404:, most hawkers were also moved into fixed locations as hygiene and traffic concerns grew. Some temporary or mobile fixtures remain, however licences to do so can only be renewed, with no new licences for mobile hawking being offered. Moving to fixed locations is often unpopular with hawkers, who fear losing customers and the higher fees needed. Labour shortages in the 1980s and 1990s led to many hawker centres being staffed by foreigners. In 2014, after it was reported that in 68 hawker centres 119 foreign cooks were identified, a law banning foreign cooks was proposed and gathered support, finally being passed in 2016. This was purported as a move to protect Penang's heritage, and 13 dishes were declared by the government as heritage dishes; 10 were of Chinese origin, 2 of Tamil origin, and 1 of Malay origin. Foreigners were still able to work as assistants, or as cooks in restaurants.
456:. More recently, hygiene standards have improved, with pressure from the local authorities. This includes the implementation of licensing requirements, where a sufficient standard of hygiene is required for the stall to operate, and rewarding exceptionally good hygiene. A score of 85% or higher results in an A, and the lowest grade is a D, which ranges from 40 to 49% passing standards. These grades are required to be displayed on hawker stands. Upgrading or reconstruction of hawker centres was initiated in the 1990s in Singapore.
417:
365:
144:
34:
519:
With effect from 1 September 2021, it is a littering offence now to leave behind food trays, crockery, used tissues, wet wipes, drink straws, food wrappers, drink cans, plastic water bottles, food remnants and any other litters at hawker centres. First-time offenders will be issued a written warning.
407:
Cooks working in hawker centres are mainly older individuals, challenging the sustainability of the business. Hawking is viewed, including by many hawkers, as low-status and low-paying. The COVID-19 pandemic led to further challenges. The Penang government pledged to restore the Gurney Drive hawker
380:
During the 1950s, the
British were concerned about the economic influence of the hawkers and kept them under surveillance. In response to the government's plan to curb the activities of the Kuala Lumpur Hawkers and Petty Traders Association, its members threatened to take up arms and participate in
459:
In 1987, a point demerit system was introduced to account for stand's food and personal handing hygiene. Six demerit points yield a US$ 400 fee (HK$ 2470). Individual fines will be solicited for larger violations such as putting unclean materials in contact with the food. Failure to display issued
424:
Hawker centres sprang up in urban areas following the rapid urbanisation in the 1950s and 1960s. In many cases, they were built partly to address the problem of unhygienic food preparation by unlicensed street hawkers. More recently, they have become less ubiquitous due to growing affluence in the
396:
as part of a programme to improve hygiene standards and clear the roads of streetside stores. While initially reluctant, the hawkers eventually moved to these facilities. However, many continue to operate in other areas, with operation in hawker centres being one of seven types of hawker licences
388:
In the next decade, the association became part of the system and actively promoted the hawkers' interests where necessary. By the 1960s, however, the authorities began to crack down on illegal activities and unlicensed hawkers. Health and safety considerations also became paramount to the
536:
after visiting
Singapore, and he collaborated with Singaporean chef K.F. Seetoh. Seetoh took up the mantle after Bourdain's death in 2018. Known as the Urban Hawker, it consists of traditional Singaporean dishes, with most of the vendors hailing from Singapore.
306:
In Hong Kong, most cooked food centres (熟食中心; or cooked food markets, 熟食市場) are either located in market complexes of residential districts, or as a standalone structure (this being the case in most industrial areas), with only a few exceptions (e.g.
1124:
516:. Inscription was announced on 16 December 2020, when UNESCO described the hawker centre as "‘community dining rooms’ where people from diverse backgrounds gather and share the experience of dining over breakfast, lunch and dinner."
408:
centre, considered the most well-known, which had previously relied on both domestic and international tourists. Overall business in Penang's hawker centres decreased by 50%, as national regulations limited their opening hours.
734:
284:. They were built to provide a more sanitary alternative to mobile hawker carts and contain many stalls that sell different varieties of affordable meals. Dedicated tables and chairs are usually provided for diners.
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989:
852:
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308:
479:. All the centres owned by HDB and NEA, in turn, are regulated by NEA with the individual Town Councils managing the HDB owned centres. JTC owned centres are self-managed.
