Hasidic Judaism - Knowledge

3647: 3425:. A Hasidic master was to serve as a living embodiment of the recondite teachings. He was able to transcend matter, gain spiritual communion, Worship through Corporeality and fulfill all the theoretical ideals. As the vast majority of his flock could not do so themselves, they were to cleave to him instead, acquiring at least some semblance of those vicariously. His commanding and often – especially in the early generations – charismatic presence was to reassure the faithful and demonstrate the truth in Hasidic philosophy by countering doubts and despair. But more than spiritual welfare was concerned: Since it was believed he could ascend to the higher realms, the leader was able to harvest effluence and bring it down upon his adherents, providing them with very material benefits. "The crystallization of that 3359:

redeem the sparks hidden, one had to associate not merely with the corporeal, but with sin and evil. One example is the elevation of impure thoughts during prayer, transforming them to noble ones rather than repressing them, advocated mainly in the early days of the sect; or "breaking" one's own character by directly confronting profane inclinations. This aspect, once more, had sharp antinomian implications and was used by the Sabbateans to justify excessive sinning. It was mostly toned down in late Hasidism, and even before that, leaders were careful to stress that it was not exercised in the physical sense, but in the contemplative, spiritual one. This kabbalistic notion, too, was not unique to the movement and appeared frequently among other Jewish groups.

3632: 4061: 2681:. Reverence and submission to the Rebbe are key tenets, as he is considered a spiritual authority with whom the follower must bond to gain closeness to God. The various "courts" share basic convictions, but operate apart and possess unique traits and customs. Affiliation is often retained in families for generations, and being Hasidic is as much a sociological factor – entailing birth into a specific community and allegiance to a dynasty of Rebbes – as it is a religious one. There are several "courts" with many thousands of member households each, and hundreds of smaller ones. As of 2016, there were over 130,000 Hasidic households worldwide, about 5% of the global Jewish population. 4924:, "Master of the Name". These were common folk healers who employed mysticism, amulets and incantations as their trade. Little is known for certain about Israel ben Eliezer. Though not a scholar, he was sufficiently learned to become notable in the communal hall of study and marry into the rabbinic elite, his wife being the divorced sister of a rabbi; in his later years, he became wealthy and famous, as attested by contemporary chronicles. Apart from that, most information about him is derived from Hasidic hagiographic accounts. These claim that as a boy he was recognized by one "Rabbi Adam Baal Shem Tov" who entrusted him with great secrets of the 3347:, "absorption of effluence". During spiritual ascension, one could siphon the power animating the higher dimensions down into the material world, where it would manifest as benevolent influence of all kinds. These included spiritual enlightenment, zest in worship and other high-minded aims, but also the more prosaic health and healing, deliverance from various troubles and simple economic prosperity. Thus, a very tangible and alluring motivation to become followers emerged. Both corporeal worship and absorption allowed the masses to access, with common actions, a religious experience once deemed esoteric. 3441:) into the matters of the world was depicted as identical with the need to save the sinners and redeem the sparks concealed in the most lowly places. Such a link between his functions as communal leader and spiritual guide legitimized the political power he wielded. It also prevented a retreat of Hasidic masters into hermitism and passivity, as many mystics before them did. Their worldly authority was perceived as part of their long-term mission to elevate the corporeal world back into divine infinity. To a certain extent, the Saint even fulfilled for his congregation, and for it alone, a limited 3099:, "Every attempt to present such a body of ideas has failed". Even motifs presented by scholars in the past as unique Hasidic contributions were later revealed to have been common among both their predecessors and opponents, all the more so regarding many other traits that are widely extant – these play, Dan added, "a prominent role in modern non-Hasidic and anti-Hasidic writings as well". The difficulty of separating the movement's philosophy from that of its main inspiration, Lurianic Kabbalah, and determining what was novel and what merely a recapitulation, also baffled historians. Some, like 4847:

distillation and other monopolies in the estates – was severely diminished. The reduced prestige of the establishment, and the need for an alternative source of authority to pass judgement, left a vacuum which Hasidic charismatics eventually filled. They transcended old communal institutions, to which all the Jews of a locality were subordinate, and had groups of followers in each town across vast territories. Often supported by rising strata outside the traditional elite, whether nouveau riche or various low-level religious functionaries, they created a modern form of leadership.

70: 5566: 5032:. Other books were also published. Their new teaching had many aspects. The importance of devotion in prayer was stressed to such degree that many waited beyond the prescribed time to properly prepare; the Besht's recommendation to "elevate and sanctify" impure thoughts, rather than simply repress them during the service, was expanded by Dov Ber into an entire precept, depicting prayer as a mechanism to transform thoughts and feelings from a primal to a higher state in a manner parallel to the unfolding of the 4089: 3251:, "communion". As God was everywhere, connection with Him had to be pursued ceaselessly as well, in all times, places and occasions. Such an experience was in the reach of every person, who only had to negate his inferior impulses and grasp the truth of divine immanence, enabling him to unite with it and attain the state of perfect, selfless bliss. Hasidic masters, well versed in the teachings concerning communion, are supposed not only to gain it themselves, but to guide their flock to it. 5264: 3266:) purportedly reflects the reality of all things profane and worldly, a true devotee must transcend this illusory façade and realize that there is nothing but God. It is not only a matter of perception, but very practical, for it entails also abandoning material concerns and cleaving only to the true, spiritual ones, oblivious to the surrounding false distractions of life. The practitioner's success in detaching from his sense of person, and conceive himself as 9860: 8195: 3205:), bereft of obvious presence and therefore able to entertain free will, contradictions and other phenomena seemingly separate from God Himself. These would have been impossible within His original, perfect existence. Yet, the very reality of the world which was created in the Void is entirely dependent on its divine origin. Matter would have been null and void without the true, spiritual essence it possesses. Just the same, the infinite 3964: 3368: 3136:, Buber's once commonly accepted view that the routinization constituted "decadence" was refuted by later studies, demonstrating that the movement remained very much innovative. Yet many aspects of early Hasidism were indeed de-emphasized in favour of more conventional religious expressions, and its radical concepts were largely neutralized. Some Rebbes adopted a relatively rationalist bent, sidelining their explicit mystical, 9902: 9874: 4890: 5065:, mainly the Maggid's disciples, spread across Eastern Europe with each gathering adherents among the people and learned acolytes who could be initiated as leaders. The Righteous' "courts" in which they resided, attended by their followers to receive blessing and council, became the institutional centers of Hasidism, serving as its branches and organizational core. Slowly, various rites emerged in them, like the Sabbath 4974: 7818: 3541:, his mission was to influence the common folk by absorbing Divine Light and satisfying their material needs, thus converting them to his cause and elating them. The Holy Jew pursued a more introspective course, maintaining that the Rebbe's duty was to serve as a spiritual mentor for a more elitist group, helping them to achieve a senseless state of contemplation, aiming to restore man to his oneness with God which 5227:, who was deeply hostile to the modernization the Austrian rulers attempted to force on the traditional Jewish society (though this same process also allowed his sect to flourish, as communal authority was severely weakened). The rabbi of Rimanov hearkened the alliance the Hasidim would form with the most conservative elements of the Jewish public. In Central Poland, the new leader was Jacob Isaac Horowiz, the " 4669:. A moderate group involved in Israeli politics, it is split into several branches, which maintain cordial relations. The main partition is between Vizhnitz-Israel and Vizhnitz-Monsey, headed respectively by Rebbes Israel Hager and the eight sons of the late Rebbe Mordecai Hager. In total, all Vizhnitz sub-"courts" constitute over 10,500 households. The fourth major dynasty, with some 7,000 households, is 4110: 2840: 3591:

mocked the attempts to perceive the nature of infinite-finite dialectics and the manner in which God still occupies the Vacant Void albeit not, stating these were paradoxical, beyond human understanding. Only naive faith in their reality would do. Mortals were in constant struggle to overcome their profane instincts and had to free themselves from their limited intellects to see the world as it truly is.

3710:). In the early days of the movement, a particular Rebbe's following usually resided in the same town, and Hasidim were categorized by their leaders' settlement: a Hasid of Belz, Vizhnitz, and so forth. Later, especially after World War II, the dynasties retained the names of their original Eastern European settlements when moving to the West or Israel. Thus, for example, the "court" established by 3517:, espouse a charismatic-populist line, centered on the admiration of the masses for the Righteous, his effervescent style of prayer and conduct and his purported miracle-working capabilities. Fewer still retain a high proportion of the mystical-spiritualist themes of early Hasidism, and encourage members to study much kabbalistic literature and (carefully) engage in the field. The various 4360: 3771:, "little note": Adherents submit a written petition, which the master may assist with on behalf of his sanctity, adding a sum of money for either charity or the leader's needs. Occasions in the "court" serve as pretext for mass gatherings, flaunting the power, wealth and size of each. Weddings of the leader's family, for example, are often held with large multistoried stands (פארענטשעס, 5725:) and outreach-centered orientation. At a time when most Orthodox Jews, and Hasidim in particular, rejected proselytization, he turned his sect into a mechanism devoted almost solely to it, blurring the difference between actual Hasidim and loosely affiliated supporters until researchers could scarcely define it as a regular Hasidic group. Another phenomenon was the revival of 5208:. The growing conservatism of the new movement – which at some occasions drew close to Kabbalah-based antinomian phraseology, as did the Sabbateans, but never crossed the threshold and remained thoroughly observant – and the rise of common enemies slowly brought a rapprochement, and by the second half of the 19th century, both sides basically considered each other legitimate. 4341:

films in Yiddish are being produced within the Hasidic community. Some Hasidic groups, such as Satmar and Toldot Aharon, actively oppose the everyday use of Hebrew, which they consider a holy tongue. The use of Hebrew for anything other than prayer and study is, according to them, profane, and so, Yiddish is the vernacular and common tongue for most Hasidim around the world.

4785:, converted it into a vehicle for Jewish outreach. By his death in 1994, it had many more semi-engaged supporters than Hasidim in the strict sense, and they are still hard to distinguish. Chabad's own internal phone-books list some 16,800 member households. None succeeded Schneerson, and the sect operates as a large network of communities with independent leaders. 4500:, drawing from the courts' own internal phone-books and other resources, located 129,211 Hasidic households worldwide, about 5% of the estimated total Jewish population. Of those, 62,062 resided in Israel and 53,485 in the United States, 5,519 in Britain and 3,392 in Canada. In Israel, the largest Hasidic concentrations are in the Haredi neighbourhoods of 3150: 5749:

to the fore. It was replaced by apprehension and concern due to the growing presence of the reclusive, strictly religious Hasidic lifestyle in the public sphere, especially in Israel. As numbers grew, "courts" were again torn apart by schisms between Rebbes' sons vying for power, a common occurrence during the golden age of the 19th century.

5083:

the exponential growth of Hasidic ranks. Having ousted the old communal model, and replaced it with a less-hierarchical structure and more individually-oriented religiosity, Hasidism was, in fact, the first great modern – albeit not modernist; its self-understanding was grounded in a traditional mindset – Jewish movement.

3242:, "Existent" – and vice versa. They used the concept as a prism to gauge the world, and the needs of the spirit in particular. Elior noted: "Reality lost its static nature and permanent value, now measured by a new standard, seeking to expose the Godly, boundless essence, manifest in its tangible, circumscribed opposite." 3297:

indifferent world is a key theme in the movement's literature. Many tracts have been devoted to the subject, acknowledging that the "callous and rude" flesh hinders one from holding fast to the ideal, and these shortcomings are extremely hard to overcome even in the purely intellectual level, a fortiori in actual life.

4433:

The various Hasidic groups may be categorized along several parameters, including their geographical origin, their proclivity for certain teachings, and their political stance. These attributes are quite often, but by no means always, correlated, and there are many instances when a "court" espouses a

4374:

Many revolve around the righteous. The Baal Shem, in particular, was subject to excess hagiography. Characterized by vivid metaphors, miracles, and piety, each reflects the surrounding and era it was composed in. Common themes include dissenting the question what is acceptable to pray for, whether or

5325:

All this was followed by a more conservative approach and power bickering among the Righteous. Since the Maggid's death, none could claim the overall leadership. Among the several dozen active, each ruled over his own turf, and local traditions and customs began to emerge in the various courts which

4822:

in 1665. The propagation of Kabbalah made the Jewish masses susceptible to Hasidic ideas, themselves, in essence, a popularized version of the teaching – indeed, Hasidism actually emerged when its founders determined to openly practice it, instead of remaining a secret circle of ascetics, as was the

4340:

among themselves as a way of remaining distinct and preserving tradition. Thus, children are still learning Yiddish today, and the language, despite predictions to the contrary, has not died. Yiddish newspapers are still published, and Yiddish fiction is being written, primarily aimed at women. Even

3821:

groups, apostates may face threats, hostility, violence, and various punitive measures, among them separation of children from their disaffiliated parents, especially in divorce cases. Due to their strictly religious education and traditionalist upbringing, many who leave their sects have few viable

3725:

Akin to his spiritual status, the Rebbe is also the administrative head of the community. Sects often possess their own synagogues, study halls and internal charity mechanisms, and ones sufficiently large also maintain entire educational systems. The Rebbe is the supreme figure of authority, and not

3475:

into de facto political leaders of strong, institutionalized communities. The role of a Saint was obtained by charisma, erudition and appeal in the early days of Hasidism. But by the dawn of the 19th century, the Righteous began to claim legitimacy by descent to the masters of the past, arguing that

3358:

dialectic is pronounced in the transformation of evil to goodness and the relations between these two poles and other contradicting elements – including various traits and emotions of the human psyche, like pride and humility, purity and profanity, et cetera. Hasidic thinkers argued that in order to

3331:

edge, possibly equating sacred rituals mandated by Judaism with everyday activities, granting them the same status in the believer's eyes and having him content to commit the latter at the expense of the former. While at some occasions the movement did appear to step at that direction – for example,

3110:

Among the traits particularly associated with Hasidism in common understanding which are in fact widespread, is the importance of joy and happiness at worship and religious life – though the sect undoubtedly stressed this aspect and still possesses a clear populist bent. Another example is the value

5748:

which began in the 1970s all cemented the movement's status as very much alive and thriving. The clearest indication for that, noted Joseph Dan, was the disappearance of the "Frumkinian" narrative which inspired much sympathy towards it from non-Orthodox Jews and others, as actual Hasidism returned

5629:

hit the Hasidim particularly hard because they were easily identifiable and because they were almost unable to disguise themselves among the larger populace due to cultural insularity. Hundreds of leaders perished with their flock, while the flight of many notable ones as their followers were being

5536:

which emerged in the 1880s, as well as Socialism, proved much more appealing to the young. Progressive strata condemned Hasidism as a primitive relic, strong, but doomed to disappear, as Eastern European Jewry underwent slow yet steady secularization. The gravity of the situation was attested to by

5472:

Around the mid-19th century, over a hundred dynastic courts related by marriage were the main religious power in the territory enclosed between Hungary, former Lithuania, Prussia and inner Russia, with considerable presence in the former two. In Central Poland, the pragmatist, rationalist Przysucha

5203:

allowed independent prayer groups to operate, the chief vessel through which the movement spread from town to town. The failure to eradicate Hasidism, which acquired a clear self-identity in the struggle and greatly expanded throughout it, convinced its adversaries to adopt a more passive method of

5082:

differed from the established synagogues and study halls, allowing their members greater freedom to worship when they pleased, and also serving recreational and welfare purposes. Combined with its simplified message, more appealing to the common man, its honed organizational framework accounted for

4771:

in the early 19th century. Critical of all other Rebbes, he forbade his followers to appoint a successor upon his death in 1810. His acolytes led small groups of adherents, persecuted by other Hasidim, and disseminated his teachings. The original philosophy of the sect elicited great interest among

4191:

divides the Hasid's lower parts from his upper parts, implying modesty and chastity, and for kabbalistic reasons, Hasidim button their clothes right over left. Hasidic men customarily wear black hats during the weekdays, as do nearly all Haredi men today. A variety of hats are worn depending on the

3496:

Some Hasidic "courts", and not a few individual prominent masters, developed distinct philosophies with particular accentuation of various themes in the movement's general teachings. Several of these Hasidic schools had lasting influence over many dynasties, while others died with their proponents.

