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395:(ADPL) obtained an exception for vendors selling dry goods. In reaction, grassroots organisations claimed that due to the government refusal to issue new hawker licences or construct new markets, vendors could only subsist in defiance of the law. It was further asserted that Kweilin Street Night Market was enjoying a resurgence in popularity and that a zero-tolerance hawker policy would only serve to exacerbate grievances. During the 2015 Lunar New Year, there were at least three groups in Sham Shui Po giving vocal support for street vendors, and Hong Kong locals embarked on a campaign of street cleaning of the night market in order to allay concerns over hygiene.
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293:) as well as famine. Many of these migrants were unskilled and uneducated, and became itinerant hawkers to earn a living with low operating costs, selling daily necessities such as food and clothing to those of the working classes. At that time, the economic condition in Hong Kong was low and working-class families were large, giving rise to 'family consumption'. These families bought their basic necessities from hawkers.
212:), hawkers exemplify the spirit of determination in the face of adversity that is an indelible part of Hong Kong culture. Local scholar Ma Kwok Ming has claimed that the economy of Hong Kong relies to a large extent on the street food industry, and that if hawkers are too harshly regulated, there will be little room for the development of Hong Kong food culture.
369:, targeting unlicensed food hawkers on grounds of unsanitary practices, obstruction of roadways, noise pollution, and other nuisances. At the same time, members of the community have increasingly valued hawking as an element of Hong Kong's cultural heritage and collective memory, and as a valuable means of support for grassroots people.
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became concerned about the health and hygiene issues posed by itinerant hawkers. In the 1970s, Itinerant Hawker
Licences were issued and the succession and transfer of licenses was banned. The system granted licenses to 39,033 hawkers and prohibited 6,000 from the practice. Thereafter, the number of
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According to the Hong Kong
Hawkers Association, there were an estimated 70,000 or more street hawkers in Hong Kong in 1949. At that time, while hawking provided employment opportunities, the large numbers of hawkers also led to noise pollution and congestion. In addition, it was stated that street
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In 2002, a five-year voluntary surrender scheme was implemented to encourage itinerant hawkers to surrender their licenses in exchange for "a one-off ex gratia payment, rental of a vacant stall in public markets under concessionary terms, or becoming a (non-cooked food) fixed pitch hawker.” The
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In 2009, the Hong Kong Food and Health Bureau (FHB) in conjunction with the Food and
Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) reviewed the hawker licensing policy, with a view to potentially issuing new licenses to fixed-pitch hawkers.
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The Hong Kong government has attempted to reduce the number of illegal vendors by designating hawker-permitted areas, but a large percentage of street vendors still operate illegally. According to Leung Yin Ling, author of the book
430:, which owns the shopping centre and market in Yat Tung and many other estates. Staff from the Housing Authority called the police and stated that the bazaar was causing "obstruction", a claim that was dismissed by some residents.
173:, and allowed patrons to benefit from the convenience and low cost of hawker goods. However, the government has long considered the practice to be detrimental to public hygiene, and it has therefore been controlled by the
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running ghosts) refers to the sudden abandonment of these stalls when Hawker
Control Teams (Chinese: 小販管理隊, or 販管隊 in short) are imminent and the vendors are operating illegally or selling prohibited items, such as
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In the 1960s and 70s, at a time when there were few shopping malls and markets and little governmental regulation, the number of hawkers exceeded 300,000. Hawker numbers rose with the unemployment caused by the
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Hawkers may be divided into the categories of fixed-pitch and itinerant (travelling). Both categories may sell a variety of goods, including food or dry goods. Street food hawkers commonly sell foods such as
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hawking discouraged market development, since hawkers paid lower licence fees (HK$ 1,000-HK$ 3,000) than shop and stall tenants who also had to pay rents.
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Sataline, S., Renton, A. Closing time: How Hong Kong’s hawkers face a struggle to survive. South China
Morning Post. Retrieved 3 March 2015, from
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On 22 May 2016 unrest broke out at Yat Tung Estate in Tung Chung, where residents had held a bazaar in defiance of ongoing rent increases by
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A positive view to hawkers and put their features into good use.正面看待小販 特色善加利用(2009, Dec.15). Wen Wei Po. Retrieved 9 March 2015 from
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Consumer culture and economic restructure is closely related 消費文化與經濟轉型 密切相關.(2008, Sept 10). Wen Wei Po. Retrieved 9 March 2015 from
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On 2 February 2016, in the approach to the Lunar New Year, a conflict occurred when hawkers were prevented from setting up stall at
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Ma Kwok Ming. (2009) Roadside
Political Economy 路邊政治經濟學新編(Ed.).Hong Kong. HK: Step Forward Multi Media Co Ltd. P. 83
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and inexpensive goods. They are found in urban areas and new towns alike, although certain districts such as
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Leung Yin Ling. (2011, July). Disappearing of
Itinerant Hawker Culture.消失中的小販文化 Retrieved 9 March 2015 from
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scheme drastically decreased the number of licensed hawkers, from 50,000 in 1974 to about 6,000 in 2007.
