps prior to 1880 without any doubt was named a legend.
617:
Göbel's main evidence was discounted by U.S. patent courts. Göbel himself was the most important witness of the defendant companies. Witter & Kenyon worked out an extensive defense with several hundred pages of affidavits. So-called
393:
On May 9, 1865, Göbel obtained the U.S. Patent No. 47.632 "Hemmer for sewing machines." Probably he got the idea when thinking about how to make the sewing work of his daughter more easy. He was not successful in selling the patent.
1037:
and the intention was to produce credibility for the Goebel-Story and sympathy for Henry Goebel, an "underdog" who anticipated the famous Thomas Edison. According to this view, Franklin Pope was a fraudulent acting consultant of the
911:
was fraudulent. Probably Goebel told his story in 1882 to present himself as experienced in the art of construction of electric lamps to promote his intended business. Patent attorneys and their technical consultants created the
389:
On March 23, 1865, he took the oath on the Constitution of the United States of America and was henceforth American citizen. The document is signed with Henry Goebel. The change of name took place at an unknown time after 1852.
950:. A technical examination with today's methods of science to establish, if possible, a final truth on the production year of the lamps and to clear up technical points of dispute in the litigations did not take place yet.
232:
in Germany. His father, Heinrich Christian Göbel, was a gardener and later a door-to-door salesman for chocolate. The name of his mother was Marie Eleonore née Hüper. At that time Springe was a small village in the
920:
One curious matter is the name of Goebel's alleged teacher, Professor Münchhausen. Münchhausen is a rare family name in Germany and Münchhausen is the name of a literary figure in a collection of tales with title
1347:
Fouché, Rayvon, "Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation: Granville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer, and Shelby J. Davidson." The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, 2003, pp. 115–116.
224:
This house was believed to be Göbel's birthplace. He lived in this house in the 1840s, but it is not his birthplace. At the front side of this house an incandescent light bulb is burning day and night.
432:
story. They were interested in early incandescent light bulbs to put Edison's patent of 1880 into question. Later, they said, there was not much evidence, and Göbel was not able to present old lamps.
783:
sustained upon final hearing, the claim ought not to be permitted to invade the monopoly accorded to, another for the same invention, whose claim has passed safely the ordeal of judicial scrutiny.
285:
Goebel-Shop in New York, Grand Street 468. Probably this photo was taken in the year 1893 to support the Goebel-Story. The telescop which Göbel used in the 1850s on a horse wagon was much larger.
441:
In 1893, New York patent attorneys Witter & Kenyon became defense counsel in three cases of patent infringement. Göbel became their primary witness, with his 1882 story used to create the
407:
He finished this work after half a year and tried to start his own business in the field of incandescent light bulbs together with his friend John Kulenkamp. Both were members of a Lodge of
1242:
Goebel said, cost und problems with this patent was the reason he did not apply for further patents related to his alleged work in the field of incandesscent light bulbs in those years.
856:
one of his affidavits, that he had learned the professions of a watchmaker and an optician. In Springe Tanner got the information, that Goebel had learned the profession of a locksmith.
240:
Heinrich Göbel finished school in 1832 with poor marks. One teacher commented, "He seems to have an inventive mind. The reasons of the poor marks appear to be in his lengthy illness."
422:
Two patents were granted to Heinrich Göbel in 1882, an improvement of the Geissler system of vacuum pumps and a solution to connect carbon-filaments and metal-wires in a light bulb.
425:
In 1882, Göbel offered to sell his inventions to the Edison Electric Light Co. for a few thousand dollars, but Edison did not see enough merit in the invention to accept the offer.
419:
lights since the 1850s without giving technical details. The lamps at exhibition were incandescent light bulbs with carbon-filaments of high resistance made of fibres of reed.
193:. The defense of these companies claimed the Edison patent was void because of the same invention by Göbel 25 years earlier, which came to be known as the "Göbel defense".
907:
manifested numerous contradictions and improbabilities. This and the lack of independent sources in the archives to confirm claims of Henry Goebel support the thesis, the
654:
didn't provide any documentation or convincing proof which could be dated without any doubt to a time earlier than 1880, the year the patent was granted to Thomas Edison.
254:
Göbel started to work as a repair mechanic in 1837. Later in the 1850s in New York, he gave 1837 as the foundation date of his business on a business card of his shop.
