281:
438:
557:
44:
600:(Canada's law regarding First Nations), removed some of the most repressive elements, including the ban on the potlatch. While the Heiltsuk continued to practice elements of the feast system in secret, it was not until after the ban that it began to emerge into public light again. During the late 1960s and continuing through the 1980s the Heiltsuk experienced a revival of potlatching and feasting that continues to this day. Where once the community was dominated by a strict version of
540:. The ban took effect in the 1870s but was not fully enforced until much later, most vociferously after 1923. Heiltsuk Chiefs were angered by the ban and the missionary interference in their traditional customs. The ban lasted until the Indian Act was amended in 1951. According to Heiltsuk oral tradition, though the ban was lifted, no one informed the Heiltsuk at the time. The missionaries saw the potlatch as the basis for Heiltsuk (and more broadly for
391:
We own it all. We will never change our minds in that respect, and after we are dead our children will still hold on to the same ideas. It does not matter how long the
Government take to determine this question, we will remain the same in our ideas about this matter... We consider that the Government is stealing that land from us, and we also understand that it is unlawful for the Government to take this land."
235:". These expressions include organization into extended family groups, linkage to origin stories, ranking and differentiation in status, ownership of non-physical prerogatives, seasonal movement to harvest resources centred on large permanent "winter villages", sophisticated use of wood, stone and other items, complex ceremonies and elaborate social interactions culminating in the "
548:
hosting
Christmas feasts, where even the most ardent colonist could not stop the distribution of gifts. Reports of feasts held in the houses of Chiefs from this time include accounts of the chiefs simply waiting out the missionary until he got too tired and went home to bed. Then they could conduct their traditional business.
509:
symbolizes the rebirth of initiates as they come back from the dead. Skull items are used during the final stages of the ceremony: ritual feeding of the skull, possibly using special ceremonial spoons, precedes a ceremonial meal for the initiates, and the officiating medicine man might wear a skull headdress.
607:
A resurgence in First
Nations cultural expressions has been occurring throughout British Columbia. The Heiltsuk are part of this cultural and political rise, seeing an increase in artists, carvers, singing, and efforts to strengthen and restore the language. Arts that were in danger of being lost are
390:
We are the natives of this
Country and we want all the land we can get. We feel that we own the whole of this Country, every bit of it, and ought to have something to say about it. The Government have not bought any land from us so far as we know and we are simply lending this land to the Government.
374:
alone killed about 72% of the
Heiltsuk people. The population collapse caused the Heiltsuk to coalesce into fewer communities, and reduced the population to just under 225 by 1919. Like other First Nations, the expected demise of the Heiltsuk did not occur. Instead, the population rebounded following
619:
The
Heiltsuk have played a key role in the resurgence of the ocean going canoe culture along the Pacific Northwest Coast when they first carved a canoe and paddled from Bella Bella to Vancouver for Expo 86, in 1986 and in 1989 participated in the "Paddle to Seattle" , and at this event invited other
456:
The pattern of
Heiltsuk resource use has changed somewhat in the past two hundred years, but has been remarkably stable given the pressures and changes that have been experienced by the Heiltsuk people. The Heiltsuk year is divided into two primary parts, the winter ceremonial season and the harvest
718:
A second canoe gathering occurred in July 2014 – also known as 'Qatuwas – and featured more canoes (close to 60) than the original festival in 1993. Both events (1993 and 2014 'Qatuwas
Festivals) featured ocean-going canoes from many other First Nations, cultural sharing including dancing, singing,
508:
that is involved ceremonial cannibalism and rituals to return to humanity. Young males are initiated into the community during a four-part ritual in which they are symbolically transformed from flesh-eating cannibals, a state equated with death, into well-behaved members of society. The skull thus
699:
The
Heiltsuk have strongly opposed oil and gas development, and the transportation of oil through Heiltsuk territory. The proposed Northern Gateway pipeline was the subject of considerable opposition from the Heiltsuk. In April 2012 the Joint-Review Panel assessing the proposed pipeline cancelled
547:
Though the