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501:. (Unfortunately, Hawker Chan lost its star in 2021, so only one hawker in Singapore currently has a Michelin Star.) As of 2019, more than 40 hawker stalls were awarded
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338:
and 1970s, the government also built cooked food markets in industrial areas to serve the catering needs of the working class in major industrial centres such as
1053:
356:
While many cooked food centres in Hong Kong are open-air, many others are indoor air-conditioned complexes, owing to Hong Kong's periods of extreme humidity.
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520:
Second-time offenders will face a composition fine of $ 300 and subsequent offenders may face court fines under the
Environmental Public Health Act.
502:
1314:
468:
959:
389:
authorities as the hawkers had little sanitary considerations and frequently occupied the streets with their wares, even after being fined.
287:
Such centres are usually managed by a governing authority which maintains the facility and rents out stores for hawkers to ply their goods.
494:
1499:
930:
513:
482:
In 2011, Singapore announced plans to develop 10 hawker centers, which equates to 600 stalls in the next decade. This will stabilise
316:
1100:"Nomination file No. 01568 — Hawker culture in Singapore, community dining and culinary practices in a multicultural urban context"
1073:
1484:
1036:
1011:
489:
As of 2016, two
Singaporean food stalls, both located in hawker centres, became the first street food vendors to be awarded a
801:
1125:"Mandatory For Diners To Return Dirty Trays, Crockery And Clean Table Litter At Hawker Centres, Coffeeshops And Food Courts"
98:
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70:
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22:
633:
330:
regarded the provision of cooked food centres as a way to eliminate traditional dai pai dongs from local streets in the
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879:
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In the 1950s and 1960s, hawker centres were considered to be a venue for the less affluent. They had a reputation for
1651:
775:
117:
77:
1188:
853:"MBPP appeals to MKN to consider allowing 35 hawker centres in or near markets on Penang island to operate from 6am"
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1323:
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425:
urban populations of
Malaysia and Singapore. Particularly in Singapore, they are increasingly being replaced by
1300:
159:
84:
55:
51:
353:
Stalls in cooked food centres usually provide local cuisine, with those selling exotic delicacies a minority.
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1459:
1156:"Anthony Bourdain's unrealized dream comes to life: "Tony would say, 'Darn it, you did it without me'
1402:
1666:
1337:
44:
735:""I am too old! Who is going to give me a job?" Women hawkers in Teluk Bahang, Penang, Malaysia"
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In 2019, Singapore submitted its nomination to inscribe its hawker culture on the
433:
versions of hawker centres located in shopping malls and other commercial venues.
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1061:
476:
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The hawker centres in
Singapore are owned by three government bodies, namely the
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1382:
1362:
660:"Accommodating the Street Hawkers into Modern Urban Management in Kuala Lumpur"
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245:
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148:
Bowrington Food Centre, a famous hawker centre in Hong Kong's Wan Chai district
1640:
1607:
1347:
903:
895:
445:
880:"Singapore Hawker Centers: Origins, Identity, Authenticity, and Distinction"
448:. Many hawker centres were poorly managed by their operators, often lacking
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1525:
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1215:"New York's first Singapore-style hawker center opens in Midtown next week"
907:
606:
588:
416:
393:
323:
203:
688:"The Cheapskate Highbrow and the Dilemma of Sustaining Penang Hawker Food"
514:
UNESCO Representative List of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
1540:
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931:"The Singapore Solution to L.A.'s Illegal Street Food Vending Problem"
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33:
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On
September 21, 2022, a Singaporean-style hawker centre opened in
506:
373:
277:
1438:
1012:"Singapore gets the world's first Michelin star for a food stall"
453:
437:
322:
Most of the stalls from hawker centres are converted from former
392:
In 1967, the first two hawker centers in
Malaysia were built in
1189:"12 Street Foods To Try at Midtown's New Singaporean Food Hall"
1103:
401:
347:
326:(cooked food stalls) by strict regulations and management; the
532:, New York City. It was first mooted in 2013 by American chef
559:
553:
441:
369:
1241:"An Authentic Singaporean Hawker Center Just Opened in NYC"
231:
1074:"Singapore submits Unesco bid to recognise hawker culture"
385:
against the government, leading the latter to back down.
