Haida people - Knowledge

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family waiting in the afterlife to be reborn. Masks worn during ceremonial dances were designed with strings to open the mask, transforming the spiritual animal into a carving of the ancestor underneath. There was also an emphasis on the idea of metamorphosis and reincarnation. With the banning of potlatches by the Canadian government in 1885, many masks were confiscated. Masks and many other objects are considered sacred and designed only for specific people to see. It was unknown who the wearer of the mask was as each mask was made for each individual's soul and spirit animal. Due to the confiscation of the masks and the sacred meaning to each individual who wore the mask, it is unknown if the masks in museums are truly meant to be seen or if they are an aspect of European colonialism and the rejection of Haida religious and spiritual traditions.

1004:, the Raven and the Eagle. Marriages between two people from the same moiety were prohibited. Due to this any children that were born after the marriage would officially become part of the moiety that the mother had come from. Each group provided its members with entitlement to a vast range of economic resources such as fishing spots, hunting or collecting areas, and housing sites. Each group also had rights to their own myths and legends, dances, songs, and music. Eagles and Ravens were very important to the Haida families as they would identify with one or the other and this would signify what side on the village they would reside on. The family would also own their own property, had specific areas for food gathering. These categories of Eagles and Ravens divided them on an even larger scale, specifying their land, history, and customs. 472: 758:. The Haida Nation asserts Haida title over all of Haida Gwaii and is pursuing negotiations with the provincial and federal governments. Haida authorities continue to pass legislation and manage human activities in Haida Gwaii, which includes making formal agreements with the Canadian communities established on the islands. Haida efforts are largely directed at the protection of land and water and functioning ecosystems and this is expressed in the protected status for nearly 70% of the million-hectare archipelago. The protected status applies to the landscape and water as well as smaller culturally significant areas. They have also forced a reduction of large-scale industrial activity and the careful regulation of access to resources. 980: 610:. At the time thousands of indigenous people lived in villages outside the walls of Fort Victoria. The disease broke out amongst Tsimshian people in their community near Fort Victoria. This quickly spread into a pandemic. European public health standards at the time were well practiced and adhered-to official health standards, including vaccinations and victims isolation. Instead, as the disease spread, Victoria Police burned some one dozen homes, deliberately displacing 200 Haida on May 13. They went on to burn some 40–50 more indigenous villages the following day. 1215: 2937: 3649: 1111:, warfare on Haida Gwaii was primarily motivated by revenge. Many Northwest coast legends tell of Haida communities raiding and fighting with neighbouring communities because of insults or other disputes. Other causes included conflicts over property, territory, resources, trade routes, and even women. However, a battle between a Haida community and another often did not have simply one cause. In fact, many battles were the result of decades old disputes. 1527: 25: 747: 163: 1382: 1149:

battles, though it is not known if this act was done after each battle or only after battles in which they were victorious. The Haida believed that fallen warriors went to the House of Sun, which was considered a highly honorable death. For this reason, a specially made military suit was prepared for chiefs if they fell in battle. The slaves belonging to the chiefs who died in battle were burned with them.

800: 179: 446: 796:. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Haida was de facto banned with the introduction of residential schools and the enforcement of the use of English language. Haida language revitalization projects began in the 1970s and continue to this day. It is estimated that there are only 3 or 4 dozen Haida-speaking people with almost all of them being the age of 70 or older. 1073:

it was not a regular occurrence in the archeological record until the subsequent millennium. Though the Haida were more likely to participate in sea battles, it was not uncommon for them to engage in hand-to-hand combat or long-range attacks. Hostilities were not always violent, often ritualized and some resulting in Peace Treaties still in force hundreds of years later.

685:. The elimination of the potlatch system destroyed financial relationships and seriously interrupted the cultural heritage of coastal people. As the islands were Christianized, many cultural works such as totem posts were destroyed or taken to museums around the world. This significantly undermined Haida's self-knowledge and further diminished morale. 1089:

show that Northwest coast nations, particularly in the North where most Haida communities were situated, began more frequently engaging in battles of some sort from 1800 BC to AD 500, though the number of battles is unknown. This rise in the incidence of battles during the Middle Pacific period also

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Haida host Potlatches which were intricate economic and social-political processes that include acquisition of incorporeal wealth like names and the circulation of property in the form of gifts. They are often held when a citizen wishes to commemorate an event of importance. For example, deaths of a

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Haida history begins with the arrival of the primordial ancestresses of the Haida matrilineages in Haida Gwaii some 14,000 to 19,000 years ago. These include SGuuluu Jaad (Foam Woman), Jiila Kuns (Creek Woman), and KalGa Jaad (Ice woman). The Haida canon of oral histories and archaeological findings

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The Haida, like several other Northwest coast Indigenous communities, engaged in slave raiding as slaves were highly sought after for their use as labor as well as bodyguards and warriors. During the 19th century, the Haida fought physically with other Indigenous communities to ensure domination of

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Prior to contact with Europeans, other Indigenous communities regarded the Haida as aggressive warriors and made attempts to avoid sea battles with them. There is some archeological evidence that the Northwest coast tribes, to which the Haida belong, engaged in warfare as early as 2200 BC, although

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The roles of the family varied between men and women. Men were responsible for all of the hunting and fishing, building homes and carving canoes and totem poles. The women's responsibilities were to stay close to home doing a majority of their work on the land. Women were responsible for all of the

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came across during his exploration of Haida Gwaii, was used both for fights and to hold the medicine man's hair up. Another dagger that Mackenzie obtained from a Haida village was said to be connected to a Haida legend; many daggers had individual histories which made them unique from one another.