3390:

While its mystical and ethical teachings are not easily sharply distinguished from those of other Jewish currents, the defining doctrine of Hasidism is that of the saintly leader, serving both as an ideal inspiration and an institutional figure around whom followers are organized. In the movement's

3227:

on Genesis 28:22, who wrote that "this is the purpose of Creation, from Infinity to Finitude, so it may be reversed from the state of Finite to that of Infinity". Kabbalah stressed the importance of this dialectic, but mainly (though not exclusively) evoked it in cosmic terms, referring for example

2785:

in the original connotation. But when the sect grew and developed specific attributes, from the 1770s, the names gradually acquired a new meaning. Its common adherents, belonging to groups each headed by a spiritual leader, were henceforth known as Hasidim. The transformation was slow: The movement

3613:

promulgated a radical understanding of free will, which he considered illusory and also derived directly from God. He argued that when one attained a sufficient spiritual level and could be certain evil thoughts did not derive from his animalistic soul, then sudden urges to transgress revealed Law

3590:

and adhered to by Breslov Hasidim. In contrast to most of his peers who believed that God must be worshiped through enjoyment of the physical world, Nachman portrayed the corporeal world in grim colors, as a place devoid of God's immediate presence from which the soul yearns to liberate itself. He

4964:

In that, the "Besht" laid the foundation for a popular movement, offering a far less rigorous course for the masses to gain a significant religious experience. And yet, he remained the guide of a small society of elitists, in the tradition of former kabbalists, and never led a large public as his

3436:

In Hasidic discourse, the willingness of the leader to sacrifice the ecstasy and fulfillment of unity in God was deemed a heavy sacrifice undertaken for the benefit of the congregation. His followers were to sustain and especially to obey him, as he possessed superior knowledge and insight gained

4846:

held much sway over the nomination of both rabbis and communal elders, to such a degree that the masses often perceived them as mere lackeys of the land owners. Their ability to serve as legitimate arbiters in disputes – especially those concerning the regulation of leasehold rights over alcohol

3945:

Divine communion, during prayer and communal gatherings. Ecstatic, often wordless Hasidic melodies developed new expressions and depths of the soul in Jewish life, often drawing from folk idioms of the surrounding gentile culture, which were adapted to elevate their concealed sparks of divinity,

3922:

makes use of the permission granted in Jewish law to eat before prayer in certain circumstances, and to have later praying times, as a result of longer periods of preparatory study and contemplation beforehand. A common saying to explain this (attributed to the Third Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem

3470:

The Saintly forged a well-defined relationship with the masses: they provided the latter with inspiration, were consulted in all matters, and were expected to intercede on behalf of their adherents with God and ensure they gained financial prosperity, health and male offspring. The pattern still

3131:

A further complication is the divide between what researchers term "early Hasidism", which ended roughly in the 1810s, and established Hasidism since then onwards. While the former was a highly dynamic religious revival movement, the latter phase is characterized by consolidation into sects with

5161:

and secret kabbalist of the old style, was deeply suspicious of their emphasis on mysticism, rather than mundane Torah study, threat to established communal authority, resemblance to the Sabbatean movement, and other details he considered infractions. In April 1772, he and the Vilnius community

4947:

and beyond. It is well attested that he emphasized several known kabbalistic concepts, formulating his own teachings to some degree. The Besht stressed the immanence of God and His presence in the material world, and that therefore, physical acts, such as eating, have an actual influence on the

3420:

When the sect began to attract following and expanded from a small circle of learned disciples to a mass movement, it became evident that its complex philosophy could be imparted only partially to the new rank and file. As even intellectuals struggled with the sublime dialectics of infinity and

3576:

and was elaborated by his successors, until the late 20th century. The movement retained many of the attributes of early Hasidism, before a clear divide between Righteous and ordinary followers was cemented. Chabad Rebbes insisted their adherents acquire proficiency in the sect's lore, and not

4809:

The first, and most prominent, was the popularization of the mystical lore of Kabbalah. For several centuries, an esoteric teaching practiced surreptitiously by few, it was transformed into almost household knowledge by a mass of cheap printed pamphlets. The kabbalistic inundation was a major

3296:

Hasidic masters exhorted their followers to "negate themselves", paying as little heed as they could for worldly concerns, and thus, to clear the way for this transformation. The struggle and doubt of being torn between the belief in God's immanence and the very real sensual experience of the

3119:

as dreary intellectuals who lacked spiritual fervour and opposed mysticism is likewise unfounded. Neither did Hasidism, often portrayed as promoting healthy sensuality, unanimously reject the asceticism and self-mortification associated primarily with its rivals. Joseph Dan ascribed all these

3537:, due to both personal and doctrinal disagreements. The Seer adopted a populist approach, centered on the Righteous' theurgical functions to draw the masses. He was famous for his lavish, enthusiastic conduct during prayer and worship, and extremely charismatic demeanour. He stressed that as 4960:

to flow into the Earthly realm. The Besht stressed the importance of joy and contentment in the worship of God, rather than the abstinence and self-mortification deemed essential to becoming a pious mystic, and of fervent and vigorous prayer as a means of spiritual elation instead of severe

4370:

Hasidic tales are a literary genre, concerning both hagiography of various Rebbes and moralistic themes. Some are anecdotes or recorded conversations dealing with matters of faith, practice, and the like. The most famous tend to be terse and carry a strong and obvious point. They were often

3867:

Hasidim, are closer to Nusach Ashkenaz, while others, such as the Munkacz version, are closer to the old Lurianic. Many sects believe that their version reflects Luria's mystical devotions best. The Baal Shem Tov added two segments to Friday services on the eve of Sabbath: Psalm 107 before

4587:

There are more than a dozen Hasidic dynasties with a large following, and over a hundred which have small or minuscule adherence, sometimes below twenty people, with the presumptive Rebbe holding the title more as a matter of prestige. Many "courts" became completely extinct during the

3565:, and rejected financial support. Gathering a small group of devout scholars who sought to attain spiritual perfection, whom he often berated and mocked, he always stressed the importance of both somberness and totality, stating it was better to be fully wicked than only somewhat good. 4125:

Within the Hasidic world, it is possible to distinguish different Hasidic groups by subtle differences in dress. Some details of their dress are shared by non-Hasidic Haredim. Much of Hasidic dress was historically the clothing of all Eastern European Jews, influenced by the style of

4776:

to join it. Numerous Breslov communities, each led by its own rabbis, now have thousands of full-fledged followers, and far more admirers and semi-committed supporters; Marcin Wodziński estimated that the fully committed population of Breslovers may be estimated at 7,000 households.

3270:(in the double meaning of 'naught' and 'infinite'), is regarded as the highest state of elation in Hasidism. The true divine essence of man – the soul – may then ascend and return to the upper realm, where it does not possess an existence independent from God. This ideal is termed 3111:

placed on the simple, ordinary Jew in supposed contradiction with the favouring of elitist scholars beforehand; such ideas are common in ethical works far preceding Hasidism. The movement did for a few decades challenge the rabbinic establishment, which relied on the authority of

3923:

Mendel Schneerson I) goes, "Better to eat in order to pray, than to pray in order to eat", implying it is better to eat before prayer if due to the later time of prayers finishing one will be hungry and unable to properly concentrate. Another reglement is daily immersion in a

3462:

s were subject to intense hagiography, even subtly compared with Biblical figures by employing prefiguration. It was argued that since followers could not "negate themselves" sufficiently to transcend matter, they should instead "negate themselves" in submission to the Saint

3614:

were God-inspired and may be pursued. This volatile, potentially antinomian doctrine of "Transgression for the Sake of Heaven" is found also in other Hasidic writings, especially from the early period. His successors de-emphasized it in their commentaries. Leiner's disciple

3753:). In many "courts", the remnants of his meal, supposedly suffused with holiness, are handed out and even fought over. Often, a very large dish is prepared beforehand, and the Rebbe only tastes it before passing it to the crowd. Apart from the gathering at noon, the 3212:

Thus, there is a dualism between the true aspect of everything and the physical side, false but ineluctable, with each evolving into the other: as God must compress and disguise Himself, so must humans and matter in general ascend and reunite with the Omnipresence.

3128:. In their attempt to build new models of spirituality for modern Jews, they propagated a romantic, sentimental image of the movement. The "Neo-Hasidic" interpretation influenced even scholarly discourse to a great degree, but had a tenuous connection with reality. 3603:, was a disciple of the Seer of Lublin, but combined his populist inclination with a strict observance even among his most common followers, and great pluralism in matters pertaining to mysticism, as those were eventually emanating from each person's unique soul. 5391:

But it was an external threat, more than anything else, that mended relations. While traditional Jewish society remained well entrenched in backward Eastern Europe, reports of the rapid acculturation and religious laxity in the West troubled both camps. When the

3421:

corporeality, there was little hope to have the common folk truly internalize these, not as mere abstractions to pay lip service to. Ideologues exhorted them to have faith, but the true answer, which marked their rise as a distinct sect, was the concept of the

3140:

roles, and many others functioned almost solely as political leaders of large communities. As to their Hasidim, affiliation was less a matter of admiring a charismatic leader as in the early days, but rather birth into a family belonging to a specific "court".

3332:

in its early days, prayer and preparation for it consumed so much time that adherents were blamed of neglecting sufficient Torah study – Hasidic masters proved highly conservative. Unlike in other, more radical sects influenced by kabbalistic ideas, like the

5453:. He symbolized the new era, brokering peace between the small Hasidic sect in Hungary to its opponents. In that country, where modernization and assimilation were much more prevalent than in the East, the local Righteous joined forces with those now termed 5255:, who denounced his peers for becoming too institutionalized, much like the old establishment their predecessors challenged decades before, and espoused an anti-rationalist, pessimistic spiritual teaching, very different from the prevalent stress on joy. 4176:

Various symbolic and religious qualities are attributed to Hasidic dress, though they are mainly apocryphal, and the clothes' origin is cultural and historical. For example, the long overcoats are considered modest, the shtreimel is supposedly related to

3312:

exert their influence on this world, even the most simple action may, if performed correctly and with understanding, achieve the reverse effect. According to Lurianic doctrine, the netherworld was suffused with divine sparks, concealed within "husks",

3833:("influencers"). Once a title for an instructor in Chabad and Breslov only, the institutionalized nature of the established "courts" led many adherents to seek guidance and inspiration from persons who did not declare themselves new leaders, but only 3521:

dynasties mostly adhere to this philosophy. Others still focus on contemplation and achieving inner perfection. No dynasty is wholly devoted to a single approach of the above, and all offer some combination with differing emphasis on each of those.

5049:– the Righteous One, the mystic who was able to elate and achieve communion with the divine, but, unlike kabbalists past, did not practice it in secret, but as leader of the masses. He was able to bring down prosperity and guidance from the higher 5377:

also silently retreated from the overt, radical mysticism of their predecessors. While populist miracle working for the masses remained a key theme in many dynasties, a new type of "Rebbe-Rabbi" emerged, one who was both a completely traditional

5178:; the first edition in Eastern Europe was printed in 1781 and received approbation from the anti-Hasidic scholars of Brody, but the sect quickly embraced the Kabbalah-infused tome and popularized it, making it their symbol. Their rivals, named 3501:, deriving their authority much like ordinary non-Hasidic rabbis do. Such "courts" place great emphasis on strict observance and study, and are among the most meticulous in the Orthodox world in practice. Prominent examples are the House of 4266:). Some Hasidic men shave off the rest of their hair. Not every Hasidic group requires long peyos, and not all Jewish men with peyos are Hasidic, but all Hasidic groups discourage the shaving of one's beard. Most Hasidic boys receive their 5638:

of Satmar – elicited bitter recrimination. In the immediate post-war years, the entire movement seemed to teeter on the precipice of oblivion. In Israel, the United States, and Western Europe, the survivors' children were at best becoming

3577:

relegate most responsibility to the leaders. The sect emphasizes the importance of intellectually grasping the dynamics of the hidden divine aspect and how they affect the human psyche; the very acronym Chabad is for the three penultimate

3405:. The idea that, in every generation, there are righteous persons through whom the divine effluence is drawn to the material world is rooted in the kabbalistic thought, which also claims that one of them is supreme, the reincarnation of 2798:". Yet, eventually, the young sect gained such a mass following that the old connotation was sidelined. In popular discourse, at least, "Hasid" came to denote someone who follows a religious teacher from the movement. It also entered 5057:

served as a bridge between the spiritual realm and the ordinary folk, as well as a simple, understandable embodiment of the esoteric teachings of the sect, which were still beyond the reach of most just as old-style Kabbalah before.

5622:, strictly observant Jews were estimated to constitute no more than a third of the total Jewish population in Poland, the world's most Orthodox country. While the Rebbes still had a vast base of support, it was aging and declining. 5013:, "pious"; in the latter third of the 18th century, a clear differentiation arose between that sense of the word and what was at first described as "New Hasidism", propagated to a degree by the Maggid and especially his successors. 4408:

but articulate this in terms of inner psychological awareness and personal analogies. Additional to its formal, intellectual component, this study thus makes Jewish mysticism accessible and tangible, so that it inspires emotional

3467:), thus bonding with him and enabling themselves to access what he achieved in terms of spirituality. The Righteous served as a mystical bridge, drawing down effluence and elevating the prayers and petitions of his admirers. 3646: 5239:, gradually dismissed his mentor's approach as overly vulgar, and adopted a more aesthetic and scholarly approach, virtually without theurgy to the masses. The Holy Jew's "Przysucha School" was continued by his successor 5317:

Less than three generations after the Besht's death, the sect grew to encompass hundreds of thousands by 1830. As a mass movement, a clear stratification emerged between the court's functionaries and permanent residents

3336:, Worship through Corporeality was largely limited to the elite and carefully restrained. The common adherents were taught they may engage it only mildly, through small deeds like earning money to support their leaders. 4988:

Israel ben Eliezer gathered a considerable following, drawing to himself disciples from far away. They were largely of elitist background, yet adopted the populist approach of their master. The most prominent was Rabbi

4834:' demise in 1746 was a culmination of a long process which destroyed judicial independence and paved the way for the Hasidic rebbes to serve as leaders (another long-held explanation for the sect's rise advocated by 3281:, pursuing the pure spiritual aims and defying the primitive impulses of the body, one must overcome his inferior "Bestial Soul", connected with the Eyes of the Flesh. He may be able to tap into his "Divine Soul" ( 5071:

or "table", in which the Righteous would hand out food scraps from their meals, considered blessed by the touch of ones imbued with godly Light during their mystical ascensions. Another potent institution was the

5094:, the movement was rapidly disseminated during the Maggid's lifetime, and after his 1772 death. Twenty or so of Dov Ber's prime disciples each brought it to a different region, and their own successors followed: 4323:

Hasidic Jews, like many other Orthodox Jews, typically produce large families; the average Hasidic family in the United States has 8 children. This is followed out of a desire to fulfill the Biblical mandate to

3445:

capacity in his lifetime. After the Sabbatean debacle, this moderate approach provided a safe outlet for the eschatological urges. At least two leaders radicalized in this sphere and caused severe controversy:

3107:, argued to the contrary that but a little was not found in much earlier tracts, and the movement's originality lay in the manner it popularized these teachings to become the ideology of a well-organized sect. 5372:

insisted on royal splendour, resided in a palace and his six sons all inherited some of his followers. With the constraints of maintaining their gains replacing the dynamism of the past, the Righteous or

2739:

after the Greek rendering of their name, who perhaps served as the model for those mentioned in the Talmud. The title continued to be applied as an honorific for the exceptionally devout. In 12th-century

5007:, the Maggid turned to greatly elaborate the Besht's rudimentary ideas and institutionalize the nascent circle into an actual movement. Ben Eliezer and his acolytes used the very old and common epithet 4870:

who opposed the established church. Hasidism rejected the existing order, decrying it as stale and overly hierarchic. They offered what they described as more spiritual, candid, and simple substitutes.

3132:

hereditary leadership. The mystical teachings formulated during the first era were by no means repudiated, and many Hasidic masters remained consummate spiritualists and original thinkers; as noted by

2708:) who would contemplate an entire hour in preparation for prayer. The phrase denoted extremely devoted individuals who not only observed the Law to its letter, but performed good deeds even beyond it. 3234:. Hasidism applied it also to the most mundane details of human existence. All Hasidic schools devoted a prominent place in their teaching, with differing accentuation, to the interchanging nature of 6724: 3761:" meal when it ends are also particularly important and an occasion for song, feasting, tales, and sermons. A central custom, which serves as a major factor in the economics of most "courts", is the 3549:. The Holy Jew and his successors did neither repudiate miracle working, nor did they eschew dramatic conduct; but they were much more restrained in general. The Przysucha School became dominant in 4763:

There are two other populous Hasidic sub-groups, which do not function as classical Rebbe-headed "courts", but as de-centralized movements, retaining some of the characteristics of early Hasidism.

3726:

just for the institutions. The rank-and-file Hasidim are also expected to consult with him on important matters, and often seek his blessing and advice. He is personally attended by aides known as

4454:

sect in a more open and mild direction; and though Hasidim from Lithuania and Belarus are popularly perceived as prone to intellectualism, David Assaf noted this notion is derived more from their

3255:

was not a strictly defined experience; many varieties were described, from the utmost ecstasy of the learned leaders to the common man's more humble yet no less significant emotion during prayer.

7255: 7127: 4458:

surroundings than their actual philosophies. Apart from those, each "court" often possesses its unique customs, including style of prayer, melodies, particular items of clothing, and the like.

6159: 5465:, while no friend to Hasidism, tolerated it as he combated the forces which sought modernization of the Jews; a generation later, in the 1860s, the Rebbes and the zealot ultra-Orthodox rabbi 4875:

noted the considerable similarity between the Hasidic conceptions and this contemporary background, rooted in the growing importance attributed to the individual's consciousness and choices.

3745:(table), a large feast for their male adherents. Together, they sing, dance, and eat, and the head of the sect shakes the hands of his followers to bless them, and often delivers a sermon. A 4823:

manner of almost all past kabbalists. The correlation between publicizing the lore and Sabbateanism did not escape the rabbinic elite, and caused vehement opposition to the new movement.