Potlatch system did not die out entirely among the Heiltsuk, it was forced underground. Missionary influence in Bella Bella was significant from the late 19th century. The missionary served as religious authority, doctor (with control over health), and magistrate. Chiefs responded by
292:
A significant feature of Bella Bella society was the development of a cadre of highly skilled artisans noted for their construction and decoration of bentwood boxes, chests, canoes, and horn spoons and ladles. After White contact the skills of these artisans were turned to the market demand for
486:
Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, Heiltsuk-speaking tribes occupied numerous independent villages throughout their territory; the names of twenty-four permanent villages and established temporary camps have been recorded. It appears that diverse styles of painting were practised by Heiltsuk
207:
Ancestors of the Heiltsuk (Haíɫzaqv) have been in the Central Coast region of British Columbia since at least 7190 BCE or possibly even up to 12,000 BCE as evidenced by a 2017 archaeological study of their traditional home on Triquet Island. The Heiltsuk (Haíɫzaqv) are the main descendants of
727:
The Heiltsuk have relied on herring for thousands of years. Traditional harvest of herring and herring spawn are a significant part of Heiltsuk culture – and part of a history of trade. The Heiltsuk have long asserted their right to fish for and trade herring. The precedent-setting Canadian
567:
The two-dimensional style of design – called formline art – or Northwest Coast Style – extends along the north coast, the central coast and down to Vancouver Island. The Heiltsuk are part of this tradition – with several painters from the historic period being recorded. Among these Captain
743:
The Heiltsuk have been vigorously opposed to oil and gas development and transport through Heiltsuk territory for forty years, since the oil ports inquiry in the 1970s. This longstanding position was elaborated during land use planning in the 1990s and 2000s but came to a head during the
672:. A collaborative exhibit, it contained a combination of historical pieces from the Royal Ontario Museum's R.W. Large Collection and contemporary artwork from the Heiltsuk village of Waglisla (Bella Bella). The exhibit travelled after its initial showing in the Royal Ontario Museum, to
268:
were made in Bella Bella by the canoe makers who had learned to make western style vessels. For a time they acted as middlemen in the fur trade, benefiting from early access to guns. The traders complain in some of their records of the Heiltsuk being hard to trade with, passing off
868:
are partnering in an effort to collaboratively create new opportunities for speaking, writing and reading the Híɫzaqv (Heiltsuk) language by expanding and deepening existing community language revitalization and cultural documentation in a digital environment.
820:(Klemtu dialect). Like Oowekyala (a closely related language spoken by the Oweekeno of Rivers Inlet), Haisla (the language of the people of Kitiamaat), and Kwakwala (spoken by the Kwakwaka'wakw to the south), it is a North Wakashan language.
837:, particularly during the fur trade period. Not a full language, the jargon allowed communications across the many linguistic barriers, both among First Nations and explorers. The Heiltsuk terms for Americans during this time was
401:
The Heiltsuk have continuously maintained they have the right to self-determination and continue to hold title to the Territory. Accordingly, many members have asserted rights. From this situation arose recognition by the
633:
The resurgence of building traditional ocean going canoes is one of a number of cultural and ceremonial practices and technologies that have regained strength among BC First Nations. The canoe revival, also called
811:
Heiltsuk, a rich and complex language with both conversational and ceremonial forms, is spoken at Bella Bella (Wágḷísḷa) and Klemtu (Ɫṃ́du̓ax̌sṃ), with today two subdialects centered in these two communities, the
1232:
428:
fishery that the Heiltsuk had opposed, citing continuing conservation concerns and doubts regarding DFO's predictive model. The crisis ended when the herring gillnet fleet departed the area without fishing.
417:– particularly herring eggs – based on the pre-contact history of harvest and trade. The Heiltsuk and Canada have been in dispute over implementation of the Gladstone decision and related management issues.
512:
Heiltsuk culture has been and is known for its ceremonial, military, and artistic skills. The Heiltsuk were early participants in the revival of the ocean-going cedar canoes during the 1980s, attending
482:. The Heiltsuk are part of this tradition – with several painters from the historic period being recorded. Among these Captain Carpenter, a canoe-maker and painter is perhaps the most well-known.
763:– the JRP members suspended the hearings for a day and a half. While the hearings did resume – substantial time had been lost, meaning fewer people could present to the JRP than had planned.