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Battles between a group of Haida warriors and another community sometimes resulted in the annihilation of either one or both of the groups involved. Villages would be burned down during a battle which was a common practice during Northwest coast battles. The Haida burned their warriors who died in

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Although not commonly practiced today, it was once customary for young boys and girls entering puberty to embark on vision quests. These quests would send them out alone for days. They would travel through the forests, in hopes of finding a spirit to guide them through their lives. It was believed

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waiting for the currents to settle down enough to allow them to dock and set foot on land. While they waited, several canoes of Haida sailed out to greet them, and ultimately to trade with Pérez and his men. After two days of poor conditions, however, the Santiago was ultimately unable to dock and

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Nang Kilsldaas is merely one of many dozens of supernatural beings who personify a wide variety of forces, objects, places, and phenomena. A few of the most prevalent include K_ing.gii, a deity who presides over the seas; X_yuu, the northeast wind; and Sin SG_aanuwee, a cosmological "super-being"

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are varied and diverse. Modern Haida ascribe to a wide variety of faiths including Protestantism, Catholicism, and Bahá'i. Nihilist, atheist, agnostic, and absurdist perspectives also attend the nation's post-colonial context. Pre-colonial beliefs, however, may still be most popular, and potlatch

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The aunts on the father's side of a young Haida woman would teach her about her duties to her tribe once she first began to menstruate. The young woman would go to a secluded space in her family home. They believed that by making her sleep on a stone pillow and only allowing her to eat and drink

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British colonial authorities formally annexed Haida Gwaii in 1853 by establishing the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands. It was later integrated into the Colony of British Columbia in 1858. Colonial authorities backed their claims using gunboat diplomacy, both in Haida Gwaii and more broadly

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describes having seen a Haida fleet of around forty canoes. However, he does not provide the number of warriors in these canoes, and there are no other known accounts that describe the number of warriors in a war party. The structure of a Haida war party generally followed that of the community

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Transformation masks were worn ceremonially, used by dancers and represented or illustrated the connection between various spirits. The masks usually depicted an animal transforming into another animal or a spiritual or mythical being. Masks were representations of the souls of the mask owner's

730:. A standoff between protesters, police and loggers lasted two weeks, during which 72 Haidas were arrested. Images of elders being arrested gained media traction, which raised awareness and support for the Haida across Canada. In 1987, the governments of Canada and British Columbia signed the 768:

In a deal negotiated between the government and the Haida nation over the preceding decades, British Columbia in 2024 transferred the title of more than 200 islands off Canada's west coast to the Haida people, recognizing the nation's aboriginal land title across all of Haida Gwaii.

1123:, most of which included drying linen. Kendrick seized two Haida chiefs and threatened to kill them via cannon-fire if they did not return the stolen items. Though the Haida community complied at the time, less than two years later 100 to 200 of its people attacked the same ship. 1199:

under their armour and wooden helmets. Arrows could not penetrate this armour, and Russian explorers found that bullets could penetrate the armour only if shot from a distance of less than 6.1 metres (20 ft). The Haida rarely used shields because of their developed armour.

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Once a boy hit puberty, his uncles on his mothers' side would educate him on his family history and how to behave now that he was a man. It was believed that a special diet would increase his abilities. For example, duck tongues helped him hold his breath under water, whereas

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The disease quickly spread throughout Haida Gwaii, devastating entire villages and families, and creating an influx of refugees. The pre-epidemic population of Haida Gwaii was estimated to be 6,607, but was reduced to 829 in 1881. The only two remaining villages were

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The Haida social system changed significantly by the end of the nineteenth century. At this point a majority of the Haida had taken nuclear family forms, and members of families belonging in the same moiety (Ravens and Eagles) were permitted to marry each other.

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There were multiple motivations for the Haida people to engage in warfare. Various accounts explain that the Haida went to battle more for revenge than anything else, and would acquire slaves from their enemies in the process. According to the anthropologist

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First Nations from further north had been camping periodically outside the city limits of Victoria to take advantage of trade, and at the time of the epidemic numbered almost 2000, many of whom were Haida. The colonial government made no effort to

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agree that Haida ancestors lived alongside glaciers and were present at the time of the arrival of the first tree, a lodgepole pine, on Haida Gwaii. For thousands of years since Haida have participated in a rigorous coast-wide legal system called

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acquired from Europeans in the 19th century, but other traditional weapons were still preferred. The weapons that the Haida used were often multi-functional; they were used not only in battle, but during other activities as well. For instance,

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under command of Captain McAlmond. The boat took 12 passengers in December. One of these passengers carried smallpox to Haida Gwaii. This might not have been a disaster should the infected miner have stayed in isolation at the mining site on