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984:"'Fishball Revolution' Creates Chaos on Hong Kong Streets During Lunar New Year Fest | VICE News"
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in response to the hardline approach taken by the FEHD to crack down on hawking in Hong Kong.
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http://www.fhb.gov.hk/download/committees/board/doc/2009/paper20090115_92.pdf
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During the 2014 Lunar New Year, unannounced inspections were conducted at
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into Hong Kong due to political instabilities in China (influenced by the
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2010 – present: Lunar New Year incidents and protest against Link REIT
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Hawker
Control - Food and Environmental Hygiene Department
623:. Food and Health Bureau. 15 January 2009. Archived from
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http://www.ln.edu.hk/mcsln/25th_issue/feature_01.shtml
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http://paper.wenweipo.com/2007/11/15/WW0711150002.htm
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http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/08/HK0809080062.htm
925:"Is Hong Kong really rioting over fishball stands?"
200:) relatively cheaply, from roadside vendor stalls.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
362:In recent years, the FEHD has taken action during
393:Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood
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1044:. Food and Environmental Hygiene Department
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265:1940–1960s: Migrant influx from rural China
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811:"桂林夜市旺角重生 本土派協助清理街道 | 熱血編輯部 | 熱血新聞 | 熱血時報"
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179:Food and Environmental Hygiene Department
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Inexpensive but unofficial street vendors
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339:itinerant hawkers continued to decline.
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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704:"過年前帶頭趕絕 民建聯今倡深水埗設夜市 | 立場報道 | 立場新聞"
614:"Review on Hawker Licensing Policy"
565:http://multimedia.scmp.com/hawkers/
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409:During the 2016 Lunar New Year, a
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757:"指桂林夜市如佔深 民建聯促零容忍執法 撐基層聯盟：徒增民怨"
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34:needs additional citations for
1427:Sino-British Joint Declaration
1264:Country parks and conservation
899:"【街頭夜市】警察食環夾擊桂林夜市拉人封檔 斥市民煽動包圍"
842:(in Chinese). 3 February 2016.
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301:1960–1970s: Increasing numbers
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1008:Yuen, Chantal (23 May 2016).
765:(in Chinese). 17 January 2015
737:(in Chinese). 16 January 2015
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381:Sham Shui Po District Council
495:Weekend markets in Hong Kong
475:Rejuvenation of dai pai dong
411:violent bout of civil unrest
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455:Kweilin Street Night Market
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374:Kweilin Street Night Market
210:Disappearing Hawker Culture
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485:Mobile stalls in Hong Kong
470:Night markets in Hong Kong
320:1973-74 stock market crash
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240:counterfeit branded goods
194:and fake shark fin soup (
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1648:Cheung Chau Bun Festival
1412:One country, two systems
1304:Public parks and gardens
1249:Buildings and structures
1224:Administrative divisions
177:and its successor, the
1838:Retailing in Hong Kong
1460:Food and Health Bureau
1284:Islands and peninsulas
957:van der Horst, Linda.
621:Food and Health Bureau
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58:"Hawkers in Hong Kong"
1683:Hong Kong nationalism
1668:Heritage conservation
1191:Handover of Hong Kong
729:"建制派發功 農曆年「桂林夜市」或成絕響"
588:http://www.fhb.gov.hk
450:Hong Kong street food
330:1970–2010: Regulation
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1823:Culture of Hong Kong
1015:Hong Kong Free Press
597:4 March 2016 at the
523:4 March 2016 at the
383:, controlled by the
136:Hawkers in Hong Kong
43:improve this article
1833:Labour in Hong Kong
1397:Legislative Council
1299:Mountains and peaks
1161:Japanese occupation
1156:Battle of Hong Kong
815:www.passiontimes.hk
681:Oriental Daily News
460:Lunar New Year Fair
324:1970s energy crisis
291:Cultural Revolution
127:A street market in
884:. 8 February 2016.