645:
and all along the BC Coast paddled to Bella Bella. This gathering was a major event and part of a wider movement among First Nations to revive and strengthen the traditions of ocean-going
1066:
Hilton, Susanne F. "Haihais, Bella Bella, and Oowekeeno" in Handbook of the North American Indians: Volume 7 the Northwest Coast. Smithsonian Institution. Washington. 1990. p. 316
457:
season. These divisions are general; some harvest may occur during the winter and the odd ceremony may be required during the harvest season, but the distinction is quite clear.
544:
on what anthropologists label the Northwest Coast) social and political organization, and as the most obvious expression of non-Christian beliefs, to which they were opposed.
253:
Their first contact with Europeans was most likely in 1793, and the name "Bella Bella" dates back to 1834. They generally refer to themselves as Heiltsuk. As with many other
224:(The Y̓ísdá Tribe, People of Y̓ísdá (Yisda), where mountains meet the sea or Mackenzie Park Division, near Elcho Harbour on Dean Channel), who came together in Bella Bella (
413:
The Heiltsuk have always based their food gathering significantly on the sea. The 1997 Gladstone decision (R v Gladstone) recognized a commercial Aboriginal right to
1166:
Hilton, Susanne F. "Haihais, Bella Bella, and Oowekeeno" in Handbook of North American Indians – Vol. 7 the Northwest Coast. Smithsonian Institution. 1990. p. 318.
242:
Rediscovered in recent years by a collaboration between archaeologists and traditional knowledge-holders, clam gardens extend throughout the coast of BC.
891:
1033:
257:
they were subject to drastic population loss as a result of introduced diseases and heightened military conflicts with neighbouring peoples during the
452:
Traditionally, the Heiltsuk divided the year into a secular summer harvesting season and a winter sacred season, when most ceremonies were conducted.
352:
The Heiltsuk community at Old Bella Bella (located at McLoughlin Bay) were forced to relocate the community to the site of the present-day village of
715:
wars of the 19th century. In 2015 the treaty was finalized and ratified in Bella Bella at a potlatch where the Haida chiefs were also in attendance.
254:
165:
757:
By some counts, a third of Bella Bella's 1,095 residents were on the street that day, one of the largest demonstrations in the community's history.
1145:
865:
277:, demanding extra large blankets, then cutting them to standards size for retrade and sewing the extra pieces together to make more blankets.
264:
As the fur trade began they also became known as skilled traders. Highly skilled in canoe making and later shipbuilding, a number of trading
231:
The Heiltsuk (Haíɫzaqv) practiced a set of cultural expressions that have been grouped together with other, similar groups under the term "
280:
1790:
1318:
1008:
470:
The Heiltsuk were (and are) renowned for their ceremonies, arts, and spiritual power. The two dimensional style of design – called
371:
306:
The Heiltsuk experienced significant population loss due to introduced diseases, and conflict. A war between the Heiltsuk and the
615:
film by Barbara Greene titled "Bella Bella" records a time of rapid change, an interesting historical vignette of the community.
1603:
Thompson, Laurence C. & M. Dale Kinkade 'Languages" in Handbook of the North American Indian: Volume 7 Northwest Coast. p.51
1215:
McLennan, Bill and Karen Duffek. The Transforming Image: Painted Arts of Northwest Coast First Nations. UBC Press. 2000. p. 165
245:
The Heiltsuk (Haíɫzaqv) were renowned among their neighbours for their artistic, military, ceremonial, and spiritual expertise.
1743:
1534:
1470:
1440:
1199:
McLennan, Bill and Karen Duffek. The Transforming Image: Painted Arts of the Northwest Coast First Nations. UBC Press. 2000.
760:
1377:. Toronto/Vancouver/Seattle: Royal Ontario Museum/Douglas & McIntyre/University of Washington Press. pp. 110–112.
1352:. Toronto/Vancouver/Seattle: Royal Ontario Museum/Douglas & McIntyre/University of Washington Press. pp. 107–110.
487:
painters of this period and perhaps later. These styles most likely originated within individual villages or social groups.
383:
745:
1315:
To Potlatch Or Not to Potlatch: An In-depth Study of Culture-conflict Between the B.C. Coastal Indian and the White Man
521:, including the 1989 Paddle to Seattle. The Heiltsuk canoe "Glwa" has made many trips since being carved in the 1980s.
1580:. Toronto/Vancouver/Seattle: Royal Ontario Museum/Douglas & McIntyre/University of Washington Press. p. xii.