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In the wake of the war canoe: a stirring record of forty years' successful labour, peril, and adventure amongst the savage Indian tribes of the Pacific coast, and the piratical head-hunting Haida of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British

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463:. After the Island's wide arrival of red cedar some 7,500 years ago Haida society transformed to centre around the coastal "tree of life". Massive carved cedar monuments and cedar big houses became widespread throughout Haida Gwaii. 557:

was sent from Seattle to nearby Port Gamble, where indigenous raiding parties made up of Haida (from territory claimed by the British) and Tongass (from territory claimed by the Russians) had been attacking and enslaving the

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chores in relation to the keeping of the home. Women were also in charge of curing cedarwood to use for weaving and making clothes. It was also the duty of the women to gather berries and dig for shellfish and clams.

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anyone infected. In June, the encampments were forcibly cleared by police, and 20 canoes of Haidas, many of whom were likely already infected with smallpox, were forced back to Haida Gwaii, escorted by gunboats HMS

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and whalers. According to sailing records, they diligently maintained strong trade relationships with Westerners, coastal people, and among themselves. Trade for sea-otter pelts was initiated by British Captain

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rather than representations of the family histories that wove Haida society together. Chiefly families showed their histories by erecting totems outside their homes, or on house posts forming the building.

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Journal of a tour on the north west coast of America in the year 1829, containing a description of a part of Oregon, California and the north west coast and the numbers, manners and customs of the native

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921:), was released, with an all-Haida cast. The actors learned Haida for their performances in the film, with a two-week training camp followed by lessons throughout the five weeks of filming. Haida artist 765:. All people of Haida ancestry are entitled to Haida citizenship, including the Kaigani, who as Alaskans are also part of the Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska government. 2124: 2874: 426:, United States; Haida from K'iis Gwaii in the Duu Guusd region of Haida Gwaii migrated north in the early 18th century. Federally recognized Haida tribes in the United States include the 437:

In a first-of-its-kind deal negotiated over the preceding decades, British Columbia in 2024 transferred the title over more than 200 islands off Canada's west coast to the Haida nation.

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that boys and girls who were destined for greatness could find unique spirit guides. A successful vision quest was celebrated by the wearing of masks, face paints, and costumes.

1098:'s discovery of one such hilltop fortification in a Haida village. Numerous other sightings of such fortifications were recorded by other European explorers during this century. 390:

In Haida Gwaii, the Haida government consists of a matrix of national and regional hereditary, legislative, and executive bodies including the Hereditary Chiefs Council, the

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were very common and almost always the weapon of choice for hand-to-hand combat, and were also used during hunting and to create other tools. One medicine man's dagger that

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as early as 1911. Haida children were sent as far away as Alberta to live among English-speaking families where they were to be assimilated into the dominant culture.

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In November 1985, members of the Haida nation protested the ongoing logging of old-growth forests on Haida Gwaii, establishing a blockade to prevent the logging of

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with the Haida in 1787. The Haida did well for themselves in this industry and until the mid-1800s they were at the centre of the profitable China sea-otter trade.

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with European merchants. Haida groups also had feuds with these European merchants that could last years. In 1789, some Haidas were accused of stealing items from

523: 582:, in retaliation for the killing of a respected Kake chief in the raid the year before. Ebey's scalp was purchased from the Kake by an American trader in 1860. 522:, at first they had minimal confrontations with Europeans. Between 1780 and 1830, the Haida came into conflict with European and American traders. Among the 2860: 700:

In 1911, Canada and British Columbia rejected a Haida offer whereby in exchange for full rights of British citizenship Haidas would formally join the

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Ancient warriors of the north Pacific: the Haidas, their laws, customs and legends, with some historical account of the Queen Charlotte Islands

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The name Masset, received from pre British contact between Haidas and the Spanish, actually includes three separate and adjoining communities,

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for the thighs and lower back and slats (a long strip of wood) in the side pieces to allow for more flexibility during movement. They wore

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In British Columbia, the term "Haida Nation" often refers to the Haida people as a whole however, it also refers to their government, the

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loved one, marriages, and other civil proceedings. The more important potlatches take years to prepare and can continue for days.

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itself, the only difference being that the chief took the lead during battles; otherwise his title was more or less meaningless.

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In December 2009, the government of British Columbia officially renamed the archipelago from Queen Charlotte Islands to

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communities, a battle ensued in which 26 natives and one government soldier were killed. In the aftermath of this,

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in Haida communities. These fortifications continued to be in use during the 18th century as evidenced by Captain

1349: 411: 979: 368: 1820: 1171: 843:, or ornate jewellery, in the 21st century, younger people are also making art in a popular expression such as 566:) warriors refused to acknowledge American jurisdiction and to hand over those among them who had attacked the 46: 750:

Haida drummers and singers greet guests on the shores of Ḵay Linagaay, a millennia-old village in Haida Gwaii.