5368:

with followings of their own, each sect would command a base of rank-and-file Hasidim attached not just to the individual leader, but to the bloodline and the court's unique attributes.

3289:, on the hidden Godly dimension of all that exists. Then he could understand his surroundings with the "Eyes of the Intellect". The ideal adherent was intended to develop equanimity, or 5195:, and he was imprisoned by the Russian government for two months. Excoriatory polemics were printed and anathemas declared in the entire region. But Elijah's death in 1797 denied the 4277:. This includes long conservative skirts and sleeves past the elbow, as well as covered necklines. Also, the women wear stockings to cover their legs; in some Hasidic groups, such as 4165:, the Hasidic Rebbes traditionally wore a white bekishe. This practice has fallen into disuse among most. Many of them wear a black silk bekishe that is trimmed with velvet, known as 5329:

The most important aspect of the routinization Hasidism underwent was the adoption of dynasticism. The first to claim legitimacy by right of descent from the Besht was his grandson,

3822:

work skills or even command of the English language, and their integration into the broader society is often difficult. The segregated communities are also a comfortable setting for

5592:

even in the relatively traditional East; the more hard-line dynasties, mainly Galician and Hungarian, opposed the Aguda as "too lenient". Mass immigration to America, urbanization,

4781:, originating in the 1770s, did have hereditary leadership, but always stressed the importance of self-study, rather than reliance on the Righteous. Its seventh, and last, leader, 6983: 3906:, devotion or intention, and their services tend to be extremely long and repetitive. Some courts nearly abolished traditional specified times by which prayers must be conducted ( 6578: 7589: 6889: 5659:

was the major contributor to this trend, portraying the sect as a model of a healthy folk consciousness. "Frumkinian" style was very influential, later inspiring the so-called "

5170:

and other cities. In 1781, during a second round of hostilities, the books of Jacob Joseph were burned in Vilnius. Another cause for strife emerged when the Hasidim adopted the

2669:

in the universe, the need to cleave and be one with Him at all times, the devotional aspect of religious practice, and the spiritual dimension of corporeality and mundane acts.

4603:

The largest sect in the world, with some 26,000 member households, which constitute 20% of all Hasidim, is Satmar, founded in 1905 in the namesake city in Hungary and based in

3095:, Talmud, and exegesis as a means to grounding itself in tradition – to convey its ideas make the isolation of a common doctrine highly challenging to researchers. As noted by 7436: 7280: 6998: 6874: 6717: 5322:, "sitters"), the devoted followers who would often visit the Righteous on Sabbath, and the large public which prayed at Sefard Rite synagogues and was minimally affiliated. 7516: 7446: 6692: 5666:

Yet, the movement proved resilient. Talented and charismatic Hasidic masters emerged, who re-invigorated their following and drew new crowds. In New York, the Satmar Rebbe

3618:

of Lublin also developed a complex philosophic system which presented a dialectic nature in history, arguing that great progress had to be preceded by crisis and calamity.

7930: 7619: 7549: 7330: 7043: 6943: 6869: 6864: 2654:– with the movement's own unique emphases – and the traditions of Eastern European Jews. Many of the latter, including various special styles of dress and the use of the 7320: 7225: 7033: 6953: 6884: 5286:

and culminated in the Righteous becoming an authority figure (either alongside or above the official rabbinate) for the entire community, overwhelmed many towns even in

1240: 7614: 7599: 7260: 6973: 4965:

successors did. While many later figures cited him as the inspiration behind the full-fledged Hasidic doctrine, the Besht himself did not practice it in his lifetime.

7559: 7554: 7461: 7275: 7023: 6710: 5406:

themselves detested Hasidism as an anti-rationalist and barbaric phenomenon, as did Western Jews of all shades, including the most right-wing Orthodox such as Rabbi

4850:

Historians discerned other influences. The formative age of Hasidism coincided with the rise of numerous religious revival movements across the world, including the

7675: 5231:", who was of a particularly populist bent and appealed to the common folk with miracle working and little strenuous spiritual demands. The Seer's senior acolyte, 3718:, even though its headquarters lay in New York, and almost all other Hasidic sects likewise – albeit some groups founded overseas were named accordingly, like the 3826:, and numerous incidents have been reported. While Hasidic leadership has often been accused of silencing the matter, awareness of it is rising within the sects. 4258:

Following a Biblical commandment not to shave the sides of one's face (Leviticus 19:27), male members of most Hasidic groups wear long, uncut sidelocks called

1818: 4716:, constitutes some 4,500 households in total, and has undergone a bitter succession strife since 2005, eventually forming the "Bobov" (3,000 households) and " 5282:

now became an important and often dominant power in most of Eastern Europe. The slow process of encroachment, which mostly begun with forming an independent

4961:

asceticism, but many of his immediate disciples reverted in part to the older doctrines, especially in disavowing sexual pleasure even in marital relations.

1473: 1168: 5326:

developed their own identity. The high mystical tension typical of a new movement subsided, and was soon replaced by more hierarchical, orderly atmosphere.

3837:. Technically, they fill the original role of Rebbes in providing for spiritual welfare; yet, they do not usurp the title, and are therefore countenanced. 2806:

anymore, observed historian David Assaf, but a Hasid of someone or some dynasty in particular. This linguistic transformation paralleled that of the word

1360: 3476:

since they linked matter with infinity, their abilities had to be associated with their own corporeal body. Therefore, it was accepted "there can be no

7265: 5482: 2568: 4936:

who taught him more; and that at the age of thirty-six, he was granted heavenly permission to reveal himself as a great kabbalist and miracle worker.

3262:, "Negation of the Existent", or of the "Corporeal". Hasidism teaches that while a superficial observance of the universe by the "eyes of the flesh" ( 6148: 4621:, inspired by the legacy of Hungarian Haredi Judaism. The sect underwent a schism in 2006, and two competing factions emerged, led by rival brothers 332: 6680: 4270:

ceremonially at the age of three years (only the Skverrer Hasidim do this at their boys' second birthday). Until then, Hasidic boys have long hair.

9364: 7511: 3104: 1355: 5674:

and founded an insular, self-sufficient community which attracted many immigrants from Greater Hungary. By 1961, 40% of families were newcomers.

5553:

to protect their youth from Hasidic influence, but now, the latter faced a similar crisis. One of the most contentious issues in this respect was

3497:

In the doctrinal sphere, the dynasties may be divided along many lines. Some are characterized by Rebbes who are predominantly Torah scholars and

9754: 6910: 6405: 6206: 6059: 5809: 3319:. The glints had to be recovered and elevated to their proper place in the cosmos. "Materiality itself could be embraced and consecrated", noted 1603: 5184:, "opponents" (a generic term which acquired an independent meaning as Hasidism grew stronger), soon accused them of abandoning the traditional 5423: 4493:

now includes a dozen Rebbes. In the past, there were Religious Zionist Rebbes, mainly of the Ruzhin line, but there are virtually none today.

4375:

not the commoner may gain communion, or the meaning of wisdom. The tales were a popular, accessible medium to convey the movement's messages.

8437: 3786:

Allegiance to the dynasty and Rebbe is also sometimes a cause for tension. Notable feuds between "courts" include the 1926–1934 strife after

1857: 6116: 5690:

every week for 29 years. He halted the hemorrhage of his followers, and retrieved many Litvaks (the contemporary, less adverse epithet for

9714: 3749:, "repeater", selected for his good memory, commits the text to writing after the Sabbath (any form of writing during the Sabbath itself 3323:, and Hasidism taught that by common acts like dancing or eating, performed with intention, the sparks could be extricated and set free. 842: 805: 6129: 4826:

Another factor was the decline of the traditional authority structures. Jewish autonomy remained quite secured; later research debunked

8232: 7807: 5647:

depicted it as a medieval, malicious power, now, it was so weakened that the popular cultural image was sentimental and romantic, what

5610:, civil equality first achieved and a harsh repression of religion caused a rapid secularization. Few remaining Hasidim, especially of 5533: 4698: 3063: 1781: 5541:(in the modern, boarding school-equivalent sense) to enculturate the young and preserve their loyalty: The first was established at 8261: 7667: 3308:

metamorphosed into substance, so may it in turn be raised back to its higher state; likewise, since the machinations in the higher

2812:, "righteous", which the Hasidic leaders adopted for themselves – though they are known colloquially as Rebbes or by the honorific 2646:", is regarded as its founding father, and his disciples developed and disseminated it. Present-day Hasidism is a sub-group within 1804: 6689: 4192:

group: Chabad men often pinch their hats to form a triangle on the top, Satmar men wear an open-crown hat with rounded edges, and

9760: 1154: 6029:

The Two Faces of Religious Radicalism - Orthodox Zealotry and Holy Sinning in Nineteenth Century Hasidism in Hungary and Galicia

8860: 8314: 8059: 7644: 7383: 3806:, which culminated when he had to travel in a bulletproof car; and the 2006–present Satmar succession dispute between brothers 3546: 2561: 1731: 1666: 1548: 4028: 8855: 6644: 6617: 6568: 6275: 6256: 6092: 5349:

succeeded him. The principle was conclusively affirmed in the great dispute after Liadi's demise in 1813: his senior acolyte

3863:. Many dynasties have their own specific adaptation of Nusach Sefard; some, such as the versions of the Belzer, Bobover, and 852: 5053:, and the common people who could not attain such a state themselves would achieve it by "clinging" to and obeying him. The 4000: 1290: 140: 8764: 4154:

fabric traditionally silk. Indoors, the colorful tish bekishe is still worn. Some Hasidim wear a satin overcoat, known as

9932: 8875: 8870: 8294: 6678:

Map of the spread of Hasidism from 1730 and 1760–75, and its encroachment on the Lithuanian centre of Rabbinic opposition

3413:

into the basis of its entire system – so much that the very term gained an independent meaning within it, apart from the

3209:

cannot manifest in the Vacant Void, and must limit itself in the guise of measurable corporeality that may be perceived.

2891: 1558: 1375: 1365: 605: 4740:

dynasties, originating in Jerusalem during the 1920s and known for their unique style of dressing imitating that of the

4060: 9687: 8564: 4799: 4536:. In the United States, most Hasidim reside in New York, though there are small communities across the entire country. 4007: 1954: 1904: 1869: 1563: 1428: 1295: 7531: 5584:

Outside pressure was mounting in the early 20th century. In 1912, many Hasidic leaders partook in the creation of the

3739:

Many particular Hasidic rites surround the leader. On the Sabbath, holidays, and celebratory occasions, Rebbes hold a

8715: 8569: 8064: 5278:

The opening of the 19th century saw the Hasidic sect transformed. Once a rising force outside the establishment, the

5166:

upon them, banishing their leaders, and sending letters denouncing the movement. Further excommunication followed in

4798:

In the late 17th century, several social trends converged among the Jews who inhabited the southern periphery of the

4473:, and refuse to participate in the elections there or receive any state funding. They are mainly affiliated with the 4047: 3103:, regarded the early masters as innovators who introduced "much that was new if only by emphasis"; others, primarily 3030: 2554: 1646: 1608: 1583: 1503: 1488: 1335: 1275: 1230: 3183:

concept was derived from Lurianic discourse, but greatly expanded in the Hasidic one. In the beginning, in order to

8624: 8532: 8105: 7695: 6104: 4576:

is home to the largest Hasidic community in the country, and there are others in London and Manchester. In Canada,

4439: 4391: 3981: 3750: 3554: 1939: 1921: 1827: 1721: 1573: 1568: 1493: 1458: 1325: 7137: 7038: 3775:) filled with Hasidim surround the main floor, where the Rebbe and his relatives dine, celebrate, and perform the 3631: 3274:, "the expansion (or removal) of corporeality". It is the dialectic opposite of God's contraction into the world. 9927: 9789: 8983: 7700: 7378: 7300: 5557:; the Ruzhin dynasties were quite favourably disposed toward it, while Hungarian and Galician courts reviled it. 4014: 2457: 2356: 1911: 1894: 1847: 1746: 1656: 1593: 1543: 1523: 1518: 1438: 1412: 1387: 1265: 1255: 1245: 1225: 1220: 7192: 4237:

is worn by unmarried sons and grandsons of many Rebbes on the Sabbath. Some Rebbes don it on special occasions.

8665: 8225: 8182: 8136: 7800: 7624: 7541: 7486: 7423: 7403: 7335: 7250: 7217: 7197: 7063: 6669: 5427: 4689:'s charismatic-populist style and "rabbinic" Hasidism, it espoused hard-line positions, but broke off from the 3985: 3339:

The complementary opposite of corporeal worship, or the elation of the finite into infinite, is the concept of

3056: 1930: 1916: 1884: 1864: 1832: 1776: 1751: 1726: 1706: 1696: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1651: 1641: 1636: 1613: 1528: 1513: 1433: 1392: 1345: 1340: 1260: 1205: 5804: 5078:, the private prayer gatherings opened by adherents in every town which served as a recruiting mechanism. The 3228:

to the manner in which God progressively diminished Himself into the world through the various dimensions, or

9766: 9087: 8044: 7764: 7471: 7451: 7295: 7207: 4133:

Hasidic men most commonly wear dark overclothes. On weekdays, they wear a long, black, cloth jacket called a

3803: 2351: 1889: 1874: 1837: 1799: 1771: 1761: 1756: 1741: 1736: 1716: 1701: 1686: 1661: 1627: 1598: 1498: 1483: 1407: 1397: 1315: 1285: 1210: 1196: 3996: 3293:

in Hasidic parlance, toward all matters worldly, not ignoring them, but understanding their superficiality.

9829: 9697: 9692: 8880: 8865: 8629: 8584: 8329: 8090: 7705: 7652: 7413: 7393: 7355: 7230: 6993: 6879: 6749: 5486: 4593: 1959: 1879: 1842: 1766: 1711: 1578: 1553: 1478: 1453: 1443: 1382: 1305: 1300: 1280: 1270: 1250: 1235: 1128: 832: 596: 591: 17: 3401:(acronym of Hebrew for "our master, teacher and Rabbi"), granted to rabbis in general, or colloquially as 9794: 9779: 8660: 8520: 8024: 7723: 7690: 7629: 7456: 7285: 7240: 7202: 7187: 7162: 7132: 7117: 7112: 7028: 6849: 6677: 5703: 5350: 5119: 4478: 4447: 4354: 4211:

on the Sabbath, once common among all wedded Eastern European Jewish males and still worn by non-Hasidic

3864: 2847: 1949: 1944: 1899: 1852: 1538: 1508: 1468: 1463: 1320: 626: 6361:

Jacques Gutwirth, The Rebirth of Hasidism: From 1945 to the Present Day, Odile Jacob, 2004. pp. 106–108.

4251:

wear black socks with their breeches on the Sabbath, as opposed to white ones on weekdays, particularly

9892: 9748: 9642: 9293: 9187: 8895: 8828: 8389: 8279: 7657: 7574: 7526: 7466: 7388: 7182: 7172: 7142: 7107: 7102: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7003: 6988: 6948: 6938: 6859: 6799: 5718: 5699: 5522: 5498: 5430:, often mocked their rivals' lack of eloquence in the language. While a considerable proportion of the 5232: 5224: 5099: 5067: 4782: 4646: 3741: 3530: 3514: 3455: 3184: 2423: 2268: 1976: 1370: 566: 556: 292: 5606:

s in which the local Jews had lived for centuries, and which were the bedrock of Hasidism. In the new

4597: 9864: 9804: 9702: 9682: 9552: 9477: 9337: 9204: 8890: 8850: 8218: 8199: 8080: 8014: 7940: 7874: 7793: 7774: 7594: 7398: 7315: 7270: 7245: 7167: 7097: 7082: 6958: 6899: 6834: 6829: 6741: 6733: 5502: 5369: 4645:, and espoused a moderate line toward Zionism and modern culture. Its origins lay in the rationalist 4428: 4097: 3927:

by males for spiritual cleansing, at a rate much higher than is customary among other Orthodox Jews.

3891:

for liturgical purposes, reflecting their Eastern European background. Wordless, emotional melodies,

3791: 3526: 3049: 2979: 2650:

and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion. Its members adhere closely both to

2537: 2230: 2081: 2022: 913: 5402:, appeared in Galicia and Congress Poland in the 1810s, it was soon perceived as a dire threat. The 4984:), the first compilation of Hasidic hagiographic storytelling, was printed from manuscripts in 1815. 3087:

The lengthy history of Hasidism, the numerous schools of thought therein, and its definitive use of

2839: 9922: 9784: 9615: 8914: 8789: 8049: 8039: 7869: 7769: 7685: 7569: 7521: 7491: 7481: 7476: 7431: 7408: 7310: 7305: 7157: 7018: 7013: 7008: 6978: 6814: 6804: 6764: 6054: 5307: 5268: 5244: 5107: 4466: 4312: 4248: 3823: 3799: 3719: 3558: 3506: 3133: 2240: 2220: 1330: 810: 351: 2774:

that, "One who wishes to tap the hidden wisdom, must conduct himself in the manner of the Pious."