1079:
1724:
1710:
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1585:
1424:
1382:
1357:
1297:
1261:
1220:
1204:
1184:
1116:
541:
1505:
1111:. Toronto/Vancouver/Seattle: Royal Ontario Museum/Douglas & McIntyre/University of Washington Press. p. 9.
641:
In 1993 the Heiltsuk hosted a gathering of ocean-going canoes, known as 'Qatuwas. First Nations from as far away as
366:
on the coast, the Heiltsuk were subjected to repeated attempts of genocide by the colonists, primarily by means of
169:
861:
326:. Called Bella Bella or Qlts, the community saw a number of other Heiltsuk groups join through the late 1800s.
1465:
Klein, Naomi This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. 2014. Alfred A. Knopf Canada. p.p. 337-342.
604:, by the 1990s the Heiltsuk were once again regularly hosting potlatches, feasts and other ceremonial events.
657:
612:
353:
310:
involved reciprocal attacks, ending in 1852 with an agreement that has been characterized as a peace treaty.
177:
1419:
Neel, David The Great Canoes: Reviving a Northwest Coast Tradition. Douglas & McIntyre. 1995. p.p. 2-3.
665:
987:
857:
804:
421:
779:. Related to other languages in the group as French is to Spanish, the Heiltsuk language is similar to
564:
The Heiltsuk were well known for their skills as carpenters, carvers, painters, and ceremonial experts.
437:
270:
27:
500:
Skull imagery is usually associated with the Tánis (Hamatsa) ceremony practised by the Heiltsuk and
356:(aka Waglisla) because of colonists attempting to exterminate the community with smallpox blankets.
284:
Heiltsuk (Bella Bella) (Native American). House Post, from a Set of Four, 19th century. Cedar wood,
258:
208:
Haíɫzaqvḷa(Heiltsuk)-speaking people and identify as being from one or more of five tribal groups:
1770:
1256:
Neel, David The Great Canoes: Reviving a Northwest Coast Tradition. Douglas & McIntyre. 1995.
860:
signed in 2016, the Heiltsuk Cultural Education Centre, the Bella Bella Community School and the
729:
403:
363:
319:
184:, though the term is also used to describe the community. Its largest community is Bella Bella.
1550:. National Museum of Man mercury Series. Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 75. Vol 1 & 2.
318:
Between 1832 and 1900, some of the Heiltsuk built a village in McLoughlin Bay, adjacent to the
232:
556:
43:
1529:
Klein, Naomi This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. Alfred Knopf Canada. 2014.
711:
for a renewal of a peace treaty on September 20, 2014, that dates to the end of the Heiltsuk-
635:
518:
359:
By 1903, the Heiltsuk had founded and largely moved into the current village of Bella Bella.
735:
case found a pre-existing Aboriginal right to herring that includes a commercial component.
649:. The 1993 event more than doubled the population of the community for the ten days it ran.
661:
525:
8:
475:
1732:
1482:
1407:
800:
776:
642:
188:
1034:
Heiltsuk Nation – Indigenous Marine Response Centre breathing life into reconciliation
420:
This dispute boiled over during the 2015 herring season with the Heiltsuk occupying a
1785:
1739:
1720:
1706:
1692:
1678:
1581:
1530:
1466:
1420:
1378:
1353:
1293:
1257:
1216:
1200:
1180:
1112:
799:
languages form the Northern Wakashan language group. Heiltsuk and Wuikyala are both
780:
685:
410:) of a Heiltsuk commercial Aboriginal right to herring. This was a first for Canada.
1177:
Occupation, Use and Management of the "Hakai-Spiller Hotspot" by the Heiltsuk Nation
464:
Occupation, use and management of the "Hakai-Spiller Hotspot" by the Heiltsuk Nation
772:
479:
173:
124:
93:
89:
76:
501:
1290:
An Iron Hand Upon the People: The Law Against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast
1131:
991:
792:
755:
in April 2012 for hearings into the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline proposal.