75: 3781: 3580: 42: 631:. Those infected did not make it home, according to the plans of the colonial governments, and passed on at 2494:

Descriptive notes on certain implements, weapons, &c., from Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C

1531: 3795: 3767: 2465: 1989: 3567: 2517: 2131: 1908: 1772: 1455: 1245: 762: 395: 391: 168: 57: 1052:, spelt Nang Kilsdlaas in Skidegate dialect, which can manifest through the form and antics of a Raven. 3675: 3586: 3425: 3217: 2841: 1912: 1508: 1294: 1274: 1140:

were often brought along raids or before battles to "destroy the souls of enemies" and ensure victory.

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Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841

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Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841

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The Haida also created "notions of wealth", and Jenness credits them with the introduction of the

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The first recorded contact between the Haida and Europeans was in July 1774 with Spanish explorer

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Haida society continues to produce a robust and highly stylized art form, a leading component of

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This is an incomplete list of anthropologists and scholars who have done research on the Haida.

1998:(1890) This enormous source, photocopied, including p.137, is more easily accessible online at 1209: 953: 399: 2852: 1952: 1614: 1258: 1218: 909: 431: 3551: 1794: 1060:

has a generous inclination, they also includes a darker, indulgent, and trickster quality.

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Boelscher, M. (2011). The curtain within: Haida social and mythical discourse. UBC Press.

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directed, with Edenshaw and his brother being co-screenwriters, with Graham Richard and

534:. The tribe made use of European weapons they acquired, using cannons and canoe-mounted 3328: 3227: 3222: 3176: 2916: 2248: 701: 571: 519: 507: 1753:

Ames, Kenneth M. (2001). "Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast".

947:, has created a number of Haida centered films. In 2017 he directed the animated film 3725: 3528: 3273: 2971: 2887: 2805: 2787: 2752: 2734: 2716: 2691: 2673: 2655: 2637: 2595: 2226: 2190: 1873: 1828: 1698: 1572: 1552: 1502: 1466: 1417: 1399: 934: 2246:

Porter, Catherine (June 12, 2017). "A Language Nearly Lost is Revived in a Script".

1978:, Laura Arksey, Columbia, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma, Spring, 1988. 3573: 3445: 3358: 3253: 3141: 1441: 1132: 1001: 930: 793: 615: 423: 415: 349: 287: 219: 3890: 3036: 2304:"Now Is the Time for the Haida Renaissance: an interview with Christopher Auchter" 738:, which is cooperatively managed by the Canadian government and the Haida Nation. 3533: 3384: 3348: 3166: 2986: 2901: 2585: 2556: 1619: 1602: 1592: 1567: 1086: 1041: 984: 840: 803:

Haida wait for their Heiltsuk hosts to welcome them to sing and dance at a peace

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Emerging from out of the Margins: Essays on Haida Language, Culture, and History

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Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774-1890.

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The Haida conducted regular trade with Russian, Spanish, British, and American

407: 311: 259: 215: 3156: 1821:"Canada hands 'long-overdue' title over more than 200 islands to Haida Nation" 1673:"2015: ACS 5-Year Estimates American Indian and Alaska Native Detailed Tables" 3914: 3538: 3490: 3323: 3243: 3171: 3106: 3091: 3071: 3061: 3046: 3006: 2966: 2926: 2921: 2911: 2688:

The Haida Gwaii Lesson : A Strategic Playbook for Indigenous Sovereignty

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A Story as Sharp as a Knife: The Classical Haida Mythtellers and Their World

1897:. New York: Peter Lang AG International Academic Publishers. pp. 25–45. 3389: 3379: 3343: 3303: 3248: 2976: 1597: 1423: 1385: 1335: 1137: 1056:

revealed the world and was an active player in the creation of life. While

723: 713: 682: 579: 235: 3101: 2214: 578:, was shot and beheaded on August 11, 1857, by a small Tlingit group from 3782:"Tsimshian Society and Culture – Wealth and Rank – Feasts and Potlatches" 3628: 3450: 3394: 3263: 2764: 2713:

All that we say is ours: Guujaaw and the re-awakening of the Haida Nation

2289: 2034:"Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 among Northwest Coast and Puget Sound Indians" 1562: 1514: 1478: 1320: 970: 844: 836: 835:. While artists frequently have expressed this in large wooden carvings ( 755: 567: 499: 376: 343: 269: 3460: 2802:

Shaping the future on Haida Gwaii : life beyond settler colonialism

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Later on a group of copper miners travelled from Bella Coola aboard the

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This is our life: Haida material heritage and changing museum practice

2395:(First Edition). Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, p. 165-166. 2100:"How a smallpox epidemic forged modern British Columbia – Macleans.ca" 547:

throughout northeastern Pacific coastal indigenous title territories.

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The force of family: repatriation, kinship, and memory on Haida Gwaii

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Bancroft says they were Stikines and makes no mention of the Haida.

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they were forced to depart without having set foot on Haida Gwaii.

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Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska

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live north of the Canadian and U.S. border which cuts through the

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Peoples of the northwest coast: their archaeology and prehistory.

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Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina von Hagen; Edward C. Wolf (1997).

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Peoples of the northwest coast: their archaeology and prehistory.