809:
In two cases the preliminary injunction was granted, in one case the injunction was denied. In Philadelphia another injunction was granted in a suit filed by the
404:
Obviously there was a need for precision mechanics for the construction of electric lamps. Furthermore, he produced carbon filaments in his shop for the company.
787:
A decision, whether the Goebel anticipation was held true or untrue, required a final hearing, but there was never a final hearing in the litigations using the
661:
Goebel claimed his lamp contained a high resistance filament of carbon, platinum lead-in wires in an all-glass envelope, and a high vacuum produced with the
556:
Expiry date of US Patent 223.898 of the Edison Electric Light Co. (since 1893 General Electric); Patent applied November 30, 1879/ granted January 27, 1880
265:, arriving in January 1849. According to the list of passengers of the ship, he gave "mechanic" as his profession. The reasons for emigration are not known.
196:
Judges of four courts raised doubts; there was no clear and convincing proof for the claimed invention. A research work published in 2007 concluded that the
923:
525:
Philadelphia Trust Co., Manufacturers' Club of Philadelphia und Spreckels Sugar-Refining Co., preliminary injunction granted, Philadelphia (Judge Acheson)
583:
Tools for the production of thin carbon-filaments, presented at court 1893. Henry Goebel affirmed the construction and usage of these tools in the 1870s.
382:
in the evening and by payment of a fee people could use his telescope to observe the stars. In litigations of the year 1893 many persons remembered the
1265:
614:
lamps for personal purpose without applying for a patent. The counsels called this an "overseen invention". Göbel was an unknown person at that time.
798:
It is not sure, that the proof of the alleged anticipation was the true strategy of the counsels of the defense. Perhaps the aim of the extensive
689:
said, that reproduced lamps burnt 45, 87 and 166 hours. Edison's lamps burnt at time of applying for a patent approximately 40 hours. So-called
1021:
is the reason for the existing view in some countries that Henry Goebel developed a carbon filament lamp many years before Thomas Edison did it.
795:
to move the case in St. Louis to a final hearing. Probably they did it not because of the expiry date of Edison's patent in 1894 and high cost.
1725:
332:
1007:
In this article Franklin Pope credited the invention of the practical incandescent light bulb to Henry Goebel. Furthermore, he supported the
841:
During the litigations most newspapers reported with a neutral point of view, but some raised doubts about the alleged Goebel anticipation.
973:
Monument from 1954 in honor of Heinrich Göbel, the "inventor of the electric light bulb". Death date on the monument is December 16, 1893.
1730:
965:
Monument to the honor of Henry Goebel in Springe, Germany (native town). Constructed 1954, the believed 100. anniversary of his invention
1720:
1142:
844:"A romantic story of the poor inventor Goebel which will be forgotten soon" was the commentary of a technical magazine in Germany.
813:
to stop the usage of patent infringing lamps at some companies. The counsels of the defense in this case used the arguments of the
1088:
Patent 266.358 "Electric Incandescent Lamp (sockets to connect the filament of carbon and the conducting wires)", October 24, 1882
1705:
1165:
Judges of courts in Boston, St.Louis, Milwaukee and Chicago raised doubts. Judges in Philadelphia ruled based on these decisions.
1710:
533:
Electric Manufacturing Company, Oconto, preliminary injunction confirmed, appeal, (Court in Chicago; Judge James G. Jenkins)
1569:
1183:
817:. The judges referred to the previous decisions. They did not form their own opinion about the Goebel claim of anticipation.
802:
was to avoid a decision of a final hearing before the expiry date of Edison's patent. This was successful in the case of the
591:
from 1885 came to a final decision. The court confirmed the patents of Thomas Edison related to the incandescent light bulb.
1670:
203:
After Göbel's death, in some countries, the legend arose he was the true inventor of the practical incandescent light bulb.
1715:
1576:
available in National Record Administrations of the USA) The author explains his thesis, the Goebel claims were fraudulent.
435:
In 1887, Göbel's wife Sofie died. At least 8 more children of them were born in the US. 7 children survived both parents.
261:
In 1848, at the age of 30, Göbel and his family emigrated to New York City. They left Germany in 1848 on the sailing ship
1665:
1528:
1215:, Vol. 34, No. 845, February 2, 1894, p. 114, London. Tax documents found in the archive of Springe support this source.