9737: 9726: 9320: 9241: 8946: 8845: 8784: 8670: 8643: 8034: 7978: 7848: 7748: 7728: 7604: 7584: 7579: 7564: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7441: 7363: 7345: 7340: 7325: 7235: 7152: 7122: 7092: 7087: 6968: 6928: 6918: 6894: 6769: 5726: 5518: 5338: 5111: 5000: 4764: 4749: 4549: 4532:. There is considerable presence in other specifically Orthodox municipalities or enclaves, like 4395: 3974: 3880: 3795: 3694: 2381: 2371: 2336: 2215: 2205: 1988: 1159: 1101: 935: 614: 571: 286: 4629:. The second-largest "court" worldwide, with some 11,600 households (or 9% of all Hasidism), is 4350: 4130:. Furthermore, Hasidim have attributed religious origins to specific Hasidic items of clothing. 2724:, having fasted for 130 years." The first to adopt the epithet collectively were apparently the 9773: 9743: 8806: 7988: 7864: 7634: 7609: 7177: 6963: 6923: 6759: 5652: 5577: 5569: 5510: 5494: 5192: 5103: 4670: 4604: 4581: 4545: 4541: 4490: 4252: 4065: 3674: 3606: 3594: 3573: 3510: 3218: 2873: 2763: 2594: 2500: 2235: 2149: 1215: 767: 386: 356: 6663: 3779:. This is a festive dance with the bride: Both parties hold one end of a long sash, a Hasidic 9799: 9720: 9502: 9209: 9092: 8833: 8823: 8816: 8801: 8687: 8167: 6779: 5745: 5679: 5546: 5478: 5200: 5123: 5017: 4928:, passed in his illustrious family for centuries; that the Besht later spent a decade in the 4872: 4851: 4831: 4773: 4630: 4241: 4228: 4093: 4021: 2786:

was at first referred to as "New Hasidism" by outsiders (as recalled in the autobiography of

2391: 2386: 2331: 2119: 1034: 762: 749: 644: 361: 122: 4999:(preacher). He succeeded the former upon his death, though other important acolytes, mainly 4221:, which is seen especially among Galician and Hungarian sects like Satmar or Belz. A taller 4185:, and Sabbath shoes are laceless in order not to have to tie a knot, a prohibited action. A 9834: 9824: 9327: 8299: 8100: 7961: 6270:

Buber, Martin, Tales of the Hasidim: The Early Masters (1948) New York, NY, Schocken Books

6187: 5829: 5585: 5399: 5330: 5216: 5095: 4990: 4933: 4929: 4839: 4613: 4533: 4521: 4486: 3636: 2729: 2462: 2414: 2154: 2012: 825: 690: 679: 637: 6400: 8: 9482: 9450: 9376: 9285: 9231: 8838: 8638: 8372: 8337: 5474: 5466: 5407: 5334: 4084:, as according to Jewish law, she is forbidden to show her hair to anyone after marriage. 3561:. Adopting an elitist, hard-line attitude, he openly denounced the folky nature of other 2908: 2515: 2210: 888: 755: 658: 651: 581: 469: 344: 6251:

Schacter-Shalomi, Zalman, Wrapped in a Holy Flame (2003) San Francisco CA, Jossey-Bass,

5337:

as jester and demanded the other Righteous acknowledge his supremacy. Upon the death of

4552:, has an especially large population. Another large population resides in the hamlet of 4497: 9814: 9809: 9620: 9342: 9219: 9214: 9199: 9169: 9122: 9045: 8951: 8811: 8384: 8289: 8256: 8177: 8157: 6174: 6154: 5695: 5671: 5252: 4948:

spiritual sphere and may serve to hasten the achievement of communion with the divine (

4897: 4768: 4654: 4435: 4399: 4379: 3787: 3587: 3447: 3442: 3115:

acumen, but affirmed the centrality of study very soon. Concurrently, the image of its

3077: 2918: 2904: 2778: 2639: 2366: 2316: 2263: 2258: 2172: 2042: 1310: 1139: 898: 818: 672: 238: 192: 9097: 8973: 5698:

whose parents were Gerrer Hasidim before the war. Chaim Meir Hager similarly restored

5294:

and the vast majority in Podolia, Volhynia and Galicia. It began to make inroads into

3488:

s' families maintain endogamy and marry almost solely with scions of other dynasties.

9598: 9529: 9411: 9396: 9179: 9050: 9015: 8304: 8162: 7993: 7715: 6640: 6623: 6613: 6590: 6564: 6271: 6252: 6175:דמוקרטיזציה מול הקצנה, פתיחות מול הסתגרות – ראיון עם ד"ר בנימין בראון על החברה החרדית 6088: 5913: 5850: 5597: 5415: 5346: 5205: 5143: 5131: 4626: 3811: 3372: 3300:

Another implication of this dualism is the notion of "Worship through Corporeality",

2989: 2938: 2790:), to separate it from the old one, and its enemies derisively mocked its members as 2755: 2662: 2510: 2452: 2432: 2249: 1809: 1448: 908: 779: 709: 586: 499: 366: 151: 97: 39: 4724:, divided into a New York and Israeli branches, presides over 3,800 households. The 4378:

Additional to these tales, Hasidim study the numerous mystical / spiritual works of

9664: 9632: 9593: 9564: 9547: 9497: 9298: 9107: 9040: 8993: 8941: 8909: 8900: 8885: 8759: 8734: 8710: 8594: 8525: 8442: 8309: 8054: 8029: 8019: 7822: 7733: 5909: 5901: 5846: 5741: 5714: 5589: 5454: 5442: 5303: 5220: 5139: 5127: 4778: 4721: 4690: 4622: 4553: 4525: 4474: 4451: 4402:, additional to his "tales".) These works draw on the earlier esoteric theology of 4337: 4325: 4308: 4247:

long black socks into which the trousers are tucked. Some Hasidic men from Eastern

3807: 3685: 3484:". Virtually all modern sects maintain this hereditary principle. For example, the 2956: 2831: 2655: 2651: 2480: 2361: 2321: 2285: 1983: 1533: 1044: 800: 704: 619: 509: 301: 115: 107: 6201: 4634: 3091:

literature and sermons – comprising numerous references to earlier sources in the

9574: 9569: 9381: 9141: 9112: 9035: 9025: 8988: 8963: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8754: 8749: 8739: 8724: 8515: 8432: 8399: 8357: 8347: 8126: 7983: 6854: 6789: 6696: 6684: 5667: 5640: 5635: 5354: 5291: 5185: 5163: 5154: 4803: 4682: 4650: 4470: 4383: 4364: 4138: 3884: 3873: 3754: 3711: 3665: 3557:. One extreme and renowned philosopher who emerged from the Przysucha School was 3550: 3166: 3017: 2886: 2713: 2674: 2617: 2585: 2442: 2401: 2396: 2376: 2298: 2292: 2225: 2177: 2017: 1149: 790: 773: 317: 204: 55: 5565: 5542: 4912:: "Besht"), is considered the founder of Hasidism. Supposedly born south of the 2820:

became synonymous with the often hereditary master heading a sect of followers.

9906: 9878: 9853: 9674: 9581: 9539: 9519: 9507: 9487: 9401: 9391: 9359: 9352: 9332: 9303: 9275: 9270: 9236: 9146: 9070: 9060: 8998: 8796: 8744: 8655: 8650: 8412: 8407: 8342: 8271: 8121: 8095: 7966: 7935: 7838: 6609: 6489: 5631: 5573: 5506: 5228: 5043: 4835: 4686: 3818: 3758: 3471:

characterizes Hasidic sects, though prolonged routinization in many turned the

2928: 2787: 2771: 2647: 2621: 2542: 2341: 2196: 2076: 2055: 2032: 2027: 2005: 1993: 1588: 1069: 1003: 968: 946: 883: 721: 699: 561: 540: 516: 282: 264: 163: 84: 5016:

Doctrine coalesced as Jacob Joseph, Dov Ber, and the latter's disciple, Rabbi

4842:

effected economic impoverishment and despair, was also refuted). However, the

4416: 4088: 3914:

for one, is controversial in many dynasties, which do follow the specifics of

9916: 9647: 9492: 9419: 9226: 9160: 9133: 9082: 9030: 9003: 8978: 8968: 8729: 8675: 8609: 8589: 8579: 8574: 8547: 8493: 8422: 8367: 8152: 7971: 7743: 7738: 7074: 5734: 5675: 5175: 4981: 4884: 4867: 4815: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4584:

Hasidim, and there are more adherents of other sects in and around Montreal.

4573: 4557: 4509: 4387: 4282: 4267: 3847: 3776: 3615: 3180: 3154: 2799: 2643: 2633: 2490: 2485: 1691: 1618: 1144: 993: 988: 983: 973: 951: 903: 665: 504: 409: 371: 322: 159: 6586: 6130:'Off the Path' Memoirs of ex-Hasidic Jews Shine Light on Faigy Mayer’s World 5872:

Hasidism Without Romanticism: Mendel Piekarz's Path in the study of Hasidism

5263: 4315:, women may wear two headcoverings – a wig and a scarf, or a wig and a hat. 3170: 9627: 9424: 9386: 9347: 8936: 8680: 8619: 8599: 8559: 8542: 8510: 8498: 8459: 8377: 8352: 8172: 6597: 6379: 6049: 5660: 5656: 5619: 5607: 5240: 5135: 5020:, composed the three magna opera of early Hasidism, respectively: the 1780 4827: 4713: 4529: 4443: 3654: 3430: 3320: 3214: 3125: 3100: 2690: 2613: 2520: 2346: 2187: 2182: 2140: 2093: 1187: 1054: 1039: 998: 963: 576: 418: 6228: 5917: 5614:, continued to practice underground for decades. In the new states of the 4461:

On the political scale, "courts" are mainly divided on their relations to

2750:

in Jewish parlance, another prominent school of ascetics named themselves

2665:, and, to an extent, is a popularization of it. Teachings emphasize God's 69: 9637: 9152: 9077: 9055: 8958: 8552: 8481: 8476: 8464: 8454: 7920: 7890: 6605: 6417: 5854: 5615: 5593: 5458: 5419: 4855: 4608: 4577: 4565: 3860: 3553:, while populist Hasidism resembling the Lublin ethos often prevailed in 3518: 3121: 2816:. Originally denoting an observant, moral person, in Hasidic literature, 2767: 2505: 2447: 2112: 1018: 1013: 1008: 978: 30:

This article is about the modern movement. For the Jewish honorific, see

7785: 4336:

Most Hasidim speak the language of their countries of residence but use

9731: 9438: 9020: 8614: 8362: 8284: 6527: 6494:

Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer and the Creation of a Modern Jewish Orthodoxy

6477: 5737:'s 1810 death. Its complex, existentialist philosophy drew many to it. 5648: 5588:

party, a political instrument intended to safeguard what was now named

5299: 5004: 4940: 4741: 4662: 4561: 4505: 4363:

Sculpture of the Hasidic movement's celebration of spirituality on the

3988: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3915: 3572:

school, limited to its namesake dynasty, but prominent, was founded by

3426: 3333: 3328: 3137: 3096: 2999: 2863: 2717: 2163: 1177: 1106: 1064: 893: 873: 432: 339: 259: 5721:, adopted a modern (he and his disciples ceased wearing the customary 4611:. Satmar is known for its extreme conservatism and opposition to both 4150:(Yiddish; lit., satin caftan), a similarly long, black jacket, but of 2754:; to distinguish them from the rest, later research employed the term 9652: 9117: 9008: 8919: 8537: 8471: 6839: 6824: 6784: 6774: 6662: 6290: 5722: 5651:

termed "Frumkinian Hasidism", for it began with the short stories of

5626: 5462: 5364:

By the 1860s, virtually all courts were dynastic. Rather than single

5342: 5236: 5211:

The turn of the century saw several prominent new, fourth generation

5180: 5115: 4921: 4863: 4811: 4600:, which numbered tens of thousands in 1939, and barely exists today. 4589: 4513: 4501: 4455: 4217: 4208: 4069: 3852: 3534: 3433:, "marked Hasidism's evolution into a full-fledged social movement." 3162: 3116: 3088: 2741: 2736: 2700:, meaning "pietist" and "piety", have a long history in Judaism. The 2666: 2326: 2311: 1401: 1349: 1111: 1059: 1049: 730: 726: 716: 631: 391: 214: 35: 8488: 6702: 6463: 6316: 6028: 5871: 5497:'s descendants each pursued a mystical approach in the dynasties of 5162:

wardens launched a systematic campaign against the sect, placing an

3963: 3935:

Hasidism developed a unique emphasis on the spirituality of melody (

1079: 9371: 9313: 9258: 9253: 8924: 8210: 7998: 7905: 7900: 7680: 7290: 6933: 6754: 6149:"Sexual Abuse Questions Swirl Around Yeshiva Leader in Kiryas Joel" 5906:

Masuʼot : meḥḳarim be-sifrut ha-ḳabalah ube-maḥshevet Yiśraʼel

5514: 5394: 5380: 5302:

and the westernmost frontier of autochthonic pre-WWII Hasidism, in

5295: 5171: 5091: 5034: 4917: 4843: 4717: 4666: 4658: 4537: 4517: 4404: 4303: 4212: 4178: 4127: 3947: 3942: 3856: 3579: 3367: 3315: 3230: 3223: 3189: 2951: 2759: 2746: 2495: 2105: 2037: 868: 376: 327: 218: 111: 6637:

The Pious Ones: The World of Hasidim and Their Battle with America

6451:. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. 203–207. 6117:

Belzer Rebbe Under Heavy Security Guard Due to Threats on His Life

4889: 78:

of the Boyan Hasidic dynasty in Jerusalem, holiday of Sukkot, 2009

9586: 9470: 9465: 9455: 9443: 9263: 9248: 9192: 9127: 9102: 9065: 8929: 8604: 8503: 8427: 8319: 8245: 8131: 7915: 7910: 6844: 6819: 6133: 5707: 5554: 5538: 5272: 5153:

The spread of Hasidism also incurred organized opposition. Rabbi

5147: 5087: 5074: 5009: 4973: 4953: 4944: 4909: 4859: 4819: 4744:, have over 3,000 families, almost all in the larger "courts" of 4705: 4618: 4462: 4411: 4371:

transmitted orally, though the earliest compendium is from 1815.

4291: 4286: 4274: 4162: 4142: 4118: 4114: 4081: 4073: 3937: 3902: 3888: 3715: 3247: 3195: 3176: 2808: 2609: 2471: 2437: 2306: 2100: 1089: 1084: 956: 847: 742: 738: 734: 483: 478: 455: 437: 312: 307: 297: 275: 250: 177: 7817: 6627: 6247: 6245: 5441:

The most distinguished Hasidic leader in Galicia in the era was

3714:

in 1905 at Transylvania remained known after its namesake town,

3397:, the Righteous One – often also known by the general honorific 3285:), which craves communion, by employing constant contemplation, 3161:

The most fundamental theme underlying all Hasidic theory is the

2802:

as such, meaning "adherent" or "disciple". One was not merely a

9657: 9524: 9460: 8085: 7925: 7373: 7368: 7147: 5682:

created robust institutions, fortified his court's standing in

5611: 5602: 5358: 5311: 4995: 4729: 4709: 4638: 4434:

unique combination. Thus, while most dynasties from the former

4297: 4278: 4233: 4223: 4201: 4187: 4109: 4102: 3924: 3919: 3911: 3910:), to prepare and concentrate. This practice, still enacted in 3869: 3780: 3767: 3728: 3664:

The Hasidic community is organized in a sect known as "court" (

3658: 3650: 3640: 3610: 3599: 3569: 3414: 3393: 3383: 3375:, a great promulgator of Hasidism in Poland, blessing acolytes 2701: 2629: 2131: 2126: 2086: 2071: 1182: 1074: 494: 460: 446: 381: 181: 167: 155: 93: 5786:

Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Ba'al Shem Tov

4939:

By the 1740s, it is verified that he relocated to the town of

4240:

There are many other distinct items of clothing. Such are the

2624:. Today, most of those affiliated with the movement, known as 9608: 9603: 9557: 9512: 9433: 9428: 8692: 8447: 8417: 7895: 6809: 6794: 6579:

Hasidism: A Mystical Movement Within Eastern European Judaism

6291:חסידות פולין" או "החסידות בפולין": לבעיית הגיאוגרפיה החסידית' 6242: 5446: 5167: 4925: 4757: 4725: 4569: 4568:

are rapidly growing all-Hasidic enclaves, one founded by the

4259: 4151: 4134: 4077: 3893: 3639:, Holocaust survivor, inspiring his court on the festival of 3498: 3458:, whom many of his followers believed to be the Messiah. The 3406: 3112: 3092: 2969: 2732: 2678: 1094: 523: 427: 396: 128: 89: 31: 5549:

in 1881. These institutions were originally utilized by the

5445:, who combined Talmudic erudition and the status of a major 4359: 4204:) hats are worn by many Galician and Hungarian Hasidic men. 2658:, are nowadays associated almost exclusively with Hasidism. 9707: 8241: 7956: 5770:

The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin

5490: 5489:. In Galicia and Hungary, apart from Halberstam's House of 5047:(our master, teacher, and rabbi) or by the colloquial Rebbe 4913: 4806:. These enabled the emergence and flourishing of Hasidism. 4733: 4678: 4674: 4182: 3542: 3502: 2709: 246: 6384:

Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society

5744:

on the part of surrounding society, and the great wave of

5580:, who was hidden from the Nazis and smuggled out of Europe 5410:. In Galicia especially, hostility towards it defined the 5384:

authority as well as a spiritualist. The tension with the

5157:, one of the greatest authorities of the generation and a 4932:

as a hermit, where he was visited by the Biblical prophet

4273:

Hasidic women wear clothing adhering to the principles of

3149: 6582: 5618:

era, the process was only somewhat slower. On the eve of

5191:

In 1798, Opponents made accusations of espionage against

5003:, did not accept his leadership. Establishing himself in 4957: 3245:

One major derivative of this philosophy is the notion of

3165:

of God in the universe, often expressed in a phrase from

5414:

to a large extent, from the staunchly observant Rabbi

3583:, associated with the cerebral side of consciousness. 2704:

and other old sources refer to the "Pietists of Old" (

9890: 6266: 6264: 5042:– later designated by the general rabbinic honorific 4311:, a hat, or a beret. In some Hasidic groups, such as 4145: 3699: 3391:

sacral literature, this person is referred to as the

6480:, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1980 4952:). He was known to pray ecstatically and with great 3679: 3415:

original which denoted God-fearing, highly observant

3200: 2599: 2110: 2091: 514: 5788:. University of California Press (1996). pp. 37–38. 3798:of Belz; the 1980–2012 Satmar-Belz collision after 3437:

through communion. The "descent of the Righteous" (

3343:, "drawing down" or "absorbing", and specifically, 2677:, each headed by its own hereditary male leader, a 6577:Balog, Yeshayahu P./Morgenstern, Matthias (2010), 6507:Jews and the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland 6261: 6147: 4756:, which rose already in the 1760s in a quarter of 2762:spread, the title also became associated with it. 6323:, Israeli Democracy Institute, 2015. pp. 234–236. 4289:, married women cover their hair, using either a 3829:Another related phenomenon is the recent rise of 9914: 6608:(Paperback: 2 volumes in 1 ed.). New York: 6422:The Lust for Asceticism in the Ha-sidic Movement 6352:, Princeton University Press, 2018. pp. 192–205. 5772:, Stanford University Press (2002). pp. 101–104. 5438:s goals, the Rebbes were unremittingly hostile. 4422: 4382:. (Chabad Hasidim, for example, daily study the 4285:, the stockings must be opaque. In keeping with 3586:Another famous philosophy is that formulated by 2675:independent sects known as "courts" or dynasties 6406:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 6207:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 6199: 6060:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5810:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5740:High fertility rates, increasing tolerance and 5038:. But the most important was the notion of the 3918:on praying earlier, and not eating beforehand. 6511:Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism 6074:, Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 8, pp. 398–399. 5333:, appointed 1782. He held a lavish court with 3626: 2673:, the adherents of Hasidism, are organized in 8226: 8060:Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC) 7801: 6718: 5713:The most explosive growth was experienced in 4572:dynasty and the other by Satmar. In Britain, 3897:, are particularly common in their services. 3859:liturgies, based on the innovations of Rabbi 3765:, "Ransom", better known by its Yiddish name 3545:supposedly lost when he ate the fruit of the 3057: 2562: 6428:. Oxford University Press (1995). pp. 53-55. 6332:Brown, היהדות החרדית והמדינה. pp. 1–14, etc. 5174:prayer rite, which they revised somewhat to 4774:newcomers to Orthodox Judaism ("repentants") 4641:. For decades, it was the dominant power in 3705: 3238:, both infinite and imperceptible, becoming 9715:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 6496:. University of Alabama Press, 1990. p. 44. 6467:, Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook 6 (2007). 6386:, Oxford University Press (2006). pp. 3–23. 6190:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 6105:Chassidic Feud Leads to Split in Community. 5560: 5247:. The most controversial fourth generation 4810:influence behind the rise of the heretical 4355:Rabbinic literature § Hasidic thought 4173:, and in Hungarian ones, gold-embroidered. 806:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 8233: 8219: 7808: 7794: 6725: 6711: 6563:. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. 6542:Satmar: Two Generations of an Urban Island 6478:Hasidism and the Routinization of Charisma 3064: 3050: 2569: 2555: 7815: 6531:, Modern Judaism, Volume 11, pp. 175–193. 5702:. Moses Isaac Gewirtzman founded the new 5146:, establishing a Hasidic presence in the 4442:are inclined to extreme conservatism and 4215:in Jerusalem. The most ubiquitous is the 4207:Married Hasidic men don a variety of fur 4048:Learn how and when to remove this message 8262:Index of Jewish history-related articles 6513:. Oxford University Press (2005). p. 36. 6348:All numbers are from: Marcin Wodziński, 6085:Hasidic People: A Place in the New World 5764: 5762: 5564: 5434:were not averse to at least some of the 5290:stronghold of Lithuania, far more so in 5262: 5142:later led a small group of followers to 4972: 4888: 4661:, a charismatic sect founded in 1854 at 4560:region of New York; in the same region, 4358: 4108: 4087: 4059: 3645: 3630: 3409:. Hasidism elaborated the notion of the 3366: 3148: 9761:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8398: 8065:International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF) 6604:. translated by Olga Marx; foreword by 6394: 6392: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 5969:The entire section is based on: Elior, 5243:, and especially the reclusive, morose 4956:, in order to provide channels for the 4080:. The woman is wearing a wig, called a 3621: 3525:In 1812, a schism occurred between the 14: 9915: 6634: 6521: 6519: 6285: 6283: 6145: 6128:Cf., for example: Judy Bolton-Fasman, 6023: 6021: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5271:, known for its "royal" mannerism, in 4580:is a settlement populated entirely by 4417:spiritual element in daily Jewish life 4227:is donned by Polish dynasties such as 2712:himself is honored with the title, in 8214: 7789: 6732: 6706: 6596: 6558: 5998: 5996: 5894: 5780: 5778: 5759: 4943:and became recognized and popular in 4878: 4158:. Most Hasidim do not wear neckties. 3491: 3450:, who declared himself the only true 2823: 2781:in the 18th century adopted the term 8240: 6464:Hasidism – Traditional Modernization 6446: 6389: 6370:Brown, היהדות החרדית והמדינה. p. 86. 6335: 6002:Elior, pp. 66–68; Dynner, pp. 20–21. 5422:to the radical anti-Talmudists like 4540:, particularly the neighborhoods of 4415:(cleaving to God) and embeds a deep 4117:Rebbe in his traditional rabbinical 3986:adding citations to reliable sources 3957: 3179:: "no site is devoid of Him"). This 2620:before spreading rapidly throughout 2612:that arose in the 18th century as a 27:Religious subgroup of modern Judaism 8045:Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) 6516: 6280: 6018: 5902:יש ואין - דפוסי יסוד במחשבה החסידית 5791: 5729:, which remained without an acting 5670:formulated a fiercely anti-Zionist 5457:against the rising liberals. Rabbi 4772:modern scholars, and that led many 3845:Most Hasidim use some variation of 3689: 3669: 3653:requests for blessing piled on the 2589: 59: 24: 9708:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 9688:American Jewish Historical Society 6551: 5993: 5870:See, for example, Benjamin Brown, 5805:Hasidism: Teachings and Literature 5775: 5532:was always a minor force, but the 5106:were the emissaries to the former 4767:rose under its charismatic leader 4465:. The right-wing, identified with 4390:, and the voluminous works of the 4351:Hasidic philosophy § Writings 4181:and keeps one warm, without using 3258:Closely linked with the former is 25: 9944: 6655: 5663:", and also utterly ahistorical. 3900:Hasidim lend great importance to 3277:To be enlightened and capable of 2661:Hasidic thought draws heavily on 597:Historical population comparisons 9900: 9872: 9859: 9858: 8194: 8193: 8178:Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah 7816: 6561:The Mystical Origins of Hasidism 6426:Jewish Explorations of Sexuality 6162:from the original on 2022-01-03. 5359:retained the title for 181 years 5258: 5215:. Upon Elimelech's death in the 5199:their powerful leader. In 1804, 4968: 3962: 3362: 2838: 1241:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1155:Historical population by country 68: 6534: 6499: 6483: 6470: 6455: 6440: 6431: 6411: 6373: 6364: 6355: 6326: 6309: 6300: 6229:"Jews and the Jewish Birthrate" 6221: 6193: 6181: 6166: 6146:Berger, Joseph (May 17, 2016). 6139: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6077: 6065: 6043: 6034: 6005: 5984: 5963: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5643:. While a century earlier, the 4673:, established 1817 in namesake 4657:. The third-largest dynasty is 4512:, et cetera – in the cities of 4485:, represented in Israel by the 4481:. The great majority belong to 3973:needs additional citations for 3082: 2608:is a religious movement within 9780:Relations with other religions 6670:New International Encyclopedia 6295:גלעד: מאסף לתולדות יהדות פולין 5923: 5877: 5864: 5835: 5814: 5204:resistance, as exemplified by 4920:, he earned a reputation as a 4916:, in the northern frontier of 4900:(ca. 1698–1760), known as the 4893:Israel ben Eliezer's autograph 4800:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 4760:, encompasses 2,200 families. 4697:in 1979. Belz is led by Rebbe 4685:dynasty drawing both from the 4496:In 2016, a study conducted by 3350:Yet another reflection of the 3327:had a clear, if not implicit, 13: 1: 9767:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 7765:Veretzky (Rabbinical dynasty) 6699:photo-series by Suzanne Stein 6589:, retrieved: March 25, 2021 ( 6587:Institute of European History 6583:EGO - European History Online 6449:Stampfer, Why Hasidism Spreaf 6072:Hasidism: Hasidic Way of Life 5752: 5746:newcomers to Orthodox Judaism 4802:, especially in contemporary 4793: 4728:sect, established in 1848 in 4423:Organization and demographics 4344: 3953: 3872:, and Psalm 23 at the end of 3804:Orthodox Council of Jerusalem 3376: 3124:" writers and thinkers, like 812:Christianity and Judaism 9698:Leo Baeck Institute New York 9693:American Sephardi Federation 6528:A Bow to Frumkinian Hasidism 6461:For example: Murray Rosman, 6350:Historical Atlas of Hasidism 6087:. Harvard University Press. 5887:, pp. 49–55, 63–67; Dynner, 5306:, where the Seer's disciple 4720:" (1,500 households) sects. 4594:Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty) 4331: 3529:and his prime disciple, the 3171: 3144: 2758:. In the 16th century, when 2684: 38:. For the medieval one, see 7: 8521:Constantinopolitan Karaites 8025:Central Rabbinical Congress 6690:Satmar Hasidic Williamsburg 6200:Goldberg-Mulkiewicz, Olga. 5843:Ben ideʼologyah li-metsiʼut 5704:Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty) 5351:Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye 5120:Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev 4866:in Arabia, and the Russian 4479:Central Rabbinical Congress 4448:Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam 4318: 4146: 3700: 3680: 3201: 2848:History of Jewish mysticism 2600: 2111: 2092: 1819:Latin America and Caribbean 515: 34:. For the Judean sect, see 10: 9949: 9933:Jewish religious movements 9749:National Library of Israel 8390:Zionism, race and genetics 7962:United Torah Judaism (UTJ) 5719:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 5630:exterminated – especially 5537:the foundation of Hasidic 5509:became the first Rebbe of 5225:Menachem Mendel of Rimanov 5100:Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk 5086:From its original base in 4882: 4788: 4783:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 4426: 4348: 4275:modest dress in Jewish law 4128:Polish–Lithuanian nobility 3840: 3783:, for reasons of modesty. 3456:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 3382:. Hasidism gave the elite 3120:perceptions to so-called " 3075: 2424:Jewish political movements 2121:Conversion to Judaism 29: 9847: 9703:Yeshiva University Museum 9683:Center for Jewish History 9673: 9538: 9410: 9284: 9178: 8709: 8328: 8270: 8252: 8191: 8145: 8114: 8081:Agudath Israel of America 8073: 8007: 7949: 7883: 7857: 7831: 7775:Vien (Rabbinical dynasty) 7757: 7714: 7666: 7643: 7540: 7422: 7354: 7216: 7072: 6908: 6740: 6083:Mintz, Jerome R. (1992). 5832:, 2007. Volume 8, p. 408. 5534:Jewish national movements 5370:Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn 5353:was defeated by his son, 5026:Maggid d'varav le-Ya'akov 4736:, constitutes 3,300. The 4708:dynasty, founded 1881 in 4633:, established in 1859 at 4429:List of Hasidic dynasties 3930: 3199:, leaving a Vacant Void ( 3153:Rebuilt synagogue of the 2913:c. 100 BCE – 1000 CE 2616:movement in contemporary 827:Hinduism and Judaism 228:130,000 households (2016) 224: 210: 198: 188: 173: 147: 134: 121: 103: 83: 67: 52: 47: 8295:Ancient Israel and Judah 8040:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah 7941:Orthodox Jewish outreach 7770:Vien (Hasidic community) 6424:, in: Jonathan Magonet, 5576:(depicted 1934), of the 5561:Calamity and renaissance 5388:subsided significantly. 5245:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk 5134:established the sect in 5110:in the far north, while 4326:be fruitful and multiply 3824:sexual abuse of children 3814:, which saw mass riots. 3800:Yissachar Dov Rokeach II 3559:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk 3505:and its scions, such as 3272:Hitpashtut ha-Gashmi'yut 3193:) His omnipresence, the 2777:The movement founded by 2652:Orthodox Jewish practice 653:Temple in Jerusalem 346:Bar and bat mitzvah 8671:North African Sephardim 8644:Jewish tribes of Arabia 8035:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah 7749:Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok 6635:Berger, Joseph (2014). 6544:. P. Lang (1997). p. 42 6107:JTA, February 10, 1927. 6095:. pp. 58, 135–136, etc. 6055:Hasidism: Everyday Life 5981:, Judaica, pp. 410–412. 5857:. pp. 151–152; Dynner, 5822:Basic Ideas of Hasidism 5525:was the largest court. 5505:and so forth. In 1817, 5426:. The Enlightened, who 5339:Menachem Nachum Twersky 5112:Menachem Nachum Twersky 5001:Jacob Joseph of Polonne 4818:, who declared himself 4750:Toldos Avraham Yitzchak 4653:. The current Rebbe is 4398:study the teachings of 4068:. The man is wearing a 3881:Ashkenazi pronunciation 3796:Yissachar Dov Rokeach I 3386:a social mystical role. 2964:c. 1175 – 1500s CE 2766:wrote in his glossa on 615:Twelve Tribes of Israel 9928:18th century in Poland 9774:Holocaust Encyclopedia 9744:Jewish Virtual Library 7989:Noam (political party) 6559:Elior, Rachel (2006). 6437:Dynner, pp. 34-39, 42. 5947:Elior, pp. 55, 62–-63. 5653:Michael Levi Rodkinson 5581: 5495:Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov 5428:revived Hebrew grammar 5275: 5251:was the Podolia-based 5233:Jacob Isaac Rabinovitz 5217:now-partitioned Poland 5193:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 5104:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 4985: 4894: 4605:Williamsburg, Brooklyn 4491:Council of Torah Sages 4367: 4122: 4106: 4085: 4066:Borough Park, Brooklyn 3941:) as a means to reach 3720:Boston Hasidic Dynasty 3706: 3661: 3643: 3607:Mordechai Yosef Leiner 3595:Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov 3574:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 3387: 3219:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 3158: 3004:1665 – c. 1800 CE 2943:c. 1150 – 1250 CE 2874:Apocalyptic literature 2764:Jacob ben Hayyim Zemah 9721:Encyclopaedia Judaica 9503:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 8688:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 8438:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 8168:Torah im Derech Eretz 7356:Lithuania and Belarus 6317:היהדות החרדית והמדינה 6119:. JTA, March 5, 1981. 5733:since the rebellious 5596:, and the subsequent 5568: 5547:Shlomo Halberstam (I) 5481:in 1859, and in 1876 5449:with his function as 5266: 5201:Alexander I of Russia 5124:Elimelech of Lizhensk 5018:Elimelech of Lizhensk 4976: 4892: 4873:Gershon David Hundert 4852:First Great Awakening 4832:Council of Four Lands 4699:Yissachar Dov Rokeach 4522:West Bank settlements 4469:, are hostile to the 4362: 4112: 4094:Moshe Leib Rabinovich 4091: 4063: 3649: 3634: 3370: 3152: 3035:c. 1920s – today 3025:1730s CE – today 1361:São Tomé and Príncipe 1356:Republic of the Congo 750:Second Temple Judaism 621:Kingdom of Judah 592:Modern historiography 8300:Second Temple period 8101:World Agudath Israel 6639:. Harper Perennial. 6602:Tales of the Hasidim 5830:Encyclopedia Judaica 5578:Belz Hasidic dynasty 5517:, the Hager line of 5331:Boruch of Medzhybizh 5308:Moses Teitelbaum (I) 5304:northeastern Hungary 5235:, the "Holy Jew" of 5096:Aharon of Karlin (I) 5061:The various Hasidic 5022:Toldot Ya'akov Yosef 4934:Ahijah the Shilonite 4930:Carpathian Mountains 4840:Khmelnytsky Uprising 4534:Kiryat Sanz, Netanya 4487:United Torah Judaism 3982:improve this article 3794:cursed the deceased 3757:on Sabbath and the " 3622:Practice and culture 3513:. Other sects, like 3465:Hitbatlut la-Tzaddiq 3221:, in his commentary 3172:Leit atar panuy miné 2994:1570 CE – today 2980:Cordoverian Kabbalah 2892:Rabbinic esotericism 2730:Second Temple period 2720:: "Adam was a great 2463:World Agudath Israel 1604:United Arab Emirates 691:Second Temple period 681:Babylonian captivity 9738:Jewish Encyclopedia 9483:Hekhalot literature 9294:Religious movements 8829:Judeo-Tripolitanian 7979:National Union (NU) 6321:כשיהדות פוגשת מדינה 5475:Yitzchak Meir Alter 5467:Hillel Lichtenstein 5408:Azriel Hildesheimer 5335:Hershel of Ostropol 4844:magnates and nobles 3597:, a major Galician 3345:Hamshachat ha-Shefa 3325:Avodah be-Gashmiyut 3302:Avodah be-Gashmiyut 756:Hellenistic Judaism 334:Land of Israel 293:Principles of faith 127:Dynastic, led by a 9879:Judaism portal 9815:Jews and Halloween 9810:Jews and Christmas 9200:Rabbinic authority 8952:Judaeo-Piedmontese 8385:Xueta Christianity 8290:Origins of Judaism 8257:Outline of Judaism 6695:2022-01-13 at the 6683:2009-09-15 at the 6600:(July 23, 1991) . 6306:Dynner, pp. 29–30. 6155:The New York Times 6040:Dynner, pp. 29–31. 5696:Religious Zionists 5672:Holocaust theology 5582: 5357:, whose offspring 5276: 5253:Nachman of Breslov 4986: 4898:Israel ben Eliezer 4895: 4879:Israel ben Eliezer 4830:'s claim that the 4769:Nachman of Breslov 4655:Yaakov Aryeh Alter 4598:Aleksandrów Łódzki 4380:Hasidic philosophy 4368: 4123: 4107: 4086: 4064:Hasidic family in 3788:Chaim Elazar Spira 3662: 3659:Lubavitcher Rebbes 3644: 3588:Nachman of Breslov 3492:Schools of thought 3448:Nachman of Breslov 3439:Yeridat ha-Tzaddiq 3388: 3187:, God contracted ( 3159: 3078:Hasidic philosophy 2923:early CE–modernity 2919:Practical Kabbalah 2899:c. 1 – 200 CE 2824:Hasidic philosophy 2779:Israel Ben Eliezer 2770:'s version of the 2706:Hasidim haRishonim 2640:Israel Ben Eliezer 2317:Jewish Koine Greek 1859:Dominican Republic 1140:Judaism by country 819:Jews and Christmas 674:Assyrian captivity 9888: 9887: 9854:extinct languages 9755:YIVO Encyclopedia 9530:Hebrew literature 9498:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 9338:Reconstructionist 9016:Judaeo-Portuguese 8705: 8704: 8661:Eastern Sephardim 8305:Synagogal Judaism 8208: 8207: 8163:Religious Zionism 8050:Agudas HaRabbonim 7994:Jerusalem Faction 7875:Hasidic dynasties 7783: 7782: 6734:Hasidic dynasties 6646:978-0-06-212334-3 6619:978-0-8052-0995-2 6570:978-1-904113-04-1 6447:Stampfer, Shaul. 6276:978-0-8052-0995-2 6257:978-0-7879-6573-0 6136:, 11 August 2015. 6093:978-0-674-38116-2 5938:Elior, pp. 60–61. 5598:Russian Civil War 5416:Zvi Hirsch Chajes 5347:Mordechai Twersky 5310:was appointed in 5206:Chaim of Volozhin 5155:Elijah of Vilnius 5144:Ottoman Palestine 5132:Yisroel Hopsztajn 5122:remained nearby. 5118:in the east, and 4814:movement, led by 4627:Zalman Teitelbaum 4100:Rebbe, wearing a 4058: 4057: 4050: 4032: 3997:"Hasidic Judaism" 3812:Zalman Teitelbaum 3698: 3678: 3627:Rebbe and "court" 3480:but the son of a 3373:Yisroel Hopsztajn 3074: 3073: 3039: 3038: 2990:Lurianic Kabbalah 2957:Ecstatic Kabbalah 2952:Medieval Kabbalah 2939:Ashkenazi Hasidim 2756:Ashkenazi Hasidim 2663:Lurianic Kabbalah 2614:spiritual revival 2598: 2579: 2578: 2528: 2527: 2276: 2275: 2023:Reconstructionist 1967: 1966: 1119: 1118: 926: 925: 763:Jewish–Roman wars 711:Hasmonean dynasty 627:Kingdom of Israel 531: 530: 232: 231: 184:, local languages 98:Kabbalistic texts 40:Ashkenazi Hasidim 16:(Redirected from 9940: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9896: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9862: 9861: 8994:Judeo-Golpaygani 8595:Palestinian Jews 8570:Alexandrian Jews 8526:Crimean Karaites 8443:Unterlander Jews 8396: 8395: 8310:Rabbinic Judaism 8235: 8228: 8221: 8212: 8211: 8202: 8197: 8196: 8055:United Synagogue 8030:Iggud HaRabbonim 8020:Edah HaChareidis 7825: 7824:Orthodox Judaism 7820: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7787: 7786: 7734:Mishkenos HoRoim 7369:Chabad-Lubavitch 6727: 6720: 6713: 6704: 6703: 6674: 6666: 6664:"Chasidim" 6650: 6631: 6574: 6545: 6538: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6503: 6497: 6487: 6481: 6476:Stephen Sharot, 6474: 6468: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6415: 6409: 6396: 6387: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6333: 6330: 6324: 6315:Benjamin Brown, 6313: 6307: 6304: 6298: 6287: 6278: 6268: 6259: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6151: 6143: 6137: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6032: 6027:Benjamin Brown, 6025: 6016: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5991: 5988: 5982: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5921: 5910:Bialik Institute 5898: 5892: 5881: 5875: 5868: 5862: 5847:Bialik Institute 5841:Mendel Piekarz, 5839: 5833: 5818: 5812: 5800: 5789: 5782: 5773: 5766: 5742:multiculturalism 5715:Chabad-Lubavitch 5590:Orthodox Judaism 5483:Jechiel Danziger 5473:school thrived: 5469:allied closely. 