1447: 1284: 1162: 563: 372: 2355:. Harvard University. Washington, Govt. print. Off., p. 371-390. 1076: 162: 3480: 3430: 3181: 3116: 3111: 3056: 2991: 2882: 2218:

The Rain Forests of Home: Profile of a North American Bioregion

1857:. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 76–78. 1361: 1229: 1188: 1184: 1167: 654: 445: 430:

and the Hydaburg Cooperative Association. Some citizens of the

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Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska website

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The government began forcibly sending some Haida children to

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The golden spruce: a true story of myth, madness and greed

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During My Time: Florence Edenshaw Davidson, a Haida Woman.

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Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site

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Canadian Museum of Civilization webpage on Haida villages

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The Curtain Within: Haida Social and Mythical Discourse.

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Native North American Armor, Shields, and Fortifications

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Colonial police action against the people of Haida Gwaii

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In 2018, the first feature-length Haida-language film,

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Memoirs: Part 1 – the Haida of Queen Charlotte Islands

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Potlatch as Pedagogy : Learning Through Ceremony

1741:. New York city: Reprinted for C. F. Heartman, p. 45. 951:, inspired by Haida mythology. His short documentary 3796:"Civilization.ca – Haida – Haida villages – Warfare" 2649: 2492:

Mackenzie, Alexander; Dawson, George Mercer (1891).

2466:"Civilization.ca – Haida – Haida villages – Warfare" 2455:. New York city: Reprinted for C. F. Hartman, p. 47. 1991:

History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana: 1845–1889

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correlates with the erection of the first defensive