1353:
517:
Electric Manufacturing Company, Oconto, preliminary injunction granted (Court in Milwaukee; Judge William H. Seaman)
354:
247:
Gerhard Linde of Springe took on Göbel as an apprentice for three years. It is not known whether Göbel finished this
325:
891:
As one result of investigations in Germany and in the US and an analysis of all documents of the litigations with
1735:
1403:
Federal Reporter: Electric Manufacturing Co.,Oconto vs. Edison Electric Light, appeal vol. 61, pg. 834
992:
He was an important man with a good reputation in the field of electricity; in 1886 he was the President of the
806:. The company produced lamps without interruption though they never proved the invalidity of Edison's patent.
186:
379:
708:
of witnesses. The newspapers reported about some turbulent phases in these lawsuits during the year 1893.
501:
Beacon Vacuum Pump and Electric Company, Boston, preliminary injunction granted (Judge Lebaron B. Colt)
881:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1572:(German, dissertation, research work on the biography of Henry Goebel, analysis of all documents of the
1402:
1391:
1364:
1049:. In the 2nd Edition of this book, published 1894 one year after his article about Henry Goebel in the
598:
to close the productions of incandescent light bulbs of the Beacon Vacuum Pump and Electrical Company,
1392:
Federal Reporter: Edision Electric Light Co. vs. Electric Manufacturing Co.,Oconto vol.57 pg.616
932:
851:
visited Springe, Goebel's native town, and interviewed some people there. In his article published in
478:
315:
509:
Columbia Incandescent Lamp Company, St. Louis, preliminary injunction denied (Judge Moses Hallett)
825:
affidavit he said he got no money for providing details of his work concerning incandescent lamps.
319:
311:
175:
1680:
1085:
Patent 252.658 "Vacuum Pump (Improvement of the Geissler-System of vacuum pumps", January 24, 1882
1652:
541:
Philadelphia Trust Co, Philadelphia, preliminary injunction confirmed, appeal, (Judge Wales)
662:
622:
were presented at court. Witnesses said they existed earlier than 1880. Furthermore, so-called
595:
336:
836:
669:. He tried several materials to produce the carbon filaments and discovered the advantages of
258:
and selling clocks. His son Johann Carl was born 1846, and his daughter Marie Sophie in 1848.
982:
876:
Investigations in recent years partially corroborated the findings in the article by Tanner.
650:
was Göbel did not built practical incandescent light bulbs before 1880. The counsels of the
1700:
1695:
1134:
1033:
In a dissertation published 2007 it is stated, that the article was part of the fraudulent
378:. Frequently in the 1850s and 1860s he moved with his large telescope on a horse wagon to
8:
453:
85:
1676:
Frank Levis Dyer u. A.: Edison his life and inventions 1929/Henry Goebel Defense of 1893
986:
947:
928:
234:
179:
220:
1648:
1565:
1349:
1179:
1162:
666:
607:
1585:
1106:
969:
685:
confirmed the quality of the lamps and the method of production. Witnesses of the
1675:
483:
479:
The claimed Göbel anticipation concerning Edison's incandescent light bulb patents
397:
Göbel moved his shop to Grand Street 500 in 1872 and to Grand Street 468 in 1877.
1251:
Edison Electric Light v. Beacon, affidavit Henry Goebel, January 21, 1893, pg. 22
999:
In January 1893 Franklin Pope wrote an article published on the head page of the
712:
438:
In the late 1880s, Göbel retired and his son Henry became the owner of the shop.
174:
In 1893, magazines and newspapers reported 25 years earlier, Göbel had developed
1014:
Probably his relationship to Thomas Edison was the motivation of Franklin Pope.
1120:
943:
864:
248:
1294:
1280:
277:
Goebel-Lamp No. 5. This lamp was at exhibition in Goebel's shop April 29, 1882
171:, where he resided until his death. He received American citizenship in 1865.
1689:
1618:
Philadelphia Trust v. Edison Electric Light appeal vol. 65, pg. 551
1227:
696:
168:
103:
73:
1365:
Federal Reporter: Edison Electric Light v. Beacon vol. 54, pg. 678
693:
were broken in 1893. Experts of the Edison side said that they never burnt.
566:
Drawing of Göbel lamp No. 1. Source: Affidavit Henry Goebel January 21, 1893
1608:
Electric, Oconto v. Edison Electric Light appeal vol. 61, pg. 834
961:
837:
Historical extrajudicial investigations and views on the anticipation claim
289:
293:
Grave of Henry Goebel and his wife at Green-Wood cemetery in Brooklyn, NY.