752:
446:
331:
323:
285:
181:
20:
1275:
Drums and Scalpel: From Native Healers to Physicians on the North Pacific Coast
896:
834:
505:
97:
1408:
Nuxalk Nation takes part in historic paddle to Qatuwas Festival in Bella Bella
1146:"Heiltsuk First Nation claims major victory in a dispute over herring fishery"
1779:
1335:
Drums and Scalpel: From Native Healer to Physician on the North Pacific Coast
1094:
Drums and Scalpel: From Native Healer to Physician on the North Pacific Coast
878:
732:
681:
627:
Nuxalk Nation takes part in historic paddle to Qatuwas Festival in Bella Bell
425:
407:
330:
For the period before 1897 the name Bella Bella refers only to 'Qelc, or to
784:
712:
646:
533:
529:
471:
307:
796:
1703:
The Transforming Image: Painted Arts of the Northwest Coast First Nations
1696:
930:
846:
708:
376:
1548:
A Practical Heiltsuk-English Dictionary with a Grammatical Introduction
689:
597:
537:
424:(DFO) office for four days. The dispute was sparked when DFO allowed a
984:
1508:
Tribal Journey to Bella Bella Brings Thousands of First Nations to BC
788:
673:
620:
tribes to travel to Bella Bella and hosted the 1993 Qatuwas Festival.
601:
568:
Carpenter, a canoe-maker and painter is perhaps the most well-known.
494:
The Transforming Image: Painted Arts of Northwest Coast First Nations
274:
959:
1623:
738:
677:
367:
265:
236:
110:
49:
1057:. Volume 1: The Impact of the Whiteman. BC Provincial Museum. 1964
803:, which Kwakʼwala is not, and both are considered dialects of the
1759:
693:
514:
414:
722:
704:
571:
Early known Heiltsuk artists from the colonial period include:
478:– extends along the north coast, the central coast and down to
347:
192:
1646:
313:
1734:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1599:
1597:
16:
Indigenous people of Central Coast, British Columbia, Canada
1634:
212:(Seaward Tribe or Seaward Division; outside water people),
145:
133:
54:
by Heiltsuk artist Captain Richard Carpenter (Du'klwayella)
1594:
759:
Facing non-violent protest as part of the greeting at the
1410:. July 2014. Coast Mountain News, accessed March 29, 2016
379:
epidemic and, as of September 2014, was well over 2,500.
1483:"Tribal Journeys set to arrive in Bella Bella this July"
1292:. Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre. p. 1.
1765:
1717:
The Great Canoes: Reviving a Northwest Coast Tradition
1612:
1082:. Global News. June 30, 2015, accessed March 29, 2016.
841:
or 'Boston-man' – derived from Chinook and pronounced
1277:. Vancouver: Mitchell Press Limited. pp. 16, 17.
1009:"Found: One of the Oldest North American Settlements"
148:
142:
139:
136:
1497:
1441:"Many Hands Responsible for Kaxlaya Gvilas Exhibit"
1179:. Heiltsuk Tribal Council. April 2000. p. 21.
947:
Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest Coast
892:
The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada
370:, which killed the majority of the population. The
248:
130:
127:
1766:Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department
1731:
1647:"Home | Híɫzaqv Language and Culture Mobilization"
1337:. Vancouver: Mitchell Press Limited. p. 129.
845:. Most American fur trade vessels originated in
660:(MOA), curator Pam Brown (Heiltsuk scholar), the
255:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1777:
1080:Heiltsuk and Haida Nations finalize Peace Treaty
739:Oil, gas and Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines
700:part of the hearings scheduled for Bella Bella.
551:
180:. The government of the Heiltsuk people is the
1729:
1635:First Nations and Endangered Languages Program
1397:'Bella Bella" NFB film by Barbara Greene. 1975
866:First Nations and Endangered Languages Program
386:visited Bella Bella in 1913, they were told:
723:Heiltsuk herring and the Gladstone decisions
656:was a partnership between the Heiltsuk, the
348:Move from Old Bella Bella to new Bella Bella
1287:
560:Richard Carpenter bent-wood chest detail 01
314:Founding of 'Bella Bella' at McLoughlin Bay
228:, meaning "Slippery") in the 19th century.
220:(Roscoe Inlet Tribe; inside water people),
216:(Calm Water Tribe or Calm Water Division),
195:peoples, who were formerly usually called
1691:. Burnaby, BC. Archaeology Press. 1991.
1503:
1434:
1432:
1143:
1074:
1072:
751:The Joint Review Panel travelled to the
584:General Dick (aka Old Dick – 1822–1902?)