299: 2530:"FirstVoices: Hlg̱aagilda X̱aayda Kil : words" 1749: 1747: 1534:) and master carver gud san glans (Robert Davidson) 1081:Analyses of skeletal injuries dating from the late 1045:maintains its elevated situation in Haida society. 574:, a U.S. military officer and the first settler on 293: 290: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2668:Davidson, Sara Florence; Davidson, Robert (2018), 2652:Athlii Gwaii - Upholding Haida Law at Lyell Island 2326:Ames, Kenneth M.; Maschner, Herbert D. G. (1999). 2181:Onishi, Norimitsu; Bracken, Amber (July 4, 2024). 1720:Ames, Kenneth M.; Maschner, Herbert D. G. (1999). 1454:), artist and politician, former President of the 983:Model of House of Contentment, late 19th century, 562:there. When the Haida and Tongass (sea lion tribe 1469:, hereditary chief of Stasstas Eagle Clan, artist 3912: 2667: 2628:Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 1744: 518:Although they had gone on expeditions as far as 2285:"Burnaby filmmaker brings Haida tale to screen" 1521: 1355:Sukkwan (Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island) 1048:Many Haida believe in an ultimate being called 866:box. Missionaries regarded the carved poles as 402:, and the Secretariat of the Haida Nation. The 2728: 1358:Howkan (Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island) 874:Well known contemporary Haida artists include 2868: 2617:Blackman, Margaret B. (1982; rev. ed., 1992) 2180: 1077:Archeological and written evidence of warfare 2769:He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village. 585: 16:Indigenous group in British Columbia, Canada 2631: 2438:. London: H. F. & G. Wetherbee, p. 153. 2208: 1025:tongues helped him to be a strong climber. 856: 644: 341: 331: 325: 319: 151: 145: 139: 133: 3891:"Tlingit & Haida – About Us – History" 2875: 2861: 2776:Haida Culture in Custody: The Masset Band. 2404:Collison, W. H.; Dillard, Charles (1981). 2364:Collison, W. H.; Lillard, Charles (1981). 2001:, if desired. Retrieved February 21, 2012. 1872:. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 126–129. 1716: 1714: 1152: 594:began on March 26 when a steamship called 177: 2746: 2353:Haida texts and myths, Skidegate dialect; 2239: 2011:"Daily British Colonist". March 26, 1862. 1870:Haida Gwaii Human History and Environment 1767: 1765: 1763: 1695:Haida Gwaii Human History and Environment 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2781: 2778:Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2621:Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2330:London: Thames & Hudson, p. 195-213. 1732: 1730: 1525: 1380: 1213: 1029:small amounts she would become tougher. 978: 959:2019 Toronto International Film Festival 798: 745: 707: 592:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic 470: 444: 2278: 2262: 1852: 1711: 1364:(Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island) 1000:The Haida nation was split between two 893: 618:the First Nations in the region nor to 348:, an archipelago just off the coast of 3913: 2729:Krmpotich, Cara; Peers, Laura (2013), 2263:Wiesner, Darren (September 18, 2017). 2245: 2057: 1760: 990: 371:. The Haida have been compared to the 340:group who have traditionally occupied 3742:. American Museum of Natural History. 2856: 2799: 2685: 2650:Collison; Jisgang Nika, eds. (2018), 2583: 2505: 2488: 2486: 2446: 2444: 2430: 2428: 2339: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2088:"British Colonist". October 20, 1862. 1892: 1867: 1818: 1727: 1697:. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 128. 1692: 1530:L–R: Haida lawyer gi7ahl g-udsllaay ( 606:containing a passenger infected with 3871:. American Museum of Natural History 2817:Yahgulanaas, Michael Nicoll (2008), 2710: 1814: 1812: 1724:London: Thames & Hudson, p. 196. 1101: 189:Regions with significant populations 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 3841: 3619:Bridge of the Gods (geologic event) 1499:, historian and storytelling expert 664: 13: 2611: 2483: 2441: 2425: 2369:. Victoria, B.C: Sono Nis, p. 138. 2315: 2125:"Constitution of the Haida Nation" 1143: 524:dozens of ships the tribe captured 183:Map of traditional Haida territory 14: 3947: 3931:Native American history of Alaska 3926:First Nations in British Columbia 2825: 2409:. Victoria, B.C: Sono Nis, p. 89. 2022:"British Colonist". May 14, 1862. 1819:Cecco, Leyland (April 15, 2024). 1809: 1797:. Visit Sitka. September 22, 2017 1775:. Canadian Museum of Civilization 392:Council of the Haida Nation (CHN) 383:, an early anthropologist at the 3647: 3524:Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War 2935: 1649:Government of British Columbia. 1376: 1225:Historical Haida villages were: 1178: 286: 161: 23: 3883: 3861: 3835: 3810: 3788: 3774: 3760: 3746: 3732: 3718: 3693: 3668: 2751:, University of Toronto Press, 2577: 2561: 2543: 2522: 2511: 2499: 2458: 2412: 2398: 2385: 2372: 2358: 2345: 2333: 2296: 2256: 2174: 2153: 2117: 2092: 2081: 2051: 2026: 2015: 2004: 1982: 1967: 1937: 1933:Puget Sound Herald Nov 19, 1858 1926: 1901: 1886: 1861: 1846: 741: 688: 541: 466: 385:Canadian Museum of Civilization 34:needs additional citations for 3842:Council, Old Massett Village. 2771:San Francisco: Grey Fox Press. 2060:"For those of us at Bones Bay" 1787: 1686: 1664: 1651:"Haida Nation, Council of The" 1642: 1487:, carver, sculptor and jeweler 1126: 964: 453: 359:The Haida are known for their 1: 3581:Delgamuukw v British Columbia 2821:, Vancouver; Greystone Books. 2632:Bringhursrt, Collins (2011), 2069:. Council of the Haida Nation 1671:United States Census Bureau. 1635: 1444:, carver, jeweler and painter 1064:that encompasses all others. 356:, for at least 12,500 years. 3844:"A Relationship with Nature" 3654:Pacific Northwest portal 2690:, San Francisco: Inkshares, 2672:, Portage & Main Press, 1532:Terri-Lynn Williams-Davidson 1522:Anthropologists and scholars 1334:Hlk'yah GaawGa (Windy Bay) ( 1183:The Haida wore rod-and-slat 449:Houses and totem poles, 1878 7: 3784:. Canada Museum of History. 3770:. Canada Museum of History. 2786:, Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2624:Boelscher, Marianne (1988) 2450:Green, Jonathan S. (1915). 