1266:
A NEW INCANDESCENT LIGHT. A GERMAN ELECTRICIAN'S INVENTION April 30, 1882
408:
159:(April 20, 1818 – December 4, 1893) was a German-born American precision
673:. These solutions were exactly the results of the research work of the
189:
sued three manufacturers of incandescent lamps for infringing Edison's
30:
1613:
Edison Electric Light v. Philadelphia Trust vol. 60, pg. 397
1500:
The Carbon Filament Lamp of 1859—The Story of an Overlooked Invention.
1005:
The Carbon Filament Lamp of 1859—The Story of an Overlooked Invention.
428:
In the 1880s, some patent attorneys visited Göbel because of the 1882
367:
In New York City, Göbel opened a shop in Monroe Street. The title was
237:
with less than 2,000 inhabitants. Most of them worked in agriculture.
1681:
Goebel Stamp 2004, Germany, designed by Stefan Klein and Olaf Neumann
643:
603:
562:
449:
375:
244:
1603:
Edison Electric Light v. Electric, Oconto vol. 57, pg. 616
704:
withdrew his affidavit. Witter & Kenyon expressed suspicions of
281:
164:
160:
118:
114:
1240:
Edicon Electric Light Co. vs. Bacon Vacuum Pump and Electrical Co.
705:
589:
Edison Electric Light Co. vs. United States Electric Lighting Co.
229:
54:
594:
Based on this decision, Edison Electric brought suits to obtain
570:
273:
848:
670:
599:
579:
190:
872:
on the head page of the issue dec 16, 1893 reporting his death
1562:
Die Göbel-Legende – Der Kampf um die Erfindung der Glühlampe.
1176:
Die Göbel-Legende – Der Kampf um die Erfindung der Glühlampe.
1641:
Heinrich Goebel – Aufstieg und Fall einer deutschen Legende.
1598:
Edison Electric Light v. Columbia vol. 56, pg. 496
778:
with new affidavits and withdrawn affidavits in May, 1894:
646:
and 142 persons supported the Edison view. The view of the
228:
On April 20, 1818, Heinrich Göbel was born in Springe near
1593:
Edison Electric Light v. Beacon vol. 54, pg. 678
1238:
In his affidavit from January 21, 1893 in the litigation
900:
in 1881 and was not busy with incandescent lamps before.
1163:"Litigation using the "Göbel defense" in 1893 and 1894."
35:
First published photo of Heinrich Göbel, on January 1893
1082:
Patent 47.632 "Hemmer for Sewing Machines", May 9, 1865
820:
The point of controversy in these lawsuits between the
1671:
Edward Covington: Goebel Original and Reproduced Lamps
1666:
Edward Covington: A Review of the Henry Goebel Defense
1589:
volumes f1.54, f1.56, f1.57, f1. 60, f1.61 und f1.65:
1529:
Edward Covington: A Review of the Henry Goebel Defense
1655:(Heinrich Goebel - rise and fall of a German legend.)
1437:, Vol. 34, No. 845, February 2, 1894, p. 113, London.
1076:
484:
Litigation using the "Göbel defense" in 1893 and 1894
1096:
1295:
Goebel's patent 266358 „Electric Incandescent Lamp"
1228:
Goebel's patent 47.632 „Hemmer for Sewing Machines"
1017:The reputation of Franklin Pope and his article in
470:1881, the patents from 1882, and the report in the
1547:, No. 47/48, November 29, 1923, pp. 1031–1034
1545:ETZ Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift – Organ des VDE
903:A philological analysis of all affidavits of the
859:
723:) explained how he ruled based on probabilities:
721:Beacon Vacuum Pump and Electrical Company, Boston
1687:
1506:, Vol. XV, No. 247, January 25, 1893, p. 77
1376:Decision in the Columbia Incandescent Lamp Suit.
1053:of January 1893, Henry Goebel is not mentioned.
324:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1420:, 14th Year, No. 14, April 7, 1893, p. 206
1382:, Vol. XXI, No. 17, April 29, 1893, p. 312
1338:, Vol. XXI, No. 16,April 22, 1893, p. 294
448:Heinrich Göbel died on December 4, 1893, from
924:The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen
215:
1332:The Columbia Incandescent Lamp Company Case.