863:. 8 February 2016.
836:"良景邨小販踩過界 金毛管理員晒馬"
791:. 17 February 2015
656:. 11 February 2015
379:In November 2014,
336:British government
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254:Guangdong Province
133:
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1417:Political parties
1372:Foreign relations
1104:Index of articles
684:. 3 February 2014
400:Leung King Estate
287:Chinese Civil War
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676:"「桂林街夜市」 掃蕩惹鼓譟"
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650:"食環擬趕絶 桂林夜市恐消失"
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1738:Demographics
1633:Architecture
1610:Prostitution
1510:
1392:Legal system
1382:Independence
1294:Marine parks
1046:. Retrieved
1013:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
987:
978:
966:. Retrieved
963:The Diplomat
962:
952:
940:. Retrieved
929:The Guardian
928:
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:
893:
887:(in Chinese)
881:
878:"我擺街，但我沒犯罪！"
872:
866:(in Chinese)
860:
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845:(in Chinese)
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818:. Retrieved
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632:. Retrieved
625:the original
620:
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445:Dawn markets
440:Dai pai dong
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168:
160:Sham Shui Po
135:
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65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1790:Anglosphere
1402:LGBT rights
1144:1800s–1930s
1122:Prehistoric
840:Apple Daily
795:10 February
762:Apple Daily
734:Apple Daily
309:Hawkers in
273:Hawkers on
152:street food
1817:Categories
1800:Sinosphere
1785:Visual art
1780:Television
1703:Literature
1506:Employment
1500:(currency)
1465:Healthcare
1377:Government
1309:Reservoirs
769:9 February
741:9 February
688:9 February
660:9 February
501:References
99:April 2015
69:newspapers
1728:Ngai jong
1688:Languages
1546:Transport
1531:The Hongs
1493:Companies
1450:Education
1387:Judiciary
1357:Elections
1352:Districts
1342:Basic Law
1216:Geography
1088:Hong Kong
988:VICE News
937:0261-3077
428:Link REIT
404:Link REIT
217:Cantonese
192:fishballs
171:Hong Kong
164:Kwun Tong
1770:Shopping
1760:Religion
1663:Graffiti
1658:Gambling
1554:Airlines
1422:Protests
1407:Military
1329:Politics
1319:Villages
1279:Harbours
1254:Channels
993:30 April
968:30 April
942:30 April
908:30 April
857:"小麗老師被捕"
820:30 April
713:30 April
634:20 April
595:Archived
521:Archived
434:See also
421:Mong Kok
311:Tuen Mun
289:and the
231:Jyutping
227:Chinese:
222:jau gwei
206:消失中的小販文化
156:Mong Kok
129:Wan Chai
1718:Museums
1653:Cuisine
1625:Culture
1598:Society
1574:Ferries
1569:Cycling
1559:Airport
1536:Tourism
1511:Hawkers
1498:Dollar
1480:Economy
1269:Ecology
1244:Beaches
1114:History
1099:Outline
391:of the
313:in 2015
277:in 1950
260:History
219:phrase
148:vendors
140:Chinese
131:in 2010
83:scholar
1733:People
1708:McDull
1643:Comics
1638:Cinema
1470:Police
1362:Emblem
1314:Rivers
1048:3 July
935:
162:, and
146:) are
142::
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78:
71:
64:
56:
1775:Sport
1748:Youth
1743:Women
1723:Music
1713:Media
1605:Crime
1589:Taxis
1564:Buses
1488:Banks
1289:Lakes
1234:Areas
1206:2020s
1201:2010s
1196:2000s
1186:1990s
1181:1980s
1176:1970s
1171:1960s
1166:1950s
1042:(PDF)
628:(PDF)
617:(PDF)
283:China
250:Macao
90:JSTOR
76:books
1795:CJKV
1765:RTHK
1693:LGBT
1584:Rail
1516:Port
1367:Flag
1239:Bays
1050:2021
995:2016
970:2016
944:2016
933:ISSN
910:2016
882:立場新聞
861:立場新聞
822:2016
797:2016
789:經濟日報
771:2016
743:2016
715:2016
690:2016
662:2016
654:立場新聞
636:2016
416:魚蛋革命
322:and
252:and
245:Gwei
235:lit.
229:走鬼;
215:The
62:news
1149:WWI
197:碗仔翅
150:of
45:by
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605:^
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144:小販
1080:e
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