5443:Chaim Halberstam 5221:Habsburg Galicia 5140:Abraham Kalisker 5128:Zusha of Hanipol 4980:(Praises of the 4978:Shivchei HaBesht 4904:("Master of the 4779:Chabad-Lubavitch 4722:Sanz-Klausenburg 4691:Edah HaChareidis 4683:Eastern Galician 4647:Przysucha School 4623:Aaron Teitelbaum 4498:Marcin Wodziński 4475:Edah HaChareidis 4452:Sanz-Klausenburg 4392:Rebbes of Chabad 4149: 4139:Jewish Holy Days 4053: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4031: 3990: 3966: 3958: 3879:Hasidim use the 3870:afternoon prayer 3808:Aaron Teitelbaum 3709: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3547:Lignum Scientiae 3381: 3378: 3204: 3185:create the world 3174: 3066: 3059: 3052: 2860: 2859: 2842: 2832:Jewish mysticism 2828: 2827: 2656:Yiddish language 2603: 2593: 2591: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2420: 2419: 2301: 2122: 2116: 2097: 2061: 2060: 2008: 1955:New Zealand 1907: 1870:El Salvador 1860: 1792:Northern America 1784: 1378: 1134: 1133: 1045:Crimean Karaites 941: 940: 919: 917: 838: 836: 828: 822: 813: 801:Rabbinic Judaism 782: 776: 770: 758: 746: 712: 705:Maccabean Revolt 682: 675: 669: 661: 654: 648: 640: 622: 546: 545: 520: 415: 414: 347: 335: 234: 233: 116:Orthodox Judaism 108:Jewish mysticism 72: 63: 61: 45: 44: 21: 9948: 9947: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9923:Hasidic Judaism 9913: 9912: 9911: 9901: 9899: 9891: 9889: 9884: 9873: 9871: 9843: 9669: 9534: 9406: 9280: 9174: 8989:Judeo-Borujerdi 8964:Judeo-Malayalam 8910:Judeo-Aragonese 8881:Lishanid Noshan 8713: 8701: 8433:Oberlander Jews 8394: 8324: 8266: 8248: 8239: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8187: 8141: 8127:Mishnah Berurah 8110: 8069: 8003: 7984:The Jewish Home 7945: 7879: 7853: 7827: 7823: 7814: 7784: 7779: 7753: 7710: 7662: 7639: 7536: 7418: 7350: 7256:Kaminka–Miropol 7212: 7128:Istrik–Litovisk 7068: 6904: 6736: 6731: 6697:Wayback Machine 6685:Wayback Machine 6661: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6620: 6571: 6554: 6552:Further reading 6549: 6548: 6539: 6535: 6524: 6517: 6504: 6500: 6488: 6484: 6475: 6471: 6460: 6456: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6397: 6390: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6347: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6288: 6281: 6269: 6262: 6250: 6243: 6234: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6198: 6194: 6188:Hasidism: Music 6186: 6182: 6172:Tomer Persico, 6171: 6167: 6144: 6140: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6026: 6019: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5968: 5964: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5899: 5895: 5882: 5878: 5869: 5865: 5840: 5836: 5819: 5815: 5801: 5792: 5783: 5776: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5668:Joel Teitelbaum 5641:Modern Orthodox 5636:Joel Teitelbaum 5563: 5355:Dovber Schneuri 5292:Congress Poland 5261: 5223:was assumed by 5219:, his place in 5186:Nusach Ashkenaz 5030:No'am Elimelekh 5028:, and the 1788 4971: 4887: 4881: 4804:Western Ukraine 4796: 4791: 4471:State of Israel 4436:Greater Hungary 4431: 4425: 4365:Knesset Menorah 4357: 4347: 4334: 4321: 4301:(headscarf), a 4072:, and either a 4054: 4043: 4037: 4034: 3991: 3989: 3979: 3967: 3956: 3933: 3874:evening service 3843: 3802:broke with the 3751:being forbidden 3712:Joel Teitelbaum 3707:Hof/Gerichtshof 3629: 3624: 3494: 3379: 3365: 3167:Tikunei haZohar 3147: 3085: 3080: 3070: 3041: 3040: 3022: 3018:Hasidic schools 3000:Sabbatean sects 2961: 2896: 2857: 2826: 2714:tractate Eruvin 2687: 2618:Western Ukraine 2606:Hasidic Judaism 2575: 2530: 2529: 2417: 2407: 2406: 2397:Judeo-Malayalam 2377:Judaeo-Georgian 2297: 2288: 2278: 2277: 2178:Yiddish theatre 2120: 2058: 2048: 2047: 2006: 1979: 1969: 1968: 1905: 1858: 1782: 1376: 1160:Genetic studies 1131: 1121: 1120: 938: 928: 927: 915: 914: 834: 833: 826: 816: 811: 793:and Middle Ages 791:Rabbinic period 778: 772: 765: 753: 724: 710: 680: 673: 664: 656: 652: 643: 638:in Judaism 635: 620: 543: 533: 532: 412: 402: 401: 345: 333: 278: 205:Western Ukraine 203: 135:Major dynasties 79: 53: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9946: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9910: 9909: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9868: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9821:non-Christian 9819: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9758: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9717: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9679: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9596: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9567: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9544: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9520:Shulchan Aruch 9517: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9508:Sefer Yetzirah 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9488:Pardes Rimonim 9485: 9478:Kabbalah texts 9475: 9474: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9448: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9422: 9416: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9290: 9288: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9271:Land of Israel 9268: 9267: 9266: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9184: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9149: 9147:Judeo-Alsatian 9139: 9138: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8999:Judeo-Hamedani 8996: 8991: 8986: 8976: 8974:Judaeo-Occitan 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8915:Jewish English 8912: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8846:Judaeo-Aramaic 8843: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8834:Judeo-Tunisian 8831: 8826: 8824:Judeo-Moroccan 8821: 8820: 8819: 8817:Judeo-Baghdadi 8804: 8799: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8721: 8719: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8673: 8668: 8666:Livornese Jews 8663: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8523: 8513: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8413:Afrikaner-Jode 8404: 8402: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8238: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8215: 8206: 8205: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8122:Shulchan Aruch 8118: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8096:Orthodox Union 8093: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7967:Agudat Yisrael 7959: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7936:Chinuch Atzmai 7933: 7931:Torah Umesorah 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7813: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7790: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7672: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7645:Czech Republic 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7546: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7532:Seret-Vizhnitz 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7428: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7360: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6687: 6675: 6657: 6656:External links 6654: 6652: 6651: 6645: 6632: 6618: 6610:Schocken Books 6594: 6575: 6569: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6540:Israel Rubin. 6533: 6515: 6498: 6490:David Ellenson 6482: 6469: 6454: 6439: 6430: 6410: 6401:Ba‘al Shem Tov 6398:Moshe Rosman, 6388: 6372: 6363: 6354: 6334: 6325: 6308: 6299: 6279: 6260: 6241: 6220: 6192: 6180: 6165: 6138: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6076: 6064: 6042: 6033: 6017: 6015:, pp. 108–110. 6004: 5992: 5983: 5962: 5949: 5940: 5931: 5922: 5900:Rachel Elior, 5893: 5891:, pp. 117–121. 5876: 5874:. pp. 455-456. 5863: 5834: 5820:Louis Jacobs, 5813: 5790: 5784:Moshe Rosman, 5774: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5717:, whose head, 5632:Aharon Rokeach 5574:Aharon Rokeach 5562: 5559: 5507:Sholom Rokeach 5269:Ruzhin dynasty 5267:Palace of the 5260: 5257: 5229:Seer of Lublin 5138:. Vitebsk and 5126:, his brother 4970: 4967: 4883:Main article: 4880: 4877: 4836:Raphael Mahler 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4687:Seer of Lublin 4651:Central Poland 4427:Main article: 4424: 4421: 4346: 4343: 4333: 4330: 4320: 4317: 4268:first haircuts 4147:zaydene kapote 4056: 4055: 3970: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3932: 3929: 3842: 3839: 3759:Melaveh Malkah 3704:; from German 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3551:Central Poland 3527:Seer of Lublin 3493: 3490: 3429:phase", noted 3364: 3361: 3264:Einei ha-Basar 3146: 3143: 3134:Benjamin Brown 3105:Mendel Piekarz 3084: 3081: 3076:Main article: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3031:Academic study 3027: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2974:1280s–1400s CE 2972: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2929:Sefer Yetzirah 2925: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2834: 2825: 2822: 2788:Salomon Maimon 2772:Shulchan Aruch 2686: 2683: 2648:Haredi Judaism 2622:Eastern Europe 2577: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2458:Territorialism 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2342:Judaeo-Spanish 2339: 2337:Judaeo-Iranian 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2144: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2117: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1783:United Kingdom 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1216:Bilad-el-Sudan 1213: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1169:Land of Israel 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1027:Related groups 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 960: 959: 954: 939: 934: 933: 930: 929: 924: 923: 922: 921: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 884:Jewish atheism 881: 876: 871: 863: 862: 858: 857: 856: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835:Islamic–Jewish 830: 823: 808: 803: 795: 794: 787: 786: 785: 784: 760: 747: 719: 714: 707: 702: 700:Yehud Medinata 694: 693: 687: 686: 685: 684: 677: 670: 662: 649: 641: 629: 624: 617: 609: 608: 606:Ancient Israel 602: 601: 600: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 562:Land of Israel 559: 551: 550: 544: 539: 538: 535: 534: 529: 528: 527: 526: 521: 517:Shulchan Aruch 512: 507: 502: 497: 489: 488: 487: 486: 481: 473: 472: 466: 465: 464: 463: 458: 450: 449: 443: 442: 441: 440: 435: 430: 422: 421: 413: 408: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 342: 337: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 295: 290: 283:God in Judaism 279: 274: 273: 270: 269: 268: 267: 262: 254: 253: 243: 242: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 212: 208: 207: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 175: 171: 170: 164:United Kingdom 149: 145: 144: 136: 132: 131: 125: 119: 118: 105: 101: 100: 87: 81: 80: 73: 65: 64: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9945: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9908: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9881: 9880: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9805:Protestantism 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9672: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9493:Sefer HaBahir 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9420:Sifrei Kodesh 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9283: 9277: 9276:Who is a Jew? 9274: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9205:Chosen people 9203: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9162: 9161:Scots-Yiddish 9159: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9135: 9134:Klezmer-loshn 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9004:Judeo-Shirazi 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8979:Judeo-Persian 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8969:Judeo-Marathi 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8947:Judeo-Italian 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8802:Judeo-Amazigh 8800: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8625:Hadhrami Jews 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8590:Mountain Jews 8588: 8586: 8585:Egyptian Jews 8583: 8581: 8580:Bukharan Jews 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8368:Lists of Jews 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8231: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8203: 8190: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8153:Torah Judaism 8151: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074:Organizations 8072: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7972:Degel HaTorah 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7865:Orthodox Jews 7863: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7811: 7806: 7804: 7799: 7797: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7744:Toldos Aharon 7742: 7740: 7739:Shomer Emunim 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7668:United States 7665: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7379:Karlin-Stolin 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7301:Rachmastrivka 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6723: 6721: 6716: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6648: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6598:Buber, Martin 6595: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6543: 6537: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6505:Jaff Schatz, 6502: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6443: 6434: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6367: 6358: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6329: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6303: 6296: 6292: 6289:David Assaf, 6286: 6284: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6230: 6224: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6177: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6150: 6142: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6037: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6014: 6008: 5999: 5997: 5990:Elior, p. 65. 5987: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5929:Elior, p. 56. 5926: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5771: 5768:David Assaf, 5765: 5763: 5758: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5735:Rebbe Nachman 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5684:Agudas Israel 5681: 5677: 5676:Yisrael Alter 5673: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5600:uprooted the 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5586:Agudas Israel 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5400:Enlightenment 5398:, the Jewish 5397: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5259:Routinization 5256: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5176:Nusach Sefard 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5136:Poland proper 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4983: 4982:Baal Shem Tov 4979: 4975: 4969:Consolidation 4966: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902:Baal Shem Tov 4899: 4891: 4886: 4885:Baal Shem Tov 4876: 4874: 4869: 4868:Old Believers 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4816:Sabbatai Zevi 4813: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4754:Karlin Stolin 4751: 4747: 4746:Toldos Aharon 4743: 4739: 4738:Shomer Emunim 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4635:Góra Kalwaria 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4614:Agudas Israel 4610: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574:Stamford Hill 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4558:Hudson Valley 4555: 4551: 4550:Crown Heights 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4526:Modi'in Illit 4523: 4520:, and in the 4519: 4515: 4511: 4510:Batei Ungarin 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483:Agudas Israel 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4400:Rabbi Nachman 4397: 4393: 4389: 4388:Likutei Torah 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4283:Toldot Aharon 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4052: 4049: 4041: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: – 3998: 3994: 3993:Find sources: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3971:This section 3969: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3951: 3949: 3946:according to 3944: 3940: 3939: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851:, a blend of 3850: 3849: 3848:Nusach Sefard 3838: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3777:Mitzvah tantz 3774: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3667: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3637:Kaliver Rebbe 3633: 3619: 3617: 3616:Zadok HaKohen 3612: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3385: 3374: 3369: 3363:Righteous One 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3283:Nefesh Elohit 3280: 3279:Bitul ha-Yesh 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260:Bitul ha-Yesh 3256: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3181:panentheistic 3178: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3155:Baal Shem Tov 3151: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3079: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2800:Modern Hebrew 2797: 2794:, " pretend 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2644:Baal Shem Tov 2641: 2637: 2635: 2634:United States 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2587: 2583: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2382:Judeo-Aramaic 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2372:Judeo-Italian 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2352:Ghardaïa Sign 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977:Denominations 1973: 1972: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1805:United States 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1291:Guinea-Bissau 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145:Lists of Jews 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 948: 945: 944: 943: 942: 937: 932: 931: 920: 912: 910: 907: 905: 904:The Holocaust 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 865: 864: 860: 859: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 831: 829: 824: 820: 814: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796: 792: 789: 788: 781: 775: 769: 764: 761: 757: 751: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 696: 695: 692: 689: 688: 683: 678: 676: 671: 667: 663: 660: 655: 650: 646: 642: 639: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 618: 616: 613: 612: 611: 610: 607: 604: 603: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 553: 552: 548: 547: 542: 537: 536: 525: 522: 519: 518: 513: 511: 508: 506: 505:Mishneh Torah 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 475: 474: 471: 468: 467: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 448: 445: 444: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 424: 423: 420: 417: 416: 411: 406: 405: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 343: 341: 338: 336: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 303: 299: 296: 294: 291: 288: 284: 281: 280: 277: 272: 271: 266: 265:Who is a Jew? 263: 261: 258: 257: 256: 255: 252: 248: 245: 244: 240: 236: 235: 227: 223: 220: 216: 213: 209: 206: 202:18th century 201: 197: 194: 193:Baal Shem Tov 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: 165: 161: 160:United States 157: 153: 150: 146: 143: 142: 137: 133: 130: 126: 124: 120: 117: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 91: 88: 86: 82: 77: 71: 66: 62: 57: 51: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9870: 9863: 9849: 9772: 9765: 9753: 9736: 9719: 9553:perspectives 9387:Samaritanism 9348:Neo-Hasidism 9328:Conservative 9308: 9242:Names of God 9151: 9132: 8942:Judaeo-Greek 8937:Judeo-Gascon 8876:Lishán Didán 8871:Lishana Deni 8839:Judeo-Yemeni 8807:Judeo-Arabic 8681:Meshuchrarim 8600:Persian Jews 8533:Kurdish Jews 8511:Kaifeng Jews 8460:Beta Abraham 8423:Galitzianers 8378:Antisemitism 8353:Israeli Jews 8338:Assimilation 8198: 8173:Torah Umadda 8146:Philosophies 8106:Young Israel 7843: 7821: 7404:Pinsk-Karlin 7251:Hornosteipel 6984:Monastritshe 6668: 6636: 6601: 6560: 6541: 6536: 6526: 6525:Joseph Dan, 6510: 6506: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6472: 6462: 6457: 6448: 6442: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6399: 6383: 6380:Glenn Dynner 6375: 6366: 6357: 6349: 6328: 6320: 6311: 6302: 6294: 6233:. Retrieved 6223: 6211:. Retrieved 6205: 6195: 6183: 6173: 6168: 6153: 6141: 6124: 6112: 6100: 6084: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6053: 6050:Louis Jacobs 6045: 6036: 6012: 6007: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5960:, pp. 32–33. 