1273:– article in the Singapore Infopedia published by the
208:
1280:
Public
Markets and Cooked Food Centres in Hong Kong
1037:"Hawker Chan Singapore Michelin star International"
692:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
884:Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies
657:
1638:
982:"Singapore street food stalls get Michelin star"
685:
523:
440:food, partly due to the frequent appearance of
272:is an often open-air complex commonly found in
469:Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment
1308:
493:for excellence in eating. The two stalls are
178:
164:
1322:
495:Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle
486:and reduce rent of hawker stands over time.
776:"Making Food Hawking in Penang Sustainable"
503:Michelin Star and Bib Gourmand in Singapore
250:
1315:
1301:
290:
142:
1154:Settembre, Jeanette (20 September 2022).
1153:
627:
625:
623:
317:Food and Environmental Hygiene Department
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1212:
1186:
928:
505:. In 2023, they already constituted the
415:
363:
825:
460:license will result in a US$ 200 fine.
1639:
1187:Sietsema, Robert (23 September 2022).
992:from the original on 22 September 2016
732:
681:
679:
620:
315:). Cooked food centres are managed by
1296:
1213:Ginsburg, Aaron (20 September 2022).
954:
952:
950:
948:
802:"Two food centres close due to virus"
773:
632:Teh, Leam Seng Alan (17 March 2019).
21:For the sports centre in London, see
1238:
334:. During the industrial boom in the
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
1275:National Library Board of Singapore
979:
877:
828:"Facelift for famous hawker centre"
799:
774:Chong, Nicholas (1 February 2019).
676:
631:
23:Hawker Centre, Kingston-upon-Thames
13:
945:
929:Trinidad, Elson (30 August 2013).
311:is located in the lower levels of
14:
1678:
1262:
1239:Tara, Serena (9 September 2022).
826:Sekaran, R. (24 November 2020).
32:
1232:
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1117:
1092:
1066:
1047:
1029:
1004:
973:
967:Legislative Council Secretariat
922:
878:Tam, Andrew (1 February 2017).
499:Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle
43:needs additional citations for
871:
845:
819:
793:
767:
726:
686:Khoo Gaik Cheng (March 2017).
651:
209:
179:
165:
1:
1131:. 14 May 2021. Archived from
613:
473:Housing and Development Board
420:A hawker centre in Singapore.
1485:Bread Street Kitchen and Bar
960:"Hawker Policy in Singapore"
524:Urban Hawker (New York City)
411:
295:
7:
742:Journal of Workplace Rights
540:
465:National Environment Agency
359:
309:Mong Kok Cooked Food Market
10:
1683:
1500:L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon
658:Norhaslina Hassan (2003).
634:"Tracing our hawker roots"
452:and proper facilities for
299:
20:
1616:
1600:
1574:
1518:
1452:
1431:
1330:
980:Kim, Soo (25 July 2016).
800:Lim, Rena (20 May 2021).
258:
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195:
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172:
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1652:Restaurants in Hong Kong
1403:Tai Ping Koon Restaurant
1324:Restaurants in Hong Kong
896:10.1525/gfc.2017.17.1.44
748:(1): 114. Archived from
733:Franck, Anja K. (2011).
562:American roadside dining
397:issued by Kuala Lumpur.