2351:Swanton, John Reed (1905). 2132:Council of the Haida Nation 1736:Green, Jonathan S. (1915). 1608: 1456:Council of the Haida Nation 1203: 1036: 995: 811: 777: 763:Council of the Haida Nation 396:Old Massett Village Council 169:Council of the Haida Nation 10: 3952: 3936:Native Americans in Alaska 3798:. Canada Museum of History 2933: 2715:, Douglas & McIntyre, 1913:Canadian Museum of History 1893:White, Fredericke (2014). 1509:Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas 1463:, artist, fashion designer 1207: 1067: 975:Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas 968: 945:Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas 884:Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas 815: 781: 772: 736:Gwaii Haanas National Park 711: 645: 440: 342: 3680:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3637: 3611: 3595: 3560: 3499: 3408: 3372: 3236: 3195: 2944: 2894: 2847:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2819:Flight of the Hummingbird 2774:Stearns, Mary Lee (1981) 2592:University of Texas Press 2555:January 16, 2013, at the 2418:Jennens, Diamond (1977). 1603:Marianne Boelscher Ignace 1161:until it was replaced by 1011: 681:) was outlawed under the 586:Smallpox epidemic of 1862 369:to have practised slavery 265: 255: 245: 230: 225: 214: 209: 201: 193: 188: 176: 160: 131: 3822:firstpeoplesofcanada.com 3561:Court cases and treaties 2804:, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2747:Krmpotich, Cara (2014), 2733:, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2584:Jones, David E. (2004). 2221:. Island Press. p. 1853:Swanton, John R (1905). 1630:Haida Argillite Carvings 732:South Moresby Agreement, 434:are of Haida heritage. 3400:Tseax Lava Bed Memorial 3339:August Jack Khatsahlano 3157:Tsilhqotʼin (Chilcotin) 2832:Council of Haida Nation 2782:Vaillant, John (2005), 1583:Robert Bruce Inverarity 1368:Tlell, British Columbia 1153:Weapons used in battles 918: 902: 857: 792:is considered to be an 728:Western Forest Products 678: 475:Young Haida woman with 419: 332: 326: 320: 315: 152: 146: 140: 134: 3754:"Transformation masks" 3624:Reservations in Oregon 3082:Nlaka'pamux (Thompson) 2800:Weiss, Joseph (2018), 2391:Gibson, James (1992). 2378:Gibson, James (1992). 1535: 1420:, artist and memoirist 1402:, artist, basketweaver 1389: 1372:Dadens, Langara Island 1350:Prince of Wales Island 1222: 1210:List of Haida villages 987: 949:The Mountain of SGaana 826: 808: 751: 487: 485:Voyage autour du monde 450: 412:Prince of Wales Island 400:Skidegate Band Council 363:, trading skills, and 3768:"Social Organization" 3728:. Petroglyph Gallery. 2703:Fisher, Robin (1992) 2434:Harrison, C. (1925). 2420:The Indians of Canada 2312:, September 29, 2019. 2058:Weir-White, Candace. 1868:Fedje, Daryl (2005). 1693:Fedje, Daryl (2005). 1615:Haida Heritage Centre 1529: 1388:, Haida basket weaver 1384: 1219:Haida Heritage Centre 1217: 982: 910:The Edge of the Knife 802: 749: 708:Lyell Island protests 474: 448: 432:Sitka Tribe of Alaska 3284:Randy'L He-dow Teton 3269:Annie Miner Peterson 3122:Stʼatʼimc (Lillooet) 3092:Nuxalk (Bella Coola) 2895:Archaeological sites 2686:Dowie, Mark (2017), 2550:Parks Canada website 2470:www.historymuseum.ca 1996:Hubert Howe Bancroft 1949:, February 29, 2008" 1757:33 (1): 1–17., p. 3. 894:Transformation masks 508:maritime fur traders 43:improve this article 3102:Secwépemc (Shuswap) 2038:www.historylink.org 1588:Charles F. Newcombe 1287:aka Koona or Q'una. 1172:Alexander Mackenzie 1157:The Haida used the 991:Social organization 941:Christopher Auchter 833:Northwest Coast art 695:residential schools 669:In 1885, the Haida 560:Coast Salish people 128: 3441:'Yalis (Alert Bay) 3409:Towns and villages 2917:Marmes Rockshelter 2884:Indigenous peoples 2711:Gill, Ian (2009), 2293:, October 3, 2017. 2249:The New York Times 2187:The New York Times 1955:on August 26, 2014 1909:"Canoes and Trade" 1536: 1390: 1223: 988: 809: 752: 702:Dominion of Canada 572:Colonel Isaac Ebey 550:Also in 1857, the 488: 451: 126: 3664: 3663: 3529:Fraser Canyon War 3274:Coquelle Thompson 3032:Kutenai (Ktunaxa) 2888:Pacific Northwest 2654:, Locarno Press, 2643:978-1-55365-839-9 2508:, p. 106–107 1879:978-0-7748-0921-4 1755:World Archaeology 1704:978-0-7748-0921-4 1573:Charles Hill-Tout 1553:Robert Bringhurst 1503:Evelyn Vanderhoop 1418:Florence Davidson 1400:Delores Churchill 1306:(Sgang Gway, aka 1109:Margaret Blackman 1102:Causes of warfare 957:premiered at the 935:Leonie Sandercock 734:establishing the 635:near Alert Bay. 275: 274: 241: 240: 119: 118: 111: 93: 3943: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3848:virtualmuseum.ca 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3705:Encyclopedia.com 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3672: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3574:Sohappy v. Smith 3359:Chief Dan George 3254:Sarah Winnemucca 3218:Plateau Penutian 2992:Dakelh (Carrier) 2939: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2814: 2796: 2761: 2743: 2725: 2700: 2682: 2664: 2646: 2605: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2526: 2520: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2462: 2456: 2448: 2439: 2432: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2313: 2300: 2294: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2140: 2134:. Archived from 2129: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2064: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1986: 1980: 1976:Beheaded Pioneer 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1951:. Archived from 1941: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1816: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1769: 1758: 1751: 1742: 1734: 1725: 1718: 1709: 1708: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1646: 1448:Gidansda Guujaaw 1442:Charles Edenshaw 1269:Ḵaysuun Llnagaay 1133:William Collison 1121:Captain Kendrick 1087:Formative period 943:, the nephew of 931:Helen Haig-Brown 919:SG̲aawaay Ḵʹuuna 890:amongst others. 