555:
436:
372:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
279:
156:, sometimes historically referred to as
1563:A Practical Heiltsuk-English Dictionary
1512:, British Columbia: The Huffington Post
1485:. Coast Mountain News. January 10, 2014
926:
924:
1778:
1578:Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art
1565:. Nation Museum of Man Mercury Series.
1055:The Indian History of British Columbia
914:
912:
849:– hence the term Boston. A Brit was a
827:Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art
638:involve many communities and Nations.
591:
1675:Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art
1575:
1429:
1375:Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art
1372:
1350:Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art
1347:
1332:
1319:British Columbia Teachers' Federation
1272:
1109:Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art
1106:
1091:
1069:
670:Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art
341:Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art
187:They should not be confused with the
176:, centred on the island community of
1560:
1545:
1288:Cole, Douglas; Chaikin, Ira (1990).
1096:. Vancouver: Mitchell Press Limited.
921:
833:The Heiltsuk were also users of the
70:Regions with significant populations
1438:
1312:
995:Heiltsuk Cultural Education Centre.
957:
909:
746:Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines
300:Haihais, Bella Bella, and Oowekeeno
13:
1613:Heiltsuk Cultural Education Centre
1144:Talmazan, Yuliya (April 2, 2015).
422:Department of Fisheries and Oceans
14:
1802:
1791:Central Coast of British Columbia
1753:
1701:McLennan, Bill and Karen Duffek.
872:
19:For the Heiltsuk government, see
1719:. Douglas & McIntyre. 1995.
1504:Harowitz, Sara (July 15, 2014),
1006:
492:Bill McLennan and Karen Duffek,
384:McKenna–McBride Royal Commission
249:Contact and the fur trade period
123:
42:
1689:The Economic Prehistory of Namu
1639:
1628:
1617:
1606:
1569:
1554:
1539:
1523:
1475:
1459:
1413:
1400:
1391:
1366:
1341:
1326:
1306:
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1266:
1250:
1225:
1209:
1193:
1169:
1160:
1137:
1125:
1100:
1085:
1060:
1677:. Royal Ontario Museum. 1997.
1047:
1038:
1027:
1000:
985:"A Little About the Heiltsuk."
978:
960:"To Lay a Copper on the Floor"
951:
939:
862:University of British Columbia
816:(Bella Bella dialect) and the
775:is part of what is called the
334:(Old Town), at McLoughlin Bay.
214:Q̓vúqvay̓áitx̌v (Qvuqvayaitxv)
1:
1667:
966:. Council of the Haida Nation
945:William C. Sturtevant, 1978.
658:Museum of Anthropology at UBC
613:National Film Board of Canada
581:Captain Carpenter (1841–1931)
575:Chief Robert Bell (1859–1904)
552:Art and ceremonial expression
109:traditional tribal religion,
1624:Bella Bella Community School
7:
1738:. Oxford University Press.
885:
858:memorandum of understanding
805:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language
766:
719:sharing stories, and food.
526:Canadian federal government
10:
1807:
1148:. Global News. Global News
703:The Heiltsuk travelled to
596:The 1951 amendment to the
587:Daniel Houstie (1880–1912)
432:
202:
25:
18:
1333:Large, R. Geddes (1968).
1273:Large, R. Geddes (1968).
1092:Large, R. Geddes (1968).
462:Heiltsuk Tribal Council,
108:
103:
88:
83:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:Detail of a 19th-century
41:
28:Heiltsuk (disambiguation)
934:Heiltsuk Tribal Council.
902:
791:). Heiltsuk, Wuikyala,
777:Wakashan language family
218:W̓u̓íƛ̓itx̌v (Wuithitxv)
1760:Heiltsuk Tribal Council
1730:Barry Pritzker (2000).
997:Retrieved 19 July 2012.
936:Retrieved 19 July 2012.
730:Supreme Court of Canada
404:Supreme Court of Canada
222:Y̓ísdáitx̌v (Yisdaitxv)
210:W̓úyalitx̌v (Wuyalitxv)
1576:Black, Martha (1997).
1561:Rath, John C. (1981).
1546:Rath, John C. (1981).
1373:Black, Martha (1997).
1348:Black, Martha (1997).
1134:accessed 13 Oct. 2014.
1107:Black, Martha (1997).
1015:. Smithsonian Magazine
831:
748:proposal and process.