160:Traditional Chinese
1657:Restaurants in Malaysia
1368:Joy Hing's Roasted Meat
1338:Australia Dairy Company
467:(NEA) under the parent
291:By countries or regions
174:Simplified Chinese
579:, Malayan night market
421:
377:
232:
591:in the US and Britain
573:, Malayan coffee shop
556:Indian roadside diner
419:
367:
1662:Culture of Singapore
1470:Otto e Mezzo Bombana
1393:Ngan Lung Restaurant
1358:Heichinrou Hong Kong
1285:27 June 2016 at the
1060:7 March 2024 at the
429:, which are indoor,
328:Hong Kong Government
302:Hawkers in Hong Kong
52:improve this article
16:Open-air food courts
1647:Restaurants by type
1413:Tsui Wah Restaurant
1054:Michelin Guide 2023
755:on 15 November 2023
383:Malaysian Emergency
368:A hawker center in
313:Langham Place Hotel
1373:Kau Kee Restaurant
1016:The World from PRX
781:. Penang Institute
597:Malayan road stall
444:domestic pets and
422:
378:
270:cooked food centre
1634:
1633:
1626:Hong Kong cuisine
1621:Cantonese cuisine
1078:The Straits Times
638:New Straits Times
262:
261:
216:
215:
197:Standard Mandarin
128:
127:
120:
102:
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1551:Maxim's Caterers
1505:The Peak Lookout
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1353:Forum Restaurant
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906:. Archived from
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603:in North America
534:Anthony Bourdain
400:In the state of
254:
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252:ஹாக்கர் மையங்கள்
235:
212:
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210:Xiǎofàn Zhōngxīn
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1287:Wayback Machine
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1080:. 29 March 2019
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1062:Wayback Machine
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910:on 15 July 2019
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857:Buletin Mutiara
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550:Hong Kong diner
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477:JTC Corporation
431:air conditioned
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67:"Hawker centre"
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1667:Hawker centres
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1582:Cha chaan teng
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1556:Pacific Coffee
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1363:Hung Fook Tong
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1270:Hawker centres
1264:
1263:External links
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1179:
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1135:on 5 July 2021
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859:. 24 June 2021
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108:September 2016
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1531:Café de Coral
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1289:– fehd.gov.hk
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1056:michelin.com
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63:Find sources:
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41:This article
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1591:
1587:Dai pai dong
1546:Hui Lau Shan
1526:Ajisen Ramen
1388:Mak's Noodle
1250:26 September
1248:. Retrieved
1244:
1234:
1224:26 September
1222:. Retrieved
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1198:26 September
1196:. Retrieved
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1169:26 September
1167:. Retrieved
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1139:22 September
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
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908:the original
890:(1): 44–55.
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750:the original
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698:(1): 36–77.
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607:Night market
589:Greasy spoon
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204:Hanyu Pinyin
154:Chinese name
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50:Please help
45:verification
42:
18:
1541:Genki Sushi
1109:17 December
595:Mamak stall
577:Pasar malam
484:food prices
427:food courts
1641:Categories
1561:Xen Coffee
1408:Tim Ho Wan
614:References
601:Truck stop
583:Food court
475:(HDB) and
438:unhygienic
300:See also:
240:Tamil name
221:Malay name
78:newspapers
1566:Yoshinoya
1519:Fast food
1245:Thrillist
904:1529-3262
720:152184411
571:Kopi tiam
530:Manhattan
412:Singapore
344:Tsuen Wan
340:Kwun Tong
296:Hong Kong
282:Singapore
274:Hong Kong
1536:Fairwood
1432:Japanese
1423:Yung Kee
1418:Wing Wah
1398:Tai Hing
1283:Archived
1193:Eater NY
1084:22 April
1058:Archived
1021:20 March
990:Archived
832:The Star
806:The Star
712:44668400
541:See also
507:majority
454:cleaning
374:Malaysia
360:Malaysia
278:Malaysia
1495:Gaddi's
1490:Caprice
1465:⁄
1453:Western
1439:Daikiya
1331:Chinese
969:: 1–10.
937:15 July
914:15 July
643:29 June
471:(MSE),
92:scholar
1601:Former
1510:Pierre
1378:Luk Yu
1104:UNESCO
933:. KCET
902:
863:3 July
837:3 July
811:3 July
785:3 July
759:3 July
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710:
668:3 July
402:Penang
348:Fo Tan
94:
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80:
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1480:Amigo
1475:Amber
1219:6sqft
963:(PDF)
779:(PDF)
753:(PDF)
738:(PDF)
716:S2CID
708:JSTOR
663:(PDF)
560:Diner
554:Dhaba
446:pests
442:stray
370:Johor
336:1960s
332:1970s
246:Tamil
227:Malay
99:JSTOR
85:books
1575:Type
1444:Zuma
1252:2022
1226:2022
1200:2022
1171:2022
1141:2021
1111:2020
1086:2019
1023:2021
998:2016
939:2019
916:2019
900:ISSN
865:2021
839:2021
813:2021
787:2021
761:2021
670:2021
645:2021
497:and
381:the
346:and
280:and
180:小贩中心
166:小販中心
71:news
1129:NEA
1041:CNN
892:doi
700:doi
268:or
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