860: 665:The Potlatch Ban 648: 647: 596:Brother Jonathan 520:Washington State 424:Southeast Alaska 350:British Columbia 347: 346: 335: 329: 323: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 285: 243: 242: 181: 165: 155: 149: 143: 137: 129: 125: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3895:www.ccthita.org 3889: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3756:. Khan Academy. 3752: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3648: 3646: 3633: 3607: 3591: 3556: 3534:Puget Sound War 3501:Armed conflicts 3495: 3404: 3385:Cascades Rapids 3368: 3349:Harriet Nahanee 3232: 3191: 2940: 2931: 2902:Bald Point Site 2890: 2881: 2828: 2812: 2794: 2759: 2741: 2723: 2698: 2680: 2662: 2644: 2614: 2612:Further reading 2602: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557:Wayback Machine 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2442: 2433: 2426: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2301: 2297: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2261: 2257: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2141:on June 6, 2017 2138: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2104:www.macleans.ca 2098: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1987: 1983: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1866: 1862: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1817: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1745: 1735: 1728: 1719: 1712: 1705: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1620:Haida mythology 1611: 1598:Nancy J. Turner 1593:John R. Swanton 1568:Christie Harris 1524: 1430:Robert Davidson 1408:, art historian 1379: 1221:at Ḵay Llnagaay 1212: 1206: 1181: 1155: 1146: 1144:Death in battle 1131:The missionary 1129: 1104: 1079: 1070: 1039: 1014: 998: 993: 985:Brooklyn Museum 977: 969:Main articles: 967: 954:Now Is the Time 905: 896: 880:Robert Davidson 841:Chilkat weaving 829: 820: 814: 786: 780: 775: 744: 720: 712:Main articles: 710: 691: 667: 588: 544: 479:, portrayed in 469: 456: 443: 381:Diamond Jenness 289: 283: 282: 184: 172: 156: 124: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3949: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3908: 3907: 3882: 3860: 3834: 3809: 3787: 3773: 3759: 3745: 3731: 3717: 3692: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3596:Current issues 3593: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3587:Nisga'a Treaty 3584: 3577: 3570: 3568:Boldt Decision 3564: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3503: 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2865: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2826:External links 2824: 2823: 2822: 2815: 2811:978-0774837583 2810: 2797: 2792: 2779: 2772: 2762: 2757: 2744: 2739: 2726: 2721: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2683: 2678: 2665: 2660: 2647: 2642: 2629: 2622: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2600: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2560: 2542: 2521: 2510: 2498: 2482: 2457: 2440: 2424: 2411: 2397: 2384: 2371: 2357: 2344: 2332: 2314: 2295: 2277: 2255: 2238: 2231: 2207: 2173: 2152: 2116: 2091: 2080: 2067:haidanation.ca 2050: 2025: 2014: 2003: 1981: 1966: 1936: 1925: 1900: 1885: 1878: 1860: 1845: 1808: 1786: 1759: 1743: 1726: 1710: 1703: 1685: 1663: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1543:Marius Barbeau 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1394:Primrose Adams 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1339: 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This meant 1186: 1179:Battle armour 1176: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1159:bow and arrow 1150: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1117:the fur trade 1112: 1110: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1058:Ne-kilst-lass 1055: 1054:Ne-kilst-lass 1051: 1050:Ne-kilst-lass 1046: 1043: 1042:Haida beliefs 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1009: 1005: 1003: 986: 981: 976: 972: 962: 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911: 900: 891: 889: 888:Freda Diesing 885: 881: 877: 872: 869: 868:graven images 865: 861: 859: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 824: 819: 806: 801: 797: 795: 791: 785: 770: 766: 764: 759: 757: 748: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 719: 715: 705: 703: 698: 696: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 662: 660: 656: 650: 646:Sḵʼin G̱aadll 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 621: 617: 611: 609: 605: 604:San Francisco 601: 597: 593: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 555: 554:Massachusetts 548: 539: 537: 533: 532:Susan Sturgis 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 509: 504: 501: 497: 493: 486: 482: 478: 473: 464: 462: 447: 438: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 404:Kaigani Haida 401: 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 361:craftsmanship 357: 355: 351: 345: 339: 334: 328: 322: 317: 313: 307: 280: 271: 268: 264: 261: 258: 254: 251: 248: 244: 237: 233: 229: 224: 221: 217: 213: 208: 204: 202:United States 200: 196: 192: 187: 180: 175: 170: 164: 159: 154: 148: 142: 136: 130: 121: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 3900:December 11, 3898:. 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1563:Wilson Duff 1515:Don Yeomans 1479:Gerry Marks 1321:Old Massett 1127:War parties 971:Haida manga 965:Haida manga 927:Tsilhqot'in 845:Haida manga 837:totem poles 756:Haida Gwaii 598:arrived in 568:Puget Sound 536:swivel guns 500:Haida Gwaii 454:Pre-contact 377:Scandinavia 344:Haida Gwaii 270:Haida Gwaii 3915:Categories 3869:"Basketry" 3726:"About Us" 3519:Yakima War 3509:Cayuse War 3354:Annie York 3203:Athabaskan 2707:UBC Press. 1959:August 25, 1636:References 1558:Emily Carr 1548:Franz Boas 1491:Jay Simeon 1096:James Cook 1085:and early 929:filmmaker 862:) and the 852:totem pole 620:quarantine 492:Juan Pérez 365:seamanship 338:Indigenous 284:English: 69:newspapers 3514:Modoc War 3436:Skidegate 3421:Ninstints 3364:Bill Reid 3279:Sacagawea 3213:Chinookan 3208:Chimakuan 3196:Languages 3187:Wuikinuxv 3162:Tsimshian 3142:Tillamook 3067:Nez Perce 2844:entry in 2195:0362-4331 1833:0261-3077 1795:"Culture" 1779:March 17, 1773:"Warfare" 1578:Bill Holm 1485:Bill Reid 1319:Atewaas ( 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