631:
561:
498:
468:
449:
399:
345:
304:
288:
1313:Hou, Charles (1983).
809:
783:(the language of the
636:Tribal Canoe Journeys
617:
559:
534:outlawed the potlatch
519:Tribal Canoe Journeys
504:people. Hamatsa is a
484:
454:
440:
388:
328:
290:
283:
1651:heiltsuk.arts.ubc.ca
1406:Hanuse, Evangeline
1013:Smithsonian Magazine
662:Royal Ontario Museum
652:The popular exhibit
608:being taught again.
320:Hudson's Bay Company
26:For other uses, see
1705:. UBC Press. 2000.
1233:"Laddle with Skull"
1044:Pritzker p. 166–167
625:Evangeline Hanuse,
592:Culture (post-1951)
542:other First Nations
517:, participating in
476:Northwest Coast art
38:
1762:at Heiltsuk Nation
990:2018-01-21 at the
562:
450:
289:
36:
1745:978-0-19-513897-9
1535:978-0-307-40199-1
1471:978-0-307-40199-1
1323:- Total pages: 82
958:Richard, Graham.
686:McGill University
298:Susan F. Hilton,
293:canoes and boxes.
166:Indigenous people
116:
115:
1798:
1749:
1737:
1661:
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937:
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773:Heiltsuk dialect
654:Kaxlaya Gvi'ilas
643:Washington state
629:
496:
480:Vancouver Island
466:
445:, 19th century,
443:Ladle with Skull
397:
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174:British Columbia
155:
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60:Total population
46:
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1771:R. v. Gladstone
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1673:Black, Martha.
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851:King-George-Man
830:
824:
801:tonal languages
769:
753:Heiltsuk Nation
741:
725:
630:
624:
594:
578:Enoch (d. 1904)
554:
497:
491:
467:
461:
447:Brooklyn Museum
435:
398:
395:
350:
344:
338:
332:Old Bella Bella
324:Fort McLoughlin
316:
303:
297:
286:Brooklyn Museum
251:
233:Northwest Coast
205:
182:Heiltsuk Nation
126:
122:
55:
53:
34:
31:
24:
21:Heiltsuk Nation
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1139:
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1078:Erwin, Ryan
1062:
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1017:. Retrieved
1012:
1002:
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963:
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918:Pritzker 166
855:
850:
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817:
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785:Rivers Inlet
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756:
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676:(MOA 2002),
669:
666:Martha Black
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389:
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217:
213:
209:
206:
199:in English.
196:
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65:1,874 (1995)
33:Ethnic group
1019:21 November
931:"About Us."
847:New England
818:X̌íx̌íc̓ala
709:Haida Gwaii
377:Spanish flu
362:Like other
354:Bella Bella
197:Bella Coola
178:Bella Bella
158:Bella Bella
1780:Categories
1668:References
1656:2017-06-12
970:31 October
856:Through a
690:Owen Sound
668:author of
598:Indian Act
538:Indian Act
536:under the
441:Heiltsuk,
273:skins for
271:land otter
191:-speaking
172:region in
1445:ammsa.com
814:Híɫzaqvḷa
797:Kwakʼwala
789:Wuikinuxv
674:Vancouver
611:The 1975
602:Methodism
530:Christian
382:When the
375:the 1918
275:sea otter
266:schooners
259:fur trade
84:Languages
1786:Heiltsuk
1697:26382653
988:Archived
886:See also
881:- Author
823:—
781:Wuikyala
767:Language
678:Montreal
623:—
490:—
460:—
394:—
368:smallpox
337:—
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237:potlatch
120:Heiltsuk
111:potlatch
104:Religion
75:Canada (
50:bentwood
37:Heiltsuk
1447:. ammsa
1242:22 July
843:booston
694:Ontario
515:Expo 86
433:Culture
415:herring
203:History
168:of the
164:are an
162:Híɫzaqv
94:Híɫzaqv
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705:Masset
688:) and
664:, and
193:Nuxalk
189:Salish
903:Notes
713:Haida
474:– or
308:Haida
261:era.
160:, or
52:chest
1740:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1693:OCLC
1679:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1518:2016
1491:2015
1467:ISBN
1453:2015
1421:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1244:2014
1217:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1154:2015
1113:ISBN
1021:2023
972:2018
795:and
771:The
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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