1309:, Vol. XXI, No. 18, May 6, 1893, p. 332
1047:Evolution of the Electric Incandescent Lamp
931:(published 1785) and in another version of
1161:Details are given in this article chapter
994:American Institute of Electrical Engineers
492:Decisions in the suits with Goebel-Defense
29:
774:was based on the last development of the
766:The opinion of Judge Jenkins in the case
738:Columbia Incandescent Lamp Co., St. Louis
732:The opinion of Judge Hallett in the case
636:Columbia Incandescent Lamp Co., St. Louis
355:Learn how and when to remove this message
1143:List of German inventors and discoverers
968:
960:
863:
749:The opinion of Judge Seaman in the case
578:
569:
561:
374:To earn more money, Göbel constructed a
288:
280:
272:
219:
178:comparable to those invented in 1879 by
1579:Decisions of the courts concerning the
677:and the novelties of Edison's patents.
143: 1844; died 1887)
1688:
989:but later he was in quarrel with him.
606:; and Electric Manufacturing Company,
602:; Columbia Incandescent Lamp Company,
369:Jewelry, Horology and Optician's Store
1726:German emigrants to the United States
1290:
1288:
1281:Goebel's patent 252658 „Vacuum Pump"
755:Electric Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee
400:In 1881, Göbel Goebel worked for the
268:
1276:
1274:
1223:
1221:
953:
296:
182:. Göbel did not apply for a patent.
791:. It was the responsibility of the
13:
1731:People from the Kingdom of Hanover
1431:The Goebel-Munchhausen Lamp Story.
1285:
1209:The Goebel-Munchhausen Lamp Story.
1077:US-Patents granted to Henry Goebel
1045:Franklin Pope wrote a book titled
487:
14:
1747:
1659:
1271:
1218:
868:Henry Goebel, photo published in
475:given by himself are not listed.
1628:are available in many issues of
1541:Die erste elektrische Glühlampe.
1127:
1113:
1099:
301:
1721:19th-century American inventors
1554:
1533:
1522:
1509:
1492:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1423:
1414:Der Glühlampenstreit in Amerika
1407:
1396:
1385:
1369:
1358:
1341:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1011:at court providing affidavits.
978:documents in several countries.
847:The journalist A.M.Tanner from
768:Electric Manufacturing Co. vs.
140:
1706:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
1254:
1245:
1232:
1201:
1188:
1168:
1155:
1062:Columbia Incandescent Lamp Co.
860:Investigations in recent years
1:
1711:American electrical engineers
1418:ETZ Elektrotechnische Zeitung
1148:
804:Columbia Incandescent Lamp Co
187:Edison Electric Light Company
16:German-born American inventor
210:
7:
1716:German electrical engineers
1476:, p. 73 und p. 77
1092:
942:are in the archives of the
898:American Electric Light Co.
882:Leibniz University Hannover
468:American Electric Light Co.
402:American Electric Light Co.
167:. In 1848 he immigrated to
10:
1752:
1564:Zu Klampen, Springe 2007,
1178:Zu Klampen, Springe 2007,
638:181 persons supported the
552:
537:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
463:continued until May 1894.
216:Springe, Germany 1818–1848
1058:Edison Electric Light Co.
822:Edison Electric Light Co.
811:Edison Electric Light Co.
793:Edison Electric Light Co.
770:Edison Electric Light Co.
751:Edison Electric Light Co.
734:Edison Electric Light Co.
717:Edison Electric Light Co.
701:Edison Electric Light Co.
675:Edison Electric Light Co.
648:Edison Electric Light Co.
632:Edison Electric Light Co.
545:
490:
124:
110:
99:
91:
81:
62:
40:
28:
21:
587:In 1892, the litigation
310:This article includes a
176:incandescent light bulbs
1647:74, 2 (2007): 149–160,
1634:The Electrical Engineer
1504:The Electrical Engineer
1498:Franklin Leonard Pope:
1023:The Electrical Engineer
1019:The Electrical Engineer
933:Gottfried August Bürger
596:preliminary injunctions
339:more precise citations.