5957: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5920:. pp. 53–54. 5905: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5866: 5858: 5842: 5837: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5803: 5802:Joseph Dan, 5785: 5769: 5739: 5730: 5712: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5665: 5661:Neo-Hasidism 5657:Martin Buber 5644: 5634:of Belz and 5624: 5620:World War II 5608:Soviet Union 5601: 5583: 5550: 5543:Nowy Wiśnicz 5529: 5527: 5485:established 5479:court of Ger 5477:founded the 5471: 5450: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5424:Osias Schorr 5411: 5403: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5374: 5365: 5363: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5316: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5248: 5241:Simcha Bunim 5212: 5210: 5196: 5190: 5179: 5158: 5152: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5066: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5008: 4994: 4987: 4977: 4963: 4958:divine light 4949: 4938: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4849: 4828:Simon Dubnow 4825: 4808: 4797: 4762: 4714:West Galicia 4703: 4694: 4642: 4612: 4602: 4586: 4546:Williamsburg 4542:Borough Park 4530:Beitar Illit 4504:– including 4495: 4482: 4460: 4444:anti-Zionism 4432: 4410: 4403: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4335: 4322: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4272: 4263: 4257: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4222: 4216: 4206: 4197: 4196:(velvet) or 4193: 4186: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4155: 4132: 4124: 4101: 4044: 4035: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3992: 3980:Please help 3975:verification 3972: 3936: 3934: 3907: 3901: 3899: 3892: 3878: 3846: 3844: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3817:As in other 3816: 3785: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3755:third repast 3746: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3663: 3657:of the last 3605: 3598: 3593: 3585: 3578: 3567: 3562: 3538: 3524: 3495: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3451: 3438: 3435: 3431:Glenn Dynner 3422: 3419: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3355: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3324: 3321:Glenn Dynner 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3215:Rachel Elior 3211: 3206: 3202:Chalal panuy 3194: 3188: 3160: 3130: 3126:Martin Buber 3109: 3101:Louis Jacobs 3086: 3083:Distinctions 3012: 2868:800–400s BCE 2817: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2776: 2751: 2745: 2725: 2721: 2705: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2670: 2660: 2638: 2628:, reside in 2625: 2605: 2581: 2580: 2521:Post-Zionism 2392:Judeo-Berber 2387:Judeo-Arabic 2347:Judeo-Gascon 2094:Pidyon haben 2013:Conservative 1998: 1559:Saudi Arabia 1377:South Africa 1366:Sierra Leone 1188:Israeli Jews 1102:Mosaic Arabs 1055:Kaifeng Jews 916:Arab–Israeli 889:Emancipation 878: 768:Great Revolt 577:Anti-Judaism 572:Antisemitism 567:Name "Judea" 362:Baal teshuva 154:, primarily 139: 75: 54: 18:Hasidic Jews 9795:Catholicism 9377:Hellenistic 9215:Eschatology 9153:Lachoudisch 9078:Lotegorisch 9056:Lachoudisch 9046:Koiné Greek 8959:Judeo-Latin 8896:Palestinian 8790:Palestinian 8639:Mustaʿravim 8565:Afghan Jews 8553:Berber Jews 8477:Bene Israel 8465:Falash Mura 8455:Beta Israel 8373:Persecution 8315:Middle Ages 7921:Bais Yaakov 7891:Torah study 7590:Mattersdorf 7502:Ujhel-Siget 7472:Shtefanesht 7452:Klausenburg 7296:Monistritch 6964:Kopyczynitz 6890:Tshenstkhov 6606:Chaim Potok 6418:David Biale 6213:20 February 5958:Men of Silk 5889:Men of Silk 5859:Men of Silk 5686:, and held 5655:(Frumkin). 5616:Interbellum 5594:World War I 5459:Moses Sofer 5420:Joseph Perl 5024:, the 1781 4856:New England 4838:, that the 4693:and joined 4677:, north of 4609:Kiryas Joel 4592:, like the 4578:Kiryas Tosh 4566:Kiryas Joel 4489:party. Its 4245:hoyznzokn – 4209:headdresses 4163:the Sabbath 3925:ritual bath 3861:Isaac Luria 3519:Ziditchover 3380: 1800 3122:Neo-Hasidic 2878:300–100 BCE 2768:Isaac Luria 2735:, known as 2632:and in the 2516:Revisionist 2506:Neo-Zionism 2113:Zeved habat 1906:Puerto Rico 1732:Netherlands 1564:South Korea 1549:Philippines 1429:Afghanistan 1296:Ivory Coast 1070:Crypto-Jews 1035:Bnei Anusim 1014:Bene Israel 979:Beta Israel 936:Communities 843:Middle Ages 582:Persecution 357:Bereavement 211:Separations 9917:Categories 9790:Anabaptism 9732:Jew (word) 9599:Leadership 9412:Literature 9397:Secularism 9343:Humanistic 9210:Conversion 9180:Philosophy 9021:Judeo-Urdu 8785:Babylonian 8630:Saada Jews 8615:Adeni Jews 8408:Ashkenazim 8363:Samaritans 8330:Population 8285:Israelites 8008:Rabbinates 7706:Pittsburgh 7653:Nikolsburg 7437:Chernovitz 7414:Strashelye 7394:Lechovitch 7281:Shepetivka 7183:Shendishov 7039:Strozhnitz 6999:Radomishel 6994:Premishlan 6880:Sochatchov 6875:Shidlovtza 6235:2009-05-05 6231:. Aish.com 5753:References 5649:Joseph Dan 5345:, his son 5300:Bessarabia 5114:headed to 5005:Mezhirichi 4941:Medzhybizh 4794:Background 4742:Old Yishuv 4663:Vyzhnytsia 4562:New Square 4506:Ramot Alon 4396:Breslovers 4349:See also: 4345:Literature 4287:Jewish law 4038:April 2024 4008:newspapers 3954:Appearance 3950:theology. 3916:Jewish Law 3773:Parentches 3427:theurgical 3334:Sabbateans 3329:antinomian 3287:Hitbonenut 3138:theurgical 3097:Joseph Dan 2933:200–600 CE 2718:Rabbi Meir 2501:Maximalism 2453:Secularism 2433:Autonomism 2250:Literature 2043:Humanistic 1647:Azerbaijan 1609:Uzbekistan 1584:Tajikistan 1504:Kyrgyzstan 1489:Kazakhstan 1336:Mozambique 1311:Madagascar 1231:Cape Verde 1183:New Yishuv 1178:Old Yishuv 1129:Population 1107:Subbotniks 1065:Samaritans 1004:Romanyotim 947:Ashkenazim 894:Old Yishuv 874:Sabbateans 861:Modern era 853:Golden Age 780:Bar Kokhba 500:Beit Yosef 367:Philosophy 9852:indicate 9800:Mormonism 9785:Christian 9665:Symbolism 9653:Synagogue 9633:Mythology 9594:Education 9565:Astronomy 9548:Astrology 9365:relations 9170:Zarphatic 9118:Galitzish 8920:Yeshivish 8797:Catalanic 8760:Samaritan 8735:Ashkenazi 8716:Diasporic 8711:Languages 8656:Sephardim 8651:Romaniote 8538:Krymchaks 8472:Desi Jews 8348:Buddhists 8183:Anarchism 7884:Education 7724:Dushinsky 7696:Milwaukee 7691:Cleveland 7676:Baltimore 7517:Temishvar 7457:Kretshnif 7447:Faltichan 7286:Machnovka 7241:Chernobyl 7231:Berdychiv 7163:Pshevorsk 7138:Kolbashov 7029:Stanislov 6850:Radoshitz 6840:Peshischa 6825:Novominsk 6785:Grodzhisk 6775:Chentshin 6750:Alexander 6585:, Mainz: 6013:Regal Way 5975:Teachings 5918:221873939 5885:Regal Way 5723:Shtreimel 5692:Misnagdim 5627:Holocaust 5551:Misnagdim 5545:by Rabbi 5487:Alexander 5463:Pressburg 5432:Misnagdim 5386:Misnagdim 5366:tzaddiqim 5343:Chernobyl 5288:Misnagdic 5280:tzaddiqim 5237:Przysucha 5213:tzaddiqim 5197:Misnagdim 5181:Misnagdim 5116:Chernobyl 5108:Lithuania 5063:Tzaddiqim 4954:intention 4922:Baal Shem 4864:Wahhabism 4858:, German 4812:Sabbatean 4590:Holocaust 4514:Bnei Brak 4502:Jerusalem 4332:Languages 4295:(wig), a 4255:Hasidim. 4218:shtreimel 4156:rezhvolke 4137:, and on 4098:Munkacser 4070:shtreimel 3865:Dushinsky 3853:Ashkenazi 3835:Mashpi'im 3831:Mashpi'im 3695:romanized 3675:romanized 3563:Tzaddiqim 3535:Przysucha 3443:Messianic 3341:Hamshacha 3304:. As the 3291:Hishtavut 3163:immanence 3145:Immanence 3117:Opponents 3089:homiletic 2792:Mithasdim 2742:Rhineland 2737:Hasideans 2685:Etymology 2667:immanence 2595:romanized 2511:Religious 2367:Zarphatic 2357:Bukharian 2327:Judeo-Tat 2312:Yeshivish 2286:Languages 2241:Sephardic 2231:Israelite 2221:Ethiopian 2211:Ashkenazi 2150:Religious 1940:Australia 1922:Venezuela 1828:Argentina 1810:Greenland 1722:Lithuania 1574:Sri Lanka 1569:Singapore 1494:Kurdistan 1459:Indonesia 1449:Hong Kong 1402:Abayudaya 1326:Mauritius 1060:Igbo Jews 1050:Krymchaks 969:Sephardim 837:relations 731:Sadducees 727:Pharisees 717:Sanhedrin 632:Jerusalem 392:Synagogue 260:Etymology 215:Misnagdim 152:Worldwide 85:Scripture 36:Hasideans 9865:Category 9835:Hinduism 9825:Buddhism 9727:Genetics 9643:Politics 9616:Marriage 9575:Holidays 9570:Calendar 9451:Rabbinic 9427:/Hebrew 9372:Haymanot 9299:Orthodox 9286:Branches 9259:Kabbalah 9254:Haskalah 9232:Holiness 9108:dialects 9088:Shassagh 9051:Krymchak 9031:Kayliñña 8925:Yinglish 8901:Galilean 8891:Talmudic 8886:Biblical 8861:Betanure 8780:Biblical 8775:Mishnaic 8770:Medieval 8755:Tiberian 8750:Yemenite 8740:Sephardi 8676:Paradesi 8620:Ḥabbanim 8610:Teimanim 8575:Baghdadi 8548:Maghrebi 8516:Karaites 8494:Gruzínim 8482:Kochinim 8400:Diaspora 8358:Karaites 8343:Atheists 8280:Timeline 8201:Category 8158:Hasidism 8137:Responsa 8091:Mizrachi 8015:Rabbanut 7999:Sikrikim 7950:Politics 7906:Chavurah 7901:Chavrusa 7832:Branches 7681:Bobov-45 7630:Stropkov 7625:Sasregen 7620:Ratzfert 7595:Munkatch 7575:Kerestir 7550:Beregsaz 7527:Vizhnitz 7389:Koidanov 7331:Sudylkiv 7291:Mezhbizh 7246:Hannopil 7208:Zhmigrod 7203:Tshokava 7193:Stitshin 7173:Ropshitz 7143:Lizhensk 7073:Western 7059:Zlotchiv 7049:Zidichov 7044:Yeruslav 7004:Sadigura 6989:Nadvorna 6949:Husiatyn 6944:Drubitsh 6939:Chortkov 6934:Burshtin 6909:Eastern 6870:Shenitza 6865:Shedlitz 6860:Radzymin 6800:Kozhnitz 6790:Izhbitza 6755:Amshinov 6693:Archived 6681:Archived 6628:90052921 6160:Archived 5979:Hasidism 5977:, YIVO; 5956:Dynner, 5912:(1994), 5861:, p. 27. 5855:31267606 5849:(1994), 5826:Hasidism 5700:Vizhnitz 5645:Haskalah 5539:yeshivas 5530:Haskalah 5523:Vizhnitz 5515:Bukovina 5499:Zidichov 5455:Orthodox 5436:Haskala' 5412:Haskalah 5404:maskilim 5395:Haskalah 5381:halakhic 5296:Bukovina 5172:Lurianic 5164:anathema 5092:Volhynia 5051:Sephirot 5035:Sephirot 4918:Moldavia 4718:Bobov-45 4667:Bukovina 4659:Vizhnitz 4538:Brooklyn 4477:and the 4450:led the 4446:, Rebbe 4405:Kabbalah 4319:Families 4304:shpitzel 4213:Perushim 4179:shaatnez 4167:stro-kes 3948:Lurianic 3943:Deveikut 3857:Sephardi 3792:Munkatch 3580:Sephirot 3531:Holy Jew 3515:Vizhnitz 3499:decisors 3417:people. 3316:qlippoth 3310:Sephirot 3231:Sephirot 3224:Torah Or 3190:Tzimtzum 3013:Hasidism 2984:1500s CE 2909:Hekhalot 2905:Merkabah 2864:Prophets 2760:Kabbalah 2747:Ashkenaz 2626:hassidim 2582:Hasidism 2538:Category 2496:Kahanism 2443:Feminism 2415:Politics 2299:Biblical 2269:American 2216:Bukharan 2206:American 2106:Shidduch 2082:Clothing 2038:Haymanot 1984:Orthodox 1912:Suriname 1895:Paraguay 1848:Colombia 1747:Portugal 1657:Bulgaria 1594:Thailand 1544:Pakistan 1524:Mongolia 1519:Malaysia 1439:Cambodia 1413:Zimbabwe 1388:Tanzania 1266:Eswatini 1256:Ethiopia 1246:Djibouti 1226:Cameroon 1221:Botswana 1150:Diaspora 1112:Noahides 1085:Marranos 1009:Cochinim 994:Bukharim 984:Gruzinim 974:Teimanim 964:Mizrahim 952:Galician 918:conflict 879:Hasidism 869:Haskalah 774:Diaspora 645:timeline 557:Timeline 470:Rabbinic 377:Kabbalah 352:Marriage 328:Tzedakah 318:Holidays 276:Religion 239:a series 237:Part of 219:Haskalah 174:Language 112:Kabbalah 104:Theology 48:Hasidism 9907:Judaism 9850:Italics 9675:Studies 9621:Divorce 9587:Kashrut 9582:Cuisine 9540:Culture 9471:Midrash 9466:Tosefta 9456:Mishnah 9444:Ketuvim 9439:Nevi'im 9402:Schisms 9392:Science 9382:Karaite 9353:Renewal 9314:Litvaks 9309:Hasidic 9264:Sefirot 9249:Halakha 9220:Messiah 9193:Mitzvah 9188:Beliefs 9142:Western 9128:Poylish 9123:Litvish 9113:Eastern 9103:Yiddish 9098:Shuadit 9083:Qwareña 9071:Tetuani 9066:Haketia 9041:Knaanic 9036:Kivruli 8984:Bukhori 8930:Heblish 8866:Hulaulá 8856:Barzani 8812:Yahudic 8745:Mizrahi 8605:Urfalim 8560:Mizrahi 8504:Neofiti 8499:Italkim 8428:Lita'im 8320:Zionism 8272:History 8246:Judaism 8132:Halakha 7916:Mesivta 7911:Yeshiva 7844:Hasidic 7701:Mosholu 7542:Hungary 7467:Ribnitz 7424:Romania 7399:Niezhin 7321:Slavuta 7316:Shpikov 7271:Makarov 7236:Breslov 7226:Avritch 7218:Ukraine 7198:Strizov 7188:Shinova 7168:Rimanov 7133:Kshanov 7113:Gorlitz 7098:Dombrov 7083:Bluzhev 7075:Galicia 7064:Zutchke 7034:Stretin 6959:Komarno 6954:Kaminka 6911:Galicia 6900:Zychlin 6885:Strikov 6845:Radomsk 6835:Porisov 6830:Ozharov 6820:Modzitz 6673:. 1905. 6202:"Dress" 6134:Haaretz 6011:Assaf, 5973:; Dan, 5971:יש ואין 5883:Assaf, 5731:Tzaddiq 5727:Breslov 5708:Antwerp 5555:Zionism 5503:Komarno 5451:tzaddiq 5447:decisor 5375:Admorim 5373:Rebbes/ 5320:yoshvim 5284:Shtibel 5273:Sadhora 5249:tzaddiq 5148:Galilee 5088:Podolia 5080:Shtibel 5075:Shtibel 5055:Tzaddiq 5040:Tzaddiq 5010:Hasidim 4991:Dov Ber 4950:devekut 4945:Podolia 4910:acronym 4908:Name", 4860:Pietism 4820:Messiah 4789:History 4765:Breslov 4732:, near 4706:Bobover 4637:, near 4619:Zionism 4556:in the 4463:Zionism 4440:Galicia 4412:dveikus 4338:Yiddish 4292:sheitel 4249:Galicia 4143:bekishe 4119:Sabbath 4115:Dorohoi 4082:sheitel 4074:bekishe 4022:scholar 3938:Nigunim 3908:zemanim 3894:nigunim 3889:Aramaic 3841:Liturgy 3734:Mashbak 3716:Sathmar 3697:: 3686:Yiddish 3681:chatzer 3677:: 3555:Galicia 3539:Tzaddiq 3482:Tzaddiq 3478:Tzaddiq 3452:Tzaddiq 3423:Tzaddiq 3411:Tzaddiq 3394:Tzaddiq 3306:Ein Sof 3253:Devekut 3248:devekut 3217:quoted 3207:Ein Sof 3196:Ein Sof 3177:Aramaic 2818:tzaddik 2809:tzaddik 2796:hasidim 2783:hasidim 2752:hasidim 2726:hasidim 2716:18b by 2698:hasidut 2671:Hasidim 2642:, the " 2610:Judaism 2601:Ḥăsīdus 2597:: 2481:General 2472:Zionism 2448:Leftism 2438:Bundism 2362:Knaanic 2322:Yevanic 2307:Yiddish 2264:Yiddish 2259:Israeli 2236:Mizrahi 2226:Israeli 2197:Cuisine 2173:Ancient 2155:Secular 2101:Kashrut 2077:Wedding 2064:Customs 2056:Culture 2033:Science 2028:Renewal 2018:Karaite 1999:Hasidic 1931:Oceania 1917:Uruguay 1885:Jamaica 1865:Ecuador 1833:Bolivia 1777:Ukraine 1752:Romania 1727:Moldova 1707:Hungary 1697:Germany 1692:Georgia 1682:Finland 1677:Estonia 1672:Denmark 1667:Czechia 1652:Belarus 1642:Austria 1637:Armenia 1614:Vietnam 1529:Myanmar 1514:Lebanon 1434:Bahrain 1393:Tunisia 1371:Somalia 1346:Nigeria 1341:Namibia 1331:Morocco 1261:Eritrea 1206:Algeria 1090:Neofiti 999:Italkim 989:Juhurim 899:Zionism 848:Khazars 743:Sicarii 739:Zealots 735:Essenes 722:Schisms 587:Leaders 549:General 541:History 484:Tosefta 479:Midrash 456:Mishnah 438:Ketuvim 433:Nevi'im 382:Customs 313:Shabbat 308:Halakha 300: ( 298:Mitzvot 285: ( 251:Judaism 225:Members 189:Founder 178:Yiddish 9893:Portal 9658:Hazzan 9648:Prayer 9525:Siddur 9461:Talmud 9425:Tanakh 9360:Neolog 9333:Reform 9321:Modern 9304:Haredi 9227:Ethics 9093:Shassi 9061:Ladino 9026:Karaim 9009:Juhuri 8851:Targum 8765:Signed 8730:Modern 8725:Hebrew 8693:Xuetes 8489:Dönmeh 8448:Yekkes 8086:Dirshu 7926:Kollel 7870:Rabbis 7858:People 7849:Modern 7839:Haredi 7716:Israel 7686:Boston 7658:Prague 7615:Rachev 7600:Muzhay 7570:Kashou 7522:Vasloi 7492:Satmar 7487:Sulitz 7482:Spinka 7477:Skulen 7462:Nassod 7432:Bohush 7409:Slonim 7384:Kobrin 7374:Kopust 7311:Savran 7306:Ruzhin 7266:Loitsk 7261:Korets 7158:Pilzno 7148:Melitz 7118:Grybov 7108:Glogov 7103:Dzikov 7054:Zinkov 7019:Skolye 7014:Sassov 7009:Sambur 6979:Makova 6974:Kozlov 6855:Radzin 6815:Lublin 6805:Kuzmir 6765:Ashlag 6742:Poland 6643: 6626: 6616: 6567: 6509:, in: 6319:, in: 6293:, in: 6274: 6255: 6091: 5916: 5904:, in: 5853: 5824:, in: 5694:) and 5612:Chabad 5603:shtetl 5572:Rebbe 5570:Belzer 5312:Ujhely 5130:, and 5102:, and 4996:Maggid 4730:Skvyra 4710:Bobowa 4695:Agudas 4643:Agudas 4639:Warsaw 4607:, and 4554:Monsey 4548:, and 4467:Satmar 4456:Litvak 4386:, the 4353:, and 4313:Satmar 4298:tichel 4279:Satmar 4253:Belzer 4242:Gerrer 4234:kolpik 4224:spodik 4202:beaver 4188:gartel 4141:, the 4103:kolpik 4092:Rabbi 4024: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3931:Melody 3920:Chabad 3912:Chabad 3903:kavana 3885:Hebrew 3819:Haredi 3781:gartel 3768:Kvitel 3763:Pidyon 3747:Chozer 3729:Gabbai 3666:Hebrew 3655:graves 3651:Kvitel 3641:Sukkot 3611:Izbica 3600:Tzadik 3570:Chabad 3507:Satmar 3473:Rebbes 3454:, and 3384:Tzadik 3371:Rebbe 2887:Pardes 2702:Talmud 2691:terms 2630:Israel 2590:חסידות 2586:Hebrew 2543:Portal 2402:Domari 2332:Shassi 2293:Hebrew 2188:Humour 2132:Hiloni 2127:Aliyah 2087:Niddah 2072:Minyan 2007:Reform 1994:Haredi 1989:Modern 1890:Mexico 1875:Guyana 1838:Brazil 1800:Canada 1772:Sweden 1762:Serbia 1757:Russia 1742:Poland 1737:Norway 1717:Latvia 1702:Greece 1687:France 1662:Cyprus 1628:Europe 1599:Turkey 1589:Taiwan 1499:Kuwait 1484:Jordan 1474:Israel 1408:Zambia 1398:Uganda 1316:Malawi 1286:Guinea 1276:Gambia 1211:Angola 1197:Africa 1080:Dönmeh 1075:Anusim 1019:Berber 957:Litvak 909:Israel 815: 752: 666:Second 634: 495:Targum 461:Gemara 447:Talmud 419:Tanakh 372:Ethics 323:Prayer 199:Origin 182:Hebrew 168:Canada 166:, and 156:Israel 148:Region 141:Italic 123:Polity 94:Talmud 60:חסידות 56:Hebrew 9830:Islam 9638:Names 9628:Music 9609:Rebbe 9604:Rabbi 9558:Monen 9513:Zohar 9434:Torah 9429:Bible 8543:Lemba 8418:Chuts 7896:Shiur 7758:Other 7729:Erlau 7605:Nitra 7585:Liska 7580:Koson 7565:Kaliv 7560:Dorog 7555:Chust 7512:Krula 7507:Shotz 7497:Seret 7442:Deyzh 7364:Amdur 7346:Zvhil 7341:Trisk 7336:Tolne 7326:Skver 7153:Narol 7123:Linsk 7093:Dinov 7088:Bobov 7024:Skula 6969:Kosov 6929:Boyan 6919:Alesk 6895:Vurka 6810:Lelov 6795:Kotzk 6770:Biala 5688:tisch 5519:Kosov 5513:. At 5168:Brody 5159:hasid 5068:Tisch 5045:Admor 4926:Torah 4758:Pinsk 4726:Skver 4681:. An 4596:from 4570:Skver 4518:El'ad 4384:Tanya 4309:snood 4264:peyes 4260:payot 4198:biber 4194:Samet 4171:samet 4152:satin 4135:rekel 4078:rekel 4076:or a 4029:JSTOR 4015:books 3742:Tisch 3509:, or 3486:Rebbe 3460:Rebbe 3407:Moses 3403:Rebbe 3399:Admor 3113:Torah 3093:Torah 2970:Zohar 2856:Forms 2814:Admor 2804:Hasid 2744:, or 2733:Judea 2722:hasid 2693:hasid 2679:Rebbe 2604:) or 2491:Labor 2486:Green 2183:Dance 2141:Music 1960:Palau 1880:Haiti 1843:Chile 1767:Spain 1712:Italy 1619:Yemen 1579:Syria 1554:Qatar 1534:Nepal 1479:Japan 1454:India 1444:China 1383:Sudan 1306:Libya 1301:Kenya 1281:Ghana 1271:Gabon 1251:Egypt 1236:Benin 1095:Xueta 1040:Lemba 659:First 524:Zohar 428:Torah 410:Texts 397:Rabbi 387:Rites 287:names 129:Rebbe 90:Torah 32:Hasid 8244:and 8242:Jews 8115:Laws 7957:Shas 7635:Tosh 7610:Pupa 7276:Olik 7178:Sanz 6924:Belz 6641:ISBN 6624:LCCN 6614:ISBN 6565:ISBN 6272:ISBN 6253:ISBN 6215:2014 6089:ISBN 5914:OCLC 5851:OCLC 5625:The 5528:The 5511:Belz 5491:Sanz 5418:and 5090:and 4993:the 4914:Prut 4906:Good 4748:and 4734:Kyiv 4704:The 4679:Lviv 4675:Belz 4671:Belz 4625:and 4617:and 4582:Tosh 4564:and 4528:and 4516:and 4438:and 4307:, a 4262:(or 4231:. A 4183:wool 4121:garb 4113:The 4001:news 3887:and 3855:and 3810:and 3701:Hoif 3690:הויף 3635:The 3568:The 3543:Adam 3511:Belz 3503:Sanz 3356:Yesh 3240:Yesh 2710:Adam 2696:and 2689:The 1950:Guam 1945:Fiji 1900:Peru 1853:Cuba 1539:Oman 1509:Laos 1469:Iraq 1464:Iran 1421:Asia 1350:Igbo 1321:Mali 340:Brit 249:and 247:Jews 138:See 114:), 76:tish 9237:God 6780:Ger 6760:Apt 6591:pdf 5706:in 5680:Ger 5678:of 5461:of 5341:of 4854:in 4649:of 4631:Ger 4524:of 4328:". 4281:or 4229:Ger 4169:or 4161:On 3984:by 3883:of 3790:of 3732:or 3670:חצר 3609:of 3533:of 3352:Ein 3268:Ein 3236:Ein 2728:in 2164:Art 510:Tur 302:613 9919:: 6667:. 6622:. 6612:. 6593:). 6581:, 6518:^ 6492:, 6420:, 6404:, 6391:^ 6382:, 6337:^ 6282:^ 6263:^ 6244:^ 6204:. 6158:. 6152:. 6132:. 6058:, 6052:, 6020:^ 5995:^ 5908:, 5845:, 5828:, 5808:, 5793:^ 5777:^ 5761:^ 5710:. 5501:, 5493:, 5361:. 5314:. 5298:, 5188:. 5150:. 5098:, 4862:, 4752:. 4712:, 4701:. 4665:, 4544:, 4508:, 4419:. 4394:; 4096:, 3876:. 3736:. 3722:. 3692:, 3688:: 3684:; 3672:, 3668:: 3377:c. 3169:, 2636:. 2592:, 2588:: 777:, 771:, 741:, 737:, 733:, 729:, 241:on 217:, 180:, 162:, 158:, 96:, 92:, 74:A 58:: 9895:: 8718:) 8714:( 8234:e 8227:t 8220:v 7809:e 7802:t 7795:v 6726:e 6719:t 6712:v 6649:. 6630:. 6573:. 6408:. 6297:. 6238:. 6217:. 6178:. 6062:. 6031:. 5521:- 5318:( 4324:" 4200:( 4051:) 4045:( 4040:) 4036:( 4026:· 4019:· 4012:· 4005:· 3978:. 3463:( 3354:- 3175:( 3157:. 3065:e 3058:t 3051:v 2907:- 2584:( 2570:e 2563:t 2556:v 1404:) 1400:( 1352:) 1348:( 821:) 817:( 783:) 766:( 759:) 754:( 745:) 725:( 668:) 657:( 647:) 636:( 304:) 289:) 110:( 42:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.