1736:Engineers from Hanover
1560:Hans-Christian Rohde:
1515:Hans-Christian Rohde:
1485:Hans-Christian Rohde:
1472:Hans-Christian Rohde:
1459:Hans-Christian Rohde:
1446:Hans-Christian Rohde:
1318:Hans-Christian Rohde:
1194:Hans-Christian Rohde:
1174:Hans-Christian Rohde:
985:was a close friend of
979:
966:
873:
785:
764:
747:
730:
584:
576:
567:
459:The lawsuits with the
414:On April 30, 1882 the
411:of German immigrants.
294:
286:
278:
225:
1435:The Electrical Review
1213:The Electrical Review
983:Franklin Leonard Pope
972:
964:
940:Goebel Original Lamps
884:(at that time called
867:
853:The Electrical Review
780:
759:
742:
725:
699:, an employee of the
691:Goebel Original Lamps
582:
573:
565:
292:
284:
276:
223:
1630:The Electrical World
1380:The Electrical World
1336:The Electrical World
1307:The Electrical World
1135:United States portal
975:The Electrical World
886:Höhere Gewerbeschule
1305:"Henry Goebel", in
1051:Electrical Engineer
1001:Electrical Engineer
870:Western Electrician
663:Torricellian method
454:Green-Wood Cemetery
452:. He was buried at
86:Green-Wood Cemetery
1645:Technikgeschichte.
1624:Reports about the
1539:Hermann Beckmann:
1261:The New York Times
987:Thomas Alva Edison
980:
967:
929:Rudolf Erich Raspe
874:
585:
577:
568:
312:list of references
295:
287:
279:
269:New York 1849–1893
235:Kingdom of Hanover
226:
180:Thomas Alva Edison
1636:in 1893 and 1894.
1583:published in the
1570:978-3-86674-006-8
1517:Die Göbel-Legende
1487:Die Göbel-Legende
1474:Die Göbel-Legende
1461:Die Göbel-Legende
1448:Die Göbel-Legende
1320:Die Göbel-Legende
1196:Die Göbel-Legende
1184:978-3-86674-006-8
944:Henry Ford Museum
828:The claim of the
772:, appeal, Chicago
608:Oconto, Wisconsin
560:
559:
466:The work for the
365:
364:
357:
150:
149:
106:(1865–1893)
1743:
1639:Frank Dittmann:
1586:Federal Reporter
1548:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1519:, pp. 82–86
1513:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1489:, chap. 7.1
1483:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1107:Biography portal
1104:
1103:
1102:
624:Reproduced Lamps
547:no final hearing
488:
360:
353:
349:
346:
340:
335:this article by
326:inline citations
305:
304:
297:
243:In 1834, master
200:was fraudulent.
144:
142:
92:Other names
69:
66:December 4, 1893
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1686:
1685:
1662:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1346:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1079:
959:
862:
839:
620:Original Lamps
486:
481:
361:
350:
344:
341:
330:
316:related reading
306:
302:
271:
218:
213:
146:
138:
134:
131:
77:
76:, United States
71:
67:
58:
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1660:External links
1658:
1657:
1656:
1637:
1626:Goebel-Defense
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1581:Goebel-Defense
1577:
1574:Goebel-Defense
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1532:
1521:
1508:
1491:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1429:A. M. Tanner:
1422:
1406:
1395:
1384:
1368:
1357:
1340:
1324:
1311:
1298:
1284:
1270:
1253:
1244:
1231:
1217:
1207:A. M. Tanner:
1200:
1187:
1167:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1124:
1121:Germany portal
1110:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1040:Goebel Defense
1035:Goebel-Defense
1009:Goebel-Defense
958:
952:
914:Goebel-Defense
909:Goebel-Defense
905:Goebel-Defense
893:Goebel-Defense
861:
858:
838:
835:
830:Goebel Defense
815:Goebel-Defense
800:Goebel-Defense
789:Goebel-Defense
776:Goebel-Defense
687:Goebel-Defense
683:Goebel-Defense
652:Goebel-Defense
640:Goebel-Defense
558:
557:
554:
550:
549:
543:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:Jan. 26, 1894
519:
518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
506:Apr. 21, 1893
503:
502:
499:
495:
494:
485:
482:
480:
477:
472:New York Times
430:New York Times
416:New York Times
363:
362:
320:external links
309:
307:
300:
270:
267:
249:apprenticeship
217:
214:
212:
209:
198:Goebel-Defense
153:Heinrich Göbel
148:
147:
136:
132:
129:
128:
126:
122:
121:
112:
108:
107:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
72:
70:(aged 75)
64:
60:
59:
53:
51:April 20, 1818
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
23:Heinrich Göbel
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1748:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1463:, p. 133
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:0-8018-7319-3
1351:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1122:
1111:
1108:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
988:
984:
976:
971:
963:
957:
956:Goebel-Legend
951:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
925:
918:
915:
910:
906:
901:
899:
894:
889:
887:
883:
877:
871:
866:
857:
854:
850:
845:
842:
834:
831:
826:
823:
818:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
763:
758:
756:
752:
746:
741:
739:
735:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
702:
698:
697:Lewis Latimer
694:
692:
688:
684:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
625:
621:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
581:
572:
564:
555:
553:Nov. 19, 1894
551:
548:
544:
540:
538:Jan. 11, 1895
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
514:Jul. 20, 1893
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:Feb. 18, 1893
496:
493:
489:
476:
473:
469:
464:
462:
461:Göbel defense
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
443:Göbel defense
439:
436:
433:
431:
426:
423:
420:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
395:
391:
387:
385:
384:telescope-man
381:
377:
372:
370:
359:
356:
348:
338:
334:
328:
327:
321:
317:
313:
308:
299:
298:
291:
283:
275:
266:
264:
259:
255:
252:
250:
246:
241:
238:
236:
231:
222:
208:
204:
201:
199:
194:
192:
188:
185:In 1893, the
183:
181:
177:
172:
170:
169:New York City
166:
162:
158:
154:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
111:Occupation(s)
109:
105:
104:United States
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
75:
74:New York City
65:
61:
56:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1561:
1555:Bibliography
1544:
1540:
1535:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1450:, p. 69
1447:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1360:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:, p. 41
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:, p. 96
1195:
1190:
1175:
1170:
1157:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1056:In the case
1055:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
981:
974:
955:
939:
937:
922:
919:
913:
908:
904:
902:
897:
892:
890:
885:
878:
875:
869:
852:
846:
843:
840:
829:
827:
821:
819:
814:
810:
808:
803:
799:
797:
792:
788:
786:
781:
775:
771:
767:
765:
760:
754:
750:
748:
743:
737:
733:
731:
726:
720:
716:
710:
700:
695:
690:
686:
682:
679:
674:
660:
656:
651:
647:
639:
635:
631:
630:In the case
629:
623:
619:
616:
612:
593:
588:
586:
546:
491:
471:
467:
465:
460:
458:
447:
442:
440:
437:
434:
429:
427:
424:
421:
415:
413:
406:
401:
399:
396:
392:
388:
383:
380:Union Square
373:
368:
366:
351:
342:
331:Please help
323:
262:
260:
256:
253:
242:
239:
227:
205:
202:
197:
195:
184:
173:
157:Henry Goebel
156:
152:
151:
130:Sophie Lübke
95:Henry Goebel
82:Burial place
68:(1893-12-04)
1701:1893 deaths
1696:1818 births
530:May 1, 1894
337:introducing
263:J.W.Andrews
100:Citizenship
1690:Categories
1149:References
938:So-called
644:affidavits
642:providing
409:Freemasons
47:1818-04-20
1653:0040-117X
604:St. Louis
450:pneumonia
376:telescope
345:July 2020
245:locksmith
211:Biography
57:, Germany
1093:See also
948:Dearborn
165:inventor
161:mechanic
119:inventor
115:Mechanic
1003:titled
706:bribery
667:mercury
575:Edison.
333:improve
230:Hanover
145:
137:
133:
125:Spouses
55:Springe
1651:
1568:
1352:
1182:
849:London
711:Judge
671:bamboo
665:using
600:Boston
191:patent
318:, or
155:, or
139:(
135:
1649:ISSN
1643:In:
1632:and
1566:ISBN
1543:In:
1502:In:
1433:In:
1416:In:
1378:In:
1350:ISBN
1334:In:
1211:In:
1180:ISBN
1060:vs.
954:The
753:vs.
736:vs.
719:vs.
713:Colt
634:vs.
163:and
63:Died
41:Born
927:of
1692::
1287:^
1273:^
1263::
1220:^
1042:.
996:.
946:,
757::
740::
610:.
456:.
445:.
386:.
371:.
322:,
314:,
251:.
141:m.
117:,
715:(
358:)
352:(
347:)
343:(
329:.
49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
